509:
territory, it was claimed Kurds have offered minorities inducements while at the same time "wielding repression in order to keep them in tow". It was alleged by some
Assyrian groups that the systematic and widespread attacks on Christians that took place in 2008 in and near Mosul were committed with KRG responsibility "with the aim of undermining confidence in the central government’s security forces" and at the same time strengthening confidence in the KRG. During the killings of Christians in Mosul, the Kurdish-dominated security forces seemed unable to stop the attacks. Those allegations were denied by the KRG, and the perpetrators have not been found. HRW also stated that "KRG authorities have relied on intimidation, threats, and arbitrary arrests and detentions, more than actual violence, in their efforts to secure support of minority communities for their agenda regarding the disputed territories". A Chaldo-Assyrian leader described the Kurdish campaign to Human Rights Watch as “the overarching, omnipresent reach of a highly effective and authoritarian regime that has much of the population under control through fear. During important elections, threats against minority community politicians and voters were reported.
601:
consequences. The
Kurdistan parliament in 2008 passed a draft law outlawing the practice, but the ministerial decree necessary to implement it, expected in February 2009, was cancelled. As reported to the Centre for Islamic Pluralism by the non-governmental organization, called as Stop FGM in Kurdistan, the Kurdistan Regional Government in northern Iraq, on 25 November, officially admitted the wide prevalence in the territory of female genital mutilation (FGM). Recognition by the KRG of the frequency of this custom among Kurds came during a conference program commemorating the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women. On 27 November 2010, the Kurdish government officially admitted to violence against women in Kurdistan and began taking serious measures. 21 June 2011 The Family Violence Bill was approved by the Kurdistan Parliament, it includes several provisions criminalizing the practice. A 2011 Kurdish law criminalized FGM practice in Iraqi Kurdistan and law was accepted four years later. The studies have shown that there is a trend of general decline of FGM.
32:
624:
2090:
740:
Promoting
Homosexuality" states that individuals who promote LGBT rights or homosexuality would face a maximum sentence of one year in prison and a fine of up to five million dinars. Additionally, the bill would temporarily revoke the licenses of media companies and civil society organizations that promote homosexuality for a period of up to one month. The bill has reportedly gained support among parliament members.
767:
791:
779:
561:"Woman's Voice", was published in 1953. Following the overthrow of monarchy in 1958, the Union of Kurdish Women lobbied for legal reform in the Iraqi civil law and it succeeded in bringing marriage under civil control and abolishing honor killing. Honor killings was serious problem among Muslim communities until Iraq illegalized it. The first female judge in the
720:" story to sway public opinion against them. While some organizations advocate for LGBT rights through education and awareness campaigns and international pressure, the LGBT movement in the region is in its early stages and faces widespread public disapproval. This is attributed to the lack of understanding and awareness of gender and sexuality issues.
736:) locally because the organization advocated for LGBT+ rights locally, and according to him, this was a "against the values of the Kurdish culture." On January 5, 2023, Yeksani reported that Ali Hama Saleh, a Kurdish politician, had filed a complaint against them at the General Attorney, because they publicly advocate for LGBT+ rights.
713:. The registration of organizations solely dedicated to LGBT rights is illegal, as the Directorate of Non-Governmental Organizations denies registration, citing Article 393 of the Iraqi Penal Code, which is used to detain LGBT individuals even though it was intended for non-consensual sex and not specifically homosexuality.
