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sex and labor, and child sex and labor trafficking, and results in 2–20 years in prison if the victim is or over 18, and 5–99 years if the victim is under 18. Healthcare workers or people who interact with patients in
Houston must take a mandatory "prevention course on human trafficking" because of the Texas House Bill 2059. The Texas House Bill 1121 is responsible for creating the Texas Human Trafficking Prevention Task Force who implemented required trafficking trainings for educators in cities throughout Texas. The White House awarded Houston the Presidential Award in 2018 for being a "national model for building anti-trafficking infrastructure at the municipal level". An example of municipal effort to combat trafficking is Houston's "Ten Municipal Fellowship", a two-day program where solutions to trafficking were tracked in the 18 cities that participated. Houston is a part of CEASE, a collaborative initiative of cities committed to reduce sex trafficking by comparing how the same issue is addressed in cities with high sex trafficking activity. Houston was also the first of the major U.S. cities to implement anti-trafficking pieces of legislation. This includes that hotels in the Houston area will need to conduct anti-trafficking trainings for employees. Although the Houston Police Department covers most human trafficking cases in Houston, other agencies such as the Harris County Sheriff’s Office, Houston Independent School District Police Department (and the police departments at other Houston school districts), and Harris County Constable’s Office are also allowed to intervene in cases around the Houston Area.
292:
homeless population of about 3,223 in
Houston is a group most at risk of trafficking. Another contributor to high trafficking activity in Houston is the amount of undocumented immigrants, since traffickers use their illegal passage as leverage to exploit them. About 100,000 undocumented immigrants reside in Houston, making another portion of Houston's population at risk of trafficking. Houston has a very diverse population, ranking 4th out of all cities in the U.S. in 2023. This contributes to high trafficking risks because victims are able to blend and be hidden more easily in a more diverse population, especially when the population of 6 million people is constantly growing.
247:
79:
of responders saying people have no knowledge about the subject, 54.8% having little to no knowledge, and 11.9% saying people have some knowledge. A measure of data used to understand the human trafficking industry is the cost of risk to traffickers. The higher the cost of risk for traffickers and consumers means the less likely a trafficking ring will successfully operate in that region. Houston has a $ 66.85 cost of risk for traffickers, which is 6 times lower than the neighboring county McLennan's cost of risk for traffickers, $ 441.05. In 2019, data only from
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Houston. Interstate highways and a close proximity to the border makes it easier for traffickers to access different markets and avoid legal investigations. The short distance from the US-Mexico border to
Houston makes legal and illegal immigrants a big target for human trafficking because of their need for employment opportunities or passage to the United States, making Houston a "popular entry point". Houston's
118:
24:
213:
Against Human
Trafficking, a Houston-based organization, the number of labor trafficking victims is much greater than the number of sex trafficking victims, however is not talked about as much and is not identified as easily as sex trafficking is. Labor trafficking in Houston will involve the exploited labor of
258:
highway connects
Houston to other major cities, making it an "internal circuit" where traffickers move victims throughout countries, making it the United States' main human trafficking route. Major highways used to smuggle women, men, and children from the border have often lead to "stash houses" in
225:
were suspected of transporting hundreds of immigrants from
Central America to Chinese restaurants, resulting in charging 32 suspects and arresting 44 individuals. A couple in Houston was arrested in 2016 for forcing a woman they lured from Nigeria to work 20+ hours a day as their nanny while holding
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Houston applies the Texas Penal Code § 20A, or the
Trafficking of Person's law, allows police to make an arrest if they suspect any involvement human trafficking related activities, and was amended in both the 86th Texas Legislature (2019) and 88th Texas Legislature (2023). This law addresses adult
78:
Many studies have been conducted to gather data about human trafficking in
Houston. In 2006, 25% of trafficking victims rescued in Texas came from Houston. In 2010, individuals were asked to estimate how informed they think Houston's general public is about human trafficking in the city, with 33.3%
185:. This convention brings a spike to sex trafficking every year because of the increase in demand for sexual services, and has led to police making "hundreds of arrests" relating to trafficking in 2017 and 2018. Another area with a reputation for prostitution and human trafficking is "The Track" or
1177:
Servin, Argentina, Kimberly
Brouwer, Leah Gordon, Teresita Rocha-Jimenez, and Hugo Staines. "Vulnerability Factors and Pathways Leading to Underage Entry into Sex Work in Two Mexican–US Border Cities." Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk 6, no. 1 (2015):
291:
conducted a survey to figure out what kept victims from leaving their "trafficking situation", and had 64% of their responders answer with their "lack in affordable housing". This explains traffickers tactics of luring victims by providing housing in apartment complexes across
Houston and why the
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Labor trafficking, although may overlap with sex trafficking in terms of forced labor, has its own circle of issues. Labor trafficking is defined in short as "exploitation of an individual for financial gain" by the governmental Office of Justice programs. According to a spokesperson from United
203:
Vice Squads in exchange for disregarding the 3-foot rule, distance between schools, and topless regulations for dancers at these clubs. According to data from a Houston based study, 77% of those who left working at strip clubs through the help of Rescue America (non-profit organization) 77% were
204:
underage, and 85% were working at these clubs because they were working under a trafficker or pimp. Occurrences of sex trafficking in Houston strip clubs has continued to be evident, with 3 men sentenced after smuggling women from Cuba and forcing them to work at clubs in the Houston area.
