505:
662:
detainees to asphyxiate, while their heads were submerged into the water several times in a row. Often, prisoners were hung upside-down with ropes, and they were dropped into a tank of water, headfirst. The water was contaminated and filled with debris. Waterboarding was employed to cause both physical and psychological pain; however, victims found that the mental suffering they endured was far worse than the physical pain. They attested that even thirty years after being "waterboarded," they still suffered from the devastating effects of psychological torture. Many victims reported suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, humiliation, worthlessness, shame, anxiety, and hopelessness. The Valech
Commission Report describes the testimony of a man who experienced waterboarding in September 1973:
731:
1980 Political
Constitution of the Republic of Chile—a seemingly democratic motive. Pinochet promised to cut back inflation, which was around 30-35% in 1978; he was intent on restructuring both the economic and political institutions of the region. These agendas were part of a broader scheme to garner approval from the state, making it more feasible to prosecute, imprison, and execute civilians suspected of subversion. The military and armed personnel, under Pinochet, were able to operate offensively without restrictions, as the Chilean Government had been restructured to Pinochet's liking. Even the Constitution was drafted to give Pinochet impunity. The military dictatorship utilized its own justice system to adjudicate the regime's enemies.
594:
562:, located in Santiago, was DINA's most important torture center, which began operating in 1974. Prisoners endured long periods of interrogation. As more people were incarcerated on a massive scale, new places were reconditioned to hold them. The "tower" was designated as a holding center for political prisoners. On the top floor of the building, there was a water tank that included ten tight spaces where prisoners were held. These spaces were so small that victims had to enter them by crawling on their knees. The tower also housed a torture chamber, where prisoners were kept in isolation. Many of them were never seen again. Food was scarce, and the conditions were extremely unsanitary.
685:
677:
650:
leftists of stealing dangerous weapons from weapons stores to justify the illegal capture of dissidents. Such fake portrayals of "the revolutionary threat" resulted in the legitimization of the
Pinochet regime. The junta commissioned the Chilean public to report the actions of any suspected leftists and proceeded to turn them in. Pinochet also authorized DINA to stage the bombing of a Chilean safe house, placing the blame on leftist extremists to demonstrate the danger they posed to society. Essentially, the military junta made use of brainwashing propaganda to portray the leftists as the enemies.
654:
loved ones. Many mothers who were incarcerated in illegal detention centers had to choose between saving themselves or their children's lives. On August 21, 1989, military personnel seized
Jessica Antonia Liberona Niñoles and detained her in a dark, solitary room. She was stripped naked, forced to lie down on an uncomfortable prison cot, and was not permitted to sleep for five days during the interrogation period. The captors constantly threatened to kidnap her nine-year-old daughter from school if she failed to cooperate.
103:, beatings, and sexual abuse. Another common mechanism of torture employed was "disappearing" those who were deemed to be potentially subversive because they adhered to leftist political doctrines. The tactic of "disappearing" the enemies of the Pinochet regime was systematically carried out during the first four years of military rule. The "disappeared" were held in secret, subjected to torture and were often never seen again. Both the National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture (
697:
548:
735:
the
Chilean Supreme Court in December 2007." While Pinochet was detained under house arrest on October 30, 2006, over "charges including murder, torture, and kidnapping in the years following his 1973 coup, he was never formally convicted. He died before the investigation process reached a conclusion. Pinochet's Amnesty Law effectively insulated the military regime from retribution for even the most brutal and horrific human rights violations.
590:
method, one wire would be attached to the prisoner, typically to the victim's genitalia, while another wire could be applied to different parts of the body. This created an electric current passing through the victim's body, with the strength inversely proportional to the distance between the two electrodes. A smaller distance between the electrodes resulted in a stronger current and therefore more intense pain for the prisoner.
31:
174:
443:, killed 68 people within three days, by stabbing, beating, and shooting them. The establishment of the Caravan of Death served three main purposes: 1) silence dissent through murder, 2) weed out military officials who were not aligned with Pinochet's regime and 3) establish fear within leadership ranks. The Caravan of Death resulted in the institutionalization of a state-sponsored system of terror.