723:
There are no anti-discrimination laws for LGBT individuals, leaving them vulnerable to hate crimes and discrimination in housing, employment, and other aspects of life. Civil society organizations offer individual assistance, such as psychosocial services and emergency assistance to leave the region,
705:
The parliament of
Kurdistan Region is considering criminalizing individuals, organizations and media outlets that "promote homosexuality" and stated that anyone either by an action or speech, to promote or urge for homosexuality, would be sentenced to imprisonment, for a minimum period of one month
596:
Kurdish women's rights and equality have improved in the 21st century due to progressive movements within
Kurdish society and new laws. Despite the progress, Kurdish and international women's rights organizations still report problems related to gender equality, forced marriages, honor killings and
588:
was appointed to the 25-member Iraq provisional cabinet as minister of municipalities and public works, and in June 2004, she was among six women named to the 30-member transitional cabinet and in April 2005 was named permanently to that post. However, in the assessment of Dr. Choman Hardi, the
600:
In 2009 Human Rights Watch found that health providers in Iraqi
Kurdistan were involved in both performing and promoting misinformation about the practice of female genital mutilation. Girls and women receive conflicting and inaccurate messages from media campaigns and medical personnel on its
508:
reported that
Christian and other minorities have been victimized by Kurdish authorities’ heavy handed tactics, "including arbitrary arrests and detentions, and intimidation, directed at anyone resistant to Kurdish expansionist plans". To incorporate Nineveh other Christian lands into Kurdish
739:
On
September 4, members of the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq proposed a bill to the Parliament that, if approved, would penalize individuals or groups who advocate for the rights of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. The proposed "Bill on the Prohibition of
2009:
516:'s Arab Quarter. Protestors chanted "Arabs are traitors" and other Anti-Arab chants while they marched, while stopping near known Arab homes or businesses and intensifying their chants, with some even throwing stones at the buildings and windows, until
743:
The
Directorate of Non-Governmental Organizations based in Erbil has threatened to revoke the licenses of organizations advocating for LGBT+ rights or providing any support or assistance to members of the LGBT+ community in the region, threatening
1918:
1824:
487:. In 2008, members of ADM stated that the positions reserved for minorities in the Kurdish parliament were appointed by Kurds as the Assyrians for example had no possibility to nominate their own candidates.
1311:
1100:
694:(Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) in Iraqi Kurdistan have been a topic of public debate since 2016, when the LGBT+ movement gained momentum with the efforts of organizations such as
1525:
593:, "although the Kurdistan Regional Government wants to appear progressive and democratic, by granting women their rights, it's still quite superficial and women play a marginal role."
483:" them. The Assyrians have reported Kurdish officials reluctance in rebuilding Assyrian villages in their region while constructing more settlements for the Kurds affected during the
1999:
1621:
419:
1702:
557:
brought women's rights to the Iraqi
Kurdish literature in the early 20th century. Goran denounced discrimination and violence against women. The first journal for Kurdish women,
1360:
974:
512:
In 2015, many Kurdish young men, in anger at the increasing number of Arabs in Iraqi Kurdistan and the Kurdish government's open-door policy, began a mass protest, starting in
2241:
1673:
1952:
236:
2047:
2234:
2229:
363:
358:
2246:
1518:
78:
73:
597:
female genital mutilation (FGM) in Iraqi Kurdistan. Different organizations have described the situation differently, sometimes giving conflicting statements.
1933:
1923:
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220:
215:
176:
1984:
1854:
931:
203:
198:
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1104:
412:
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Rudaw in English The Happening: Latest News and Multimedia about Kurdistan, Iraq and the World - Kurdistan Takes Measures Against Gender-Based Violence
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2014:
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1829:
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888:
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405:
345:
309:
1165:
584:, women were able to form their own organizations and several women became ministers in the cabinet of local government. In September 2003,
2224:
2040:
1767:
2406:
1762:
1720:
732:
On February 22, 2021, it was announced that a lawsuit was filed against Rasan by an MP of an Islamist political fraction called Komal (
2416:
2217:
2212:
1928:
1604:
1361:"Legal Protections And Anti-Discrimination Laws: The Need For Safeguarding The Rights Of LGBT+ Community In Iraqi Kurdistan – Yeksani"
140:
123:
1406:
706:
up to one year, a financial fine from 500,000 dinars up to five million dinars, or both punishments," reads article one of the bill.