69:
is the worst of any U.S. city. Between 2007 and 2016 the city ranked first for reported trafficking cases, while in 2019 the number of cases nearly doubled compared to the previous three years, despite Mayoral initiatives, due to the highly organized nature of this criminal business.
221:, massage parlors, agriculture, restaurants, hotels, and domestic service. Interviews of immigrant day laborers were conducted in 2016 to Houston's "labor-related exploitation", concluding in 64% of interviewees reporting being trafficked. In 2014, two businesses in Houston's
400:
1698:
Eugenia Y. Chen, Katherine Robichaux, Mollie R. Gordon, John H Coverdale, Asim a Shah, Minal Patel Davis & Phuong Thanh Nguyen (2023) A Pilot Program's Healthcare Response to Human Trafficking in Houston, Texas, Journal of Human Trafficking, 9:1, 119–129, DOI:
95:
that are most involved in trafficking are "hotels, restaurants, factories, farms, child care, massage parlors, health care, and sexually oriented businesses". These industries are connected to two popular forms of human trafficking in Houston,
1688:
Combating Human Trafficking in Our Major Cities : Field Hearing before the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, March 20, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office,
906:
Frances H. Recknor, Gretchen Gemeinhardt & Beatrice J. Selwyn (2018) Health-care provider challenges to the identification of human trafficking in health-care settings: A qualitative study, Journal of Human Trafficking, 4:3, 213-230, DOI:
1111:
Varghese, Christine. 2017. "Current Anti-Prostitution Efforts and Potential of Strategy to Tackle Demand for Addressing Sex Trafficking in the Houston Area." Order No. 10684548, The University of Texas School of Public
1477:
1379:
Novak, E. H. (2016). Vagrants, vixens, and victims: Exploring the limitations of human trafficking victim recognition criteria in texas (Order No. 10182381). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
1300:
Houston-Kolnik, J. D., Soibatian, C., & Shattell, M. M. (2020). Advocates’ Experiences With Media and the Impact of Media on Human Trafficking Advocacy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(5-6), 1108-1132.
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Organizations have been making efforts to end the issue of trafficking in the Houston area by reaching out to communities. This includes the work of non-profits and/or Government funded groups.
336:: Initiative that involves both social workers and law enforcement who have rescued 200 victims of trafficking in nine out of the ten counties in the Houston Area since its founding in 2005.
238:, land and water ports, major highways, and diverse population and economy plays a role in the human trafficking issue due to the high demand for inexpensive labor and sex-related services.
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A "hospital-based program" created by city officials to better care for trafficking victims and provide the necessary resources which will help others to leave the life forced upon them.
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The governmental Office of Justice programs defines sex trafficking as "a form of human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation". Scholars and activists have recognized
1530:
Ladd M, Jones EB. Texas Human Trafficking. . In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573077/
359:: A networking organization that brings other anti-human trafficking organizations in Houston together to empower victims and inform the community to prevent further exploitation.
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port makes up 73% of the national's Gulf Coast traffic, due to the 200 facilities in Houston's ship channels. It has been known that there is a chance of ships traveling through
528:
195:" because of prostitution activity. Bissonnet Track even held the title of being the top prostitution spot in 2017. The Sweet 16 Agreement was made in 2013, where the 16
1221:
1786:
1463:
1389:
Farrell, A., McDevitt, J. and Fahy, S. (2010), Where are all the victims?. Criminology & Public Policy, 9: 211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2010.00621.x
189:. In 2021, investigative reporter Robert Arnold reported that this 1.5-mile stretch is shown in YouTube videos as well as being mentioned in the Knowledge article "
1672:
988:
Busch-Armendariz, Noël; Nale, Nicole L.; Kammer-Kerwick, Matt; Kellison, J. Bruce; Torres, Melissa I. M.; Cook-Heffron, Laurie; Nehme, John (December 2016).
