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accorded. The ideal storage location for sacred artifacts and human remains is a designated space away from the rest of the collection; however, there are often many constraints which prevent this from being possible. At the minimum, ethical guidelines suggest that remains from different individuals should be stored in separate boxes or compartments from each other. Generally speaking, human remains are best preserved in cool, dark, dry conditions while wrapped in acid-free (non-buffered) tissue and packing materials. Corporeal materials should not be stored in or near any wood or in any containers which previously housed wood due to potentially increased
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429:, to submit full inventories of their Native American funerary and sacred objects and human remains and to repatriate these objects to their tribe of origin should a request be made to do so. Should a museum possess human remains which have a direct living relative or group (Native American or otherwise), it is their ethical obligation to involve these individuals in the care and treatment of the remains.
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unsound ways. This has led to growing concerns that the display of human remains has become depersonalised, by continuing to keep them in collections. Most institutions and museum associations have their own policies on the acquisition of human remains. Some guidelines for the care of human remains including acceptable means of acquisition can be found below.
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low-humidity conditions can potentially cause protein materials to crack, split, and shrink. Ideal storage conditions for bones is 35% to 55% relative humidity with minimal fluctuations, while ideal conditions for the preservation of mummies are 50 to 59 degrees
Fahrenheit (10 to 15 degrees Celsius) with a relative humidity of 40% to 55%.
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from both ancient and contemporary sources. Reconstruction of bone fragments should be conducted with great care and consideration. Due to the porous nature of bones, few adhering substances can be used on bone with an adequate level of reversibility, which is a key factor of conservation treatments.
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Embrittlement is a risk for many human remains, and as a result handling should be limited. When possible, artifacts should be lifted by their storage container or tray. To avoid transfer of oils to the remains, nitrile or latex gloves should be worn during their handling. If a body is to be lifted,
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One of the greatest threats to the long-term well being of human remains in museum collections is improper storage and packing. Proper storage of human remains is not only necessary for their physical preservation, but it also demonstrates the respect that sensitive materials such as these should be
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is a notable example of human remains caught in a struggle between scientific merit and cultural traditions. Since his discovery in 1996, his fate has been the topic of great controversy. As one of the oldest well-preserved ancient skeletons found in
America, scientists are eager to conduct various
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Cleaning of human remains varies by type. If necessary, surface cleaning of bone can be done with a very mild detergent and water solution, but bones should never be soaked in order to prevent dirt from becoming embedded in pores. The possibility of cleaning human remains is highly dependent on the
454:. The benefits of such testing is sometimes outweighed by the cultural or sacred importance of the remains as well as the risk of damaging them too greatly. According to the Deutscher Museumsbund, there are only three circumstances in which scientific research should be conducted on human remains:
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of these types of artifacts. Preventive conservation is the best method of preserving human remains in the long term, as active conservation work should be limited both by conservators' policy to interfere as little as possible and the beliefs of many indigenous tribes and groups who disapprove of
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Acquisition of human remains by museums can happen in a number of ways, some of which are considered to be unethical today. Many museums have human remains in their collections which have been there for over a hundred years, in which case they may likely have been acquired in ethically or morally
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American artist Andrew
Krasnow has caused controversy in recent decades by creating pieces of contemporary art made of human skin. His works, which often make political statements, are composed of pieces of flesh from individuals who have donated their bodies to science. The skin itself has been
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are human remains which have been discovered in peat bogs around the world. They have been preserved naturally to varying degrees due to the specific conditions of peat bogs. Despite their natural preservation, these remains are sensitive to deterioration after being removed from their original
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Organic materials are porous by nature, which means that they are greatly affected by changes in the moisture levels of their surroundings. Overly moist conditions can lead to growth of fungi on protein materials like human remains, which is one of the most common risks they face. Alternately,
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as well as ashes, hair, and teeth. Given the organic nature of the human body, special steps must be taken to halt the deterioration process and maintain the integrity of the remains in their existing state. These types of museum artifacts have great merit as tools for education and scientific
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Controlling environmental conditions is highly important in preserving the integrity of mummies. Fungi, pests, and microorganisms that cause decay are some of the possible results of inadequate storage and environmental factors. There are a number of ways to mitigate the effects of improper
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There are innumerable types of artifacts present in museum collections that include or are composed of human remains, some with great scientific or medical merit and others with great cultural importance. Not only do the body parts vary greatly, but so do their methods of preservation.