469:. There were thousands of people working in this agency. DINA was instituted to "produce the intelligence necessary to formulate policies and planning, and to adopt measures to procure the safeguarding of National Security and development of the country." DINA established interrogation and detention camps, in which former members of Allende's Marxist government and the Leftist movements like the
709:
However, this number still remains a source of contention, as hundreds of bodies have yet to be discovered. Several different approximations have been made for the number of people who were "disappeared" by the military regime. Many of those who "disappeared" were not given the chance to escape or seek asylum elsewhere. Their bodies were deliberately hidden in undisclosed locations.
242:
582:. The control box allowed the torturers to adjust the voltage administered to the prisoner. The naked prisoner would be stretched out, strapped onto a metal bedframe or a set of bedsprings, and securely fastened. They were then subjected to electrical shocks on various parts of the body, particularly sensitive areas like the genitals and open wounds.
539:
Captors preferred to torture detainees by electrocuting them. Not only were the suspects incarcerated, but their relatives were also arrested. Family members underwent sexual abuse in the presence of their loved ones. However, during the initial period, prisoners were still permitted to interact with each other and share information.
630:
suffering. Women, and occasionally men, reported incidents where spiders and live rats were implanted on their genitals. One woman testified that she had been "raped and sexually assaulted with trained dogs and live rats" and was forced to engage in sexual acts with her father and brother, who were also detained.
712:
Only seven days after
Pinochet seized power, he ordered the military to round up approximately 10,000 students, workers, and political activists and jammed them into Santiago's National Stadium on September 18, 1973. This stadium, which symbolized Chile's greatest pastime, turned into a concentration
608:
At Villa
Grimaldi, DINA forced non-compliant prisoners to lie down on the ground. The captors would then run over their legs with a large vehicle, crushing the prisoners' bones. The assailants also beat prisoners in the ears until they became deaf and unconscious; this torture method was known as the
666:
They put cotton on both eyes, then taped them and tightened a hood around my neck. They tied my hands and legs, submerged me in a 250-liter tank that had ammonia, urine, excrement, and seawater. They submerged me until I could not breathe anymore. They repeated it over and over, while beating me and
653:
Psychological torture was used to destroy a prisoner's will, dignity, moral and physical resolve in order to extract pertinent information from the victim. Members of intelligence agencies like DINA and the Joint
Command attempted to extract information from victims by threatening their children and
500:
From 1974 to 1977, DINA (National
Intelligence Directorate) and other agencies such as the Joint Command were the main institutions responsible for committing most acts of repression. It was during this period when most of the forced disappearances took place. While these agencies committed barbaric
473:
were incarcerated and brutally tortured. Pinochet's goal was to annihilate all forms of opposition. He therefore greatly supported
Military Decree 1697, which outlawed the formation of any political party. A large proportion of the Chilean population was vulnerable to surveillance. Chile's churches,
402:
As Pinochet's suspicions grew, the military dictator targeted anyone who was in some way associated with the "leftists," which even included the mothers, wives, and children of the potential subversives. In order to legitimize control of the country, Pinochet created institutions that were seemingly
734:
Additionally, the Amnesty Law decreed in 1978 by Pinochet guaranteed impunity to those responsible for the "systematic and widespread human rights violations and was a major obstacle to bringing Pinochet to justice in Chile. Even today, "the Amnesty Law is still in force. It was recently applied by
730:
The dictatorship under Pinochet erected a complex web of legal instruments that it used to repress anyone deemed "subversive." Pinochet was extremely tactical in his attempts to camouflage the human rights violations committed by the state. He called for a National Plebiscite in 1980 to approve the
612:
At the Pisagua Concentration Camp, captors intimidated prisoners by forcing them to crawl on the ground and lick the dirt off the floors. If prisoners complained or even collapsed from exhaustion, they were promptly executed. Prisoners were also immersed in vats of excrement and occasionally forced
526:
Cuatro Álamos was a detention center to which no one outside the DINA had access, except personnel from other intelligence agencies. It was established in 1973, during the earliest phase of the regime. Life in Cuatro Álamos was relatively easier than in other detention sites. It consisted of twelve
411:
that went into effect on October 21, 1980, and that validated the legal system he had established by decree. The Constitution proscribed an 8-year election period, permitted reelections and gave the President of the Republic an immense amount of power. Laws were passed to criminalize acts of terror
91:
The systematic human rights violations that were committed by the military dictatorship of Chile, under General Augusto Pinochet, included gruesome acts of physical and sexual abuse, as well as psychological damage. From 1973 to 1990, Chilean armed forces, the police and all those aligned with the
780:
Since human rights violations during the military regime corresponded to state policy, the number of people involved in these acts as authors, accomplices, or accessories is high. While it is difficult to determine their exact number, it is estimated to exceed several hundred. Approximately sixty
538:
was a secret detention center located in downtown Santiago, where DINA members operated from 1973 until the end of 1974. This was one of the many sites previously owned by leftist organizations. Prisoners at Londres No. 38 endured lengthy interrogation periods and continual humiliating treatment.
