Human rights in Japan - Knowledge (XXG)

2056:, and the Government generally observes these prohibitions. The law provides for judicial determination of the legality of detention. Persons may not be detained without charge, and prosecuting authorities must be prepared to demonstrate that probable cause exists to detain the accused. Under the law, a suspect may be held in detention at either a regular detention facility or "substitute" (police) detention facility for up to 72 hours. A judge must interview suspects prior to detention. A judge may extend preindictment custody by up to two consecutive 10-day periods based on a prosecutor's application. These extensions were sought and granted routinely. Under extraordinary circumstances, prosecutors may seek an additional 5-day extension, bringing the maximum period of preindictment custody to 28 days. 2130:

if such restriction is compatible with the spirit of the Constitution. Access sometimes was abridged in practice; for example, the law allows prosecutors to control access to counsel before indictment, and there were allegations of coerced confessions. Defendants are protected from the retroactive application of laws and have the right of access to incriminating evidence after a formal indictment. However, the law does not require full disclosure by prosecutors, and material that the prosecution does not use in court may be suppressed. Critics claimed that legal representatives of defendants did not always have access to all needed relevant material in the police record. A defendant who is dissatisfied with the decision of a trial court of first instance may appeal to a higher court.

2074:, police and prosecutors have the power to control or limit access by legal counsel when deemed necessary for the sake of an investigation. Counsel may not be present during interrogations at any time before or after indictment. As a court-appointed attorney is not approved until after indictment, suspects must rely on their own resources to hire an attorney before indictment, although local bar associations provided detainees with limited free counseling. Critics charged that access to counsel was limited both in duration and frequency; however, the Government denied that this was the case. Incommunicado detention could be used for up to 23 days. 2646:, often goes unreported due to social and cultural concerns about shaming one's family or endangering the reputation of one's spouse or children. NPA statistics on violence against women probably understated the magnitude of the problem. According to NPA statistics, there were 12,568 cases of alleged domestic violence and 1,499 restraining orders issued in 2003. Police took action in 41 cases in which court orders were violated. Between April and September, the 120 preferential consultation centers received 24,818 cases of domestic violence consultations. Of the total 103,986 consultations since fiscal 2002, 99.6% were for women. 346: 303: 1687:(406 cases), followed by the physically disabled, the sick, foreign residents, women, the elderly, and gender identity. Of the cases in which the MOJ initiated redress for victims, 18.6% involved privacy violations, 14.5% involved labor rights, 13.3% involved school bullying, 12.8% involved assault and abuse, and 10.2% involved extortion and coercion. According to the MOJ, the number of human rights violations has decreased from year to year, but the number of cases of school bullying and human rights violations on the Internet remained high. 186: 2490: 120: 2675:" student group, as well as a third woman in December 2001. All 13 other defendants received jail sentences of up to 10 years. Many local governments responded to the need for confidential assistance for abused women by establishing special women's consultation departments in police and prefectural offices. However, as of 2018, women were still deterred from reporting rape and sexual assault by legal and practical obstacles, by the treatment of women who speak out, such as 95: 2958:. Women and girls from Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, Malaysia, Burma, and Indonesia also were trafficked into the country in smaller numbers. The country was a destination for illegal immigrants from China who were trafficked by organized crime groups and held in debt bondage for sexual exploitation and indentured servitude in sweatshops and restaurants. The Government reported that some smugglers used killings and abduction to enforce cooperation. 286: 2022:. The Crime-Victims law calls for compensation and counseling for crime victims, upholding victims' rights, and providing victims with criminal investigation information. Aimed at toughening penalties against felons, the Penal Code revision establishes new charges for gang rape, increases maximum prison terms and penalties for life-threatening crimes, and extends the statute of limitations for prosecuting capital offenses from 15 to 29 years. 2701:) during World War II were finalized during 2004. In February, the Tokyo High Court rejected an appeal by 7 Taiwanese former "comfort women", while in November the Supreme Court dismissed a damage suit filed in 1991 by 35 Korean wartime "comfort women". In December 2004 the Tokyo High Court dismissed an appeal by 4 Chinese former "comfort women", and the Supreme Court rejected a suit filed in 1993 by 46 Filipina wartime "comfort women". 41: 2122:

graduate law schools to increase the overall number of legal professionals threefold by 2010, and requiring that courts and opposing litigants jointly work to improve trial planning by allowing for earlier evidence collection and disclosure. The advisory panel on judicial reform released the official standards for setting up graduate law schools, and in March 2004, 68 universities (22 public and 46 private) opened new law schools.

2879: 7096: 5814: 5824: 2313:, and the government respects this right in practice. The government does not interfere with access to Internet publications. Individuals and groups engage in the pleasant expression of views via the Internet, including e‑mail. The law and constitution prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice. 2126:

A defendant is informed of the charges upon arrest and is assured a public trial by an independent civilian court with defense counsel and the right of cross-examination. There was no trial by jury; however, a judicial reform bill passed in May will allow serious criminal cases to be tried by a six-person, randomly selected jury and panel of judges. The law was scheduled to take effect in 2009.

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workers with disabilities employed by private companies comprised on average 1.5% of the total number of regular employees, somewhat less than the legally stipulated rate of 1.8%. While nearly 70% of large corporations (1,000 or more employees) fell short of this goal, several large corporations had special divisions for workers with disabilities, including

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individuals for trafficking-related offenses, 8 of whom were traffickers. Of these individuals, 36 were convicted, 14 received prison terms, 17 received fines, and 5 received both a fine and prison term. In February 2003, 17 prefecture police offices and the Tokyo Metropolitan police simultaneously raided 24 strip clubs and rescued 68 trafficking victims.

1683:(MOJ) for 2022, the MOJ human rights organs received 159,864 consultations on human rights violations, completed 7,627 cases of remedial measures for victims, and initiated 7,859 cases of remedial measures. Of the cases in which the MOJ completed redress for victims, the largest number of cases related to discriminatory treatment were for discriminated 3613: 3214:. According to a government survey, more than 70% of citizens worried that an increase in the number of illegally employed foreign workers could undermine public safety and result in human rights abuses against the workers themselves. Nevertheless, more than 80% said the country should accept foreign laborers conditionally or unconditionally. 2179:

international human rights groups generally operated without governmental restrictions, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Government officials generally were cooperative and responsive to their views, although the Government restricted access by human rights groups to detention facilities.

1844: 2029:, allowing foreign prisoners to petition to serve their sentences in their home country. The government added the stipulation that prisoners must serve at least one third of their sentence in Japan before petitions will be considered. As of June 2007, 10 American prisoners have been transferred to the 3061:

The law does not mandate accessibility to buildings for persons with disabilities; however, the law on construction standards for public facilities allows operators of hospitals, theaters, hotels, and similar enterprises to receive low-interest loans and tax benefits if they build wider entrances and

3050:. Although not generally subject to overt discrimination in employment, education, or in the provision of other state services, persons with disabilities faced limited access to public transportation, "mainstream" public education, and other facilities. The Deliberation Panel on the Employment of the 2923:

In April 2004, the Government of Japan created a task force to combat trafficking in persons. In December of the same year, the Government released its Action Plan to combat trafficking in persons. The Action Plan focuses on the prevention and elimination of trafficking in persons, and the protection

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In May 2003, the Diet passed a bill abolishing the 60-day application deadline previously required for aliens seeking refugee status. The previous refugee recognition law stipulated that those seeking refugee status had to apply within 60 days upon arriving in Japan or within 60 days of learning that

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In July 2003, the Diet passed legislation prohibiting the solicitation of sex from minors through the Internet. The Japan Internet Providers Association and the Telecom Services Association expressed concerns about the definitions of child prohibited sites and about the actions providers are required

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gave a recommendation to Japan relating to public welfare in Article 12 and 13 of the Constitution that "while taking note of the State party's explanation that 'public welfare' cannot be relied on as a ground on placing arbitrary restrictions on human rights, the Committee reiterate its concern that

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provides for penalties against employers of undocumented foreign workers. Maximum fines for illegal employment assistance were raised to 3 million yen in December. Suspected foreign workers also may be denied entry for passport, visa, and entry application irregularities. The Government continued to

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The defendant is presumed innocent. The Constitution provides defendants with the right not to be compelled to testify against themselves as well as to free and private access to counsel; however, the Government contended that the right to consult with attorneys is not absolute and can be restricted

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The July 2003, law also makes the Supreme Court responsible for accelerating proceedings in lower courts, imposes a 2-year time limit for courts to bring criminal and civil trials to conclusion, and requires the government to take the legal and financial measures necessary to accomplish these goals.