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can refer to both intentionally and naturally preserved bodies and is not limited to one geographic area or culture. Damage of mummified remains can be caused by several factors, including poor environmental conditions, physical damage, and improper methods of preservation.
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Hair is considered human remains by some definitions. It is not uncommon within museum collections due to the trend of creating "hairwork", popular during the
Victorian era. Locks of hair, hair wreaths, and jewelry made of hair are some of the most commonly found forms.
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Cultural considerations can sometimes interfere with the conservation of human remains, particularly when it comes to physical and chemical analyses, which play an important role in their care. Testing conducted on human remains, especially ancient ones, can include
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There are many challenges surrounding human remains accessioned by museums, including legal complications involved in dealing with human remains, involvement of living relatives or tribes, and potential repatriation and issues such as the
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are introduced; wet sterilization, where solutions are applied to the mummy to repel insects and the growth of fungi; controlled drying, which reduces the relative humidity in order to stop growth of microorganisms; and ultraviolet
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277:. The process of plastination involves replacing the water and fat of a specimen with a curable polymer. This form of preservation requires little upkeep in terms of conservation, other than periodic surface cleaning.
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Some previous treatments which were thought to help preserve mummified remains but ultimately led to further damage include curing remains by smoking them and applying solutions of copper salts to exposed skin.
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levels, which produce an acid that can lead to the deterioration of DNA and proteins in the remains. Excessive exposure to light should be avoided in order to prevent bleaching of materials, especially bone.
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Museum collections contain human remains in diverse forms, including entire preserved bodies, discrete parts of the anatomy, and even art and artifacts created out of human body parts.
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Though there is great variety in human remains within museum collections as well as the ways in which they can be preserved, there are a number of best practices to be observed in the
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181:) provides examples and images of mummy preservation. The lab's collection offers insight into ongoing conservation projects on mummies and related artifacts in their collection.
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A record of the preservation of the
Tollund Man's head, which took place in 1951 and involved replacing the bog water in the cells with liquid paraffin wax, can be read on the
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research, yet also have unique challenges from a cultural and ethical standpoint. Conservation of human remains within museum collections is most often undertaken by a
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of human body parts, including both normal specimens and medical abnormalities. Care and hazards of wet specimens can be found on the website of the
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testing on the remains. Native
American groups, however, have been adamantly calling for his repatriation and reburial, as per their traditions.
2332:
1987:
1902:
1035:
Shelbourn, Carolyn (2006). "Bringing the
Skeletons out of the Closet: The Law and Human Remains in Art, Archaeology and Museum Collections".
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McKeown, C. Timothy; Murphy, Amanda; Schansberg, Jennifer (2010). "Complying with NAGPRA". In Buck, Rebecca; Gilmore, Jean Allman (eds.).
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Soft tissues are usually in some sort of state of preservation prior to entering a museum collection, but still require periodic care.
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Mummies, though typically thought of as an
Egyptian phenomenon, exist in many cultures and have been found on nearly every continent.
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locations. Freeze-drying is an accepted method of preserving bog bodies in museum collections. Some bog body discoveries include the
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Sections of human skin can be found in the collections of some museums. Some examples of this include books bound with human skin (
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Edwards, Alison (2010). "Care of Sacred and
Culturally Sensitive Objects". In Buck, Rebecca; Gilmore, Jean Allman (eds.).
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David, A. Rosalie (2001). "Benefits and
Disadvantages of Some Conservation Treatments for Egyptian Mummies".
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David, A. Rosalie (2001). "Benefits and Disadvantages of Some Conservation Treatments for Egyptian Mummies".
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1061:"The Ethical Dilemma Facing Conservation: Care and Treatment of Human Skeletal Remains and Mortuary Objects"
819:"The Ethical Dilemma Facing Conservation: Care and Treatment of Human Skeletal Remains and Mortuary Objects"
593:"The Ethical Dilemma Facing Conservation: Care and Treatment of Human Skeletal Remains and Mortuary Objects"
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of 1990 (NAGPRA). NAGPRA requires any federal or federally-funded institution, with the exception of the
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von Hagens, Gunther; Tiedemann, Klaus; Kriz, Wilhelm (1987). "The current potential of plastination".
