Humanities - Knowledge

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to the overall rise in college enrollment in the United States. In 1940, 4.6% of Americans had a four-year degree, but by 2016, this figure had risen to 33.4%. This means that the total number of Americans with college degrees has increased significantly, resulting in a greater number of people with degrees in the humanities as well. The proportion of degrees awarded in the humanities has declined in recent decades, even as the overall number of people with humanities degrees has increased. In 1954, 36 percent of Harvard undergraduates majored in the humanities, but in 2012, only 20 percent took that course of study. As recently as 1993, the humanities accounted for 15% of the bachelor's degrees awarded by colleges and universities in the United States. As of 2022, they accounted for less than 9%.

1539: 585: 1128: 2198:, have claimed that the humanities can defend themselves best by refusing to make any claims of utility. (Fish may well be thinking primarily of literary study, rather than history and philosophy.) Any attempt to justify the humanities in terms of outside benefits such as social usefulness (say increased productivity) or in terms of ennobling effects on the individual (such as greater wisdom or diminished prejudice) is ungrounded, according to Fish, and simply places impossible demands on the relevant academic departments. Furthermore, 1860:, are the first comprehensive compilation of data about the humanities in the United States, providing scholars, policymakers and the public with detailed information on humanities education from primary to higher education, the humanities workforce, humanities funding and research, and public humanities activities. Modeled after the National Science Board's Science and Engineering Indicators, Humanities Indicators are a source of reliable benchmarks to guide analysis of the state of the humanities in the United States. 887:. Based on current knowledge, it seems that all known cultures, both in the past and present, have some form of belief system or religious practice. While there may be isolated individuals or groups who do not practice any form of religion, it is not known if there has ever been a society that was entirely devoid of religious belief. The definition of religion is not universal, and different cultures may have different ideas about what constitutes religion. Religion may be characterized with a 63: 434: 1345: 2259:, and in which the romantic notion of a Renaissance humanities scholar is obsolete. Such arguments appeal to judgments and anxieties about the essential uselessness of the humanities, especially in an age when it is seemingly vitally important for scholars of literature, history and the arts to engage in "collaborative work with experimental scientists or even simply to make "intelligent use of the findings from empirical science." 5627: 1435:, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning the plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade and reflection). A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon). This is evident in, for example, the art of India, Tibet and Japan. 5591: 5616: 1994:, without the humanities to teach us how to frame the discussion and to properly debate the uses-and the costs-of technology, without the humanities to teach us how to safely debate how to create a more just society with our fellow man and woman, technology and science would eventually default to the ownership of—and misuse by—the most influential, the most powerful, the most feared among us. 1829:

levels comparable to their peers from other fields. Humanities graduates also earn more as their careers progress; ten years after graduation, the income difference between humanities graduates and graduates from other university programs is no longer statistically significant. Humanities graduates can boost their incomes if they obtain advanced or professional degrees.

2726:"'Analytic' philosophy today names a style of doing philosophy, not a philosophical program or a set of substantive views. Analytic philosophers, crudely speaking, aim for argumentative clarity and precision; draw freely on the tools of logic; and often identify, professionally and intellectually, more closely with the sciences and mathematics than with the humanities." 2271:, make the claim that it is in fact the increasing predominance, leading to exclusivity, of scientific ways of thinking that need to be tempered by historical and social context. Gilbert worries that the commercialization that may be inherent in some ways of conceiving science (pursuit of funding, academic prestige etc.) need to be examined externally. Gilbert argues: 5603: 684: 2153:

is not a certain subject matter, but rather the mode of approach to any question. Humanities focuses on understanding meaning, purpose, and goals and furthers the appreciation of singular historical and social phenomena—an interpretive method of finding "truth"—rather than explaining the causality of

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or a humanities discipline, depending on one's perspective. Some see it as a social science because of its objective and measurable nature, while others view it as a humanities discipline because of its focus on values and interpretation. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international

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In 1950, 1.2% of Americans aged 22 had earned a degree in the humanities. By 2010, this figure had risen to 2.6%. This represents a doubling of the number of Americans with degrees in the humanities over a 60-year period. The increase in the number of Americans with humanities degrees is in part due