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stipulates that the maximum time prisoners may be held in single cells is 6 months, activists claim that wardens continued to have broad leeway in enforcing punishments selectively, including "minor solitary confinement", which may be imposed for a minimum of 1 and not more than 60 days. Claims have

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Japan has a criminal conviction rate of over 99%. In several cases, courts have acknowledged confessions were forced and released those imprisoned. To combat this, a law was passed in 2016 requiring some interrogations to be videotaped. However, this only applies to people accused of serious crimes,

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In 1999 the Equal Employment Opportunity Act was revised and a provision was added that required employers to take measures to prevent sexual harassment against women in the workplace. It was revised again in 2007 to include male victims, and it was revised again in 2014 to include same-sex sexual

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have routinely suffered physical, sexual and verbal abuse from their coaches, which led some of them to take their own lives. The report “‘I Was Hit So Many Times I Can’t Count’: Abuse of Child Athletes in Japan, documented the country's history of corporal punishment in sport, known as taibatsu in

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figures from January through September 2003, 1,579 applications for restraining orders against abusive spouses were sought, and 1,256 were issued. The orders either banned perpetrators from approaching their victims or ordered them to move away from the home, or both. The law also covers common-law

2436:, noted that, from 1982 to December 2002, 301 persons were accepted as refugees. The Government considered that most persons seeking asylum in the country did so for economic reasons. In 2003, there were approximately 7,900 refugees and asylum seekers in the country, of whom an estimated 7,700 were 2368:

of church members. While deprogramming cases decreased during the year, a Unification Church spokesman reported that prosecutors dropped two cases due to insufficient evidence. Although one member reportedly was kidnapped by her family during the year, the Unification Church did not report the case

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include safeguards to ensure that no criminal suspect can be compelled to make a self-incriminating conviction. In 2003, the use of leather restraining body belts was abolished. Softer leather handcuffs without body belts were instituted as substitute restraining devices. Amnesty International has

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and obliges teachers, doctors, and welfare officials to report any suspicious circumstances to 1 of the 182 nationwide local child counseling centers or to a municipal welfare center. In May 2003, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare reported that 108 children died as a result of child abuse

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has been criticised by press freedom groups. The clubs often provide major media outlets with exclusive access to news sources, while generally barring foreign and freelance reporters. The clubs provide the establishment press with access to official press conferences and background briefings with

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No guidelines mandate the acceptable quality of communications between judges, lawyers, and non-Japanese speaking defendants, and no standard licensing or qualification system for certifying court interpreters exists. A trial may proceed even if the accused does not understand what is happening or

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Women and juveniles were housed separately from men; however, male prison guards sometimes guarded female prisoners. During the year, a male prison warden was charged with "violence and cruelty by a special public officer" for engaging in sexual acts with a female inmate awaiting trial. During the

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In some institutions clothing and blankets were insufficient to protect inmates against cold weather. Most prisons did not provide heating during nighttime hours in winter despite freezing temperatures, subjecting inmates to a range of preventable cold injuries. Foreign prisoners in the Tokyo area

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In 2003, the Justice Ministry formed a special team to investigate 1,566 prisoner deaths from 1993 to 2002. A preliminary report suggested that nearly one third of the cases involved suspicious circumstances. However, in June, the Ministry announced that there was evidence of abuse only in the two

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Under Article 4 of the Broadcasting Law, Japanese television broadcasting requires political fairness, and there are penalties such as license revocation. This law has existed since before the Abe administration. The license revocation issue was an answer to the opposition party's question on the

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In July 2003, the Diet passed legislation aimed at reducing the average time required to complete criminal trials and civil trials that include witness examination. Its provisions include hiring substantial numbers of additional court and MOJ personnel, revising bar examinations, establishing new

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Critics charged that allowing suspects to be detained by the same authorities who interrogated them heightened the potential for abuse and coercion. The Government countered that cases of persons sent to police detention facilities tended to be those in which the facts were not in dispute. An MOJ

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The MOJ is not required to inform a condemned inmate's family prior to the person's execution. Human rights organizations reported that lawyers also were not told of an execution until after the fact and that death row prisoners were held for years in solitary confinement with little contact with

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It is common practice for Japanese companies to take the passport of foreign employees. It is illegal for companies to confiscate passports of Japanese citizens, but not of foreign workers. There are only government guidelines against confiscation. Companies fear that foreign employees could run

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effectively administered various laws and regulations governing occupational health and safety, principal among which is the Industrial Safety and Health Law. Standards were set by the Ministry of Labor and issued after consultation with the Standing Committee on Safety and Health of the Central

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are set on a regional (prefectural) and industry basis, with the input of tripartite (workers, employers, public interest) advisory councils. Employers covered by a minimum wage must post the concerned minimum wages, and compliance with minimum wages was considered widespread. Minimum wage rates

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includes those with mental disabilities. The law also loosened the licensing requirements for community support centers that promote employment for persons with disabilities, and it introduced government subsidies for the employment of persons with mental disabilities in part-time jobs. In 2003,

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experienced varying degrees of societal discrimination, some of it severe and longstanding. The approximately 3 million Burakumin (descendants of feudal era "outcasts"), although not subject to governmental discrimination, frequently were victims of entrenched societal discrimination, including

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NPA statistics reported 2,472 rapes in 2003. Husbands have been prosecuted for spousal rape; usually these cases involved a third party who assisted in the rape. In light of several high-profile gang rapes in 2003 involving college students at Waseda University, the Upper House passed a bill in

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There are several levels of court, including high courts, district courts, family courts, and summary courts, with the Supreme Court serving as the final court of appeal. Normally a trial begins at the district court level, and a verdict may be appealed to a higher court, and ultimately, to the

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became effective in 2003. The average trial period in 2005 was 3.2 months for criminal cases and 8.2 months for civil cases. The length of time before a suspect was brought to trial depended on the nature of the crime, but rarely exceeded 3 months from the date of arrest; the average was 1 to 2

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Prison conditions met international standards; although some lacked adequate medical care and sufficient heating in the winter or cooling in the summer and some facilities were overcrowded. Prisoners were not allowed to purchase or receive supplementary food. While death records are kept for 10

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prisons, medical attention was inadequate. The MOJ's Corrections Bureau likewise acknowledged that correctional facilities lacked medical preparedness. The Government's Project Team on Medical Issues of Correctional Institutions continued to consult with related organizations on such issues as

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There is major criticism about divorced Japanese parents and foreign parents who are denied access to their children post-divorce. Many of these divorced people lose access and contact with their children. Foreign parents post-divorce can suffer from child-abduction. In 2020, lawmakers of the

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Although reliable statistics on the number of women trafficked to the country were unavailable, human rights groups reported that up to 200,000 persons, mostly Southeast Asian women, are smuggled annually into the country and forced to work in the sex industry. In 2003, the NPA arrested 41

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The government's attitude regarding international and nongovernmental investigation of alleged violations of human rights is generally cooperative and responsive to human rights groups' views, although the government restricts their access to detention facilities. A number of domestic and

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Government records indicated that 523,617 persons were detained in 2003 at immigration detention centers. According to media reports, several deportations were carried out in secret. In July, two Kurdish families staged a 72-day protest against their deportation orders in front of the

2774:). Education was available widely to students who met minimum academic standards at the upper secondary level through the age of 18. Society places an extremely high value on education, and enrollment levels for both boys and girls through the free upper secondary level exceeded 96%. 3423:

Labor Standards Council. Labor inspectors have the authority to suspend unsafe operations immediately, and the law provides that workers may voice concerns over occupational safety and remove themselves from unsafe working conditions without jeopardizing their continued employment.