353:: A national organization, with an office in Houston, that uses federal and local advocacy to support trafficking victims in and out of the justice system.
871:
853:
758:
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177:(IMBs) as cover ups for sex trafficking. In Houston, 292 IMBs have all together had an average of 2,869 customers daily between noon and 2:00pm The
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Christian-based non-profit that provides resources and assistance for victims, while cooperating with law enforcement to rescue those trafficked.
570:
97:
45:
32:
1584:
459:
101:
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carrying or transporting victims of human trafficking, so with Houston's active seaports in mind, this information supports the idea of
419:"City of Houston Mayor's Office of Human Trafficking and Domestic Violence – Human Trafficking and Domestic Violence Houston Awareness"
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382:
1445:
160:
1645:
492:
667:
HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN DALLAS: AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING, AWARENESS, AND EFFECTIVENESS IN RECOGNIZING VICTIMS
922:"A Four-year Analysis of Labor Trafficking Cases in the United States: Exploring Characteristics and Labor Trafficking Patterns"
493:"If Houston Has a Problem, McLennan County Has a Solution: Cost of Risk For Engaging in the Commercial Sex Trade from 2017–2020"
235:
1311:
260:
127:
330:: Organization of 30 local non-profits and individuals who are bringing awareness to human trafficking in Houston since 2005.
283:, from voluntary or forced actions, is a risk factor that makes an individual susceptible to trafficking, and according to a
178:
1033:
893:
1336:"On-Ramps, Intersections, and Exit Routes: A Roadmap for Systems and Industries to Prevent and Disrupt Human Trafficking"
1287:
1202:
1495:
1623:
1417:
Kavita Desai, "Legal Strategies in the Fight to End Human Trafficking," HLRe: Off the Record 3, no. 2 (Spring 2013): 57
1124:"Human Trafficking Victim Identification, Assessment, and Intervention Strategies in South Texas Emergency Departments"
785:"Bissonnet Track: Inside its shadowy history, efforts aimed at curbing prostitution, sex trafficking in notorious area"
246:
191:
810:
967:
319:
1514:"TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS TEXAS PENAL CODE TITLE 5. OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON CHAPTER 20A. TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS"
1791:
1609:
edited by Essien D. Essien, 43-63. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9282-3.ch004
1122:
Dols, Jean Dowling; Beckmann-Mendez, Diana; McDow, Jessica; Walker, Katherine; Moon, Michael D. (November 2019).
200:
1605:
Benton, Francis, et al. "Don't Mess With Texas: Responses Towards Human Trafficking in the Lone Star State." In
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1168:(1–2), 103+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A513643674/AONE?u=acd_aone&sid=googleScholar&xid=48eefe46
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Leads an educational approach to human trafficking awareness in Houston, such as presentations and bus tours.
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Research has indicated that individuals with a "lack in opportunities" make them vulnerable to trafficking.
37:
349:
131:
1573:"Sex Trafficking in One US City: Traditional Policing and Boston's Shift to a Survivor-Centered Response"
1399:
Orrenius, Pia; Zavodny, Madeline (2015). "Chapter 13 - Undocumented Immigration and Human Trafficking".
1160:
Ngwe, J. E., & Elechi, O. O. (2012). HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE MODERN DAY SLAVERY OF THE 21st CENTURY.
1005:
500:
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990:"Human Trafficking by the Numbers: The Initial Benchmark of Prevalence and Economic Impact for Texas"
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595:
264:
529:"Houston, We Have a Problem: Cost of Risk to Traffickers, Buyers and Victims in the Commercial Sex…"
214:
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706:
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International human trafficking routes show Houston as a port with multiply entry and exit points.
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80:
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854:"Three Cuban Nationals Sentenced for Sex Trafficking and Related Crimes in Texas Strip Clubs"
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340:
186:
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733:"Full Show: Prostitution On The Bissonnet Track, And Strange Houston News (May 2, 2019) –"
513:
288:
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Rodriguez, N. P. (1987). Undocumented Central Americans in Houston: Diverse Populations.
989:
1660:
1658:
1370:
Murphy, Laura. (2017). Labor and Sex Trafficking Among Homeless Youth A Ten-City Study.