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The Bonetrade: Studying the online trade in human remains with machine learning and neural networks
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Omar, S.; McCord, M.; Daniels, V. (1989). "The Conservation of Bog Bodies by Freeze-Drying".
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1174:"Reproducibility, Replicability, and Revisiting the Insta-Dead and the Human Remains Trade"
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The Artefact Lab at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (
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Neilson, Dixie (2010). "Object Handling". In Buck, Rebecca; Gilmore, Jean Allman (eds.).
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Mummy of Hori, priest of the temple of Amon in Karnak (present day Luxor), housed in the
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conditions, however. Methods of stabilizing mummies and halting deterioration include
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Wet specimens: A more classic form of soft tissue preservation is in a solution of
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320:) and preserved tattoos. The largest collection of the latter can be found in the
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Full Wellcome Trust policy on the care of human remains in museums and galleries
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Contesting Human Remains in Museum Collections: the crisis of cultural authority
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Museum collections, especially those of natural history, may contain human
1083:"Recommendations for the Care of Human Remains in Museums and Collections"
961:"Recommendations for the Care of Human Remains in Museums and Collections"
876:"Recommendations for the Care of Human Remains in Museums and Collections"
841:"Recommendations for the Care of Human Remains in Museums and Collections"
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Recommendations for the Care of Human Remains in Museums and Collections
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Recommendations for the Care of Human Remains in Museums and Collections
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the method of acquisition of the human remains is no source for concern.
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1008:"The Insta-Dead: The rhetoric of the human remains trade on Instagram"
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One of the many preserved tattoos on a section of human skin in the
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University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
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of the Netherlands. For a more comprehensive list of examples, see
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928:"Treating Bones: The Intersection of Archaeology And Conservation"
906:
904:
902:
801:"Treating Bones: The Intersection of Archaeology And Conservation"
783:"Treating Bones: The Intersection of Archaeology And Conservation"
575:"Treating Bones: The Intersection of Archaeology And Conservation"
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control, where the mummy is placed in a chamber or bag into which
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1225:, published by Deutscher Museumsbund (German Museums Association)
59:. Other specialists related to this area of conservation include
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693:. Vol. 34, no. 3. Maney Publishing. pp. 101–109.
43:
1237:
1194:
911:
Rose, Carolyn L. (1992). "Preserving Ethnographic Objects".
1330:
Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property
527:. Hanover: University Press of New England. pp. 45–56.
99:
specimens such as individual bones, bone fragments, entire
913:
Conservation Concerns: A Guide for Collectors and Curators
1335:
Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property
1721:
Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment
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1052:
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915:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. pp. 117–118.
2369:
Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
494:
492:
490:
1115:"The Kennewick Man Finally Freed to Share His Secrets"
423:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
38:
of human remains in various forms which exist within
1157:. Paris/London: UNESCO Publishing/Museum of London.
948:. Washington, D.C.: The AAM Press. pp. 209–218.
547:. Germany: Deutscher Museumsbund e.V. Archived from
503:. Washington, D.C.: The AAM Press. pp. 449–457.
193:
Bog body of the Huldremose Woman, on display at the
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1068:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
826:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
600:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation
525:The Winterthur Guide to Caring for Your Collection
397:it must be supported under all of its appendages.
265:Plastination: One method of preserving tissues is
2428:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
2374:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
1510:Mold control and prevention (library and archive)
1325:Conservation and restoration of cultural property
1207:Guidance for the Care of Human Remains in Museums
2397:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies
2387:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence
2351:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's
284:, creating what is known as a wet specimen. The
2392:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative
2364:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
1153:Lohman, Jack; Goodnow, Katherine, eds. (2006).
995:. Washington, D.C.: The AAM Press. p. 408.
523:Pouliot, Bruno P. (2000). "Organic Materials".
2328:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
1485:Integrated pest management (cultural property)
869:
867:
716:. Vol. 4, no. 175. pp. 411–421.
461:the human remains have a known provenance, and
139:Mummies § Mummification in other cultures
112:Mummies, preserved bodies, other human remains
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1059:LaRoche, Cheryl J.; McGowan, Gary S. (1996).
817:LaRoche, Cheryl J.; McGowan, Gary S. (1996).