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and issued long-term residence permits based on humanitarian considerations to 16. As part of its ongoing family-reunification program for close relatives of Indochinese refugees resettled in earlier years, the Government admitted 147 refugees from Vietnam and Cambodia in 2003.

2067:(NPA). In addition, each prefecture has a prefectural police safety commission as well as a prefectural police agency, which was primarily funded by the prefecture's budget. Corruption and impunity were not problems within either the national or the prefectural police forces. 2924:

of trafficking victims. The Action Plan calls for a review of "entertainer" visas, strengthened immigration control, revision of the penal code to make trafficking in persons a crime, and added protection of victims through shelters, counselling, and repatriation assistance.

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The revision to the Law for the Prevention of Spousal Violence and the Protection of Victims passed in May expanded the definition of spousal violence to include mental, sexual, and physical abuse and increased the length of restraining orders from 2 weeks to 2 months.

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officials the authority to prohibit abusive parents from meeting or communicating with their children, although due to Japanese cultural views on family matters being "private", this enforcement option is rarely exercised. The law also bans abuse under the guise of

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in the case of minor crimes or when there is a high possibility of innocence. Some Japanese researchers believe that is one of the causes of the high conviction rate in Japan. The prosecution rate in Japan is 33.4%. 64.3% was not pursued. Japan also practices the

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abuses have been revealed against renewable energy projects. In 2019, a London-based group that promotes human rights, documented 47 attacks, ranging from frivolous lawsuits to violence on individuals who raised concerns about human rights abuses in the industry.

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or its 1967 Protocol. In practice, the government provided protection against refoulement, the return of persons to a country where they feared persecution, but did not routinely grant refugee or asylum status. The Government cooperated with the office of the

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years, many of them were missing, which sparked an ongoing review of the prison system. Prisons operated at an average 117% capacity. In some institutions, two inmates were placed in cells designed for one inmate, and thirty or sixty in cells meant for 15.

2847:. Child welfare centers likewise reported a record 26,573 calls in 2003, an increase of 2,800 calls from the previous year. Generally accepted statistics indicate that upwards of 70% of child abuse cases involve a female perpetrator, usually the child's 1976:

increasing medical staff, upgrading medical conditions during nights and weekends, and strengthening cooperative relationships with medical institutions in the community. In May, the Minister formed a subcommittee to improve prison medical facilities.

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on interpretation on Article 13 of the Constitution, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice. In April 2003, the Public Security Investigation Agency extended surveillance of the terrorist group Aleph (formerly known as

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marriages and divorced individuals; it also encourages prefectures to expand shelter facilities for domestic abuse victims and stipulates that local governments offer financial assistance to 40 private institutions already operating such shelters.

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The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the Government has generally respected this provision in practice. The Cabinet appoints judges for 10-year terms, which can be renewed until judges reach the age of 65. Justices of the

2851:. Although the Government offered subsidies to local governments to combat record-high child abuse, only 13% accepted the offer. Most of the local governments declining the subsidies stated they could not afford to pay their share of the bill. 2211:

provides for freedom of speech and of the press. In theory, an independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. However, Japan's system of exclusive

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The Labor Standards Law provides for a 40-hour work week for most industries and mandates premium pay for hours worked over 40 in a week or 8 in a day. However, labor unions frequently criticized the government for failing to enforce maximum

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formed the existing coalition government. Except for a brief hiatus in the 1990s, the LDP has been the dominant party in every government since the mid-1950s. The last general elections were held on October 31, 2021, and elections for the

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also been made that prisoners were sometimes forced to kneel motionless in an empty cell for several hours at a time; however, foreigners and the handicapped were allowed to sit on a hard stool, at the discretion of the prison warden.

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The government tried to reduce the inflow of illegal foreign workers by prosecuting employers of such workers. According to NPA figures, 175 persons were charged with "illegal employment assistance" during the first half of 2002. The

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Nagoya fatalities. Regarding the other suspicious deaths, the Ministry said that approximately 10 deaths could be attributed to poor medical care. The authorities reported they had lost the documentation on nine deaths in Tokyo's

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For the first time ever, MHLW, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, and MEXT issued ministerial regulations and formal notices requiring corporations, local governments, and schools attend to issues pertaining

3449:. They have implored the Japanese government to make it illegal in order to protect human rights. The specific number of cases is unclear, but many cases are underreported due to language barriers and threats of deportation. 2117:

by an impartial tribunal in all criminal cases. Although most criminal trials were completed within a reasonable length of time, cases occasionally took several years to work their way through the trial and appeals process.

2584: 498: 2560:. This was an increase of 14 cases from the previous year for the same time period. In recent years, the numbers of women holding public office has slowly increased. As of August 2023, women held 46 of 465 seats in the 5362: 2785:

proceedings are not open to the public, a policy that has been criticized by family members of juvenile crime victims. For the last several years, juvenile crime has shown a trend toward more serious offenses such as

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The Equal Employment Opportunity Law of Japan created in 1972 only advises or recommends employers to take measures to prevent sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is the most reported category labor cases at the

4788: 3081:. For example, 80% of Omron's Kyoto factory staff of 82 had disabilities, with the majority having severe disabilities. These employees earn an average of 3 million yen per year, which is above the minimum wage. 2671:

December making gang rape an offense punishable by a minimum penalty of 4 years in prison. In November 2004, a former student was sentenced to 14 years in prison for raping two women at a party organized by the "

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In February 2020 all use of corporal punishments against children in Japan ended after the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) issued guidelines to implement 2019 amendments made to laws on children.

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On June 20, 1994, Iranian national Arjang Mehrpooran died from unknown causes while in custody for a visa violation at the Minami Senju police station. Allegations have been made that his death was caused by

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The law allows district courts to impose 6-month restraining orders on perpetrators of domestic violence and to sentence violators up to 1 year in prison or impose fines of up to 1 million yen. According to

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regulations in smaller firms. Activist groups claimed that employers exploited or discriminated against foreign workers, who often had little or no knowledge of the Japanese language or their legal rights.

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confirmed reports that it had violated a law protecting personal information when it compiled lists of citizens seeking official documents. A privacy bill to prevent such actions passed the Diet on May 2,

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is engineering a fundamental shift in the balance of power between his administration and the news media, using tactics to silence criticism that go beyond anything his predecessors tried. These include:

1991:, the authorities are permitted to read letters sent or received by prisoners and they are not required to disclose this practice to prisoners. If the content is deemed "inappropriate", the letter may be 2433: 2432:

As of 2005, the government has granted refugee and asylum status to those claiming fear of persecution in only a small number of cases. A nongovernmental organization (NGO), in a statement to the

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such as murder, arson and kidnapping, which make up only 3% of cases. In common law countries which practice trial by jury, a high conviction rate may indicate that defendants are not receiving a

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generally respects them in practice. Citizens have the right to travel freely both within the country and abroad, to change their place of residence, to emigrate, and to repatriate voluntarily.

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OHCHR | Preliminary observations by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Mr. David Kaye at the end of his visit to Japan (12–19 April 2016)

1731:. Although the Japanese consider themselves to be a homogeneous people, minorities do exist, and they often suffer discrimination. The largest indigenous minority are the two to four million 2920:

Although Japan has laws that criminalise sex trafficking and labor trafficking, these laws are not considered to be comprehensive with definitions that are in line with international law.

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The JFBA and human rights groups have criticized the prison system, with its emphasis on strict discipline and obedience to numerous rules. Prison rules remained confidential. While the

4933: 2501:. The reason given is: The information about how many politicians were charged with corruption is based on the early 2000s and needs to be updated to reflect the current statistics. 2397:

may be forfeited by naturalization in a foreign country or by failure of persons born with dual nationality to elect citizenship at the required age. The law does not permit forced

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they were likely to be persecuted in their home country. An alien recognized as a refugee has access to educational facilities, public relief and aid, and social welfare benefits.