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or extend into active empathy that facilitates the dispensation of civic duties a responsible world citizen must engage in. There is disagreement, however, on the level of influence humanities study can have on an individual and whether or not the understanding produced in humanistic enterprise can

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Through the humanities we reflect on the fundamental question: What does it mean to be human? The humanities offer clues but never a complete answer. They reveal how people have tried to make moral, spiritual, and intellectual sense of a world where irrationality, despair, loneliness, and death are

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There is empirical evidence that graduates from humanities programs earn less than graduates from other university programs. However, the empirical evidence also shows that humanities graduates still earn notably higher incomes than workers with no postsecondary education, and have job satisfaction

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Gilbert, S. F. (n.d.). 'Health Fetishism among the Nacirema: A fugue on Jenny Reardon's The Postgenomic Condition: Ethics, Justice, and Knowledge after the Genome (Chicago University Press, 2017) and Isabelle Stengers' Another Science is Possible: A Manifesto for Slow Science (Polity Press, 2018).

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Instead, scholars like Fish suggest that the humanities offer a unique kind of pleasure, a pleasure based on the common pursuit of knowledge (even if it is only disciplinary knowledge). Such pleasure contrasts with the increasing privatization of leisure and instant gratification characteristic of

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Researchers in the humanities have developed numerous large- and small-scale digital corporations, such as digitized collections of historical texts, along with the digital tools and methods to analyze them. Their aim is both to uncover new knowledge about corpora and to visualize research data in

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Many humanities graduates may find themselves with no specific career goals upon graduation, which can lead to lower incomes in the early stages of their career. On the other hand, graduates from more career-oriented programs often find jobs more quickly. However, the long-term career prospects of

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is a requirement of society, but not a requirement of religion. Shinto, Daoism, and other folk or natural religions do not have ethical codes. While some religions do include the concept of deities, others do not. Therefore, the supernatural does not necessarily require the existence of deities.

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Humanities majors are sought after in many areas of business, specifically for their critical thinking and problem solving skills. While often considered "soft skills", Humanities majors gain skills such as, "include persuasive written and oral communication, creative problem-solving, teamwork,

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are narratives being both didactic and entertaining. They are necessary for understanding the human predicament. Some other possible characteristics of religion are pollutions and purification, the sacred and the profane, sacred texts, religious institutions and organizations, and sacrifice and

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Philosophy—etymologically, the "love of wisdom"—is generally the study of problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, justification, truth, justice, right and wrong, beauty, validity, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these issues by its

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claimed, many of our philosophical confusions derive from the vocabulary we use; literary theory has explored the rhetorical, associative, and ordering features of language; and historical linguists have studied the development of languages across time. Literature, covering a variety of uses of

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retracted previous claims about the supposed 'uselessness' of philosophy. As Bill Nye states, "People allude to Socrates and Plato and Aristotle all the time, and I think many of us who make those references don't have a solid grounding," he said. "It's good to know the history of philosophy."

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Some definitions of the humanities encompass law and religion due to their shared characteristics, such as the study of language and culture. However, these definitions are not universally accepted, as law and religion are often considered professional subjects rather than humanities subjects.

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centers around the declining value of the humanities. As in America, there is a perceived decline in interest within higher education policy in research that is qualitative and does not produce marketable products. This threat can be seen in a variety of forms across Europe, but much critical

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However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy is shaped by the practical application of ideas from many social science and humanities disciplines, including philosophy, history, political science, economics, anthropology, and sociology. Law is

2241:). The result is that professors and their students adhere rigidly to a limited set of viewpoints, and have little interest in, or understanding of, opposing viewpoints. Once they obtain this intellectual self-satisfaction, persistent lapses in learning, research, and evaluation are common. 2185:

subjects of humanistic study. This exposure has opened up the interpretive structures of the humanities to criticism that humanities scholarship is "unscientific" and therefore unfit for inclusion in modern university curricula because of the very nature of its changing contextual meaning.

