2050:
humans. Both mouse Taar3 and Taar5 detect compounds (isoamylamine and trimethylamine, respectively) that are enriched in male versus female mouse urine. Isoamylamine in male urine is reported to act as a pheromone, accelerating puberty onset in female mice . The authors suggest the Taar family has a chemosensory function that is distinct from odorant receptors with a role associated with the detection of social cues. ... The evolutionary pattern of the TAAR gene family is characterized by lineage-specific phylogenetic clustering . These characteristics are very similar to those observed in the olfactory GPCRs and vomeronasal (V1R, V2R) GPCR gene families.
1207:
1704:
to recognize new ligands, with almost an entire teleost clade losing the canonical amine-recognition motif. Furthermore, while some TAARs detect aversive odors, TAAR-mediated behaviors can vary across species. ... The ability of particular TAARs to mediate aversion and attraction behavior provides an exciting opportunity for mechanistic unraveling of odor valence encoding.
302:– have been identified and partially characterized. The table below contains summary information from literature reviews, pharmacology databases, and supplementary primary research articles on the expression profiles, signal transduction mechanisms, ligands, and physiological functions of these receptors.
2049:
Importantly, three ligands identified activating mouse Taars are natural components of mouse urine, a major source of social cues in rodents. Mouse Taar4 recognizes β-phenylethylamine, a compound whose elevation in urine is correlated with increases in stress and stress responses in both rodents and
2709: ... No expression of TAAR9 was detected by RT-PCR in the Grueneberg ganglion . TAAR9 expression was not detected by Northern blot analysis in thalamus, amygdala, midbrain, hippocampus, putamen, caudate, frontal cortex, pons, prostate, stomach, heart, bladder, small intestine, colon or uterus .
2231:
While mice produce gender-specific amounts of urinary TMA levels and were attracted by TMA, this odor is repellent to rats and aversive to humans , indicating that there must be species-specific functions. ... Furthermore, a homozygous knockout of murine TAAR5 abolished the attraction behavior
1703:
Roles for another receptor are supported by TAAR5-independent trimethylamine anosmias in humans . ... Several TAARs detect volatile and aversive amines, but the olfactory system is capable of discarding ligand-based or function-based constraints on TAAR evolution. Particular TAARs have mutated
1880:
Two of the trace amine receptors are inactivated in a portion of the human population. There is a polymorphism in TAAR2 (rs8192646) producing a premature stop codon at amino acid 168 in 10–15% of Asians. TAAR9 (formerly TRAR3) appears to be functional in most individuals but has a polymorphic
1155:
in mice and aversion to trimethylamine in rats. In humans, hTAAR5 presumably mediates aversion to trimethylamine, which is known to act as an hTAAR5 agonist and to possess a foul, fishy odor that is aversive to humans; however, hTAAR5 is not the only olfactory receptor that is responsible for
1881:
premature stop codon at amino acid 61 (rs2842899) with an allele frequency of 10–30% in different populations (Vanti et al., 2003). TAAR3 (formerly GPR57) and TAAR4 (current gene symbol, TAAR4P) are thought to be pseudogenes in man though functional in rodents (Lindemann et al., 2005).
1344:
Bunzow JR, Sonders MS, Arttamangkul S, Harrison LM, Zhang G, Quigley DI, et al. (December 2001). "Amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptor".
2795:
2232:
to TMA . Thus, it is concluded that TAAR5 itself is sufficient to mediate a behavioral response at least in mice. ... Whether the TAAR5 activation by TMA elicits specific behavioral output like avoidance behavior in humans still needs to be examined.
2529:
Human brain tissues (with the level of expression descending from hippocampus, substantia nigra, amygdala, frontal cortex to basal ganglia), human fetal liver. Not detected in the cerebellum or placenta.; Species: Human; Technique:
2376:
We show that responds to the tertiary amine N,N-dimethylethylamine and to a lesser extent to trimethylamine, a structurally related agonist for mouse and rat TAAR5 (Liberles and Buck, 2006; Staubert et al., 2010; Ferrero et al.,
1199:/ SEP 363856 is a TAAR1 agonist in phase 3 clinical trials for schizophrenia and earlier trials for Parkinson's Disease psychosis. The medicine has obtained Breakthrough designation from the US FDA.
1548:
Hart ME, Suchland KL, Miyakawa M, Bunzow JR, Grandy DK, Scanlan TS (February 2006). "Trace amine-associated receptor agonists: synthesis and evaluation of thyronamines and related analogues".
6151:
388:
3405:
1470:
Scanlan TS, Suchland KL, Hart ME, Chiellini G, Huang Y, Kruzich PJ, et al. (June 2004). "3-Iodothyronamine is an endogenous and rapid-acting derivative of thyroid hormone".
5617:
4555:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
5487:
2141:
Khan MZ, Nawaz W (October 2016). "The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) in central nervous system".
1839:"International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXVIII. G protein-coupled receptor list: recommendations for new pairings with cognate ligands"
5877:
5872:
68:, the first of six functional human TAARs, has gained considerable interest in academic and proprietary pharmaceutical research due to its role as the
5908:
5253:
3398:
2796:"Sunovion and PsychoGenics Announce that SEP-363856 Has Received FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation for the Treatment of People with Schizophrenia"
5868:
4654:
4649:
5892:
5574:
5569:
5564:
4530:
5948:
4818:
4645:
2857:
5559:
4505:
2866:
1432:
Lam VM, Espinoza S, Gerasimov AS, Gainetdinov RR, Salahpour A (September 2015). "In-vivo pharmacology of Trace-Amine
Associated Receptor 1".