1963:
1336:
915:
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634:
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2033:
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Activists and members of the LGBT community face discrimination and social stigma, with religious conservatives using the "
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31:
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517:
491:
243:
1436:
1787:
2370:
2140:
975:"'We Will Kill Them as Soon as the Cameras Aren't Here': Anti-Arab Sentiment On Rise In Iraqi Kurdistan - VICE"
669:
288:
83:
1814:
1735:
1638:
1550:
733:
654:
268:
263:
258:
1680:
1668:
1633:
1628:
1616:
1555:
860:
932:"On Vulnerable Ground | Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province's Disputed Territories"
1979:
1799:
1697:
1690:
1663:
1653:
1567:
128:
2202:
2004:
1989:
1804:
1643:
1589:
1572:
803:
699:
2124:
1312:"Country Policy and Information Note – Iraq: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression"
378:
317:
253:
709:
Despite the work of these organizations, LGBT identities are considered taboo and often result in
494:, have been accused of trying to "kurdify" some regions where Kurds are not majority, such as the
1900:
1074:
570:
505:
327:
322:
133:
1437:"پەرلەمانتارێک: گروپو كهسانێك خۆیان مهڵاس داوه بۆ دزینی رهوشتو بهها باڵاكانی كۆمهڵگه"
1144:
2317:
2132:
2116:
1005:
911:
884:
878:
830:
824:
745:
679:
301:
296:
116:
55:
2375:
2174:
2162:
2089:
1186:
1033:
771:
451:
Although the Kurdish regional parliament has officially recognised other minorities such as
440:
281:
1407:"Kurdistan Parliament MP files lawsuit against group advocating for women's, LGBTIQ rights"
623:
2300:
2099:
2065:
2056:
1809:
1414:
1132:
1086:
1001:
724:
but few publicly advocate for LGBT rights. There are no LGBT representatives in politics.
614:
464:
452:
145:
1219:
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691:
585:
495:
484:
1034:"Abusing Patients | Human Rights Watch (Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) section)"
2390:
1772:
554:
548:
544:
528:
524:
472:
456:
1381:
795:
717:
436:
1503:
905:
2312:
1890:
1542:
783:
562:
479:, and guarantees equality, there have been multiple accusations of attempts to "
171:
50:
1125:
710:
2342:
2185:
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1905:
502:
by providing financial support for Kurds who want to settle in those areas.
2025:
2357:
2347:
1462:"Kurdish MP Files Complaint Against Yeksani For LGBT+ Advocacy – Yeksani"
994:
907:
Assimilation, exodus, eradication: Iraq's minority communities since 2003
695:
468:
535:
were criticised for not allowing displaced Arabs to return to the town.
1819:
1382:"LGBT+ activists slam 'immoral' lawsuit against Sulaimani organization"
480:
1243:
1782:
499:
476:
1054:
490:
The Kurdish regional government, mainly entities that belong to the
1938:
513:
460:
1020:"Kurdish tribal leader breaks taboo by accepting female fighters"
702:, and the Lava Foundation (later rebranding as Yeksani in 2021).
2029:
1507:
1483:"A Push to Silence LGBT Rights in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq"
1267:
1101:"IRAQ: Iraqi Kurdistan Confronts Female Genital Mutilation"
826:
What kind of liberation?: women and the occupation of Iraq
589:
director of the Center of Gender and Development at the
990:
988:
2000:
Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel
1288:"Kurdish MPs considers bill to ban 'LGBTQ+ promotion'"
1187:"Human Rights Watch lauds FGM law in Iraqi Kurdistan"
1145:"Human Rights Watch lauds FGM law in Iraqi Kurdistan"
755:
1166:"KRG looks to enhance protection of women, children"
674:
Same-sex relationships Illegal, marriage not allowed
2335:
2299:
2261:
2161:
2098:
2064:
1972:
1951:
1868:
1847:
1838:
1713:
1541:
1207:
Iraqi Kurdistan: Law Banning FGM Not Being Enforced
910:. Minority Rights Group International. p. 20.
678:
668:
663:
653:
643:
633:
611:
520:attacked the protesters with tazers and batons.
2242:Two-state solution (Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations)
1337:"LGBTQ Members Face Threats in Iraqi Kurdistan"
829:. University of California Press. p. 109.
2041:
1519:
573:. She later became part of the leadership of
413:
8:
1855:Arabic Network for Human Rights Information
1456:
1454:
2305:
2267:
2167:
2104:
2048:
2034:
2026:
1844:
1526:
1512:
1504:
1018:Wladimir van Wilgenburg (3 January 2016).
622:
608:
420:
406:
17:
1995:Human rights in Muslim-majority countries
883:. Cornell University Press. p. 223.
880:Insurgency and counter-insurgency in Iraq
2015:Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine
1881:Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights
859:. nowords, ChristenUnie. Archived from
815:
762:
591:American University of Iraq - Sulaimani
20:
1741:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
1082:
1072:
823:Al-Ali, Nadje; Pratt, Nicola (2009).
