778:, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked. The angle is slight and situated close to the tubercle. The body is not twisted so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the first rib. The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the serratus anterior; behind and above this is attached the
1216:
980:'. The downward sloping nature of the upper ribs are as such because they enable this to occur. When the external intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs, the upper ribs are able also to push the sternum up and out. This movement increases the anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cavity, and hence aids breathing further. The third, transverse, plane is primarily expanded by the lower ribs (some say it is the 7th to 10th ribs in particular), with the diaphragm's central tendon acting as a fixed point. When the diaphragm contracts, the ribs are able to evert (meaning turn outwards or inside out) and produce what is known as the
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55:
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The ability of the human rib to regenerate itself has been appreciated for some time. However, the repair has only been described in a few case reports. The phenomenon has been appreciated particularly by craniofacial surgeons, who use both cartilage and bone material from the rib for ear, jaw, face,
863:
The manubrium is the wider, superior portion of the sternum. The top of the manubrium has a shallow, U-shaped border called the jugular (suprasternal) notch. The clavicular notch is the shallow depression located on either side at the superior-lateral margins of the manubrium. This is the site of the
588:
of the rib is the flattened part that extends laterally from the head. The neck is about 3 cm long. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, whilst its posterior is perforated by numerous foramina and its surface rough, to give attachment to the ligament of the neck. Its upper border presents a
975:
Expansion of the thoracic cavity is driven in three planes; the vertical, the anteroposterior and the transverse. The vertical plane is extended by the help of the diaphragm contracting and the abdominal muscles relaxing to accommodate the downward pressure that is supplied to the abdominal viscera
843:
on the head, which is of rather large size. They have no necks or tubercles, and are pointed at their anterior ends. The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove, whereas the twelfth does not. The twelfth rib is much shorter than the eleventh rib, and only has a one articular facet.
3169:
608:
on the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper ribs than in the lower ribs.
702:, but at the tubercle, the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the
782:. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downward and a little inward: on its posterior part there is a short costal groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the rib and the inferior border. It protects the intercostal space containing the
411:
ribs, which do not connect directly to the sternum. The first three pairs of vertebrochondral ribs (eighth to tenth) connect indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilages of the ribs above them, and the overall elasticity of their articulations allows the
976:
by the diaphragm contracting. A greater extension can be achieved by the diaphragm itself moving down, rather than simply the domes flattening. The second plane is the anteroposterior and this is expanded by a movement known as the '
493:
956:' causes the transverse diameter of the chest to increase, because not only do the ribs slant downwards from the back to the front, but, in the case of the lower ribs, also from the midline downwards to the sides of the chest.
330:
There are thirty-three vertebrae in the human vertebral column. The rib cage is associated with TH1−TH12. Ribs are described based on their location and connection with the sternum. All ribs are attached posteriorly to the
627:
The distance between the angle and the tubercle is progressively greater from the second to the tenth ribs. The area between the angle and the tubercle is rounded, rough, and irregular, and serves for the attachment of the
1056:
The perichondrium and periosteum are fibrous sheaths of vascular connective tissue surrounding the rib cartilage and bone respectively. These tissues containing a source of progenitor stem cells that drive regeneration.
761:
is the second uppermost rib in humans or second most frontal in animals that walk on four limbs. In humans, the second rib is defined as a true rib since it connects with the sternum through the intervention of the
620:(costal angle) may both refer to the bending part of it, and a prominent line in this area, a little in front of the tubercle. This line is directed downward and laterally; this gives attachment to a tendon of the
1215:
1976:
820:
attaches directly to the body of vertebra T10 instead of between vertebrae like the second through ninth ribs. Due to this direct attachment, vertebra T10 has a complete costal facet on its body.
879:
and superiorly attaches at the posterior surface of the lower sternum. Its inferior attachment is the internal surface of costal cartilages two through six and works to depress the ribs.
604:
that consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion is the lower and more medial of the two and presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the
649:(the topmost one) is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward.
1002:
are the most common injury to the rib cage. These most frequently affect the middle ribs. When several adjacent ribs incur two or more fractures each, this can result in a
492:
2709:
1592:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (May 14, 2023).