1156:
trimethylamine olfaction in humans. As of
December 2015, hTAAR5-mediated trimethylamine aversion has not been examined in published research.
6312:
4733:
4545:
4015:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3391:
1151:. This review also noted that the behavioral response evoked by a TAAR can vary across species. For example, TAAR5 mediates attraction to
1385:"The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity"
5546:
4195:
5451:
4420:
2261:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
4308:
4103:
4098:
4093:
3729:
5902:
5897:
4837:
4832:
3913:
3908:
3042:
3037:
2126:
Comments: TAAR2 is found to be coexpressed with Gα proteins. However, the transduction pathway of TAAR2 is yet to be determined.
6081:
5988:
4842:
4088:
5937:
5932:
5466:
4707:
4702:
4550:
4399:
4394:
1051:
5471:
3094:
5928:
4268:
4263:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3372:
5462:
4029:
4024:
3485:
3465:
510:
4462:
4457:
4313:
4303:
4298:
4283:
4278:
4251:
4077:
4072:
4067:
3978:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3418:
3047:
2904:
2850:
61:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4259:
4145:
3973:
3955:
3936:
3929:
3448:
3119:
1166:
2183:"Timberol® Inhibits TAAR5-Mediated Responses to Trimethylamine and Influences the Olfactory Threshold in Humans"
6054:
5923:
5883:
5529:
4453:
4415:
4274:
4063:
3987:
3941:
3431:
3129:
478:
1139:
A review of studies involving non-human animals indicated that TAARs in the olfactory epithelium can mediate
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4727:
4722:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4619:
4485:
4369:
4337:
4332:
4294:
4289:
4200:
3924:
3144:
2693:
2510:
2109:
1964:
Liberles SD, Buck LB (August 2006). "A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium".
72:
31:
4440:
4435:
4352:
4347:
3946:
3547:
3542:
3283:
3114:
3109:
3104:
2951:
2036:
1119:
1021:
732:
605:
503:
448:
401:
147:
6317:
5985:
4823:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4763:
4718:
4615:
4478:
4473:
4425:
4328:
4323:
4110:
3994:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3552:
3537:
3414:
2869:
2843:
1709:
Figure 2: Table of ligands, expression patterns, and species-specific behavioral responses for each TAAR
340:
17:
6035:
5693:
5005:
4828:
4813:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4390:
4343:
4020:
3999:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3383:
3079:
2464:
2402:
2290:
2194:
1973:
1733:
1173:
1170:
1111:
1055:
1034:
574:
419:
1837:
Davenport AP, Alexander SP, Sharman JL, Pawson AJ, Benson HE, Monaghan AE, et al. (July 2013).
1513:
Lindemann L, Hoener MC (May 2005). "A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family".
5858:
4793:
4684:
4468:
4431:
3896:
3525:
3457:
3084:
2544:"Deregulation of Trace Amine-Associated Receptors (TAAR) Expression and Signaling Mode in Melanoma"
1781:"International Union of Pharmacology. LXXII. Recommendations for trace amine receptor nomenclature"
1133:
322:
2824:
1922:"Pharmacology of human trace amine-associated receptors: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges"
1708:
996:
6077:
5588:
5412:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4448:
3823:
3796:
3533:
3191:
2988:
1997:
1495:
1258:
1243:
1115:
1038:
1037:. Hence, unlike all other human trace amine-associated receptors, hTAAR1 does not function as an
760:
143:
2835:
2253:
2067:"Biogenic amines activate blood leukocytes via trace amine-associated receptors TAAR1 and TAAR2"
3357:
or in the associated compound articles. For TAAR2 and TAAR5 agonists and inverse agonists, see
2593:
Mühlhaus J, Dinter J, Nürnberg D, Rehders M, Depke M, Golchert J, et al. (November 2014).
223:
217:
5943:
5887:
5533:
5263:
5258:
4713:
4410:
3759:
3325:
2946:
2941:
2752:
2675:
2626:
2595:"Analysis of human TAAR8 and murine Taar8b mediated signaling pathways and expression profile"
2575:
2492:
2430:
2391:"Inverse agonistic action of 3-iodothyronamine at the human trace amine-associated receptor 5"
2367:
2318:
2257:
2222:
2158:
2088:
1989:
1943:
1868:
1810:
1761:
1694:
1614:
1565:
1530:
1487:
1449:
1414:
1362:
1326:
1293:
Borowsky B, Adham N, Jones KA, Raddatz R, Artymyshyn R, Ogozalek KL, et al. (July 2001).
772:
463:
230:
4738:
4660:
4510:
2959:
2742:
2734:
2665:
2657:
2616:
2606:
2565:
2555:
2482:
2472:
2420:
2410:
2357:
2349:
2308:
2298:
2245:
2212:
2202:
2150:
2078:
1981:
1933:
1858:
1850:
1800:
1792:
1751:
1741:
1684:
1676:
1604:
1596:
1557:
1522:
1479:
1441:
1404:
1396:
1354:
1316:
1306:
723:
704:
379:
370:
2721:
Heffernan ML, Herman LW, Brown S, Jones PG, Shao L, Hewitt MC, et al. (January 2022).
2277:
Wallrabenstein I, Kuklan J, Weber L, Zborala S, Werner M, Altmüller J, et al. (2013).