716:
Many people were last seen in the detention and torture centers established by the intelligence agencies of the military regime. Following Pinochet's arrest in 1998, Chile made a renewed effort to uncover the atrocities of the past. For the first time in several decades, human rights lawyers and
517:
Intelligence agencies under Pinochet's regime instituted secret detention and torture sites to conduct political repression. In total, Chile had 17 torture centers. On occasion, prisoners were released after being confined and tortured. However, many detainees were also killed and "disappeared."
721:
made a 15-minute nationwide address, revealing that the armed forces had uncovered information about the fate of approximately 180 people who had disappeared. According to Lagos, the bodies of at least 150 of these people were thrown into lakes, rivers, and the Pacific Ocean. The whereabouts of
708:
While "disappearing subversives" was the central instrument of state terror administered by the Argentine military regime from the 1960s to the 1980s, it was also extremely widespread and prevalent in Chile. According to the Rettig Report, 1,248 people were "disappeared" by the Pinochet Regime.
589:
includes the testimony of a Chilean man who was interrogated by prison captors. They removed his clothes and attached electrodes to his chest and testicles. They also placed something in his mouth to prevent him from biting his tongue while they administered shocks. In another variation of this
649:
The military junta often framed leftist individuals and groups in order to justify its agenda to target and torture political dissidents. The junta fostered fear of leftists by staging arsenal captures and portraying leftist extremists in an extremely negative light. The regime falsely accused
629:
Women were the primary targets of these gruesome acts of sexual abuse. According to the Valech Commission, almost every single female prisoner fell victim to repeated rape. Military personnel not only raped women but also employed foreign objects and even animals to inflict additional pain and
418:. A crucial aspect of the Pinochet regime was how unified the military was. Another was the disarray of civilian society, which created an atmosphere that was conducive to repressing all those who supposedly supported the PU, other leftist organizations, and even Centrist institutions like the
661:
was one of the torture methods most commonly recorded by victims of imprisonment and torture. The captors poured water over a cloth that covered the victims' faces and breathing passages, causing individuals to experience a drowning sensation and a near-death experience. Waterboarding caused
626:), which served as one of DINA's primary secret detention centers. Many of those who "disappeared" were initially held in this prison, where prison guards frequently subjected both men and women to sexual assault. This prison also served as the central hub for internal repression operations.
604:
A particularly brutal version of the "grill" involved the use of a metal bunk bed; the victim would be placed on the bottom bunk while a relative or friend was simultaneously tortured on the top bunk. Most prisoners endured severe beatings, and some had their limbs broken or amputated.
492:. Like DINA, this institution coordinated intelligence activities and political repression, with the air force having a major role in carrying out its agendas. The Joint Command was responsible for "disappearing" approximately thirty people during the bureaucratic authoritarian era.
88:(Valech Commission), the number of direct victims of human rights violations in Chile accounts for around 30,000 people: 27,255 tortured and 2,279 executed. In addition, some 200,000 people suffered exile and an unknown number went through clandestine centers and illegal detention.
398:
of a Latin American region through open elections. General Pinochet lived in a state of paranoia, and constantly feared being assassinated or losing power. Thus, he set out to destroy those who were not in unity with his policies, particularly those who had once served the PU.
621:
Pinochet's regime perpetrated numerous gruesome and horrific acts of sexual abuse against its victims. Several detention sites were established solely for the purpose of sexually tormenting and humiliating the prisoners. One such facility was the Discothèque (or
2216:
209:
reported that as many as 7,000 political prisoners in the National Stadium had been counted on 22 September 1973. Nevertheless, it is often quoted in the press, that some 40,000 prisoners were detained in the Stadium. Some of the most famous cases of
121:
He shut down parliament, suffocated political life, banned trade unions, and made Chile his sultanate. His government disappeared 3,200 opponents, arrested 30,000 (torturing thousands of them) ... Pinochet's name will forever be linked to the
2152:
371:—a prominent Argentine political scientist— labeled these regimes as "bureaucratic authoritarian" in order to "distinguish them from oligarchical and populist forms of the authoritarian rule found in less modernized countries."