860:) join with the sternum at the sternocostal joints. The costal cartilage of the second rib articulates with the sternum at the sternal angle making it easy to locate.
504:
2017:
Although many people might think that males have fewer ribs than females — most likely sparked by the biblical story of Adam and Eve — there is no factual evidence.
1112:
that men's ribs would number one fewer than women's. However, thirteenth or “cervical rib” occurs in 1% of humans and this is more common in females than in males.
2138:
561:. It is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface which is divided by a horizontal crest into two articulating regions. The upper region articulates with the
140:
1980:
1679:
952:'. This increases the antero-posterior diameter of the thorax, contributing to the expansion in the volume of the chest. A similar effect, known as the '
1798:
891:
during puberty. Thus, males generally have broad shoulders and expanded chests, allowing them to inhale more air to supply their muscles with oxygen.
2165:
2298:
578:
2288:
1841:
Srour, MK; Fogel, Jl; Yamaguchi, KT; Montgomery, AP; Izuhara, AK; Misakian, AL; Lam, S; Lakeland, DL; Urata, MM; Lee, JS; Mariani, FV (2015).
2058:
1634:
1601:
1560:
1462:
1373:
116:
2702:
948:
The effect of the contraction of the accessory muscles of inhalation, pulling the front of the rib cage upwards, a movement known as the '
2101:, Subit D., Glacet A., Hamzah M., Crandall J., Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2015, 18, pp. 2064–2065
1654:
439:
and not to the sternum or any of the costal cartilages. These ribs are relatively small and delicate, and include a cartilaginous tip.
2118:
2079:
2050:
2033:
1454:
1332:
1189:
1035:
affecting about 1.2% of the population. It is often without symptoms though respiratory difficulties and other problems can arise.
2124:
1819:
1414:
2695:
1473:
Bålens ytanatomi (surface anatomy). Godfried
Roomans, Mats Hjortberg and Anca Dragomir. Institution for Anatomy, Uppsala. 2008.
1365:
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A dislocated rib can be painful and can be caused simply by coughing, or for example by trauma or lifting heavy weights.
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2377:
2278:
2216:
2158:
2002:
1239:
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rib refers to the two lowermost (the eleventh and twelfth) rib pairs; so-called because they are attached only to the
1941:
Franklin, D (Jan 2010). "Forensic age estimation in human skeletal remains: current concepts and future directions".
2657:
1890:
Kuwahara, ST; Serowoky, MA; Vakhshori, V; Tripuraneni, N; Hegde, NV; Lieberman, JR; Crump, JG; Mariani, FV (2019).
1155:
1104:
667:
1031:
is a bifurcated rib, split towards the sternal end, and usually just affecting one of the ribs of a pair. It is a
911:, and there is a female predominance. Intrathoracic supernumerary ribs are extremely rare. The rib remnant of the
2471:
2442:
2211:
2028:
Duellman, W.E., Trueb, L. (1986). Biology of
Amphibians. 670 Pp. McGraw - Hill Book Company, New York, New York,
1202:
1582:
2466:
2459:
2454:
964:. It encloses the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs. An inhalation is accomplished when the muscular
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is small and rounded, and possesses only a single articular facet, for articulation with the body of the first
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J. W. Petranka. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. 587 Pp. Smithsonian
Institution Press,
1232:
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is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the
2365:
2360:
2308:
985:
802:
566:
562:
549:. They are numbered to match the vertebrae they attach to – one to twelve, from top (T1) to bottom. The
1108:
in 1543, setting off a wave of controversy, as it was traditionally assumed from the
Biblical story of
694:, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. It bears a small facet for articulation with the
66:
335:
and are numbered accordingly one to twelve. Ribs that articulate directly with the sternum are called
2488:
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977:
949:
872:
787:
467:
459:
451:
39:
2483:
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624:. At this point, the rib is bent in two directions, and at the same time twisted on its long axis.
621:
303:
1626:
1552:
991:
The circumference of the normal adult human rib cage expands by 3 to 5 cm during inhalation.