6131:
5918:
5727:
5016:
4698:
4665:
4405:
3702:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3209:
3152:
3134:
3124:
2975:
2967:
1263:
1072:
986:
982:
452:
329:
139:
131:
115:
107:
2453:"Identifying human diamine sensors for death related putrescine and cadaverine molecules"
394:
2468:
2406:
2294:
2198:
1977:
1737:
1020:
As of
December 2017, the functions of hTAAR2, hTAAR5, hTAAR6, hTAAR8, and hTAAR9 in the
6004:
4864:
4692:
3919:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3673:
3643:
3638:
3295:
2983:
2924:
2747:
2722:
2670:
2645:
2621:
2594:
2570:
2543:
2487:
2452:
2425:
2390:
2362:
2337:
2313:
2278:
2217:
2182:
1863:
1838:
1805:
1780:
1756:
1722:"Positive Darwinian selection and the birth of an olfactory receptor clade in teleosts"
1721:
1689:
1664:
1609:
1584:
1409:
1384:
1152:
756:
499:
79:
1206:
6306:
6059:
5708:
5703:
5698:
4624:
4560:
3628:
3011:
3003:
2246:
1938:
1921:
1600:
1400:
1321:
1294:
1140:
601:
482:
95:
2136:
2134:
5981:
4379:
4373:
3983:
3968:
3791:
3558:
3172:
3089:
3064:
2738:
2389:
Dinter J, Mühlhaus J, Wienchol CL, Yi CX, Nürnberg D, Morin S, et al. (2015).
2353:
2001:
1499:
1295:"Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors"
1050:
hTAAR2 is a non-functional receptor in 10–15% of Asians due to the occurrence of a
490:
127:
1779:
Maguire JJ, Parker WA, Foord SM, Bonner TI, Neubig RR, Davenport AP (March 2009).
752: • Olfaction: chemoreceptor for volatile & foul odorants
2477:
2415:
2303:
2207:
2154:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1445:
1079:, however its exact signal transduction mechanisms have not yet been established.
1024:
and peripheral tissues outside the olfactory epithelium have not been determined.
307:
The pharmacology and molecular biology of human trace amine-associated receptors
3343:
3199:
3157:
3139:
3032:
2936:
2919:
2895:
2279:"Human trace amine-associated receptor TAAR5 can be activated by trimethylamine"
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1273:
1268:
908:
522:
467: • CNS: regulation of cognitive processes & mood states
414:
405:
266:
111:
76:
35:
2661:
1726:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1680:
1526:
1299:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6283:
6199:
5426:
3167:
3069:
3059:
2998:
2993:
1089:
933:
929:
897:
835:
831:
641:
592:
473:
208:
157:
103:
91:
87:
69:
5992:
5913:
3435:
3177:
3162:
3074:
2929:
2914:
2451:
Izquierdo C, Gómez-Tamayo JC, Nebel JC, Pardo L, Gonzalez A (January 2018).
1746:
1253:
1196:
1144:
1129:
972:
812:
597:
589:
558:
470:
460:
456:
438:
434:
248:
123:
2756:
2679:
2646:"Trace amine-associated receptors: ligands, neural circuits, and behaviors"
2630:
2579:
2496:
2434:
2371:
2322:
2226:
2162:
2092:
1993:
1947:
1872:
1814:
1765:
1698:
1665:"Trace amine-associated receptors: ligands, neural circuits, and behaviors"
1618:
1569:
1534:
1491:
1453:
1418:
1366:
1330:
1311:
1217: with: coverage of relevant material from this review. You can help by
2611:
1854:
1796:
1358:
6217:
6195:
2909:
2560:
2527:
Kidney, amygdala, hippocampus; Species: Human; Technique: RT-PCR ...
2338:"Ultrasensitive detection of amines by a trace amine-associated receptor"
515:
495:
430:
99:
83:
2083:
2066:
1985:
5288:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
2886:
1248:
1148:
1125:
1033:
hTAAR1 is the only TAAR subtype that is not expressed within the human
992: • Olfaction: chemoreceptor for volatile odorants
925: • Olfaction: chemoreceptor for volatile odorants
827: • Olfaction: chemoreceptor for volatile odorants
821:
Periphery: olfactory epithelium, intestines, testes, leukocytes,
426:
153:
1561:
749:
Periphery: olfactory epithelium, intestines, testes, leukocytes
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6126:
6071:
6066:
6028:
6023:
6018:
5863:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5501:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5407:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5248:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4539:
4230:
4053:
4047:
3617:
3612:
3602:
3597:
2542:
Vaganova AN, Kuvarzin SR, Sycheva AM, Gainetdinov RR (January 2022).
2336:
Zhang J, Pacifico R, Cawley D, Feinstein P, Bozza T (February 2013).
2176:
2174:
2172:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
920:
916:
822:
582:
260:
169:
135:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
2181:
Wallrabenstein I, Singer M, Panten J, Hatt H, Gisselmann G (2015).
1585:"Trace amine-associated receptor 1-Family archetype or iconoclast?"
1483:
6266:
5957:
5952:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5715:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5496:
5491:
5481:
5476:
5417:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
4569:
4534:
4384:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4190:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4082:
4042:
4037:
3960:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3607:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3354:
3342:
References for all endogenous human TAAR1 ligands are provided at
3268:
3231:
3217:
2877:
1122:
943:
871:
784:
693:
620:
578:
536:
526:
352:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
236:
212:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
176:
168:
The following is a list of the TAARs contained in selected animal
150:
65:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
5639:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5431:
5421:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
4688:
4564:
4058:
3099:
962:
912:
889:
802:
713:
548:
254:
180:
119:
6192:
5979:
5527:
3429:
3387:
2839:
2771:"Sunovion: creating therapies to help transform people's lives"
2723:"Ulotaront: A TAAR1 Agonist for the Treatment of Schizophrenia"
1920:
Berry MD, Gainetdinov RR, Hoener MC, Shahid M (December 2017).