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attention has been given to the field of research assessment in particular. For example, the UK has been subject to criticism due to its assessment criteria from across the humanities, and indeed, the social sciences. In particular, the notion of "impact" has generated significant debate.

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For many decades, there has been a growing public perception that a humanities education inadequately prepares graduates for employment. The common belief is that graduates from such programs face underemployment and incomes too low for a humanities education to be worth the investment.

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First of all, there is a very successful alternative to science as a commercialized march to 'progress.' This is the approach taken by the liberal arts college, a model that takes pride in seeing science in context and in integrating science with the humanities and social

1975:, science, technology, engineering, mathematics. Federal funding represents a much smaller fraction of funding for humanities than other fields such as STEM or medicine. The result was a decline of quality in both college and pre-college education in the humanities field. 464:

cultures. Classical studies is considered one of the cornerstones of the humanities; however, its popularity declined during the 20th century. Nevertheless, the influence of classical ideas on many humanities disciplines, such as philosophy and literature, remains strong.

2218:. In this argument, then, only the academic pursuit of pleasure can provide a link between the private and the public realm in modern Western consumer society and strengthen that public sphere that, according to many theorists, is the foundation for modern democracy. 1591:

Colour is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but elsewhere white may be. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including

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and other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting has been used throughout history to express spiritual and religious ideas, from mythological scenes on pottery to the frescoes of the

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relations context. Law has been defined in various ways, such as "a system of rules", "an interpretive concept" for achieving justice, "an authority" to mediate between people's interests,or "the command of a sovereign" backed by the threat of punishment.

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out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle — indeed any one or more elements of the other performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style, theatre takes such forms as

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Scholars in the late 20th and early 21st centuries extended that "narrative imagination" to the ability to understand the records of lived experiences outside of one's own individual social and cultural context. Through that narrative

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involves creating three-dimensional forms out of various materials. These typically include malleable substances like clay and metal but may also extend to material that is cut or shaved down to the desired form, like stone and wood.

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Technology, politics and culturonics are designed to transform what their respective disciplines study: nature, society, and culture. The field of transformative humanities includes various practicies and technologies, for example,

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Since the late 19th century, a central justification for the humanities has been that it aids and encourages self-reflection—a self-reflection that, in turn, helps develop personal consciousness or an active sense of civic duty.

1296:, and other elements to create expressive and artistic dances. They may work alone or with other artists to create new works, and their work can be presented in a variety of settings, from small dance studios to large theaters. 701:

is a term that does not have a universally accepted definition, but which has variably included all written work; writing that possesses literary merit; and language that emphasizes its own literary features, as opposed to

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art forbids iconography, and expresses religious ideas through geometry instead. The physical and rational certainties depicted by the 19th-century Enlightenment were shattered not only by new discoveries of relativity by

3360: 2041:'s urge to understand its own experiences. This understanding, they claimed, ties like-minded people from similar cultural backgrounds together and provides a sense of cultural continuity with the philosophical past. 2154:

events or uncovering the truth of the natural world. Apart from its societal application, narrative imagination is an important tool in the (re)production of understood meaning in history, culture and literature.

1612:", for example, can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the spectrum. Unlike music, where notes such as C or C# are universally accepted, there is no formalized register of colors. However, the 2468: 1729:

of the fifteenth century, when the humanities began to be regarded as subjects to study rather than practice, with a corresponding shift away from traditional fields into areas such as literature and history

4204: 551:, the study of languages is also central to the humanities. A good deal of twentieth- and twenty-first-century philosophy has been devoted to the analysis of language and to the question of whether, as 1789:

Humanities graduates find employment in a wide variety of management and professional occupations. In Britain, for example, over 11,000 humanities majors found employment in the following occupations:

982:. Religions must adapt and change through the generations because they must remain relevant to the adherents. When traditional religions fail to address new concerns, then new religions will emerge. 2202:, while arguably a result of humanistic training, can be acquired in other contexts. And the humanities do not even provide any more the kind of social cachet (what sociologists sometimes call " 1475:, using a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are graphite 1004:

in that the former uses the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium, and the latter uses materials such as clay, metal, or paint, which can be molded or transformed to create some

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refers to a rule that is enforced by a governing institution, as opposed to a moral or ethical rule that is not subject to formal enforcement. The study of law can be seen as either a

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to say that painting, as a serious art form, is dead, although this has not deterred the majority of artists from continuing to practise it either as whole or part of their work.