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at an "unruly" inmate's anus, resulting in his death the following day. In the outcome of his March 2003 trial, the warden was warned to prevent further abuses by his subordinates.

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anyone but prison guards. Parole may not be granted for any reason, including medical and humanitarian reasons, until an inmate has served two thirds of his or her sentence.

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Foreigners in Japan may face human rights violations that Japanese citizens do not. In recent years, Western media has reported that Japanese firms frequently confiscate the

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or confiscated. All visits with convicted prisoners were monitored; however, prisoners whose cases were pending were allowed private access to their legal representatives.

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On August 9, 1997, Mousavi Abarbe Kouh Mir Hossein, an Iranian national, had his neck broken and died while in the custody of the Kita Ward Immigration Detention Center.

3202:, most of whom were born, raised, and educated in Japan) were subject to various forms of deeply entrenched societal discrimination. Harassment and threats against pro- 3058:, has mandated that private companies with 300 or more employees hire a fixed minimum proportion of persons with disabilities. The penalty for noncompliance is a fine. 2520:

The Constitution provides citizens with the right to change their government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right in practice through periodic, free, and fair

2928: 2281:, “The administration is not putting pressure,” “If our report is lie, our program will be crushed, so there is a self-regulation to make a safe report afraid of it.” 1831:, a Sri Lankan woman, died in custody at an immigration detention facility in Nagoya after her requests for provisional release and adequate medical care were denied. 4426: 6792: 2134:

being said. Foreign detainees frequently claimed that police urged them to sign statements in Japanese that they could not read and were not translated adequately.

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study the foreign worker issue, and several citizens' groups were working with illegal foreign workers to improve their access to information on worker rights.

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openly hinting at revoking the broadcasting licenses of overly critical networks under a law that requires that TV news reports not intentionally twist facts.

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to have legal status in the country during the refugee recognition process, in practice it was quite difficult to obtain such permits. In January 2003, the

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Internet access in Japan is absolutely unrestricted. There are neither government restrictions on Internet access nor reports that the government checks on

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At the end of 2002, all prefectural governments and 91.5% of local city governments had developed basic plans for citizens with disabilities. In June, the

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In 2003, there were a record 23,738 cases of child abuse, up almost 2% from 2002, according to the Cabinet Office. Approximately 50% of the cases involved

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figures for January through June 2003, there were 43 arrests involving political corruption for such charges as bribery, bid-rigging, and violation of the

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into the country has been a problem. Women and girls, primarily from Thailand, the Philippines, and Eastern Europe, were trafficked into the country for

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ranged according to prefecture from 606 to 710 yen per hour. Minimum wage rates were considered sufficient to provide a worker and family with a decent

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which gives 80% of the mothers custody of children according to 2004 statistics from the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research.

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The Supreme Court ruled in favor of article 750 of the Civil Code in December 2015. That article requires a husband and wife to adopt the same surname.

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Freedom of religion is guaranteed to all. No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise any political authority.

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The Constitution provides that no person shall be held in bondage of any kind. Involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime, is prohibited.

5703: 3958: 3891: 535: 1174: 5728: 3248: 3186:, there were nearly 1.85 million legal foreign residents as of 2002. The largest group, at approximately 625,400, was ethnic Koreans, followed by 1056: 5304: 3210:. Other foreigners also were subject to discrimination. There was a widespread perception among Japanese citizens that foreigners committed many 2607:, social status, or family origin; non-citizens are not protected from these forms of discrimination by the constitution nor the law as of 2014. 5860: 5748: 4915: 3514: 3494: 3310: 3055: 2997: 2731: 2037:

year, some women's detention facilities were operating over stated capacity. Pretrial detainees were held separately from convicted prisoners.

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more aggressive complaints to the bosses of critical journalists and commentators, causing some reporters and commentators to lose their jobs;

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the concept of 'public welfare' is vague and open-ended and may permit restrictions exceeding those permissible under the Covenant (art. 2)."

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began to give detailed, written explanations of decisions not to grant refugee status to asylum-seekers and opened an information office at

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Jones, A. (2010). "Human Trafficking, the Japanese Commercial Sex Industry, and the Yakuza: Recommendations for the Japanese Government".

3065: 6605: 5779: 4951: 4343:"Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant, CCPR/C/JPN/CO/5, (para 10 p.3) 18 December 2008" 3207: 1021: 4543: 4390: 1552: 1494: 1384: 6929: 6553: 1657: 503: 4144: 1537: 1179: 6568: 6332: 5538: 3809: 3576: 3376: 3357: 3023: 2044:

claimed that human rights groups were not allowed access to Nagoya prison because of ongoing court cases related to alleged abuses.

1950: 1931: 1669: 1527: 964: 151: 127: 3932: 1324: 1114: 3329: 1903: 6625: 6536: 5789: 4218: 2561: 2537: 425: 294: 237: 210: 198: 1532: 1509: 1454: 1334: 1314: 1299: 1194: 6687: 6563: 6395: 5884: 5873: 5743: 5648: 1617: 134: 1449: 1239: 1214: 1204: 7120: 6632: 5412: 5397: 5202: 3336: 3314: 3001: 2553: 2064: 2053: 1910: 1888: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 525: 520: 6250: 2741:

adopted a non-binding resolution for Japan to adhere to parental access, visitation rights and to return abducted children.

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While the government limited access by human rights groups to detention facilities, prison visits were allowed. However,

1737:("discriminated communities"), descendants of the outcast communities of feudal Japan. Other such minorities include the 1464: 1414: 1349: 1304: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1229: 1164: 1149: 1124: 1089: 1079: 6573: 6385: 5932: 5698: 5663: 5618: 5417: 5408:

AHRC articles, including urgent appeals, statements and open letters into Japanese. Other related human rights documents

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regulation permits officials to limit the amount of documentation related to ongoing court cases retained by prisoners.

1597: 1560: 4415: 3343: 2060: 2003: 1917: 1542: 1489: 1424: 1419: 1409: 1399: 1389: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1244: 1209: 1199: 1184: 1154: 1129: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1069: 6196: 5784: 5588: 5583: 5478: 3183: 3085: 2461: 2171: 1721: 1680: 302: 6121: 5080:"Japan's Actions to Combat Trafficking in Persons: A Prompt and Appropriate Response from a Humanitarian Perspective" 4349: 4075: 2986: 1484: 1474: 1469: 1459: 1434: 1404: 1394: 1354: 1344: 1264: 1224: 1219: 1159: 1139: 1134: 1074: 6822: 6492: 6365: 6337: 5853: 5708: 5683: 5598: 5578: 5528: 5498: 5488: 5426: 4860: 3509: 3142: 3037: 1610: 1014: 22: 3646: 3325: 3303: 3005: 2990: 2866:

Japanese, and revealed child abuse in sports training throughout Japanese schools, federations, and elite sports.

1899: 1877: 1694:

of guest workers in Japan, particularly unskilled laborers from the Philippines and other poorer Asian countries.

1519: 1514: 1479: 1444: 1429: 1319: 1294: 1249: 1234: 1144: 1094: 1084: 7002: 6716: 6598: 6558: 6480: 6430: 6292: 6262: 6181: 6079: 5954: 5939: 5794: 5673: 5668: 5548: 4650: 3628: 3571: 2557: 2426: 1845:

Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

224: 156: 106: 3426:

According to new reports from the Business & Human Rights Resource Center, approximately 197 allegations of

2389:

provides for the freedom of movement within the country, foreign travel, immigration, and repatriation, and the

1817:

Prison died after guards, as a disciplinary measure, used leather handcuffs and body belts too tightly clinched.

1676:

ranked Japan second last in the G7 after the United States on its "Human Rights and Rule of Law" sub-indicator.