981:
Periphery: olfactory epithelium, intestines, leukocytes,
5456:
2065:
Babusyte A, Kotthoff M, Fiedler J, Krautwurst D (March 2013).
1201:
242:
1110:
In humans and other animals, TAARs that are expressed in the
2770:
1165:
hTAAR9 is a functional receptor in most individuals, but a
911:, stomach, intestines, heart, testes, leukocytes, kidneys,
106:, respectively – ephedrine, as well as the synthetic
486: • Regulation of satiety & body weight
2831:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
3353:
References for synthetic TAAR1 agonists can be found at
2696:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
2513:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
2112:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
2039:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
1218:
278:
Six human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) –
995: • Agonist: N-Methyl piperidine (CAS:
30:"TAAR" redirects here. For other uses of "Taar", see
6276:
6210:
6045:
6003:
5849:
5726:
5545:
5398:
5015:
4863:
4856:
4362:
4250:
4243:
4008:
3895:
3886:
3722:
3627:
3524:
3456:
3447:
3318:
3304:
3276:
3267:
3249:
3239:
3230:
3208:
3190:
3025:
2894:
2885:
2876:
2244:Offermanns, Stefan (2008). Walter Rosenthal (ed.).
1136:
involved in the olfactive detection of social cues.
3358:
1720:Hussain A, Saraiva LR, Korsching SI (March 2009).
1088:hTAAR2 expression has been observed in the human
477: • Periphery: regulation of
1959:
1957:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1132:; these TAARs putatively function as a class of
2446:
2444:
2104:
2102:
2060:
2058:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1465:
1463:
3399:
2851:
2829:IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels
1071:hTAAR2 has been found to be coexpressed with
8:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
2599:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2252:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp.
6207:
6189:
6000:
5976:
5542:
5524:
4860:
4247:
3892:
3453:
3444:
3426:
3406:
3392:
3384:
3273:
3236:
2891:
2882:
2858:
2844:
2836:
305:
2746:
2669:
2620:
2610:
2569:
2559:
2486:
2476:
2424:
2414:
2361:
2312:
2302:
2216:
2206:
2082:
1937:
1862:
1804:
1755:
1745:
1688:
1608:
1408:
1320:
1310:
1378:
1376:
1285:
1192:Disease links and clinical significance
1013:
907:Periphery: olfactory epithelium,
122:, ecstasy). In 2004, it was shown that
4556:Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
2248:Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology
652:
647:
635:
630:
274:Human trace amine-associated receptors
18:Human trace amine-associated receptors
5560:Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
2867:Human trace amine-associated receptor
1180:gene occurs in 10–30% of individuals.
336:Known or putative function in humans
7:
2037:"Trace amine receptor: Introduction"
771: • Inverse agonists:
27:Class of G protein-coupled receptors
588: • Periphery:
469: • Periphery:
118:and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (
1515:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
25:
3158:Ralmitaront (RG-7906, RO-6889450)
2143:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
5909:Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
1939:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.002
1601:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.06.007
1434:European Journal of Pharmacology
1401:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x
1205:
42:Trace amine-associated receptors
5869:Corticotropin-releasing hormone
2727:ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters
2650:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
2123:Primary Transduction Mechanisms
1926:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1669:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
1589:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
4531:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
2925:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
2739:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00527
2354:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4299-12.2013
1550:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1052:single-nucleotide polymorphism
64:that were discovered in 2001.
1:
5949:Vasoactive intestinal peptide
4819:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
3373:Receptor/signaling modulators
928: • Agonists:
830: • Agonists:
251:– 112 genes and 4 pseudogenes
126:TAAR1 is also a receptor for
2707:Tissue Distribution Comments
2644:Liberles SD (October 2015).
2478:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005945
2416:10.1371/journal.pone.0117774
2304:10.1371/journal.pone.0054950
2208:10.1371/journal.pone.0144704
2155:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.002
2071:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
1663:Liberles SD (October 2015).
1446:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.026
755: • Agonists:
269:– 25 genes and 1 pseudogenes
263:– 25 genes and 1 pseudogenes
245:– 17 genes and 2 pseudogenes
48:), sometimes referred to as
6313:G protein-coupled receptors
4734:Prolactin-releasing peptide
3419:G protein-coupled receptors
2905:monoamine neurotransmitters
2342:The Journal of Neuroscience
1583:Grandy DK (December 2007).
1147:behavioral responses to an
511:Monoamine neurotransmitters
257:– 3 genes and 0 pseudogenes
239:– 15 genes and 1 pseudogene
233:– 3 genes and 6 pseudogenes
62:G protein-coupled receptors
6334:
2662:10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.001
2457:PLOS Computational Biology
1681:10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.001
1527:10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007
1383:Miller GM (January 2011).