2672:
2634:
2614:
2425:
2405:
2347:
2337:
2283:
2270:
1652:
Testosterone causes expansion of rib cage during puberty as one of secondary sex characteristics.
1158:
on their ribs that project caudally from the vertical section of each rib. These serve to attach
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570:
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299:
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2228:
2114:
2075:
2054:
2046:
2029:
1958:
1923:
1872:
1778:
1730:
1722:
1673:
1630:
1597:
1556:
1525:
1507:
1458:
1450:
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1328:
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783:
743:
723:
629:
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332:
248:
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2840:
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2293:
2201:
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1913:
1903:
1862:
1854:
1768:
1712:
1658:
1618:
1544:
1515:
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483:
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392:
236:
189:
944:
3170:
Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
2639:
2629:
2303:
2253:
2221:
1892:"Sox9+ messenger cells orchestrate large-scale skeletal regeneration in the mammalian rib"
1802:
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Each rib consists of a head, neck, and a shaft. All ribs are attached posteriorly to the
968:, at the floor of the thoracic cavity, contracts and flattens, while the contraction of
926:
In several ethnic groups, most significantly the
Japanese, the tenth rib is sometimes a
498:
Human rib cage - CT scan (parallel projection (left) and perspective projection (right))
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1918:
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is concave, thin, and sharp, and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle. The
424:
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232:
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221:
1827:
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articulating with the ribs. The thoracic cage also provides attachments for extrinsic
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2498:
2437:
1773:
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907:
Variations in the number of ribs occur. About 1 in 200–500 people have an additional
368:
284:
264:
213:
1144:. Each groove overlies the myotomal septa to mark the position of the internal rib.
104:
3035:
2493:
2355:
2260:
1954:
1109:
1032:
999:
927:
916:
908:
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with the tubercle of the rib of the same number. The crest gives attachment to the
475:
471:
173:
1080:
The ribs, particularly their sternal ends, are used as a way of estimating age in
1757:"Bifid intrathoracic rib: a case report and classification of intrathoracic ribs"
1322:
1041:
is the surgical removal of one or more ribs for therapeutic or cosmetic reasons.
868:, between the sternum and clavicle. The first ribs also attach to the manubrium.
3120:
3045:
2946:
2808:
2793:
2594:
2589:
2574:
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1038:
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that forms the front of the rib cage. The cartilages of the top seven ribs (the
197:
35:
3090:
2963:
2914:
2788:
2740:
2732:
2726:
2718:
2557:
1755:
Kamano H; Ishihama T; Ishihama H; Kubota Y; Tanaka T; Satoh K (June 1, 2006).
1133:
311:
307:
260:
181:
17:
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anteriorly (at the front). Posteriorly, the second rib is connected with the
128:
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2941:
2778:
2619:
2552:
1696:
Kurihara Y; Yakushiji YK; Matsumoto J; Ishikawa T; Hirata K (Jan–Feb 1999).
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1096:
1028:
939:
853:
775:
436:
240:
1962:
1927:
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1529:
1221:
Surface projections of the trunk, including each rib, and the costal margin
988:. In this way, the transverse diameter is expanded and the lungs can fill.
915:
on one or both sides is occasionally replaced by a free extra rib called a
1734:
3070:
2990:
2825:
2758:
2687:
2186:
1151:
1099:
1012:
One or more costal cartilages can become inflamed – a condition known as
554:
291:
1908:
730:. Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the
153:
3005:
2951:
2897:
2887:
2773:
1124:
Tyrannosaurus rib cage, University of
California Museum of Paleontology
810:
193:
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894:
3020:
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2924:
2919:
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2803:
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2417:
2143:
1159:
1137:
1074:
280:
276:
177:
2113:, Tortora GJ and Derrickson B. 11th ED. John Wiley and Sons, 2006.