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Supreme Court. The government generally respected in practice the constitutional provisions for the right to a

2095: 386: 4724: 6692: 6620: 6610: 6487: 6420: 6219: 5713: 5628: 5608: 5493: 5483: 2580: 2529: 2071: 1649: 1641: 1289: 1026: 996: 986: 193: 141: 2806:

prefectural government continued programs to protect the welfare of stateless children, whose births their

185: 6677: 6514: 6425: 6405: 6126: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5758: 5693: 5658: 5593: 5573: 5563: 5523: 5508: 5503: 5028: 3581: 3566: 3504: 3484: 3108: 2719: 2651: 2374: 2102: 1775: 1661: 1653: 402: 394: 169: 4038: 3962: 3622: 3198:. Despite improvements in legal safeguards against discrimination, Korean permanent residents (so-called 7045: 6977: 6967: 6869: 6807: 6773: 6743: 6672: 6465: 6017: 5846: 5799: 5718: 5678: 5653: 5633: 5543: 5533: 5518: 3662: 3586: 3529: 3499: 3479: 3235: 3206:

organizations and persons reportedly have increased since the 2002 admission by North Korea that it had

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refugees. Out of 336 refugee claims submitted in 2003, the Government granted asylum to 10 persons from

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governed by the political party or parties able to form a majority in the lower house of its bicameral

2464:

authority to issue temporary stay permits to persons seeking asylum. While this law provides a way for

2015: 5267:"70% of Japanese worried about illegal foreign labor: poll+". Kyodo World News Service. July 24, 2004. 4812:"Does child abuse and neglect increase risk for perpetration of violence inside and outside the home?" 2271:

calls for the removal of Article 4, but many Japanese media strongly oppose the removal of Article 4.

119: 7060: 6802: 6541: 6502: 6410: 6370: 5987: 5638: 5603: 5558: 5553: 5462: 4672: 3783: 3561: 3519: 3138: 2777:

Children under the age of 14 cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions. Under juvenile

2767: 2616: 2565: 2546: 2011: 1673: 1061: 972: 337: 244: 146: 4011: 3445:

away. According to activist lawyers, forcing people to work while taking their passports is akin to

2356:(3) The State and its organs shall refrain from religious education or any other religious activity. 7050: 6982: 6972: 6855: 6733: 6615: 6585: 6282: 5768: 5439: 4442: 4178: 3760: 3600: 3350: 3146: 3047: 2576: 2390: 2353:(2) No person shall be compelled to take part in any religious act, celebration, rite or practice. 2340: 2322: 2202: 1924: 253: 177: 5823: 4466:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 15 April 2018. 4200: 2781:, juvenile suspects are tried in family court and have the right of appeal to an appellate court. 6992: 6904: 6827: 6780: 6753: 6748: 6697: 6470: 6380: 6353: 6224: 6176: 6154: 6099: 6072: 3394: 3195: 3130: 3122: 2763: 2623: 2525: 2521: 2361: 2217:

politicians, lawyers and business leaders. Critics say the club system allows the authorities to

1746: 991: 481: 70: 4620: 2019: 4598: 1824:, died while in the custody of the Japanese Immigration Bureau while being deported from Japan. 94: 6914: 6812: 6785: 6758: 6449: 6206: 6191: 6089: 5917: 4841: 3867: 3150: 3134: 2947: 2933:

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children

2807: 2643: 2541: 2309:

without appropriate legal authority in the country. The constitution and law broadly protects

2290: 1742: 1051: 372: 31: 5418:

Text of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

4517: 4491: 4316: 4277: 4126: 2221:

news that they consider unfavorable to them and that it lowers the quality of news coverage.

1787:

There have been accounts of prisoners in Japan that have died under suspicious circumstances

7055: 6894: 6847: 6832: 6768: 6650: 6593: 6475: 6094: 6022: 5899: 5889: 5079: 4831: 4823: 4394: 3650: 3263:

The Constitution provides unions with the right to organize, bargain, and act collectively.

3171: 3167: 2909:

The Constitution prohibits holding persons in bondage of any kind. Under the criminal code,

2569: 2274: 1856: 1828: 1788: 978: 317: 219: 101: 88: 5054: 4747: 4250:"Refworld | U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2003 – Japan" 4056: 2854:

in 2014 the police reported 13,037 cases of child abuse including sexual abuse and death.

285: 6919: 6889: 6884: 6797: 6763: 6682: 6375: 6267: 6186: 6166: 6067: 5927: 4155: 3675: 3534: 3411: 3199: 3112: 2627: 2310: 2260: 2170:) because the government declared the group still posed a danger to society. In 2002, the 360: 5992: 5279:"UNESCO calls Member States to ratify the Convention against Discrimination in Education" 4916:"Child abuse soars to record high in Japan amid fury at 10-year-old girl's death at home" 3878: 2250:, who declared that the network will not deviate too far from the government's views; and 1980:

continued to present to visiting diplomats during the year fingers and toes affected by

1968: 1837: 3936: 3856: 2503:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7099: 7035: 6987: 6944: 6837: 6738: 6116: 5922: 4836: 4811: 4226: 3756:"Ghosn wasn't the only one trapped in Japan — many foreign workers also want to escape" 3549: 3211: 3154: 2951: 2738: 2698: 2600: 2377:

reported that their religious rights were respected by the Government during the year.

2278: 2232:

In 2015 journalists and political experts report that the government of Prime Minister

1728: 1717: 1708: 1645: 1573: 1001: 40: 5217:"Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) | United Nations Enable" 4934:"U.N. rights panel calls on Japan to address high levels of violence against children" 4476: 3984: 2878: 7114: 6997: 6909: 6898: 6667: 6531: 6287: 6240: 6012: 5817: 4439:"【古舘伊知郎インタビュー特別版】「政権は何も圧力をかけてないが、自主規制の悪魔と闘わねばならない」「産経に悪く書かれるとおいしい」　（2/2ページ） – 産経ニュース" 3617: 3489: 3446: 3402: 3088:

was revised, obligating all municipalities to draw up formal plans for the disabled.

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more blatant retaliation against outlets that persist in faulting the administration;

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can serve until the age of 70, but face periodic review through popular referendums.

2030: 1807: 1750: 1713: 438: 409: 277: 206: 2143:

Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

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First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

2114: 2110: 1591: 468: 458: 329: 75: 58: 6257: 6084: 4952:""I Was Hit So Many Times I Can't Count" : Abuse of Child Athletes in Japan" 2325:

and association, and the Government generally respects these rights in practice.

6277: 6111: 6041: 5827: 4896: 4651:"Ignored, humiliated: How Japan is accused of failing survivors of sexual abuse" 4249: 3474: 3292: 3203: 3187: 3051: 2975: 2913:

is prohibited unless as punishment for a crime. The criminal code prohibits the

2823: 2771: 2759: 2394: 1866: 1754: 1738: 5245: 1644:. The Human Rights Scores Dataverse ranked Japan somewhere in the middle among 6934: 6299: 6201: 6149: 6062: 5003: 4427:

Japan's Abe seeks to remove 'balance' requirements in broadcast news – Reuters

3730: 3456: 3175: 3097:

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

2832: 2672: 2306: 2218: 2213: 1992: 1981: 1758: 1704: 451: 3810:"Japan's notoriously ruthless criminal justice system is getting a face lift" 2917:; there is no legislation for institutions and practices similar to slavery. 7024: 6327: 6171: 6161: 5363:"Japan should ban confiscation of foreign employees' passports, lawyer says" 4978:"Human Rights Watch criticises Japan after report reveals abuse of athletes" 4568: 3784:"Japan should ban confiscation of foreign employees' passports, lawyer says" 3539: 3163: 3116: 1733: 1691: 1684: 4845: 3234:

The Constitution provides for the right of workers to associate freely in

2369:

to police. Concerns remained regarding the tendency of officials to judge

2259:

Journalists, commentators and media experts say that news outlets are now

7018: 4879:"Police handled record 13,037 cases of child abuse in first half of year" 4649:

Anna Stewart; Euan McKirdy; Junko Ogura; Yoko Ishitani (April 22, 2018).