142:. TAAR2–TAAR9 function as
29:
6206:
6188:
5999:
5975:
5541:
5523:
3443:
3425:
3338:
1389:Journal of Neurochemistry
1167:loss-of-function mutation
1006:
942:
870:
844:
783:
692:
661:
619:
535:
351:
344:
338:
335:
328:
321:
316:
311:
6055:Calcium-sensing receptor
5924:Methuselah-like proteins
2920:Epinephrine (adrenaline)
4201:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
4089:Hydroxycarboxylic acids
3055:-Dimethylphenethylamine
2825:"Trace Amine Receptors"
1843:Pharmacological Reviews
1785:Pharmacological Reviews
1747:10.1073/pnas.0803229106
741:CNS: brain
566:CNS: brain
527:some structural analogs
32:Tar (string instrument)
6082:Metabotropic glutamate
3178:Ulotaront (SEP-363856)
3120:β-Methylphenethylamine
3115:4-Methylphenethylamine
3110:3-Methylphenethylamine
3105:2-Methylphenethylamine
1347:Molecular Pharmacology
1312:10.1073/pnas.151105198
979:CNS: spinal cord
975: coupling unknown
815: coupling unknown
561: coupling unknown
164:Animal TAAR complement
4111:Lysophosphatidic acid
3415:Cell surface receptor
3100:MDMA (midomafetamine)
3026:Synthetic and natural
2955:-Methylphenethylamine
2612:10.3390/ijms151120638
1855:10.1124/pr.112.007179
1797:10.1124/pr.109.001107
1359:10.1124/mol.60.6.1181
92:metabolic derivatives
50:trace amine receptors
6036:Vomeronasal receptor
5006:Vomeronasal receptor
3344:List of trace amines
3080:4-Hydroxyamphetamine
2561:10.3390/biom12010114
1174:premature stop codon
1128:, including certain
1112:olfactory epithelium
1056:premature stop codon
1035:olfactory epithelium
858:Pseudogene in humans
680:Pseudogene in humans
575:olfactory epithelium
5929:Parathyroid hormone
3889:signaling molecules
3305:Neutral antagonists
3291:-Dimethylethylamine
3250:Neutral antagonists
3192:Neutral antagonists
3095:MDA (tenamfetamine)
3085:Isopropyloctopamine
2605:(11): 20638–20655.
2524:Tissue Distribution
2469:2018PLSCB..14E5945I
2407:2015PLoSO..1017774D
2295:2013PLoSO...854950W
2199:2015PLoSO..1044704W
2084:10.1189/jlb.0912433
1986:10.1038/nature05066
1978:2006Natur.442..645L
1738:2009PNAS..106.4313H
1134:pheromone receptors
1116:olfactory receptors
308:
144:olfactory receptors
94:of the amino acids
60:s), are a class of
6078:Glutamate receptor
5463:Protease-activated
2989:Phenylethanolamine
1259:Pheromone receptor
1244:Olfactory receptor
1169:– specifically, a
1039:olfactory receptor
596: •
521: •
509: •
489: •
447: •
306:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6179:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5510:
4852:
4851:
4239:
4238:
3882:
3881:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3362:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3326:3-Iodothyronamine
3263:
3262:
3226:
3225:
3218:EPPTB (RO5212773)
3186:
3185:
2947:3-Methoxytyramine
2942:3-Iodothyronamine
2800:news.sunovion.com
1972:(7103): 645–650.
1732:(11): 4313–4318.
1562:10.1021/jm0505718
1440:(Pt B): 136–142.
1305:(16): 8966–8971.
1235:
1234:
1188:
1187:
976:
958:
954:
881:
816:
798:
794:
773:3-iodothyronamine
744:
700:
670:
627:
573:Periphery:
569:
562:
544:
519:
507:
464:neurotransmission
444:
418:Periphery:
411:
366:
362:
347:
16:(Redirected from
6325:
6208:
6190:
6001:
5977:
5543:
5525:
4861:
4248:
4146:Lysophospholipid
3893:
3454:
3449:Neurotransmitter
3445:
3427:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3385:
3367:
3352:
3341:
3319:Inverse agonists
3274:
3237:
3210:Inverse agonists
2892:
2883:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2832:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2775:www.sunovion.com
2767:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2480:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2365:
2348:(7): 3228–3239.
2333:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2306:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2251:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2220:
2210:
2193:(12): e0144704.
2178:
2167:
2166:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2033:
2006:
2005:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1917:
1884:
1883:
1866:
1834:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1717:
1711:
1706:
1692:
1660:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1556:(3): 1101–1112.
1545:
1539:
1538:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1353:(6): 1181–1188.
1341:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1290:
1230:
1227:
1209:
1202:
1181:
1163:
1157:
1108:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1048:
1042:
1031:
1025:
1018:
970:
968:
956:
949:
905:CNS: brain
895:
885:
876:
819:CNS: brain
810:
808:
796:
789:
742:
738:
729:
719:
710:
698:
665:
654:
649:
637:
632:
625:
570:
567:
556:
554:
542:
513:
493:
442:
423:
413:
409:
397:
385:
376:
364:
357:
345:
309:
140:thyroid hormones
108:psychostimulants
21:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6288:
6272:
6202:
6176:
6063:
6041:
5995:
5963:
5845:
5722:
5537:
5507:
5394:
5011:
4848:
4454:Cholecystokinin
4358:
4235:
4064:Free fatty acid
4004:
3888:
3887:Metabolites and
3878:
3718:
3623:
3520:
3439:
3421:
3412:
3382:
3377:
3365:
3363:
3361:for references.
3349:
3347:
3330:
3314:
3300:
3259:
3245:
3222:
3204:
3182:
3153:Propylhexedrine
3135:Norfenfluramine
3125:Methamphetamine
3021:
2963:-Methyltyramine
2872:
2864:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2463:(1): e1005945.
2450:
2449:
2442:
2401:(2): e0117774.