1843:"Natural large-scale regeneration of rib cartilage in a mouse model"
1394:"Intercostal spaces | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
54:
537:
391:) as they connect directly to the sternum via their own individual
367:
describe rib pairs that are directly or indirectly attached to the
3100:
3080:
3030:
3010:
3000:
2956:
2902:
2892:
2878:
2835:
2763:
2178:
2099:
Orientation of the intercostal muscle fibers in the human rib cage
1809:, Mosby-Year Book, inc. School of Nursing, Peking University, 2003
1147:
1141:
1132:, costal grooves refer to lateral indents along the integument of
1119:
943:
893:
822:
565:
on the vertebra above, and the larger region articulates with the
536:
205:
87:
2128:: online English translation of Vesalius' books on human anatomy.
351:(eleven and twelve) that are not attached to the sternum at all.
3105:
3095:
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3015:
2868:
2850:
2768:
2753:
2748:
2174:
1254:
272:
268:
256:
209:
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2147:
887:
Expansion of the rib cage in males is caused by the effects of
3110:
3075:
2982:
2820:
2815:
2798:
2547:
2107:, 4th ed. Keith L. Moore and Robert F. Dalley. pp. 62–64
617:
185:
31:
1625:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p.
1551:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p.
1065:
The position of ribs can be permanently altered by a form of
930:, as it lacks a cartilaginous connection to the seventh rib.
466:. The superficial surface of the rib cage is covered by the
1016:; the resulting pain is similar to that of a heart attack.
339:, whereas those that do not articulate directly are termed
1449:, 6th Edition. 90 Pp. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins,
754:
is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs.
1767:(9). The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine: 627–630.
600:
On the posterior surface at the neck, is an eminence—the
2003:"How many ribs do humans have? Men, women, and anatomy"
1486:
Jung, Jaewoong; Lee, Misoon; Choi, Dasom (2020-09-04).
1362:
Anatomy and
Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function
1162:
muscles and also aid in allowing greater inspiration.
3137:
2072:
Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution
1711:(1). Radiological Society of North America: 105–119.
1092:
The number of ribs as 24 (12 pairs) was noted by the
371:
respectively. The first seven rib pairs known as the
30:"Ribs" redirects here. For the individual bones, see
919:, which can mechanically interfere with the nerves (
416:
of the rib cage essential for respiratory activity.
3061:
2981:
2972:
2877:
2849:
2739:
2725:
2648:
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2416:
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2194:
2185:
134:
122:
110:
98:
86:
81:
76:
47:
1698:"The Ribs: Anatomic and Radiologic Considerations"
395:. The next five pairs (eighth to twelfth) are the
1183:Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages
1596:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 7.4 The Thoracic Cage.
1195:X-ray image of a human chest, with ribs labelled
1044:Rib resection is the removal of part of a rib.
960:The human rib cage is a component of the human
573:of a thoracic vertebra also articulates at the
235:consists of 12 pairs of ribs and the adjoining
1617:Agur, Anne M.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. II (2009).
1543:Agur, Anne M.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. II (2009).
470:, which provides external attachments for the
2703:
2159:
1492:The Journal of International Medical Research
698:on the transverse process of T1. There is no
8:
1820:"Anatomy of the Human ribs - Dislocated Rib"
1327:. University of Chicago Press. p. 230.
1298:"The Thoracic Cage · Anatomy and Physiology"
801:has a frontal part at the same level as the
738:is smooth and without a costal groove. The
2978:
2710:
2696:
2688:
2535:
2191:
2166:
2152:
2144:
569:on the vertebra with the same number. The
553:of the rib is the end part closest to the
65:
53:
1917:
1907:
1866:
1772:
1716:
1621:Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Twelfth Edition
1547:Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Twelfth Edition
1519:
1355:
1353:
1351:
774:. The second rib is much longer than the
442:The spaces between the ribs are known as
3144:
1977:"Chapter 19 On the Bones of the Thorax"
1387:
1385:
1286:
1173:
1166:have cartilaginous uncinate processes.
1084:due to their progressive ossification.
1006:which is a life-threatening condition.
673:Costal groove position on a central rib
651:
488:
294:, the rib cage intrinsically holds the
1678:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1671:
1324:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
1271:This article incorporates text in the
1019:Abnormalities of the rib cage include
151:
44:
1718:10.1148/radiographics.19.1.g99ja02105
1691:
1689:
1648:
1646:
1488:"Twelfth rib syndrome: a case report"
593:) for the attachment of the anterior
7:
1481:
1479:
1441:
1439:
1409:
1407:
1316:
1314:
1292:
1290:
306:, etc.) that are crucial for active
875:muscle is innervated by one of the
34:. For ribs of animals as food, see
271:, and together with the overlying
25:
1826:. 2 February 2016. Archived from
3147:
2111:Principles of Anatomy Physiology
2074:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57.