615:
613:
611:
609:
602:. Vol. 35, no. 2. pp. 117–118.
591:LaRoche, Cheryl J.; McGowan, Gary S. (1996).
32:conservation and restoration of human remains
8:
458:there is a great deal of scientific interest
1893:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera
1256:
1242:
1234:
416:Repatriation and reburial of human remains
118:Repatriation and reburial of human remains
1440:Disaster preparedness (cultural property)
1185:
1019:
648:Chungara: Revista de AntropologĂa Chilena
623:Chungara: Revista de AntropologĂa Chilena
518:
516:
514:
512:
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1340:Conservation science (cultural property)
1219:, published by Museum Galleries Scotland
1217:Introduction to human remains in museums
1070:. Vol. 35, no. 2. p. 109.
828:. Vol. 35, no. 2. p. 116.
651:. Universidad de Tarapaca. p. 114.
626:. Universidad de Tarapaca. p. 113.
249:hosted by the Silkeborg Public Library,
1211:Department for Culture, Media and Sport
993:Museum Registration Methods 5th Edition
946:Museum Registration Methods 5th Edition
501:Museum Registration Methods 5th Edition
486:
27:Long-term preservation of human remains
1213:(England, Wales, and Northern Ireland)
1172:Graham, Shawn; Huffer, Damian (2020).
1081:Deutscher Museums Bund (April 2013).
959:Deutscher Museums Bund (April 2013).
874:Deutscher Museums Bund (April 2013).
839:Deutscher Museums Bund (April 2013).
806:. University of Michigan. p. 34.
788:. University of Michigan. p. 29.
759:. Leila's Hair Museum. Archived from
730:. American Museum of Natural History.
580:. University of Michigan. p. 10.
288:in Philadelphia, PA has an extensive
7:
1006:Huffer Damien, Graham Shawn (2017).
253:, and Amtscentret for Undervisning.
1155:Human Remains & Museum Practice
1113:Preston, Douglas (September 2014).
741:Johnson, Andrew (23 October 2011).
410:Cultural and ethical considerations
1525:Preservation (library and archive)
294:American Museum of Natural History
273:and made famous by the exhibition
25:
383:Temperature and relative humidity
83:Types of human remains in museums
2379:Conservation-restoration of the
2255:Indigenous intellectual property
966:. pp. 54–55. Archived from
1490:Inventory (library and archive)
1390:Cultural property documentation
36:long-term preservation and care
2423:Human remains (archaeological)
1888:Bone, horn, and antler objects
1430:Digital photograph restoration
170:, which kills microorganisms.
74:Human skull on display at the
1:
2073:South Asian household shrines
1771:Reconstruction (architecture)
1701:Cultural property radiography
1658:Registrar (cultural property)
1410:Cultural resources management
1370:Collections management system
2342:Conservation-restoration of
2333:Conservation-restoration of
1706:Detachment of wall paintings
1480:Intangible cultural heritage
1395:Cultural property exhibition
1380:Cultural heritage management
1088:. p. 55. Archived from
881:. p. 52. Archived from
846:. p. 53. Archived from
42:. This category can include
1786:Transfer of panel paintings
728:"Fluid Preserved Specimens"
406:fragility of the specimen.
290:collection of wet specimens
18:Human remains (archaeology)
2444:
2250:Heritage language learning
1520:Optical media preservation
926:Berger, Stephanie (2013).
799:Berger, Stephanie (2013).
781:Berger, Stephanie (2013).
573:Berger, Stephanie (2013).
538:Wesche, Anne, ed. (2013).
413:
199:
195:National Museum of Denmark
136:
130:
115:
2290:Oral history preservation
1405:Cultural property storage
1400:Cultural property imaging
933:. University of Michigan.
367:National Museum of Brazil
353:altering human remains.
318:anthropodermic bibliopegy
2337:by ElĂas GarcĂa MartĂnez
1555:Sustainable preservation
344:Caring for human remains
2295:Preservation of meaning
2280:Language revitalization
1948:Illuminated manuscripts
1726:Historic paint analysis
1618:Conservation technician
1420:Deaccessioning (museum)
1360:Collections maintenance
1285:Agents of deterioration
1138:. New York: Routledge.
1117:. Smithsonian Magazine.