1553:
713:
camp within a few days. Many were tortured and gunned down, and several hundred bodies were shuttled into secret mass graves. These were victims of a well-organized program of official, yet clandestine, torture and murder.
293:(published in November 2004), confirmed the figure of 3,200 deaths but dramatically reduced the alleged cases of disappearances. It tells of some 28,000 arrests in which the majority of those detained were
2016:
637:, detained women endured a double punishment: first for being labeled as "leftists" and second for not conforming to the military's ideal of women, often being derogatorily referred to as
439:". Following the coup on September 11, Pinochet ordered this Chilean Army death squad to target the leaders of the PU by any means necessary. The Caravan of Death, under the leadership of
504:
317:
which linked South-American dictatorships together against political opponents. Some 20,000-40,000 Chilean exiles were holders of passports stamped with the letter "L" (which stood for
170:(or "political genocide"). Steve J. Stern spoke of a politicide to describe "a systematic project to destroy an entire way of doing and understanding politics and governance."
374:
From its inception on September 11, 1973, the Chilean bureaucratic authoritarian regime's ultimate agenda was to repress political dissidents—which some have classified as
1902:
363:
The concept of bureaucratic authoritarianism characterizes the military regimes that rose to power in South America between the 1960s and 1980s, specifically in the
70:
2171:
Hiner, Hillary; Garrido, Juan Carlos; Walters, Brigette (2019). "Antitrans State Terrorism: Trans and Travesti Women, Human Rights, and Recent History in Chile".
1991:
1876:
367:
regions of Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. These regimes had a technocratic approach to policy-making and were accompanied by substantial repression.
435:
From the moment Pinochet assumed power, he wanted to instill a sense of fear in the Chilean population. These fears manifested with his authorization of the "
1809:
1133:
340:(MIR) were staunch advocates of a Marxist revolution, it is currently accepted that the junta deliberately targeted nonviolent political opponents as well.
325:
and had to seek permission before entering the country. Nevertheless, Chilean Human Rights groups maintain several hundred thousand were forced into exile.
753:
The National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), was the Chilean secret police during the government of Pinochet. DINA was established in November 1973 as a
205:
was being used to hold 5,000 prisoners, and as late as 1975, the CIA was still reporting that up to 3,811 prisoners were still being held in the Stadium.
2042:
1474:
593:
2020:
197:) soon reaching into the thousands. In the days immediately following the coup, the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs informed
2206:
1113:
Thinking About Terrorism: The Threat to Civil Liberties in a Time of National Emergency, Michael E. Tigar, pp. 37-38, American Bar Association, 2007
2121:
765:
as its vice-director, who fled from justice in 2007. It became an independent administrative unit in June 1974 under the auspices of decree #521.
386:
foreshadowed the brutal conditions that many innocent people would endure over the next 17 years. Pinochet genuinely feared the supporters of the
1617:"Informe de la Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura," National Commission Report on Political Prisoners and Torture," 2005, 249-250
329:
404:
343:
A court in Chile sentenced, on March 19, 2008, 24 former police officers in cases of kidnapping, torture and murder that happened just after a
452:
2211:
2201:
1246:
1063:
1036:
597:
466:
459:
310:
39:
1966:
2226:
2084:
1159:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–11, Part 2, Documents on South America, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian"
34:
Commemoration and homage to the victims and survivors of the Pinochet regime. The enclosure that can be seen in the image corresponds to
1695:
Informe de la Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura," National Commission Report on Political Prisoners and Torture," 2005.
769:
684:
676:
470:
337:
1415:
985:
419:
1854:
263:, a multipartisan effort from the Aylwin administration to discover the truth about the human rights violations, listed a number of
1306:
Karen L. Remmer and Gilbert W. Merkx, "Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism Revisited," Latin American Research Review 17: 2 (1982), 3-4,
717:
members of the armed forces wanted to investigate where the bodies of the "disappeared" were buried. On January 7, 2000, President
332:), "situations of extreme trauma" affected about 200,000 persons; this figure includes individuals killed, tortured (following the
1236:
Chile en el umbral de los noventa: quince años que condicionan el futuro, Jaime Gazmuri & Felipe Agüero, p. 121, Planeta, 1988
1952:
947:
256:
93:
1750:
1375:
189:
The worst violence occurred in the first three months of the coup's aftermath, with the number of suspected leftists killed or "
1844:
111:) approximate that there were around 30,000 victims of human rights abuses in Chile, with 40,018 tortured and 2,279 executed.