2001:Dresden, Danielle (2020-03-12).
1807:Health & Physical Assessment
1774:10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1502
1581: This article incorporates
1576:
1445:Moore, Dalley & Agur. 2009.
1321:Hyman, Libbie Henrietta (1992).
1265:
1214:
1200:
1188:
1176:
984:, facilitated by gliding at the
827:The four floating ribs indicated
666:
654:
503:
491:
1366:The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1077:to compress and move the ribs.
597:; its lower border is rounded.
1955:10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.09.001
1796:Respiratory system examination
1136:. The grooves run between the
972:lift the rib cage up and out.
446:; they contain the instrinsic
239:, the sternum (along with the
1:
1943:Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)
1250:Terms for anatomical location
526: false and floating ribs
2378:Uncinate process of vertebra
2279:Uncinate process of vertebra
2070:Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995).
1421:. 2013-05-02. Archived from
726:and the lowest trunk of the
706:, for the attachment of the
314:, and therefore has a major
27:Bone structure of the thorax
2105:Clinically Oriented Anatomy
1447:Clinically Oriented Anatomy
1240:Articulation of head of rib
1102:in his key work of anatomy
805:. This level is called the
690:is narrow and rounded. The
3191:
2658:Superior thoracic aperture
2125:De Humani Corporis Fabrica
1230:
1105:De humani corporis fabrica
1053:and skull reconstruction.
937:
29:
2472:posterior sacral foramina
1415:"Osteology of the Thorax"
1360:Saladin, Kenneth (2010).
833:eleventh and twelfth ribs
661:First rib seen from above
146:
71:Animation of the rib cage
64:
52:
2460:anterior sacral foramina
1594:Anatomy & Physiology
1504:10.1177/0300060520952651
1275:from the 20th edition of
772:second thoracic vertebra
630:longissimus dorsi muscle
595:costotransverse ligament
579:intra-articular ligament
1498:(9): 0300060520952651.
852:The sternum is a long,
813:is also at this level.
696:transverse costal facet
606:transverse costal facet
575:transverse costal facet
514: true / fixed ribs
414:bucket handle movements
2719:Human regional anatomy
2234:Intervertebral foramen
1233:anatomical terminology
1125:
982:bucket handle movement
957:
954:bucket handle movement
899:
866:sternoclavicular joint
828:
542:
428:
404:
388:
296:muscles of respiration
148:Anatomical terminology
38:. For other uses, see
1123:
1027:("pigeon chest"). A
1023:("sunken chest") and
995:Clinical significance
986:costovertebral joints
947:
913:7th cervical vertebra
898:A C7 rib on the right
897:
826:
803:first lumbar vertebra
567:superior costal facet
563:inferior costal facet
540:
452:neurovascular bundles
2489:Lateral sacral crest
1585:available under the
1209:3D model of rib cage
950:pump handle movement
923:) going to the arm.
873:transversus thoracis
788:intercostal arteries
541:The parts of the rib
468:thoracolumbar fascia
196:, which protect the
40:Rib (disambiguation)
3175:Bones of the thorax
2484:Medial sacral crest
2479:Median sacral crest
2139:Diagram at mhhe.com
1909:10.7554/eLife.40715
1061:Society and culture
970:intercostal muscles
622:iliocostalis muscle
591:crista colli costae
448:intercostal muscles
304:intercostal muscles
233:human thoracic cage
184:that comprises the
2673:Infrasternal angle
2635:Xiphisternal joint
2615:Suprasternal notch
2348:Thoracic vertebrae
2338:Vertebra prominens
2299:Posterior tubercle
2284:Transverse foramen
2271:Cervical vertebrae
2007:Medical News Today
1830:on 12 August 2016.