748:of the marginalized LGBT+ community.
7:
2230:Foreign missions in Iraqi Kurdistan
1763:Human right to water and sanitation
1413:. Nalia Corporation. Archived from
1209:Human Rights Watch, August 29, 2012
957:"Anti-Arab protest erupts in Erbil"
659:No anti-discrimination laws enacted
14:
961:Middle East Eye édition française
2088:
1896:Al Mezan Center for Human Rights
1886:Defenders of Human Rights Center
1860:Arab Commission for Human Rights
789:
777:
765:
439:issue in the autonomous area of
30:
1535:Human rights in the Middle East
433:Human rights in Iraqi Kurdistan
2010:Sahrawi Association of Victims
1726:Arbitrary arrest and detention
1:
2079:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
1876:Kurdish Human Rights Project
670:Recognition of relationships
447:Minority rights in Kurdistan
254:Movement for Change (Gorran)
23:Politics of Kurdistan Region
2235:Missions of Iraqi Kurdistan
1985:Humanitarian crisis in Gaza
853:Religious Cleansing in Iraq
580:After the establishment of
553:The prominent Kurdish poet
2433:
2280:Taqtaq-Feshkhabur pipeline
1825:Women's suffrage, timeline
655:Discrimination protections
565:was a Kurdish woman named
542:
492:Kurdistan Democratic Party
2417:Human rights in Kurdistan
2366:
2308:
2270:
2170:
2107:
2085:
850:Voordewind, Joël (2008).
621:
533:Kurdish Security officers
1224:www.stopfgmkurdistan.org
1004:, by Judith Colp Rubin,
523:After the liberation of
282:Administrative divisions
2412:Human rights by country
2402:Kurdistan Region (Iraq)
2247:Independence referendum
1736:Crimes against humanity
1220:"Stop FGM in Kurdistan"
734:Kurdistan Justice Group
79:Independence poll, 2017
74:Independence poll, 2005
2407:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2074:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
1292:www.newarab.com/?amp=1
1055:"Iraq: Events of 2009"
904:Taneja, Preti (2007).
877:Hashim, Ahmed (2005).
538:
374:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
244:Democratic Party (KDP)
1980:Collective punishment
1800:Right to a fair trial
995:Women in the New Iraq
569:who was appointed by
249:Patriotic Union (PUK)
129:Jaafar Sheikh Mustafa
2397:Human rights in Iraq
2149:Disputed territories
2005:Israel and apartheid
1990:Human rights in Asia
1805:Right to development
1686:United Arab Emirates
1417:on February 24, 2021
804:Human rights in Iraq
628:Kurdistan Pride flag
352:Diplomatic missions
2177:(autonomous region)
1914:HRFS (founded 2002)
1751:Freedom of religion
379:Kurdish nationalism
364:to Kurdistan Region
359:of Kurdistan Region
269:Islamic Union (KIU)
264:Justice Group (KJG)
259:New Generation (NG)
2198:Presidency Council
1901:Association Najdeh
1731:Capital punishment
1487:Human Rights Watch
1131:2011-09-02 at the
1000:2008-10-05 at the
936:Human Rights Watch
690:The rights of the
571:Abd al-Karim Qasim
506:Human Rights Watch
134:Mustafa Said Qadir
107:Presidency Council
2384:
2383:
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2295:
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2256:
2225:Foreign relations
2157:
2156:
2023:
2022:
1947:
1946:
1830:Male guardianship
1768:Human trafficking
1268:"About – Yeksani"
1061:. 20 January 2010
1036:. 20 January 2010
1008:, September 2008.