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humanities graduates may be similar to those of other graduates, as research shows that by five years after graduation, they generally find a career path that appeals to them.

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of lived experiences, no "absolute" knowledge is theoretically possible; knowledge is instead a ceaseless procedure of inventing and reinventing the context a text is read in.

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Ancient Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty and anatomically correct proportions.

2214:' requirements for the disregard of social status and rational problematization of previously unquestioned areas necessary for an endeavor which takes place in the bourgeois 2157:

Imagination, as part of the tool kit of artists or scholars, helps create meaning that invokes a response from an audience. Since a humanities scholar is always within the

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was a course of studies that consisted of grammar, poetry, rhetoric, history, and moral philosophy, primarily derived from the study of Latin and Greek classics. The word

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In the West, the history of the humanities can be traced to ancient Greece, as the basis of a broad education for citizens. During Roman times, the concept of the seven

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Jay treats it as transformative progress, but it impressed us as hack philosophizing, amateur social science, superficial learning, or just plain gamesmanship.

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Social science and humanities have a mutual contempt for one another, the former looking down on the latter as unscientific, the latter regarding the former as

1425:, a renewed focus on the physical world was reflected in art forms that depicted the human body and landscape in a more naturalistic and three-dimensional way. 4175: 1990:

Without the humanities to teach us how history has succeeded or failed in directing the fruits of technology and science to the betterment of our tribe of

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Despite many humanities based arguments against the humanities some within the exact sciences have called for their return. In 2017, Science popularizer

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The divide between humanistic study and natural sciences informs arguments of meaning in humanities as well. What distinguishes the humanities from the

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in philosophy, literature, and the arts for all students. Other colleges with nationally recognized, mandatory programs in the liberal arts are

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is the extension of the social sciences. Similarly, the cultural sciences have their own practical extension, sometimes called "culturonics" (

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noted, "Ancient Greek philosophy was divided into three sciences: physics, ethics, and logic.") Today, the main fields of philosophy are

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Implicit in many of these arguments supporting the humanities are the makings of arguments against public support of the humanities.

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has problematized an approach to the humanistic study based on questions of meaning, intentionality, and authorship. In the wake of

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is the process of creating dances, and the people who create choreography are known as choreographers. Choreographers use movement,

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more suited to the multicultural world we live in. That conscience might take the form of a passive one that allows more effective

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Hersh, Richard H. (1997-03-01). "Intention and Perceptions A National Survey of Public Attitudes Toward Liberal Arts Education".

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tradition, musicology is also used to broaden skills of non-musicians by teaching skills, including concentration and listening.

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curriculum in universities at the time. Today, the humanities are more frequently defined as any fields of study outside of

119:, the term 'humanities' referred to the study of classical literature and language, as opposed to the study of religion or ' 3510:"Boost in Median Annual Earnings Associated with Obtaining an Advanced Degree, by Gender and Field of Undergraduate Degree" 2181:

analysis seek to expose the ideologies and rhetoric operative in producing both the purportedly meaningful objects and the

630:'s stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. Law is also economics, because any rule about 584: 6417: 5753: 5107: 4963: 2355: 1352: 1132: 923:

prayer. Some of the major problems that religions confront, and attempts to answer are chaos, suffering, evil, and death.

4223: 3878: 2571: 1510:. Digital tools that simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, 6601: 6201: 6087: 5799: 5448: 5358: 2340: 3713: 792:

Philosophy used to be a very comprehensive term, including what have subsequently become separate disciplines, such as

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and many more can have long-lasting effects on how productivity is organised and the distribution of wealth. The noun

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Professional subjects, like some social sciences, are sometimes classified as being part of both the liberal arts and

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overlap into many fields of the humanities, such as philosophy, literature, theology, music, and classical studies.