174:
1059:
557:"Human Trafficking in Texas: Facts, Statistics, Shelters and Prevention Organizations"
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1272:
1188:
953:
627:
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in on the settlement would donate one million dollars annually to Human Trafficking
680:"Police combat sex trafficking, prostitution during Offshore Technology Conference"
280:
142:
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937:
611:
454:. Ann Arbor: The University of Texas School of Public Health. pp. 17–18, 33.
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1256:
1666:"/Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Field Assessment -Harris and Galveston County"
1222:"Tour shows the dark side of Houston as major center for human sex trafficking"
1123:
1139:
401:"The Number Of Human Trafficking Cases Has More Than Doubled In Harris County"
196:
1624:"Houston Police Department Vice Division Human Trafficking Information Brief"
1264:
1147:
945:
641:
619:
217:, and according to the Houston Police Department, this usually take place at
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Force, Texas Human Trafficking Prevention Task. "Human trafficking." (2014).
840:"The Reality Behind Fantasy Plaza | Houston Strip Clubs and Sex Trafficking"
222:
218:
1355:"THE WAY HOME CONTINUUM OF CARE: 2022 HOMELESS COUNT & SURVEY ANALYSIS"
23:
1607:
Handbook of Research on Present and Future Paradigms in Human Trafficking,
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report, about 6,000 people runaway from their home yearly in Houston. The
1763:
182:
920:
Bracy, Kristen; Lul, Bandak; Roe-Sepowitz, Dominique (January 2, 2021).
879:
Office for Victims of Crime – Human Trafficking Capacity Building Center
578:
Office for Victims of Crime – Human Trafficking Capacity Building Center
997:
452:
Houston Rescue and Restore Coalition human trafficking needs assessment
418:
271:
playing a role in Houston's title as a major "human trafficking hub".
596:"Estimating demand for illicit massage businesses in Houston, Texas"
1446:"Houston named 4th most diverse city in the US, according to study"
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is an annual event where more than 31,000 people meet in Houston's
245:
92:
1710:"Information for Organizations and Professionals Serving Victims"
551:
549:
495:: 1–14 – via The Avery Center For Research & Services.
284:
268:
255:
1094:"Here's how human smuggling works along the U.S.-Mexico border"
83:
was used to estimate 14,539 trafficked individuals in Houston.
1554:"A City's Role in Preventing and Combatting Human Trafficking"
556:
111:
17:
1579:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 325–346,
1286:
Kelly, Mara Vanderslice; Chen, Catherine (January 11, 2021).
1745:
759:"HPD using new law to crack down on those paying for sex"
1330:
1328:
1552:
Davis, Minal Patel; Graves, Chris (October 21, 2022).
1203:"From Port To Port: Human Trafficking Epidemic At Sea"
1434:(1), 4-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100101
1401:
Handbook of the Economics of International Migration
1241:"Trafficking in Persons: An issue of human security"
858:
Office of Public Affairs | U.S Department of Justice
476:
A Child’s Search for Freedom in 21st Century America
669:. The University of Texas at Arlington. p. 11.
594:Bouche, Vanessa; Crotty, Sean M (October 2, 2018).
334:
Human Trafficking Rescue Alliance Task Force (HTRA)
1478:"Trafficking of Persons: Texas Penal Code §20A.02"
1162:African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies
1714:Office of Human Trafficking and Domestic Violence
737:Houston Public Media (www.houstonpublicmedia.org)
1288:"Human Trafficking Does Not Happen in a Vacuum"
445:
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831:
589:
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383:"RANKING OF THE 100 MOST POPULOUS U.S. CITIES"
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1353:Troisi, Catherine; Rausch, Ana (March 2022).
1060:"Trafficking in Persons in the United States"
915:
913:
8:
1034:"Examining the problem of labor trafficking"
894:"Examining the problem of labor trafficking"
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1615:
1462:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1312:"The Trafficked Persons Assistance Program"
1107:
1105:
1103:
1067:Report to the National Institute of Justice
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484:
1577:Human Trafficking Is a Public Health Issue
141:. Please do not remove this message until
1571:Gavin, Donna; Thomson, Cassandra (2017),
1058:Bales, Kevin; Lize, Steven (March 2005).
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1301:https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517692337
137:Relevant discussion may be found on the
48:of all important aspects of the article.
1482:Saputo Toufexis | Criminal Defense PLLC
374:
1787:Human trafficking in the United States
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1189:"Houston Ship Channel Economic Impact"
1014:
1003:
811:"Houston's top prostitution hot spots"
509:
498:
44:Please consider expanding the lead to
1644:Linares, Alyssa; Robinson, Taylor D.