1801:2012-03-23 at the
1231:This article uses
1156:uncinate processes
1126:
1082:forensic pathology
962:respiratory system
958:
900:
877:intercostal nerves
829:
807:transpyloric plane
792:intercostal nerves
752:anterior extremity
641:Ribs and vertebrae
571:transverse process
547:thoracic vertebrae
543:
456:intercostal nerves
444:intercostal spaces
429:costae fluctuantes
333:thoracic vertebrae
320:respiratory system
249:thoracic vertebrae
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2663:Intercostal space
2525:
2524:
2448:sacral tuberosity
2431:sacral promontory
2289:Anterior tubercle
2229:Vertebral foramen
2195:General structure
2059:978-1-56098-828-1
1859:10.1002/jbmr.2326
1761:Internal Medicine
1636:978-0-7817-7055-2
1603:978-1-947172-04-3
1562:978-0-7817-7055-2
1463:978-0-7817-7525-0
1375:978-0-07-352569-3
1170:Additional images
1067:body modification
1033:congenital defect
784:intercostal veins
780:posterior scalene
744:serratus anterior
724:subclavian artery
684:thoracic vertebra
484:abdominal muscles
393:costal cartilages
237:costal cartilages
176:enclosure in the
162:
161:
157:
16:(Redirected from
3182:
3152:
3151:
3143:
2979:
2910:Vertebral column
2712:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2536:
2388:Lumbar vertebrae
2294:Carotid tubercle
2192:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2086:
2085:
2067:
2061:
2043:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2013:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1979:. Archived from
1973:
1967:
1966:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1816:
1810:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1720:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1657:. Archived from
1650:
1641:
1640:
1624:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1550:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1483:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1357:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1294:
1269:
1268:
1218:
1206:
1205:
1192:
1180:
1025:pectus carinatum
1021:pectus excavatum
839:, have a single
768:vertebral column
764:costal cartilage
708:anterior scalene
704:scalene tubercle
670:
658:
525:
520: false ribs
519:
513:
507:
495:
409:vertebrochondral
318:function in the
253:skeletal muscles
216:and support the
190:vertebral column
154:edit on Wikidata
69:
57:
45:
21:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3057:
2968:
2873:
2845:
2735:
2721:
2716:
2686:
2677:
2644:
2640:Xiphoid process
2630:Body of sternum
2601:
2521:
2505:
2443:Lateral surface
2412:
2382:
2342:
2265:
2181:
2172:
2135:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2044:
2040:
2036:, 9780801847806
2027:
2023:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1975:
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1970:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1889:
1888:
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1840:
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1835:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:Wayback Machine
1794:
1790:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1655:"Archived copy"
1653:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1591:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1444:
1437:
1428:
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1413:
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1405:
1398:radiopaedia.org
1391:
1390:
1383:
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1335:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1266:
1263:
1255:Terms for bones
1245:Rachitic rosary
1236:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1172:
1118:
1090:
1073:, which uses a
1063:
1050:
1014:costochondritis
997:
942:
936:
921:brachial plexus
905:
885:
850:
841:articular facet
728:brachial plexus
716:subclavian vein
712:anterior groove
674:
671:
662:
659:
643:
638:
535:
528:
527:
523:
521:
517:
515:
511:
508:
499:
496:
377:vertebrosternal
357:
328:
283:, makes up the
275:and associated
245:xiphoid process
218:shoulder girdle
202:thoracic cavity
158:
72:
60:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3059:
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3056:
3055:
3054:
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3048:
3043:
3038:
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3028:
3023:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2976:
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2966:
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2895:
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2866:
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2855:
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2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2467:Dorsal surface
2464:
2463:
2462:
2455:Pelvic surface
2452:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2319:posterior arch
2316:
2311:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
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2267:
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2133:External links
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2080:
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1993:
1968:
1933:
1882:
1853:(2): 297–308.
1833:
1824:Dislocated Rib
1811:
1788:
1747:
1685:
1642:
1635:
1609:
1602:
1568:
1561:
1535:
1475:
1466:
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1419:TeachMeAnatomy
1403:
1392:Smith, Sarah.