2388:
2387:
2383:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2180:
2179:
2170:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2009:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1919:
1918:
1887:
1878:TAAR2 and TAAR9
1836:
1835:
1822:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1662:
1661:
1626:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1472:Nature Medicine
1469:
1468:
1461:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1264:Psychostimulant
1240:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1215:needs expansion
1194:
1189:
1184:
1176:– in the human
1164:
1160:
1138:
1137:
1109:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1002:
987:skeletal muscle
983:pituitary gland
980:
966:
961:
955:
953:
946:
938:
906:
901:
893:
888:
883:
882:
880:
866:
840:
820:
806:
801:
795:
793:
779:
778:
777:
770:
748:
746:
736:
731:
727:
722:
721:
717:
712:
708:
703:
688:
669:
657:
615:
614:
609:
595:
572:
565:
552:
547:
539:
531:
520:
508:
485:
476:
468:
466:
421:
417:
400:
393:
392:
387:
383:
378:
374:
369:
363:
361:
331:
324:
318:
313:
276:
166:
116:methamphetamine
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6331:
6329:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6305:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6204:
6203:
6193:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6149:
6143:
6138:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6075:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6010:
6008:
5997:
5996:
5980:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5955:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5881:
5875:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5551:
5549:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5499:
5494:
5485:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5460:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5415:
5410:
5408:Adrenomedullin
5404:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4870:
4868:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4840:
4835:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4800:
4791:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4761:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4696:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4643:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4613:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4528:
4522:
4517:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4492:
4486:Formyl peptide
4483:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4466:
4460:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4438:
4429:
4423:
4418:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4350:
4341:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4272:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4143:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4086:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4040:
4027:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3958:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3917:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3794:
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3625:
3624:
3622:
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3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3556:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3492:
3483:
3477:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3423:
3422:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3351:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3296:Trimethylamine
3293:
3280:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
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3206:
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3196:
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3188:
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3180:
3175:
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3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
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3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3045:
3040:
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3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2984:Phenethylamine
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2819:
2818:External links
2816:
2813:
2812:
2787:
2762:
2713:
2685:
2636:
2585:
2534:
2502:
2440:
2381:
2328:
2269:
2263:978-3540389163
2262:
2236:
2168:
2130:
2098:
2077:(3): 387–394.
2054:
2007:
1953:
1885:
1849:(3): 967–986.
1820:
1771:
1712:
1624:
1595:(3): 355–390.
1575:
1540:
1521:(5): 274–281.
1505:
1484:10.1038/nm1051
1478:(6): 638–642.
1459:
1424:
1395:(2): 164–176.
1372:
1336:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
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1256:
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1233:
1232:
1212:
1210:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1158:
1153:trimethylamine
1094:
1081:
1074:
1064:
1043:
1026:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
993:
990:
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842:
841:
838:
828:
825:
817:
804:
799:
791:
787:
781:
780:
775:
757:trimethylamine
753:
750:
739:
734:
725:
715:
706:
701:
696:
690:
689:
686:
683:
677:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
655:
650:
638:
633:
628:
623:
617:
616:
612:
610:
586:
577:, intestines,
563:
550:
545:
540:
533:
532:
529:
487:
481:release &
445:
398:
381:
372:
367:
359:
355:
349:
348:
343:
337:
334:
327:
320:
315:
304:
275:
272:
271:
270:
264:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
165:
162:
132:decarboxylated
80:phenethylamine
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6330:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6285:
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6279:
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6260:
6258:
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6228:
6225:
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6009:
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6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
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5380:
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5360:
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5335:
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5110:
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4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
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4862:
4859:
4857:Miscellaneous
4855:
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4827:
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4756:
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4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:
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4712:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4683:
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4673:
4671:
4667:
4664:
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4641:
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4598:
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4538:
4536:
4532:
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4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:Anaphylatoxin
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3947:Prostaglandin
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3885:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3730:Acetylcholine
3728:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
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3574:
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3569:
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3564:
3560:
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3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:(2): e54950.
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1213:This section
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1191:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:in the human
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
988:
984:
978:
974:
967:
960:
948:
945:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
904:
902:
894:
887:
875:
873:
869:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
839:
837:
833:
829:
826:
824:
818:
814:
807:
800:
788:
786:
782:
776:
774:
769:
767:
763:
758:
754:
751:
740:
737:
728:
718:
709:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
664:
660:
656:
651:
645:
643:
639:
634:
629:
624:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
602:chemoreceptor
599:
594:
591:
587:
585:, leukocytes
584:
580:
576:
564:
560:
553:
546:
541:
538:
534:
530:
528:
524:
517:
512:
505:
501:
497:
492:
488:
484:
483:blood glucose
480:
475:
472:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
407:
403:
399:
396:
390:
384:
375:
368:
356:
354:
350:
342:
333:
326:
310:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
220:
219:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
171:
163:
161:
159:
155:
152:
149:
145:
141:
138:relatives of
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:phenylalanine
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6318:Neuroscience
6046:
6013:
5986:Metabotropic
5850:
5735:
5688:
5646:
5612:
5583:
5554:
5399:
5024:
4873:
4824:Urotensin-II
4764:Somatostatin
4719:Prokineticin
4616:Melanocortin
4319:
4252:Neuropeptide
4191:Oxoglutarate
4033:
3995:Prostacyclin
3964:
3951:
3904:
3843:
3792:GHB receptor
3693:
3636:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3348:
3288:
3284:
3173:Solriamfetol
3145:
3090:Isoprenaline
3065:Halostachine
3052:
3048:
3012:
3004:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2937:Trace amines
2828:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2774:
2765:
2733:(1): 92–98.