757:Arnold, Robert (September 16, 2021).
7:
1500:Ken Paxton Attorney General of Texas
838:Rising, Elijah (February 16, 2018).
328:Houston Rescue and Restore Coalition
1092:Trovall, Elizabeth (July 1, 2022).
1079:"Growing Up in Houston 2009–2010".
527:Center, The Avery (June 29, 2021).
478:. Seton Hall University. p. 8.
450:Phillips, Christie Watkins (2010).
67:Human trafficking in Houston, Texas
1444:Digital, FOX 26 (April 17, 2023).
665:Zubairie, Nazeeya Pervaiz (2016).
14:
1239:Clark, Michele Anne (July 2003).
872:"UNDERSTANDING LABOR TRAFFICKING"
783:Cochran, Amanda (July 12, 2023).
234:Houston's close-proximity to the
1750:United Against Human Trafficking
1671:. March 16, 2012. Archived from
1646:"Labor Trafficking: An Overview"
1518:Barnett Howard and Williams PLLC
1220:Hoffman, Ken (August 14, 2017).
1081:Children at Risk Biannual Report
357:United Against Human Trafficking
116:
22:
809:Adler, Shannan (May 25, 2017).
731:Fletcher, Abner (May 2, 2019).
571:"UNDERSTANDING SEX TRAFFICKING"
474:Rodas, Ericka Carolina (2011).
36:may be too short to adequately
1428:International Migration Review
399:Rice, Jen (January 13, 2020).
179:Offshore Technology Conference
46:provide an accessible overview
1:
1699:10.1080/23322705.2020.1865095
1032:Zizka, Tom (April 24, 2023).
968:"COMBATING HuMAN TRAFFICKING"
938:10.1080/23322705.2019.1638148
907:10.1080/23322705.2017.1348740
892:Zizka, Tom (April 24, 2023).
612:10.1080/23322705.2017.1374080
1496:"What is Human Trafficking?"
1245:Journal of Human Development
1128:Journal of Emergency Nursing
926:Journal of Human Trafficking
600:Journal of Human Trafficking
1257:10.1080/1464988032000087578
423:humantraffickinghouston.org
236:Mexico–United States border
192:List of red-light districts
143:conditions to do so are met
1808:
363:Free The Captives Houston:
320:Baylor College of Medicine
175:Illicit Massage Businesses
1768:Free The Captives Houston
1728:"Trafficking Protections"
1631:Houston Police Department
1558:National League of Cities
1140:10.1016/j.jen.2019.07.002
975:Houston Police Department
705:Banks, Gabrielle (2019).
201:Houston Police Department
215:undocumented immigrants
1732:Tahirih Justice Center
1013:Cite journal requires
508:Cite journal requires
350:Tahirih Justice Center
251:
1678:on February 22, 2014.
1520:. September 28, 2015.
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81:online advertisements
1209:. February 10, 2023.
405:Houston Public Media
265:international waters
87:Types of trafficking
1622:Anderson, Jessica.
226:onto her passport.
130:of this section is
1226:CultureMap Houston
1207:Maritime Fairtrade
998:10.15781/T2416T382
491:Henderson, Angie.
275:Population factors
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91:The industries in
65:The prevalence of
1586:978-3-319-47823-4
711:Houston Chronicle
642:"Who Attends OTC"
461:978-1-109-70310-8
208:Labor trafficking
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1342:. July 2018.
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820:October 14,
794:October 14,
768:October 28,
742:October 28,
716:October 28,
707:"The Track"
690:October 14,
651:October 14,
538:October 12,
428:October 12,
301:Legislation
197:strip clubs
1781:Categories
1407:: 659–716.
606:(4): 279.
370:References
261:Gulf Coast
219:sweatshops
128:neutrality
74:Statistics
1458:cite news
1273:154931659
1265:1464-9888
1148:0099-1767
954:201553644
946:2332-2705
628:134933772
620:2332-2705
223:Chinatown
187:Bissonnet
139:talk page
38:summarize
684:khou.com
322:Program:
242:Location
183:NRG Park
132:disputed
1746:"About"
1484:. 2023.
1191:. 2022.
1112:Health.
559:. 2023.
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230:Causes
1689:2014.
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1269:S2CID
1178:1-17.
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950:S2CID
875:(PDF)
624:S2CID
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269:ports
93:Texas
1594:2023
1581:ISBN
1464:link
1319:YMCA
1261:ISSN
1144:ISSN
1045:2023
1019:help
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285:YMCA
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