1381:
1374:
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1333:
1310:
1285:
1284:
1278:Gray's Anatomy
1262:
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1089:
1088:Biblical Story
1086:
1062:
1059:
1049:
1046:
996:
993:
938:Main article:
935:
932:
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901:
884:
881:
849:
846:
732:medial scalene
714:transmits the
676:
675:
672:
665:
663:
660:
653:
642:
639:
637:
634:
557:with which it
534:
531:
530:
529:
522:
516:
510:
509:
502:
500:
497:
490:
405:costae spuriae
356:
353:
327:
324:
247:), and the 12
226:axial skeleton
204:, such as the
160:
159:
150:
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
126:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
93:cavea thoracis
90:
84:
83:
79:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
59:Human rib cage
58:
50:
49:
26:
24:
18:Human rib cage
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3187:
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3018:
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3007:
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2999:
2997:
2994:
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2989:
2988:
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2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
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2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Costal margin
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2650:Thoracic cage
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Sternal angle
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:costal groove
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2563:floating ribs
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2499:sacral hiatus
2497:
2496:
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2485:
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2477:
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2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Ala of sacrum
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
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2379:
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2358:
2357:
2356:Costal facets
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:anterior arch
2312:
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2120:
2119:0-471-68934-3
2116:
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2100:
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2081:0-697-21991-7
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2051:1-56098-828-2
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2039:
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2034:0-8018-4780-X
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2018:
2008:
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1983:on 2007-07-06
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1705:RadioGraphics
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1661:on 2015-09-11
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1455:0-7817-7525-6
1452:
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1436:
1425:on 2013-05-02
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1368:p. 485.
1367:
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1334:9780226870137
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1273:public domain
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1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:Rib fractures
994:
992:
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2859:Adam's apple
2569:
2539:
2494:Sacral canal
2395:
2309:lateral mass
2261:Spinal canal
2238:
2123:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2071:
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2041:
2024:
2016:
2010:. Retrieved
2006:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:the original
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1899:
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1850:
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1828:the original
1823:
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1760:
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1708:
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1663:. Retrieved
1659:the original
1620:
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1538:
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1427:. Retrieved
1423:the original
1418:
1397:
1361:
1338:. Retrieved
1323:
1301:. Retrieved
1280:
1270:
1264:
1146:
1127:
1110:Adam and Eve
1103:
1091:
1079:
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1048:Regeneration
1043:
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1018:
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928:floating rib
925:
917:cervical rib
909:cervical rib
906:
889:testosterone
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533:Parts of rib
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421:floating rib
420:
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389:costae verae
380:
376:
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364:
360:
358:
348:
347:include the
344:
340:
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329:
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230:
224:part of the
220:to form the
198:vital organs
174:endoskeletal
169:
165:
163:
117:A02.3.04.001
92:
1134:salamanders
1130:herpetology
1071:tightlacing
1039:Rib removal
1004:flail chest
978:pump handle
883:Development
559:articulates
454:containing
419:The phrase
316:ventilatory
310:and forced
261:upper limbs
182:vertebrates
82:Identifiers
36:ribs (food)
3164:Categories
3026:Fingernail
2558:false ribs
2406:mammillary
2371:transverse
2244:transverse
2093:References
2012:2022-06-05
1987:2007-08-23
1949:(1): 1–7.
1740:August 13,
1665:2013-12-31
1429:2024-05-28
1164:Crocodiles
1154:have bony
759:second rib
720:posterior
397:false ribs
365:false ribs
359:The terms
355:Attachment
345:false ribs
341:false ribs
312:exhalation
308:inhalation
231:A typical
105:D000070602
2942:Genitalia
2620:Manubrium
2553:true ribs
2401:accessory
2396:Processes
2249:articular
2239:Processes
2187:Vertebrae
1727:1527-1323
1587:CC BY 4.0
1512:0300-0605
1097:anatomist
1029:bifid rib
966:diaphragm
940:Breathing
903:Variation
858:true ribs
854:flat bone
818:tenth rib
799:ninth rib
776:first rib
647:first rib
437:vertebrae
433:vertebral
381:true ribs
361:true ribs
337:true ribs
326:Structure
300:diaphragm
292:tetrapods
241:manubrium
3071:Buttocks
2991:Shoulder
2826:Mandible
2759:Forehead
2580:tubercle
2540:Rib cage
2366:inferior
2361:superior
1963:19853490
1928:30983567
1877:25142306
1805:citing:
1799:Archived
1783:16755094
1674:cite web
1589:license.