4102:"Her dream to teach English in Japan ended with a lesson for the country" 3917: 3892:"Think you've got rights as a foreigner in Japan? Well, it's complicated" 3654: 2840: 2441: 2162: 1972: 113: 5055:"MOFA: Japan's Action Plan of Measures to Combat Trafficking in Persons" 4076:"Japan Is Shaken After a Detainee, Wasting Away, Dies Alone in Her Cell" 2585:

United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

1727:

There is much controversy surrounding the social and legal treatment of

499:

Japanese House of Councillors national proportional representation block

7030: 6957: 6952: 5431: 5305:"Japan sees progress on sexual harassment, but some still don't get it" 5244:. Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute. Archived from 3689: 2914: 2844: 2791: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2405: 2158: 1891: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 241: 5387: 4694:

Washington University, Memory and Reconciliation in the Asia-Pacific.

1984:

of varying severity, the direct result of long-term exposure to cold.

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Japan Civil Liberties Union Subcommittee for the Rights of Foreigners

5407: 4827: 3191: 2848: 2787: 2604: 2302: 1814: 1803: 3042:

There were an estimated 3.4 million persons over the age of 18 with

3833:"Diet passes legislation to revamp Japan's criminal justice system" 7014: 6864: 6860: 5869: 5421: 5388:

Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs page on Human Rights in Japan

3078: 3070: 2862: 2803: 2795: 2398: 2298:

rated Japan's Internet access as “free” with scores as low as 22.

2268: 1821: 1716:, to which the U.N. objects, as do several prominent NGOs and the 1637: 5838: 3616:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2822:

Public attention has focused increasingly on reports of frequent

2572:. As of August 2023, 2 of the country's 47 governors were women. 2267:

Broadcasting law. However, Japanese media strongly opposed this.

3074: 2799: 2631: 2453: 5842: 5435: 2836:

since the enactment of the Child Abuse Prevention Law in 2000.

2157:

The Constitution does not prohibit arbitrary interference with

1840:. The remaining deaths were determined to be "not suspicious". 3286: 2969: 2873: 2858: 2778: 2483: 2434:

Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights

2247: 2246:

appointing a new chairman to the national public broadcaster,

1860: 1749:. Japan also has several hundred thousand native residents of 1568: 2364:

alleged that police did not respond to allegations of forced

2291:

Internet in Japan § Internet censorship and surveillance

4781:"EU lawmakers urge Japan to end parental child 'abductions'" 2417:

and other humanitarian organizations in assisting refugees.

5392: 4039:"A nation's bouncers: A suspicious death in police custody" 3179:

restricted access to housing and employment opportunities.

2263:

or removing critical voices to avoid drawing official ire.

489:

List of districts of the House of Representatives of Japan

2575:

As of August 2023, Japan had not ratified nor signed the

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When couples divorce there is a strong bias in Japanese

2408:

status or asylum to persons in accordance with the 1951

1779:

urged Japan to reform its police interrogation methods.

1761:

experience varying forms and degrees of discrimination.

4544:"Japan: number of members in the lower house by gender" 2890: 2161:, family, home, or correspondence but prohibit them by 2137:

As of May 2019, Japan has not signed nor ratified the

1843:

As of May 2019, Japan has not signed nor ratified the

494:

List of districts of the House of Councillors of Japan

4569:"参院選女性当選者が35人で過去最多に当選者に占める女性比率も過去最高：東京新聞 TOKYO Web" 3093:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

2810:

mothers had refused to register for fear of forcible

1820:

On March 22, 2010, Abubaka Awudu Suraj, a citizen of

3066:

The Law to Promote the Employment of the Handicapped

3062:

elevators to accommodate persons with disabilities.

1806:

prison guards reportedly sprayed a high-power water

6846: 6715: 6649: 6584: 6448: 6352: 6320: 6233: 6142: 6055: 5980: 5907: 5898: 5767: 5727: 5469: 3317:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4518:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2005" 4492:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2003" 4317:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004" 4278:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2006" 3935:. United for a Multicultural Japan. Archived from 3279:The Constitution bans the employment of children. 2410:U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 4644: 4642: 4374:"Effort by Japan to Stifle News Media Is Working" 3647:"Latent Human Rights Protection Scores Version 3" 2568:. As of August 2023, there were two women in the 2229:to take to prevent illegal use of Internet sites. 1648:countries on its human rights performance, below 5323:"Green-energy firms have a human rights problem" 4248:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 4057:"50 rally for investigation of deportee's death" 2929:Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2693:Several cases filed by women forced to work as " 4174:"Errant Elders Find Amenities in Japan's Jails" 2348: 2027:Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons 4779:Marine Strauss; Chang-Ran Kim (July 9, 2020). 3219:Convention against Discrimination in Education 2373:as a family matter. Unlike in previous years, 2148:There were no reports of political prisoners. 2025:In February 2003, the government ratified the 5854: 5447: 3961:. Amnesty International. 1998. Archived from 3208:kidnapped more than a dozen Japanese citizens 2770:through the lower secondary level (age 14 or 2415:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1618: 8: 3525:North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens 2937:United Nations Convention Against Corruption 2317:Freedom of peaceful assembly and association 2048:Prohibition of arbitrary arrest or detention 5029:"2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Japan" 4380:, April 26, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2015. 3933:"Japanese Government's Mysterious Policies" 3283:Acceptable work conditions and minimum wage 3217:As of May 2019, Japan has not ratified the 3004:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2630:harassment and publicly outing a person as 2460:In May 2003, a law was passed granting the 6721: 6655: 6458: 6454: 6358: 5904: 5861: 5847: 5839: 5454: 5440: 5432: 4074:Dooley, Ben; Ueno, Hisako (May 18, 2021). 3259:Right to organize and bargain collectively 2277:is a journalist who lost his job. He told 1625: 1611: 17: 4835: 4486: 4484: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4272: 4270: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3605:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 3377:Learn how and when to remove this message 3267:Prohibition of forced or compulsory labor 3024:Learn how and when to remove this message 2603:of citizens on the basis of race, creed, 1951:Learn how and when to remove this message 233:Second Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle) 3918:"Japan urged to end 'false confessions'" 3599:This article incorporates text from the 3091:As of June 2015, Japan has ratified the 6134:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 4914:Danielle Demetriou (February 8, 2019). 3637: 3249:Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare 2927:As of May 2019, Japan has ratified the 778:Japanese House of Councillors elections 29: 5242:"What is Buraku Discrimination ?" 4597:Human Rights Watch (January 5, 2021), 4010:Watts, Johnathan (November 15, 2002). 3671: 3660: 3515:International child abduction in Japan 3495:Freedom of Information Rights in Japan 3242:Sexual harassment law in the workplace 3056:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 2732:International child abduction in Japan 2224:Free speech and press issues include: 4592: 4590: 3782:Murakami, Sakura (January 23, 2020). 2642:Violence against women, particularly 2404:The law provides for the granting of 2184:United Nations Human Rights Committee 1745:of northern Japan, and the people of 7: 5361:Sakura Murakami (January 23, 2020). 3868:【解説】カルロス・ゴーン前会長と日本の「人質司法」 – BBCニュース 3690:"Global Data | Fragile States Index" 3645:Fariss, Christopher (May 27, 2019). 3315:adding citations to reliable sources 3002:adding citations to reliable sources 2758:Boys and girls have equal access to 1989:Japan Federation of Bar Associations 1889:adding citations to reliable sources 66:Constitution of Japan (1947–present) 5393:The Japan Children's Rights Network 5008:Antislavery in Domestic Legislation 4861:"Kodomo no Ie: home away from home" 2966:Rights of persons with disabilities 2679:, and by many other difficulties. 1679:According to the statistics of the 6310:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 5158:"United Nations Treaty Collection" 5133:"United Nations Treaty Collection" 5108:"United Nations Treaty Collection" 4859:Ito, Masami (September 13, 2014). 4746:Michael Hassett (August 7, 2007). 4172:Faiola, Anthony (April 17, 2006). 4100:Jozuka, Emiko (December 5, 2021). 3985:"Japan 'water hose' jailors freed" 2915:buying and selling of human beings 2321:The Constitution provides for the 2197:Freedom of speech and of the press 2083:Law for Expediting Court Procedure 14: 6177:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) 4791:from the original on July 9, 2020 4464:"2016 Human Rights Report: Japan" 3729:. p. 3-5, 25. Archived from 3577:Human rights in the United States 2843:, and 40% were cases of parental 2722:or shared parenting is uncommon. 2061:National Police Safety Commission 2004:Prison Law Enforcement Regulation 1967:According to prison officials at 1707:. Sometimes Japanese prosecutors 7095: 7094: 7083: 5822: 5813: 5812: 5398:Equal Employment Opportunity Law 4391:"特集ワイド：高市氏の「停波」発言ホントの怖さ – 毎日新聞" 4145:"JAPAN 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" 3916:Roland Buerk (October 5, 2009). 3611: 3459: 3291: 3095:but not signed nor ratified the 3086:Disabled Persons Fundamental Law 2974: 2877: 2861:revealed that child athletes in 2488: 1865: 1757:descent who together with other 1585: 426:Intellectual Property High Court 344: 301: 284: 184: 118: 93: 39: 5203:National Police Agency of Japan 5201:"White Paper on Police, 2004". 3302:needs additional citations for 2697:" (women and girls forced into 2634:. This took place in May 2019. 1876:needs additional citations for 6663:Agriculture, forestry, fishing 5780:British Indian Ocean Territory 5427:Polite Japan's dark underbelly 3959:"1998 Annual Report for Japan" 2948:Trafficking of women and girls 2857:On July 20, 2020, a report by 2476:for potential asylum seekers. 2339:The Constitution provides for 2054:arbitrary arrest and detention 71:Meiji Constitution (1890–1947) 1: 3720:"令和4年における「人権侵犯事件」の状況について（概要）" 2564:and 69 seats in the 248-seat 2033:to complete their sentences. 417:Justices of the Supreme Court 3545:Ryukyu independence movement 3159:History of the Jews in Japan 3054:, which operates within the 2826:in the home. The law grants 2549:were held on July 10, 2022. 2335:Freedom of religion in Japan 2261:censoring their own coverage 6251:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 6197:Abolition of the han system 3727:Ministry of Justice (Japan) 3046:and roughly 3 million with 2762:and other public services. 2558:Political Funds Control Law 2052:The Constitution prohibits 2018:and a revision to the 1908 1722:Capital punishment in Japan 1022:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 7137: 4810:Milaniak, Izabela (2014). 4748:"Losing custody: the odds" 3510:Human trafficking in Japan 3275:Prohibition of child labor 3143:Vietnamese people in Japan 3120: 3106: 3038:Disability rights in Japan 3035: 2729: 2686: 2614: 2611:Gender identity harassment 2332: 2288: 2200: 2093: 1854: 513:Japanese general elections 7078: 6724: 6658: 6461: 6457: 6361: 6263:Japan during World War II 6080:Mongol invasions of Japan 5880: 5808: 4477:The Constitution of Japan 3629:Federal Research Division 3572:Human rights in Australia 2497:This section needs to be 2427:United Nations University 1774:The Constitution and the 157:Imperial Household Agency 6537:House of Representatives 6333:2019 imperial transition 6305:Great Hanshin earthquake 6273:Second Sino-Japanese War 6246:Japan during World War I 5529:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5033:U.S. Department of State 4717:"Filipino Comfort Women" 4522:U.S. Department of State 4496:U.S. Department of State 4321:U.S. Department of State 4282:U.S. Department of State 4223:U.S. Department of State 4205:U.S. Department of State 4131:U.S. Department of State 2096:Judicial system of Japan 965:Administrative divisions 295:House of Representatives 21:This article is part of 6220:First Sino-Japanese War 5790:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4475:National Diet Library, 3879:平成29年版犯罪白書第2編/第2章/第3節 3326:"Human rights in Japan" 2818:Child abuse and neglect 2581:1926 Slavery Convention 2562:Lower House of the Diet 2530:parliamentary democracy 2072:Criminal Procedure Code 1900:"Human rights in Japan" 1709:decide not to prosecute 1642:constitutional monarchy 921:Unified local elections 259:Administrative Agencies 6688:Science and technology 6127:Council of Five Elders 6122:Azuchi–Momoyama period 4816:Psychology of Violence 4696:"Comfort Women: Japan" 4673:"Japan's secret shame" 3857:起訴猶予付微罪処分 – 犯罪白書 – 法務省 3694:fragilestatesindex.org 3670:Cite journal requires 3582:Human rights in Russia 3567:Human rights in Europe 3505:Homosexuality in Japan 3485:Ethnic issues in Japan 3109:Ethnic issues in Japan 2870:Trafficking in persons 2720:Joint physical custody 2638:Violence against women 2554:National Police Agency 2401:, and it is not used. 2358: 2065:National Police Agency 1813:In 2002, an inmate at 1743:indigenous inhabitants 1040:Diplomatic missions of 7121:Human rights in Japan 6633:Deputy Prime Minister 6018:Asuka Kiyomihara Code 5463:Human rights in Asia 5248:on September 20, 2008 4885:. September 25, 2014. 4600:Japan: Events of 2020 3736:on September 15, 2023 3649:. Harvard Dataverse. 3587:Human rights in China 3530:Prostitution in Japan 3500:Homelessness in Japan 3480:Demographics of Japan 3440:Passport confiscation 3435:Foreign worker issues 3127:Bangladeshis in Japan 3044:physical disabilities 2911:involuntary servitude 2524:held on the basis of 2289:Further information: 2209:Japanese Constitution 2042:Amnesty International 6542:House of Councillors 6436:World Heritage Sites 5704:United Arab Emirates 5373:on January 27, 2021. 4675:. BBC. June 20, 2018 4621:"Human Rights Watch" 4229:on December 25, 2008 4012:"Inhumane behaviour" 3965:on February 18, 2011 3931:Imtiaz A. Chaudhry. 3562:Human rights in Asia 3520:LGBT rights in Japan 3311:improve this article 3230:Right of association 3139:Indonesians in Japan 2998:improve this section 2745:Corporal punishments 2705:Marriage and divorce 2617:LGBT rights in Japan 1885:improve this article 1674:Fragile States Index 338:House of Councillors 147:Chrysanthemum Throne 6559:Self-Defense Forces 5731:limited recognition 5403:Censorship in Japan 4940:. February 8, 2019. 4920:The Daily Telegraph 4727:on January 19, 2019 4498:. February 25, 2004 4445:on October 31, 2019 4397:on November 8, 2020 4323:. February 28, 2005 4219:"Prisoner Transfer" 4179:The Washington Post 3761:The Washington Post 3601:US State Department 3147:Mongolians in Japan 3048:mental disabilities 2952:sexual exploitation 2943:Sexual exploitation 2766:is mostly free and 2577:Genocide Convention 2528:. The country is a 2381:Freedom of movement 2375:Jehovah's Witnesses 2346:Article 20 states: 2341:freedom of religion 2329:Freedom of religion 2323:freedom of assembly 2203:Censorship in Japan 1783:Deaths of prisoners 1681:Ministry of Justice 1175:Trinidad and Tobago 152:Imperial Succession 6693:Telecommunications 6225:Russo-Japanese War 6155:Tokugawa shogunate 6105:Nanboku-chō period 6100:Ashikaga shogunate 6073:Kamakura shogunate 4956:Human Rights Watch 4883:Japan Times Online 4865:Japan Times Online 4627:. January 12, 2017 4625:Human Rights Watch 4376:, Martin Fackler, 4161:on April 20, 2018. 