2109:
1593:
1566:
383:
182:
1686:
Christian Correa, "Waterboarding Prisoners and Justifying Torture:Lessons for the U.S. from the Chilean Experience,"p.22-23
2059:
1931:
1026:
1629:
527:
small cells, one large cell, and staff offices. There were very few instances of torture within the walls of the prison.
1722:
Christian Correa, "Waterboarding Prisoners and Justifying Torture:Lessons for the U.S. from the Chilean Experience,"p.22
1085:
1053:
408:
1995:
1880:
1822:
387:
1376:"Christian Correa, "Waterboarding Prisoners and Justifying Torture:Lessons for the U.S. from the Chilean Experience,"
1919:
811:
159:
2236:
2221:
202:
1740:
Thomas O'Keefe, "The Use of the Military Justice System to Try Civilians in Chile", 61 N.Y. St. Bar J. 46 (1989)
1284:
796:
17:
268:
1007:
835:
806:
501:
acts of physical and sexual torture, they also caused an immense amount of psychological pain and suffering.
872:
845:
146:
142:
1478:
1356:
Roger Burbach, "The Pinochet Affair. State Terrorism and Global Justice," Nueva Epoca 5:17 (2005), 290-292.
818:
1183:"New Information on the Murders of U.S. Citizens Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi by the Chilean Military"
882:
823:
368:
283:
50:
2040:
99:
The most prevalent forms of state-sponsored torture that Chilean prisoners endured were electric shocks,
2231:
855:
786:
440:
336:
definition of torture), or exiled and their immediate relatives. While more radical groups such as the
206:
2125:
1158:
907:
696:
897:
190:
123:
62:
58:
2153:"Under Pinochet's Nose: The Israeli Diplomats Who Rescued Hundreds of Leftist Dissidents From Chile"
1877:"La Nación - Los sabuesos de los derechos humanos. Brigada de Asuntos Especiales de investigaciones"
547:
1713:
James Reynolds, "Finding Chile's Disappeared," BBC News, January 10, 2001. Accessed April 25, 2013.
887:
791:
689:
578:
was supplied from a standard wall outlet through a control box into two wires, each terminating in
1250:
1200:
1970:
1307:
1079:
828:
609:"telephone." Most of these acts of punishment were intended to humiliate the prisoners severely.
571:
395:
2088:
1992:"La Nación - Carlos Herrera Jiménez insiste en culpar a ex edecán Krauss de crímenes de Pisagua"
1659:
1274:
Chile since the coup: ten years of repression, Cynthia G. Brown, pp.88-89, Americas Watch, 1983.
1775:
382:(or "political genocide). General Pinochet's assumption of power through a violent, and bloody
1850:
1589:
1569:
1562:
1441:
1059:
1032:
850:
762:
748:
276:
260:
245:
231:
85:
81:
1112:
860:
2180:
1437:
892:
867:
801:
758:
744:
455:
436:
391:
348:
314:
272:
235:
223:
178:
129:
74:
912:
2046:
1633:
1585:
1263:
1213:
1011:
934:
840:
701:
634:
489:
198:
151:
54:
1324:
The Legacy of Human Rights Violations in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile and Uruguay,
1028:
The Legacy of Human Rights Violations in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay
1182:
1123:
Chile: an Amnesty International report, p. 16, Amnesty International Publications, 1974.
1548:
559:
552:
333:
219:
215:
133:
1903:"Condenan a 14 ex agentes de la CNI por crimen de José Carrasco Tapia | Emol.com"
451:
30:
2195:
1558:
1386:
877:
718:
658:
586:
414:
364:
344:
290:
108:
104:
100:
66:
173:
1365:
Rex A. Hudson, ed. "Chile: A Country Study". GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.
902:
754:
294:
1336:
1099:
286:), and found that at least 3,200 people were killed or disappeared by the regime.