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in the sphere of culture, as a practice complementary to scholarship, is an important aspect of the humanities.

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is marked by emphasis on the use of logic and formal methods of reasoning, conceptual analysis, and the use of

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society since the Greek and Roman societies in which the humanities originated were elitist and aristocratic.

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usually include study of important works of the literature in that language, as well as the language itself.

6504: 6217: 6020: 5998: 5743: 5405: 5293: 5188: 4325: 2411: 1707: 786: 279: 155:, speculative, or interpretative and have a significant historical element—as distinguished from the mainly 2206:") that was helpful to succeed in Western society before the age of mass education following World War II. 5928: 5894: 5515: 5235: 5063: 4698: 3448: 1575:

or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense, it means the use of this activity in combination with

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The 1980 United States Rockefeller Commission on the Humanities described the humanities in its report,

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critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument, rather than experiments (

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Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are called performers, including actors,

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acknowledged the importance of the humanities in a 2014 video address to the academic conference,

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and is not painting in strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as

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Rather, it can be broadly defined as any phenomena that cannot be explained by science or reason.

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art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features (e.g.,

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Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, Bloomington, Indiana, 1997. Humanities comes from human

6459: 6300: 6275: 6151: 5480: 5475: 5463: 5458: 5330: 5320: 5240: 5183: 5127: 4665: 4648: 4574: 4564: 4516: 3465:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 2018. pp. 5–6, 12, 19. 3316: 3279: 3189: 3163: 3126: 3099: 3073: 3048: 3023: 2998: 2973: 2933: 2908: 2883: 2858: 2833: 2808: 2783: 2743: 2616: 2345: 2199: 2162: 2114: 1939: 1935: 1597: 1519: 879: 703: 548: 381: 283: 3421:"The Cumulative Earnings of Postsecondary Graduates Over 20 Years: Results by Field of Study" 2503: 2484: 1616:

system is widely used in the printing and design industry to standardize color reproduction.

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interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into Western art.

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asserts that we live in a changing world, a world where "cultural capital" is replaced with

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Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, for example,

1608:. Moreover, the use of language is only a generalization for a colour equivalent. The word " 1414: 1274: 1238: 1211: 1029: 910: 859: 573: 509:

Traditionally, the study of history has been considered a part of the humanities. In modern

357: 334: 322: 156: 128: 75: 51: 1651:. Modern and contemporary art has moved away from the historic value of craft in favour of 6596: 6479: 6474: 6055: 6010: 5845: 5819: 5763: 5505: 5272: 5267: 5080: 4905: 4737: 4727: 4686: 4638: 4489: 4382: 4305: 4208: 4154: 4082: 4077: 3856: 2595: 2509: 2491: 2472: 2318: 2150: 2091: 2075: 2054: 2030: 1915: 1444: 1178: 1151: 1107:. Most performance art also involves some form of plastic art, perhaps in the creation of 1104: 991: 935: 719: 572:, also lies at the heart of the modern humanities curriculum. College-level programs in a 544: 449: 203: 191: 152: 144: 132: 4269:"Bill Nye says I convinced him that philosophy is not just a load of self-indulgent crap" 2225:, argue that professors in the humanities have increasingly abandoned proven methods of 1547:, by Leonardo da Vinci, is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the world. 6141: 6082: 5915: 5850: 5835: 5738: 5620: 5468: 5380: 5375: 5132: 5053: 5048: 4979: 4620: 4604: 3935: 2234: 2222: 2174: 2067: 1971:

Politicians in the United States currently espouse a need for increased funding of the

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scholars in the humanities reject. Renaissance scholars and artists are also known as

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Society – social sciences – politics – transformation of society

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centered the humanities' attempt to distinguish itself from the natural sciences in

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education, with the emphasis being on the humanities as skills or "ways of doing".