691:Studies in Conservation
427:Smithsonian Institution
228:Girl of the Uchter Moor
2305:Tradition preservation
1958:Iron and steel objects
1847:Outdoor bronze objects
1791:UVC-based preservation
1648:Photograph conservator
1613:Conservation scientist
1365:Collections management
1295:Archaeological science
714:Anatomy and Embryology
370:
331:preserved by tanning.
326:Science Museum, London
313:
197:
91:Osteological specimens
79:
2310:Traditional knowledge
2275:Language preservation
1883:Ancient Greek pottery
1781:Textile stabilization
1643:Paintings conservator
1530:Preservation metadata
1415:Database preservation
1269:historic preservation
1037:Art Antiquity and Law
757:"History of Hair Art"
743:"Body art. Literally"
672:"In the Artifact Lab"
364:
308:
247:Tollund Man's website
192:
73:
2098:Time-based media art
1908:Copper-based objects
1822:Archaeological sites
1751:Mass deacidification
1696:Cradling (paintings)
1608:Conservator-restorer
1435:Digital preservation
1178:Internet Archaeology
1012:Internet Archaeology
234:of England, and the
53:conservator-restorer
2402:World Heritage Site
2265:Indigenous language
2165:Endangered language
2063:Shipwreck artifacts
2043:Photographic plates
1993:Musical instruments
1746:Lining of paintings
1663:Textile conservator
1638:Objects conservator
1628:Exhibition designer
1535:Preservation survey
1460:Found in collection
1350:Collection (museum)
1320:Calendar (archives)
1290:Archival processing
1209:, published by the
437:Scientific analyses
322:Wellcome Collection
311:Wellcome Collection
76:Museum of Osteology
2260:Indigenous culture
1603:Collection manager
1500:Media preservation
1495:Inventory (museum)
1355:Collection catalog
1043:(2): 179–198, 181.
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314:
271:Gunther von Hagens
240:List of bog bodies
198:
80:
40:museum collections
2410:
2409:
2359:Pompeian frescoes
2245:Heritage language
2135:cultural heritage
1923:Flags and banners
1868:cultural property
1832:Heritage railways
1812:cultural property
1761:Paleo-inspiration
1445:Film preservation
1385:Cultural property
1375:Cultural heritage
1265:Cultural heritage
1187:10.11141/ia.55.11
16:(Redirected from
2435:
2346:by Thomas Eakins
2344:The Gross Clinic
2240:Folklore studies
2150:Applied folklore
2123:Wooden furniture
2118:Wooden artifacts
2113:Woodblock prints
2093:Tibetan thangkas
1953:Insect specimens
1842:Outdoor artworks
1837:Historic gardens
1470:Heritage science
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1132:Jenkins, Tiffany
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496:
452:carbon-14 dating
448:isotope analyses
369:, Rio de Janeiro
251:Silkeborg Museum
230:of Germany, the
226:of Denmark, the
224:Huldremose Woman
222:of Ireland, the
218:of Denmark, the
214:of Denmark, the
78:in Oklahoma City
21:
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2353:The Last Supper
2320:
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2300:Primitive music
2210:Folk instrument
2185:Family folklore
2175:Ethnomusicology
2170:Ethnochoreology
2137:
2134:
2127:
2048:Plastic objects
2033:Performance art
2018:Panel paintings
2013:Painting frames
1978:Leather objects
1898:Ceramic objects
1870:
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1865:
1864:and restoration
1863:
1856:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:and restoration
1807:
1800:
1766:Paper splitting
1681:Aging (artwork)
1673:
1667:
1653:Preservationist
1575:
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1425:Digital library
1277:
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2285:Living history
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2270:Language death
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2205:Folk etymology
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2155:Dance notation
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2068:Silver objects
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1852:Outdoor murals
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1776:Rissverklebung
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1691:Arrested decay
1688:
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1674:and techniques
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1465:Heritage asset
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1310:Bioarchaeology