1224:
Augusto Pinochet's Chile, Diana Childress, p.92, Twenty First century Books, 2009
575:
238:, carried out with the security services of other Latin American dictatorships.
2063:
1626:
623:
579:
535:
377:
165:
35:
2184:
1846:
Después de la lluvia: Chile, la memoria herida - Mario Amorós - Google Libros
474:
universities, businesses, and neighborhoods were all under intense scrutiny.
328:
According to the Latin American Institute on Mental Health and Human Rights (
2085:"Marcelo Luis Manuel Morén Brito | Jefe de la Brigada Caupolicán de la DINA"
352:
306:
241:
680:
Memorial to the people that were 'disappeared' during the Pinochet's regime
309:, as political refugees; however, they were followed in their exile by the
218:, a U.S. citizen who was killed during the coup itself, Chilean songwriter
1647:
The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability,
1606:
The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability,
1583:
Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S. Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile.
2017:"La Nación - Procesan a ex agentes por crimen de primo de Martínez Busch"
1920:
El Mercurio - Texto completo del fallo de desafuero de Pinochet (I parte)
1823:"Corte Suprema confirmó seis años de presidio para Sergio Arellano Stark"
952:
484:
2217:
Political repression in Chile during the military government (1973–1990)
1554:
The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability
1506:
The Pinochet File: a Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability
1475:"Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation"
1311:
986:"Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation"
298:
264:
1810:
Condenan a seis miembros de la DINA por cinco crímenes en Tejas Verdes
488:
institution from late 1975 until late 1976 and was based primarily in
1627:
Cultura Verdadera Programa Completo del Lunes 14 de Diciembre de 2015
1058:. 2004-09-30: Duke University Press. pp. 32, 90, 101, 180–81.
695:
683:
675:
592:
546:
503:
450:
302:
240:
230:) where at least 70 persons were killed. Other operations include
172:
29:
465:
On June 14, 1974, Junta Decree 521 mandated the creation of the
1953:"Fernández Larios acusado en Miami por "caravana de la muerte""
1286:
Decades after coup, 24 sentenced for rights violations in Chile
1264:
LIFTING OF PINOCHET'S IMMUNITY RENEWS FOCUS ON OPERATION CONDOR
234:
during which hundreds of left-wing activists were murdered and
1137:
688:
The disappeared students and professors; School of Law of the
96:
were involved in institutionalizing fear and terror in Chile.
160:
The military rule was characterized by systematic suppression
667:
asking me questions. That is what they called the submarine.
1812:, retrieved on 31 January 2013. The 6th is Manuel Contreras
1682:
1680:
1519:
Taking Back the Streets: Women, Youth, and Direct Democracy
768:
DINA continued to exist until 1977 when it was renamed the
132:, and the institutionalized torture that took place in the
2110:
El Austral - Alta tensión en juicio contra Alfonso Podlech
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1493:
Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America
162:
of all political dissidence, which led some to speak of a
86:
National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture
1232:
1230:
1055:
Remembering Pinochet's Chile: On the Eve of London 1998
1134:"El campo de concentración de Pinochet cumple 70 años"
53:, persecution of opponents, political repression, and
570:
One commonly used torture method was the "grill" or "
2151:Gorodischer, Jonathan; Maltz, Judy (13 June 2022).
781:individuals have been convicted by Chilean courts.
407:, held on September 11, 1980, which approved a new
47:
Human rights abuses in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
1932:"Portal de Registro y Autentificación El Mercurio"
1008:Pinochet Is History: But how will it remember him?
551:Disappeared people in art at Parque por la Paz at
107:) and the Commission of Truth and Reconciliation (
38:, the clandestine detention and torture center of
1521:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004
251:, used in 1973 as a detention and torture center.
1448:New York: W.W Norton & Company, 1993., p. 91
1025:Roniger, Luis; Sznajder, Mario (July 15, 1999).
18:Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile
119:
1203:. January 26, 2001 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
1102:. January 10, 2001 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
1776:"Pinochet held on murder and torture charges"
1410:
1408:
8:
1457:Pamela Constable and Arturo Valenzuela, p.91
600:'s torture center at José Domingo Cañas 1367
1539:Pamela Constable and Aruto Valenzuela, p.22
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
508:Photographs of victims of Pinochet's regime
394:, who had been the first Marxist to become
1446:A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet,
2060:"Punto Final - Torturador al descubierto"
65:and civil repressive agents members of a
27:Crimes against humanity from 1973 to 1990
1901:S.A.P, El Mercurio (December 28, 2007).