1530:32883133
1340:10 March
1303:10 March
1227:See also
1152:reptiles
1100:Vesalius
934:Function
692:tubercle
602:tubercle
555:vertebra
480:pectoral
460:arteries
450:and the
180:of most
166:rib cage
48:Rib cage
3154:Anatomy
3116:Toenail
3006:Forearm
2952:Scrotum
2898:Midriff
2888:Abdomen
2881:(Trunk)
2831:Occiput
2774:Eyebrow
2607:Sternum
2254:spinous
2212:pedicle
2177:of the
1919:6464605
1868:8253918
1735:9925395
1521:7479855
1364:. USA:
1140:to the
1094:Flemish
1069:called
848:Sternum
811:pylorus
770:by the
686:. The
369:sternum
281:muscles
255:of the
200:of the
194:sternum
77:Details
3140:Portal
3051:Little
3041:Middle
3021:Finger
2996:Axilla
2937:Pelvis
2930:Nipple
2925:Breast
2920:Thorax
2864:Throat
2841:Temple
2804:Tongue
2784:Eyelid
2531:Thorax
2511:Coccyx
2418:Sacrum
2217:lamina
2117:
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2057:
2049:
2032:
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1926:
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1733:
1725:
1633:
1600:
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1461:
1453:
1372:
1331:
1281:(1918)
1160:sacral
1138:axilla
1075:corset
835:, the
790:, and
746:. The
734:. The
718:, the
710:; the
524:
518:
512:
343:. The
277:fascia
178:thorax
172:is an
3101:Ankle
3081:Thigh
3036:Index
3031:Thumb
3011:Wrist
3001:Elbow
2974:Limbs
2957:Vulva
2947:Penis
2903:Navel
2893:Waist
2879:Torso
2836:Scalp
2809:Tooth
2794:Mouth
2764:Cheek
2575:angle
2570:Parts
2304:Atlas
2222:notch
2179:torso
2175:Bones
1896:eLife
1701:(PDF)
1261:Notes
1148:Birds
1142:groin
700:angle
636:Bones
616:of a
614:angle
464:veins
431:) or
425:Latin
407:) or
401:Latin
385:Latin
373:fixed
210:lungs
206:heart
152:[
88:Latin
3121:Sole
3106:Heel
3096:Foot
3091:Calf
3086:Knee
3046:Ring
3016:Hand
2964:Anus
2915:Back
2869:Nape
2851:Neck
2789:Nose
2769:Chin
2754:Face
2749:Hair
2741:Head
2733:Skin
2727:Body
2595:head
2590:neck
2548:Ribs
2518:none
2426:Base
2331:dens
2326:Axis
2207:Arch
2202:Body
2115:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2030:ISBN
1959:PMID
1924:PMID
1873:PMID
1847:JBMR
1779:PMID
1742:2009
1731:PMID
1723:ISSN
1680:link
1631:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1583:text
1557:ISBN
1526:PMID
1508:ISSN
1459:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1342:2018
1329:ISBN
1305:2018
1150:and
871:The
831:The
816:The
797:The
757:The
722:the
688:neck
680:head
678:The
645:The
612:The
586:neck
584:The
551:head
482:and
476:back
472:neck
462:and
363:and
279:and
273:skin
269:back
267:and
257:neck
243:and
222:core
212:and
192:and
186:ribs
164:The
141:7480
129:1096
112:TA98
100:MeSH
3111:Toe
3076:Hip
3063:Leg
2983:Arm
2821:Jaw
2816:Ear
2799:Lip
2779:Eye
1951:doi
1914:PMC
1904:doi
1863:PMC
1855:doi
1769:doi
1713:doi
1516:PMC
1500:doi
1128:In
618:rib
375:or
290:In
168:or
136:FMA
124:TA2
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