1006:Global Politician
890:978-0-8014-4452-4
836:978-0-520-25729-0
746:peaceful assembly
688:
687:
430:
429:
346:Foreign relations
237:Political parties
117:Nechirvan Barzani
2424:
2306:
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2175:Kurdistan Region
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2136:
2128:
2120:
2105:
2093:
2092:
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2027:
1845:
1721:Academic freedom
1703:Yemeni civil war
1674:Syrian civil war
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1317:. September 2021
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1103:. Archived from
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728:Legal challenges
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609:
441:Kurdistan Region
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305:
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189:Recent elections
87:
45:National symbols
34:
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2126:
2118:
2094:
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2060:
2057:Iraqi Kurdistan
2054:
2024:
2019:
1968:
1943:
1864:
1834:
1815:Status of women
1810:Right to health
1709:
1610:Iraqi Kurdistan
1561:Northern Cyprus
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124:Vice Presidents
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2287:Demographics
2275:Oil reserves
2189:
2181:Human rights
2180:
1960:
1939:ALQST (2014)
1934:ESOHR (2013)
1924:ACPRA (2009)
1910:
1793:Antisemitism
1659:Saudi Arabia
1622:Palestinians
1583:Islamic Iran
1578:Pahlavi Iran
1491:. Retrieved
1489:. 2022-09-07
1486:
1477:
1466:. Retrieved
1464:. 2023-01-05
1441:. Retrieved
1439:(in Kurdish)
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1410:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1385:
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1365:. Retrieved
1363:. 2023-01-11
1355:
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1340:
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1095:
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1028:
1022:. Now Media.
1013:
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978:
969:
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938:. 2009-11-10
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558:
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450:
437:human rights
432:
431:
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1964:NSHR (2004)
1778:LGBT rights
1605:Post-Saddam
1543:Middle East
1083:|work=
711:hate crimes
684:Not allowed
605:LGBT rights
563:Middle East
172:Rewaz Fayeq
68:Referendums
2391:Categories
2203:Parliament
1929:SDC (2011)
1756:Irreligion
1600:Ba'ath era
1595:Pre-Saddam
1493:2023-02-07
1468:2023-02-07
1367:2023-02-07
1346:2023-02-07
1297:2023-12-15
1273:2023-02-07
1253:2023-02-07
1229:2016-01-25
1040:2011-02-21
942:2019-06-25
810:References
543:See also:
161:Parliament
100:Government
2343:Peshmerga
2208:President
2190:Peshmerga
2186:Military
2143:(Slêmanî)
2127:(Helebce)
2112:Kurdistan
2100:Geography
1906:al-Marsad
1746:Democracy
1649:Palestine
1085:ignored (
1075:cite book
772:Kurdistan
465:Armenians
453:Assyrians
289:Silemani
112:President
86:(planned)
2371:Category
2358:Zeravani
2348:Parastin
2163:Politics
2125:Halabja
2119:(Hewlêr)
1973:See also
1891:B'Tselem
1869:National
1848:Pan-Arab
1248:IraQueer
1171:26 March
1129:Archived
998:Archived
752:See also
696:IraQueer
680:Adoption
645:Military
469:Mandeans
310:Disputed
2301:Culture
2263:Economy
2135:(Dihok)
2066:History
1820:Torture
1714:Aspects
1639:Lebanon
1551:Bahrain
1443:1 March
1421:1 March
1391:1 March
1244:"About"
1192:8 March
758:Portals
649:Unknown
525:Makhmur
481:kurdify
477:Yezidis
473:Shabaks
457:Turkmen
318:Nineveh
304:(Arbil)
302:Hawler
177:Members
168:Speaker
2376:Portal
2353:Asaish
2323:People
2313:Anthem
2133:Dohuk
2117:Erbil
1953:GONGOs
1788:Racism
1783:Murder
1681:Turkey
1669:Rojava
1634:Kuwait
1629:Jordan
1617:Israel
1556:Cyprus
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887:
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635:Status
500:Kirkuk
328:Diyala
323:Kirkuk
51:Anthem
1698:Yemen
1691:Dubai
1664:Syria
1654:Qatar
1568:Egypt
1321:7 Feb
1315:(PDF)
1150:1 May
1111:1 May
1065:1 May
864:(PDF)
857:(PDF)
796:LGBTQ
700:Rasan
639:Legal
555:Goran
527:from
514:Erbil
461:Arabs
297:Dohuk
2318:Flag
1840:NGOs
1644:Oman
1590:Iraq
1573:Iran
1445:2021
1423:2021
1393:2021
1323:2023
1194:2016
1173:2016
1152:2016
1113:2016
1087:help
1067:2016
1059:Iraq
912:ISBN
885:ISBN
831:ISBN
784:Iraq
547:and
529:ISIS
498:and
475:and
221:2018
216:2013
204:2009
199:1992
56:Flag
1341:VOA
582:KRG
575:KDP
2393::
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