2730:
2726:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2698:. Retrieved
2688:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2551:
2548:Biomolecules
2547:
2537:
2523:
2522:
2515:. Retrieved
2505:
2460:
2456:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2375:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2247:
2239:
2230:
2190:
2186:
2146:
2142:
2122:
2121:
2114:. Retrieved
2074:
2070:
2048:
2041:. Retrieved
1969:
1965:
1929:
1925:
1877:
1876:
1846:
1842:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1702:
1672:
1668:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1475:
1471:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1392:
1388:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1223:
1219:adding to it
1214:
1195:
1177:
1161:
1118:that detect
1114:function as
1084:
1067:
1059:
1054:involving a
1046:
1029:
1016:
860: – N/A
857:
765:
761:
743:(restricted)
682: – N/A
679:
640:
568:(restricted)
491:Trace amines
410:(widespread)
395:β-arrestin 2
325:transduction
277:
222:
216:
167:
128:thyronamines
77:trace amines
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
5694:Latrophilin
4829:Vasopressin
4814:Thyrotropin
4391:Angiotensin
4344:Neurotensin
4021:Cannabinoid
4000:Thromboxane
3200:RTI-7470-44
3140:Phentermine
3033:Amphetamine
2979:-Octopamine
2971:-Octopamine
2149:: 439–449.
2043:15 February
1932:: 161–180.
1274:Trace amine
1269:Thyronamine
1171:polymorphic
909:melanocytes
747:spinal cord
523:Amphetamine
420:pancreatic
415:spinal cord
267:Stickleback
209:pseudogenes
158:vertebrates
136:deiodinated
112:amphetamine
36:Taar (film)
6307:Categories
6284:Smoothened
6277:Smoothened
6200:Smoothened
5859:Calcitonin
4794:Tachykinin
4691:, but not
4685:Nociceptin
4551:Kisspeptin
4469:Endothelin
4432:Bradykinin
4320:Neuromedin
3897:Eicosanoid
3526:Purinergic
3458:Adrenergic
3168:Selegiline
3070:Higenamine
3060:Guanfacine
2999:Tryptamine
2994:Synephrine
2903:Classical
2896:Endogenous
2554:(1): 114.
1791:(1): 1–8.
1280:References
1226:March 2018
1141:attractive
1130:pheromones
1090:cerebellum
1041:in humans.
934:cadaverine
930:putrescine
836:cadaverine
832:putrescine
642:Pseudogene
593:chemotaxis
479:GI hormone
474:chemotaxis
453:modulation
439:leukocytes
435:intestines
330:Expression
231:Chimpanzee
104:tryptophan
88:tryptamine
70:endogenous
6194:Class F:
5993:pheromone
5989:glutamate
5413:Olfactory
4449:Chemokine
4231:Succinate
4016:Bile acid
3824:Melatonin
3797:Histamine
3637:(all but
3629:Serotonin
3534:Adenosine
3436:Rhodopsin
3370:See also:
3163:RO5166017
3075:Hordenine
3015:-Tyramine
3007:-Tyramine
2930:Serotonin
2915:Histamine
1254:Pheromone
1197:Ulotaront
989:, spleen
973:G protein
813:G protein
644:in humans
598:Olfaction
590:leukocyte
559:G protein
471:leukocyte
461:glutamate
457:monoamine
443:elsewhere
249:Zebrafish
124:mammalian
6218:Frizzled
6211:Frizzled
6196:Frizzled
6038:, type 2
5944:Secretin
5884:Glucagon
5589:Cadherin
5547:Adhesion
5534:Secretin
4867:, bitter
4714:Oxytocin
4411:Bombesin
4059:Estrogen
3760:Dopamine
3277:Agonists
3240:Agonists
2910:Dopamine
2887:Agonists
2757:35047111
2680:25616211
2631:25391046
2580:35053262
2497:29324768
2435:25706283
2395:PLOS ONE
2372:23407976
2323:23393561
2283:PLOS ONE
2227:26684881
2187:PLOS ONE
2163:27424325
2093:23315425
1994:16878137
1948:28723415
1873:23686350
1815:19325074
1766:19237578
1699:25616211
1619:17888514
1570:16451074
1535:15860375
1492:15146179
1454:26093041
1419:21073468
1367:11723224
1331:11459929
1238:See also
1145:aversive
1126:odorants
1120:volatile
1077:proteins
997:626-67-5
646: –
608:odorants
606:volatile
600::
516:dopamine
496:tyramine
451::
431:duodenum
404::
314:subtype
207:) and 3
154:odorants
148:volatile
100:tyrosine
90: –
84:tyramine
75:for the
73:receptor
6007:, sweet
5982:Class C
5914:PACAPR1
5530:Class B
4739:Relaxin
4661:Motilin
4546:Ghrelin
4511:Galanin
4244:Peptide
3432:Class A
2870:ligands
2748:8762745
2694:"TAAR9"
2671:4508243
2656:: 1–7.
2622:4264187
2571:8774021
2511:"TAAR6"
2488:5783396
2465:Bibcode
2426:4382497
2403:Bibcode
2363:3711460
2314:3564852
2291:Bibcode
2256:–1222.
2218:4684214
2195:Bibcode
2110:"TAAR2"
2002:2864195
1974:Bibcode
1864:3698937
1806:2830119
1757:2657432
1734:Bibcode
1690:4508243
1675:: 1–7.