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1201:External links
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2145:Ancient music
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2053:Rail vehicles
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2003:New media art
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1963:Ivory objects
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1943:Human remains
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1933:Glass objects
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1576:and expertise
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1565:Web archiving
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1475:Inherent vice
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1095:on 2014-06-11
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973:on 2014-06-11
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888:on 2014-06-11
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763:on 2015-12-26
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476:
475:Kennewick Man
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286:MĂĽtter Museum
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57:archaeologist
54:
49:
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34:involves the
33:
19:
2380:
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2343:
2334:
2225:Folk process
2180:Ethnopoetics
2138:preservation
1998:Neon objects
1942:
1871:by item type
1862:Conservation
1815:by item type
1806:Conservation
1756:Overpainting
1716:Display case
1545:Repatriation
1177:
1154:
1135:
1108:
1097:. Retrieved
1090:the original
1076:
1067:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1011:
1001:
992:
986:
975:. Retrieved
968:the original
954:
945:
939:
921:
912:
890:. Retrieved
883:the original
855:. Retrieved
848:the original
834:
825:
812:
794:
776:
765:. Retrieved
761:the original
751:
736:
722:
713:
707:
690:
684:
675:
665:
646:
640:
621:
599:
586:
568:
556:. Retrieved
549:the original
540:
533:
524:
500:
472:
440:
431:
419:
404:
395:
386:
372:
347:
338:
315:
282:formaldehyde
267:plastination
260:
257:Soft tissues
244:
216:Elling Woman
206:
205:
176:
172:
155:
147:
145:
142:
121:
97:osteological
94:
86:
65:taxidermists
61:osteologists
48:soft tissues
31:
29:
2381:H.L. Hunley
2160:Early music
2108:Vinyl discs
2103:Totem poles
2038:Photographs
1983:Lighthouses
1973:Lacquerware
1928:Fur objects
1866:of movable
1796:VisualAudio
1741:Leafcasting
1686:Anastylosis
1633:Mount maker
1593:Art handler
1450:Finding aid
1300:Archaeology
558:19 November
444:DNA testing
275:Body Worlds
212:Tollund Man
179:Penn Museum
168:irradiation
2417:Categories
2220:Folk music
2200:Folk dance
2133:Intangible
1731:Inpainting
1598:Auctioneer
1588:Art dealer
1540:Provenance
1345:Collecting
1278:and issues
1099:2015-11-16
977:2015-11-16
892:2015-11-16
857:2015-11-16
767:2015-12-06
482:References
469:Case study
232:Lindow Man
220:Cashel Man
207:Bog bodies
185:Bog bodies
137:See also:
116:See also:
2335:Ecce Homo
2230:Folk play
2083:Taxidermy
2028:Parchment
2008:Paintings
1583:Archivist
163:fumigants
159:inert gas
146:The word
101:skeletons
2321:projects
2235:Foodways
2195:Folk art
2190:Folklore
2088:Textiles
1938:Herbaria
1913:Feathers
1878:Aircraft
1736:Kintsugi
1560:Treasure
1134:(2011).
657:27802173
632:27802173
401:Cleaning
392:Handling
236:Yde Girl
202:Bog body
2319:Notable
2023:Papyrus
1968:Judaica
1827:Frescos
1672:Methods
1623:Curator
1305:Archive
699:1506225
357:Storage
324:at the
133:Mummies
127:Mummies
1988:Metals
1903:Clocks
1515:Museum
1505:Midden
1276:Topics
1180:(55).
1161:
1142:
1014:(45).
697:
655:
630:
450:, and
376:lignin
103:, and
1574:Roles
1550:Ruins
1455:Fonds
1093:(PDF)
1086:(PDF)
1064:(PDF)
971:(PDF)
964:(PDF)
931:(PDF)
886:(PDF)
879:(PDF)
851:(PDF)
844:(PDF)
822:(PDF)
804:(PDF)
786:(PDF)
695:JSTOR
653:JSTOR
628:JSTOR
596:(PDF)
578:(PDF)
552:(PDF)
545:(PDF)
149:mummy
105:teeth
44:bones
1918:Film
1315:Book
1267:and
1159:ISBN
1140:ISBN
560:2015
473:The
335:Hair
301:Skin
63:and
46:and
30:The
1182:doi
1016:doi
55:or
2419::
1176:.
1066:.
1049:^
1041:11
1039:.
1010:.
901:^
866:^
824:.
674:.
608:^
598:.
509:^
489:^
446:,
242:.
1257:e
1250:t
1243:v
1190:.
1184::
1167:.
1148:.
1102:.
1024:.
1018::
980:.
895:.
860:.
770:.
701:.
678:.
659:.
634:.
562:.
328:.
296:.
67:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