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von Wright, Moira. "Narrative imagination and taking the perspective of others",

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Adler, Mortimer J.; "A Guidebook to Learning: For the Lifelong Pursuit of Wisdom"

3120: 3093: 2465: 854:. This method of inquiry is largely indebted to the work of philosophers such as 246:

education, whereas humanities subjects are generally confined to the traditional

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Under Construction: The Role of the Arts and Humanities in Postmodern Schooling

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Culture – cultural sciences – culturonics – transformation of culture

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art of the Middle Ages reflected the dominance of the church. However, in the

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Institute for Comparative Research in Human and Social Sciences (ICR) – Japan

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Harpham, Geoffrey (2005). "Beneath and Beyond the Crisis of the Humanities".

3978: 3961: 3320: 3148:"The royal veil: early Islamic figural art and the Bilderverbot reconsidered" 3147: 718:

which means "writing formed with letters", although some definitions include

626:, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas. Law tells many of 6551: 6537: 6525: 6509: 6077: 6015: 5874: 5707: 5350: 5247: 5176: 5070: 5043: 4692: 4681: 4643: 4536: 3632: 3159: 2178: 2138: 2122: 2118: 2098:

Nature – natural sciences – technology – transformation of nature

2094:'s term). The three extensions can be combined to form the transhumanities. 2038: 1743: 1666: 1543: 1515: 1308: 1215: 1092: 959: 817: 707: 287: 251: 227: 3403: 1959:

new and revealing ways. Much of this activity occurs in a field called the

1075:. Performing arts are also supported by workers in related fields, such as 4299:

https://ojs.uniroma1.it/index.php/Organisms/article/view/14346/14050.'

4111: 1934:. Prominent proponents of liberal arts in the United States have included 1367:

have a foundation in the art of one of the ancient civilizations, such as

1146:

as an academic discipline can take a number of different paths, including

5789: 4720: 4609: 4531: 4477: 4462: 4452: 4392: 3463:

The State of the Humanities 2018: Graduates in the Workforce & Beyond

2263: 2087: 1903: 1719: 1703: 1687: 1564: 1552: 1511: 1499: 1324: 1312: 1136: 1096: 1068: 1060: 1041: 971: 927: 631: 619: 530: 510: 445: 428: 310: 223: 195: 171: 120: 71: 47: 3846:

America Is Raising A Generation Of Kids Who Can't Think Or Write Clearly

901:

are used to bound the community together. Social animals require rules.

772: 683: 270:

share some similarities with the humanities, these are often considered

5097: 4703: 4653: 4627: 4504: 4457: 4372: 4336: 4045: 4031: 3873: 3605: 2170: 2034: 1683: 1652: 1620: 1576: 1556: 1468: 1304: 1300: 1170: 1088: 1053: 1013: 975: 963: 939: 793: 738:. It can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the 723: 627: 503: 479: 474: 330: 275: 207: 187: 175: 160: 124: 108: 104: 4320: 2667: 2239:

I care only about your conclusions, not the quality of your arguments.

2231:

I care only about the quality of your arguments, not your conclusions.

2158: 816:. Still, it continues to overlap with other disciplines. The field of 6535: 6005: 4742: 4614: 4472: 1632: 1624: 1593: 1572: 1503: 1495: 1476: 1328: 1280: 1266: 1199: 1191: 1182: 1072: 1064: 1017: 955: 931: 903: 897: 805: 731: 593: 565: 199: 79: 31:

This article is about the academic discipline. For the magazine, see

1359:; fan mounted as album leaf on silk, four columns in cursive script. 294:

have closer ties to the social sciences rather than the humanities.

3911: 3215:"Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Darwin, Freud, Einstein, Dada" 6544: 4948: 4494: 1711: 1691: 1636: 1568: 1560: 1537: 1487: 1472: 1451:, but also by unprecedented technological development. Increasing 1439: 1380: 1343: 1316: 1293: 1187: 1126: 1037: 1033: 1021: 947: 827:

Since the early twentieth century, philosophy in English-speaking

801: 771: 755: 747: 739: 735: 711: 682: 583: 569: 561: 557: 499: 438: 432: 215: 211: 101: 67: 61: 3435:"Earnings of Humanities Majors with a Terminal Bachelor's Degree" 3361:"Humanities graduates and the British economy: The hidden impact" 4362: 2565:"Language as a Natural Object; Linguistics as a Natural Science" 1734:). In the 20th century, this view was in turn challenged by the 1640: 1628: 1407: 1284: 1025: 919: 635: 487: 6121: 5647: 4952: 4401: 4199:

The Laws of Cool: Knowledge Work and the Culture of Information

914:

creates explanations not available for empirical verification.