4080:The New York Times 3991:. November 4, 2005 3808:Kozlowska, Hanna. 3655:10.7910/DVN/TADPGE 3395:standard of living 3131:Filipinos in Japan 3123:Americans in Japan 2889:. You can help by 2754:Rights of children 2624:sexual orientation 2526:universal suffrage 2470:Immigration Bureau 2362:Unification Church 1827:On March 6, 2021, 7108: 7107: 7074: 7073: 6823:Sexual minorities 6711: 6710: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6554:Political parties 6493:Foreign relations 6444: 6443: 6348: 6347: 6338:COVID-19 pandemic 6207:Satsuma Rebellion 6192:Meiji Restoration 6090:Kenmu Restoration 5950:Foreign relations 5836: 5835: 5773:other territories 5311:. March 25, 2015. 4897:"Article expired" 4355:on April 13, 2015 4063:. April 13, 2010. 3939:on April 25, 2009 3831:Osaki, Tomohiro. 3812:. Quartz (qz.com) 3420:Ministry of Labor 3387: 3386: 3379: 3361: 3182:According to the 3151:Russians in Japan 3135:Iranians in Japan 3034: 3033: 3026: 2907: 2906: 2808:illegal immigrant 2644:domestic violence 2542:New Komeito Party 2518: 2517: 2182:In December 2008 2016:Crime-Victims law 2010:In December, the 1987:According to the 1961: 1960: 1953: 1935: 1759:foreign residents 1635: 1634: 1057:Visa requirements 1052:Japanese passport 1015:Foreign relations 1002:Submunicipalities 504:Political parties 373:Hiroyuki Nagahama 32:Politics of Japan 7128: 7098: 7097: 7090:Japan portal 7088: 7087: 7086: 7003:National symbols 6722: 6656: 6459: 6455: 6359: 6293:Economic miracle 6095:Muromachi period 5905: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5840: 5826: 5816: 5815: 5785:Christmas Island 5471:Sovereign states 5456: 5449: 5442: 5433: 5375: 5374: 5369:. Archived from 5358: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5285:. 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July 20, 2020 4976: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4958:. July 20, 2020 4950: 4949: 4945: 4938:The Japan Times 4932: 4931: 4927: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4903:. May 10, 2013. 4901:The Japan Times 4895: 4894: 4890: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4778: 4777: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4752:The Japan Times 4745: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4605: 4603: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4524:. March 8, 2006 4516: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4284:. 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2746: 2743: 2739:European Union 2730:Main article: 2727: 2724: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2699:sexual slavery 2684: 2681: 2667: 2664: 2639: 2636: 2615:Main article: 2612: 2609: 2601:discrimination 2592: 2591:Discrimination 2589: 2516: 2515: 2496: 2494: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2474:Narita Airport 2466:asylum seekers 2382: 2379: 2333:Main article: 2330: 2327: 2318: 2315: 2286: 2283: 2279:Sankei Shimbun 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2230: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2172:Defense Agency 2153: 2150: 2091: 2088: 2049: 2046: 2014:passed both a 1959: 1958: 1873: 1871: 1864: 1855:Main article: 1852: 1849: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1818: 1811: 1800: 1797: 1784: 1781: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1718:European Union 1699: 1696: 1658:United Kingdom 1656:and above the 1633: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1615: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1564: 1563: 1561:United Nations 1556: 1555: 1553:European Union 1550: 1548:Southeast Asia 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1495:United Kingdom 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1385:Czech Republic 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1047: 1046: 1035: 1034: 1027:Foreign policy 1024: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 999: 997:Municipalities 994: 989: 987:Subprefectures 982: 981: 976: 968: 963: 962: 959: 958: 954: 953: 946: 941: 936: 931: 925: 919: 914: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 782: 776: 771: 770: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 517: 511: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 485: 480: 479: 476: 475: 472: 471: 466: 461: 449: 448: 442: 437: 436: 433: 432: 429: 428: 421: 420: 407: 406: 399: 390: 385: 384: 381: 380: 370: 369: 367:Vice President 358: 357: 342: 341: 327: 326: 315: 314: 299: 298: 282: 281: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 256: 230: 229: 204: 203: 194:Prime Minister 182: 181: 173: 168: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159: 154: 149: 144: 142:Imperial House 132: 131: 111: 110: 92: 87: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 73: 68: 62: 53: 52: 49: 48: 45: 44: 36: 35: 30: 27: 26: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7133: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7101: 7093: 7091: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6678:Manufacturing 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6606:Fiscal policy 6604: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6532:National Diet 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6515:Supreme Court 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6023:Hakuhō period 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5971: 5970:Imperial Navy 5968: 5966: 5965:Imperial Army 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5819: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:South Ossetia 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5263: 5260: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5204: 5197: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5175: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5088: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4803: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4739: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4697: 4690: 4687: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4652: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4575:(in Japanese) 4574: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4409: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4367: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4241: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4168: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4093: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4044: 4043:The Economist 4040: 4034: 4031: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4003: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3909: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3775: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3740:September 15, 3732: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3619: 3618:public domain 3610: 3608: 3606: 3603:'s 2003–2007 3602: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3490:Flag of Japan 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3403:working hours 3398: 3396: 3391: 3390:Minimum wages 3381: 3378: 3370: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3328: – 3327: 3323: 3322:Find sources: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3300:This article 3298: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3229: 3225:Worker rights 3224: 3222: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3176:alien workers 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3028: 3025: 3017: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2983:This section 2981: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2956:forced labour 2953: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2901: 2892: 2888: 2885:This section 2883: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2828:child welfare 2825: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2733: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2716:family courts 2709: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2695:comfort women 2690: 2689:Comfort women 2683:Comfort women 2682: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2652:Supreme Court 2647: 2645: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2552:According to 2550: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2512: 2500: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2371:deprogramming 2367: 2366:deprogramming 2363: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2336: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2296:Freedom House 2292: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2264: 2262: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2196: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168:Aum Shinrikyo 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2103:Supreme Court 2097: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2063:oversees the 2062: 2057: 2055: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2031:United States 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1955: 1952: 1944: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: – 1901: 1897: 1896:Find sources: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1874:This section 1872: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1851:Prison system 1850: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1802:In 2001, two 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776:Criminal Code 1769: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714:death penalty 1710: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1670:United States 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1583: 1582: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1538:Latin America 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1180:United States 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 980: 977: 975: 974: 970: 969: 966: 961: 960: 952: 951: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 922: 918: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 779: 775: 769: 768: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 514: 510: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 483: 478: 477: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 454: 453: 447: 444: 443: 440: 439:Bank of Japan 435: 434: 427: 424: 423: 419: 418: 414: 413: 412: 411: 410:Saburo Tokura 405: 404: 403:Chief Justice 400: 397: 396: 395:Supreme Court 392: 391: 388: 383: 382: 376: 374: 368: 365: 364: 363: 362: 356: 355: 351: 350: 349: 347: 340: 339: 335: 334: 332: 331: 325: 322: 321: 320: 319: 313: 312: 308: 307: 306: 304: 297: 296: 292: 291: 289: 287: 280: 279: 278:National Diet 275: 274: 268: 267: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 249: 246: 243: 239: 234: 226: 222: 221: 217: 216: 215: 212: 208: 207:Fumio Kishida 200: 196: 195: 191: 190: 189: 187: 180: 179: 175: 174: 171: 166: 165: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 137: 136: 130: 129: 125: 124: 123: 121: 116: 115: 108: 104: 103: 99: 98: 96: 90: 85: 84: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 60: 56: 51: 50: 47: 46: 42: 38: 37: 33: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 7046:Tea ceremony 7023: 7017: / 7009:No-pan kissa 7007: 6978:Martial arts 6968:LGBT culture 6870:Architecture 6863: / 6808:Prostitution 6774:Homelessness 6744:Demographics 6668:Central bank 6498:Human rights 6497: 6466:Constitution 6321:Contemporary 6143:Early Modern 6047:Heian period 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