467:National Intelligence Directorate (DINA)
460:National Intelligence Directorate (DINA)
964:
1077:
975:Oxford University Press., 2004, p. 134
496:State-sponsored torture and repression
471:Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria
305:and received abroad, in particular in
82:Commission of Truth and Reconciliation
722:hundreds more bodies remain unknown.
7:
1495:, W.W Norton and Company, 2001, 301.
657:According to the Valech Commission,
1249:. December 22, 2008. Archived from
255:Following Pinochet's defeat in the
2173:TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly
1774:agencies, Staff and (2006-10-30).
338:Movement of the Revolutionary Left
25:
1322:Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder,
347:-backed coup overthrew President
2122:"Arturo Ramón Ureta Sire (DINA)"
1967:"Memoria Viva - Humberto Gordon"
1247:"One Carrot, Many Sticks - TIME"
948:Enforced disappearances in Chile
757:intelligence unit, with General
482:The Joint Command operated as a
2207:1990 disestablishments in Chile
2049:Memoria Viva - Miguel Krassnoff
1508:: New York Press, 2003, p. 181
700:Memorial to the victims of the
313:secret police, in the frame of
776:Main violators of human rights
513:Detentions and torture centers
71:military dictatorship of Chile
1:
1100:"Finding Chile's disappeared"
359:Bureaucratic authoritarianism
42:, the regime's secret police.
2212:Human rights abuses in Chile
2202:1973 establishments in Chile
1660:"Pinochet: the case against"
1015:Symposium, December 11, 2006
301:. Some 30,000 Chileans were
84:(Rettig Commission) and the
2227:Political violence in Chile
1337:"Profile: Salvador Allende"
931:Vittorio Orvietto Tiplitzky
868:Miguel Krassnoff Martchenko
770:National Information Center
726:Institutionalized terrorism
403:democratic. He organized a
2253:
1731:John Charles Chasteen, 301
1704:John Charles Chasteen, 304
797:Patricio Carranza Saavedra
742:
426:Instilling a sense of fear
420:Christian Democratic Party
297:and in a great many cases
1581:Lubna Z. Qureshi (2009).
1041:– via Google Books.
355:, on September 11, 1973.
2185:10.1215/23289252-7348482
1380:14, no. 2 (2007): p. 21"
1084:: CS1 maint: location (
1052:Stern, Steve J. (2009).
836:Armando Fernández Larios
807:Álvaro Corbalán Castilla
645:Psychological repression
388:Popular Unity Party (PU)
1491:John Charles Chasteen,
1402:Thomas Skidmore, p. 134
321:), identifying them as
222:, and the October 1973
147:Human Rights Foundation
51:crimes against humanity
1934:. Diario.elmercurio.cl
1843:Amorós, Mario (2004).
1551:(September 11, 2013).
1530:Peter Kornbluh, p. 171
925:David Miranda Monardes
873:Roberto Lawrence Mires
851:Raúl Iturriaga Neumann
846:Carlos Herrera Jiménez
705:
693:
681:
669:
601:
556:
509:
462:
252:
186:
138:
43:
973:Modern Latin America,
928:Klaudio Kosiel Honing
922:Raúl Quintana Salazar
919:Nelson Valdés Cornejo
819:Patricio Díaz Araneda
787:Sergio Arellano Stark
743:Further information:
699:
687:
679:
664:
596:
550:
507:
454:
441:Sergio Arellano Stark
412:and limit the use of
244:
228:Caravana de la Muerte
207:Amnesty International
176:
33:
824:Pedro Espinoza Bravo
555:in Santiago de Chile
384:military coup d'état
289:A later report, the
63:Carabineros de Chile
59:Chilean Armed Forces
888:Marcelo Moren Brito
883:José Toribio Merino
739:Repressive agencies
690:University of Chile
574:." In this method,
369:Guillermo O'Donnell
284:Víctor Jara Stadium
145:, president of the
77:from 1973 to 1990.