1610:2767338
1500:2389946
1410:3005101
1249:Odorant
1149:agonist
823:kidneys
571:
514:(e.g.,
494:(e.g.,
427:stomach
422:β-cells
408:
346:Sources
341:ligands
332:profile
170:genomes
6198:&
6127:GPRC6A
5864:CALCRL
5728:Orphan
5017:Orphan
5008:type 1
4699:Orexin
4687:&
4666:Opioid
4406:Apelin
3311:
3256:
3244:
2805:4 June
2780:4 June
2755:
2745:
2700:15 May
2678:
2668:
2629:
2619:
2578:
2568:
2530:RT-PCR
2517:15 May
2495:
2485:
2433:
2423:
2377:2012).
2370:
2360:
2321:
2311:
2260:
2225:
2215:
2161:
2116:15 May
2091:
2000:
1992:
1966:Nature
1946:
1871:
1861:
1813:
1803:
1764:
1754:
1697:
1687:
1617:
1607:
1568:
1533:
1498:
1490:
1452:
1417:
1407:
1365:
1329:
1319:
971:other
944:hTAAR9
921:spleen
917:muscle
884:GPR102
872:hTAAR8
845:TAAR7
811:other
785:hTAAR6
694:hTAAR5
662:TAAR4
583:testes
557:other
537:hTAAR2
353:hTAAR1
339:Known
323:Signal
319:names
300:hTAAR9
298:, and
296:hTAAR8
292:hTAAR6
288:hTAAR5
284:hTAAR2
280:hTAAR1
261:Medaka
224:TAAR7P
218:TAAR4P
86:, and
6047:Other
6014:TAS1R
6005:Taste
5903:GLP2R
5898:GLP1R
5851:Other
5716:ELTD1
5689:ADGRL
5647:ADGRG
5613:ADGRE
5584:ADGRC
5555:ADGRB
5536:-like
5418:Opsin
5400:Other
4874:TAS2R
4865:Taste
4693:Sigma
4675:Kappa
4670:Delta
4378:C5a (
4363:Other
4009:Other
3937:FPRL1
3905:CysLT
3723:Other
3674:5-HT2
3644:5-HT1
3639:5-HT3
3438:-like
3355:TAAR1
3269:TAAR5
3232:TAAR2
3130:3-MMA
2878:TAAR1
1998:S2CID
1496:S2CID
1322:55357
1178:TAAR9
1123:amine
1062:gene.
1060:TAAR2
1009:Notes
913:lungs
768:-DMEA
735:12/13
626:GPR57
621:TAAR3
579:heart
543:GPR58
504:NMPEA
406:brain
389:GIRKs
317:Prior
237:Mouse
213:TAAR3
205:TAAR9
201:TAAR8
197:TAAR6
193:TAAR5
189:TAAR2
185:TAAR1
181:genes
179:– 6
177:Human
151:amine
66:TAAR1
56:s or
46:TAARs
6152:RAIG
6060:GABA
5893:GIPR
5640:CD97
5488:SREB
5289:137B
5264:109B
5259:109A
4689:Zeta
4646:MCHR
4426:NMBR
4421:GRPR
4416:BRS3
4054:EBI2
3920:LTB4
3844:TAAR
3694:5-HT
3359:TAAR
3148:-PIT
3043:DOET
2807:2022
2782:2022
2753:PMID
2702:2018
2676:PMID
2627:PMID
2576:PMID
2519:2018
2493:PMID
2431:PMID
2368:PMID
2319:PMID
2258:ISBN
2254:1219
2223:PMID
2159:PMID
2118:2018
2089:PMID
2045:2014
1990:PMID
1944:PMID
1869:PMID
1811:PMID
1762:PMID
1695:PMID
1615:PMID
1566:PMID
1531:PMID
1488:PMID
1450:PMID
1415:PMID
1363:PMID
1327:PMID
999:)
957:TAR3
932:and
863:N/A
854:N/A
851:N/A
834:and
797:TAR4
685:N/A
676:N/A
673:N/A
604:for
525:and
365:TAR1
312:TAAR
255:Frog
146:for
134:and
120:MDMA
102:and
34:and
6146:179
6141:158
6136:156
6132:GPR
5919:GPR
5840:157
5835:155
5830:144
5825:143
5820:133
5815:128
5810:126
5805:125
5800:124
5795:123
5790:116
5785:115
5780:114
5775:113
5770:112
5765:111
5760:110
5736:GPR
5618:EMR
5457:RRH
5452:RGR
5447:1SW
5442:1MW
5437:1LW
5389:183
5384:182
5379:177
5374:176
5369:174
5364:173
5359:171
5354:162
5349:161
5344:160
5339:153
5334:152
5329:151
5324:150
5319:149
5314:148
5309:146
5304:142
5299:141
5294:139
5284:135
5279:132
5274:120
5269:119
5254:103
5249:101
5025:GPR
4561:MAS
4506:FSH
4374:C3a
4260:B/W
4196:PAF
4048:119
4034:GPR
4030:CB2
4025:CB1
3986:),
3963:),
3942:OXE
3559:P2Y
3548:A2B
3543:A2A
3038:DOB
2743:PMC
2735:doi
2666:PMC
2658:doi
2617:PMC
2607:doi
2566:PMC
2556:doi
2483:PMC
2473:doi
2421:PMC
2411:doi
2358:PMC
2350:doi
2309:PMC
2299:doi
2213:PMC
2203:doi
2151:doi
2079:doi
1982:doi
1970:442
1934:doi
1930:180
1859:PMC
1851:doi
1801:PMC
1793:doi
1752:PMC
1742:doi
1730:106
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