2128:on October 4, 2009
2045:2013-06-14 at the
1632:2017-02-02 at the
1378:Human Rights Brief
1201:"Caravan of Death"
1187:nsarchive2.gwu.edu
971:"Thomas Skidmore,
856:Mario Jahn Barrera
706:
694:
682:
602:
557:
510:
463:
458:, director of the
253:
187:
44:
1442:Arturo Valenzuela
1416:"Chile-90 Report"
1392:on July 20, 2012.
1289:. CNN. 2008-03-20
1163:history.state.gov
1065:978-0-8223-3354-8
1038:978-0-19-158524-1
908:Arturo Ureta Sire
749:Operation Colombo
323:persona non grata
271:centers (such as
261:Rettig Commission
232:Operation Colombo
80:According to the
57:committed by the
16:(Redirected from
2244:
2237:Torture in Chile
2222:Operation Condor
2188:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2124:. Archived from
2118:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2087:. Archived from
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2062:. Archived from
2056:
2050:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2019:. Archived from
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1994:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1969:. Archived from
1963:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1879:. Archived from
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:. Cooperativa.cl
1819:
1813:
1807:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
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1705:
1702:
1696:
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1684:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1645:Peter Kornbluh,
1643:
1637:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1604:Peter Kornbluh,
1602:
1596:
1579:
1573:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1504:Peter Kornbluh,
1502:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1477:. Archived from
1471:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1438:Pamela Constable
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1385:. Archived from
1384:
1372:
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1363:
1357:
1354:
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1327:
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1190:
1179:
1173:
1172:
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1169:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1136:. Archived from
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1073:
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1042:
1022:
1016:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:
990:
982:
976:
969:
916:
893:Augusto Pinochet
864:
832:
815:
802:Manuel Contreras
761:as its head and
759:Manuel Contreras
745:Operation Condor
633:In the words of
566:Physical torture
456:Manuel Contreras
437:Caravan of Death
431:Caravan of Death
392:Salvador Allende
349:Salvador Allende
315:Operation Condor
273:Colonia Dignidad
236:Operation Condor
224:Caravan of Death
203:National Stadium
183:1973 coup d'état
179:La Moneda Palace
155:
130:Caravan of Death
75:Augusto Pinochet
21:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2245:
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2192:
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2119:
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2104:
2094:
2092:
2091:on May 14, 2011
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2069:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2047:Wayback Machine
2039:
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1759:
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1755:www.amnesty.org
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1586:Lexington Books
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1481:on May 9, 2009.
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1012:National Review
1006:
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984:
983:
979:
970:
966:
961:
944:
939:
935:Ingrid Olderock
910:
898:Alfonso Podlech
858:
841:Humberto Gordon
826:
809:
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751:
741:
728:
702:Caso Degollados
674:
647:
635:Alejandra Matus
619:
568:
545:
533:
524:
515:
498:
490:Santiago, Chile
480:
449:
433:
428:
390:and its leader
361:
257:1988 plebiscite
212:"desaparecidos"
199:Henry Kissinger
177:Bombing of the
157:
152:National Review
143:Thor Halvorssen
140:
117:
55:state terrorism
28:
23:
22:
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2179:(2): 194–209.
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2145:External links
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1636:, minute 3:20.
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1549:Peter Kornbluh
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1517:Temma Kaplan,
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673:
672:Disappearances
670:
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613:to ingest it.
567:
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560:Villa Grimaldi
553:Villa Grimaldi
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319:lista nacional
246:Training ship
216:Charles Horman
134:Villa Grimaldi
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94:military junta
73:under General
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522:Cuatro Álamos
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125:Desaparecidos
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106:
105:Valech Report
102:
101:waterboarding
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69:, during the
68:
67:secret police
64:
61:, members of
60:
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52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2232:Sexual abuse
2176:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:the original
2116:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2089:the original
2079:
2068:. Retrieved
2064:the original
2054:
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2025:. Retrieved
2021:the original
2011:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:the original
1986:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1961:
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1936:. Retrieved
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1885:. Retrieved
1881:the original
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1845:
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1817:
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1780:The Guardian
1779:
1769:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:
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1668:. Retrieved
1666:. 1999-09-28
1664:The Guardian
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2095:August 26,
2070:2014-08-26
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1938:2014-08-18
1887:2014-08-26
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1829:2014-08-18
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1760:2021-03-07
1751:"Document"
1670:2021-03-07
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1343:2020-10-21
1326:1999, p.10
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