5139: 4484: 3740:"Census: More Americans have college degrees than ever before" 2696:

What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy

1609: 1484: 1364: 606: 600: 338: 5643: 4397: 4352: 3950:, "The Value of the Humanities"(Oxford University Press 2013) 3562:

American Academy of Arts & Sciences (25 September 2024).

452:

academic tradition, refers to the studies of the cultures of

2049:, it is claimed, humanities scholars and students develop a 4159:

The Formation of the Historical World in the Human Sciences

4050:

The Formation of the Historical World in the Human Sciences

1833:

decision-making, self-management, and critical analysis".

344:

Human disciplines like history and language mainly use the

4347: 1738:

movement, which sought to redefine the humanities in more

661:, meaning something laid down or fixed, and the adjective 506:, institutions, and any topic that has changed over time. 4921:

List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field

4367: 4331: 3584: 1518:, and blending. A computer aided designer who excels in 1319:

constraints and range from functional movement (such as

498:

refers to the study and interpretation of the record of

4357: 3799:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. April 28, 2024 3524:"Earnings of Humanities Majors with an Advanced Degree" 2086:

is the practical extension of the natural sciences, as

2058:

guarantee an "identifiable positive effect on people".

1299:

Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on

4145:. New York and London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2012, p.12 1879:

as conspicuous as birth, friendship, hope, and reason.

1643:

for their texture. Examples of these are the works of

3960:

Ochsner, Michael; Hug, Sven; Galleron, Ioana (2017).

1914:

were among the first schools to require an extensive

831:

has moved away from the humanities and closer to the

123:.' The study of the humanities was a key part of the 3628:"Humanities, social sciences critical to our future" 2412:"Arts and Humanities Majors and Degrees – BigFuture" 1889:

The Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences

406:

also gave rise to the Renaissance Italian neologism

6518: 6452: 6329: 6268: 6185: 6132: 5944: 5913: 5828: 5772: 5716: 5685: 5552: 5536: 5283: 5009: 4886: 4831: 4756: 4587: 4547: 4435: 3119:Janson, Horst Woldemar; Janson, Anthony F. (2004). 3092:Janson, Horst Woldemar; Janson, Anthony F. (2004). 2539:"Social Science Majors, University of Saskatchewan" 1257:setting. Dance is also used to describe methods of 820:, for example, brings philosophy into contact with 535:While the scientific study of language is known as 27:

Academic disciplines that study society and culture

4253:""Theory," Anti-Theory, and Empirical Criticism", 3765: 3626:Augustine, Norman; Skorton, David (Jun 18, 2013). 2190:Pleasure, the pursuit of knowledge and scholarship 1413:The emphasis on spiritual and religious themes in 4255:Biopoetics: Evolutionary Explorations in the Arts 4073: 4071: 3386:"The Liberal Arts Graduate College Hiring Market" 456:, namely Ancient Greek and Latin and the Ancient 4375:Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences 2736:Beckford, James A.; Demerath, Jay (2007-10-29). 1906:provide such an education; some require it. The 4201:(Catalogue Copy & Table of Contents)", 2004 3841: 3839: 2273: 1765: 1103:their work live to an audience. This is called 352:. Other methods used in the humanities include 325:offer humanities classes usually consisting of 6170:Fourth Great Debate in international relations 4332:The American Academy of Arts and Sciences – US 3390:National Association of Colleges and Employers 3251:, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1970. 2782:. New York: Doubleday and Company. p. 7. 2739:The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Religion 1514:, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, 513:, history can occasionally be classified as a 398:. In its usage in the early 15th century, the 5659: 4964: 4786:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 4413: 3938:, "What Are Universities For?" (Penguin 2012) 3047:. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. 2880:The Anthropology of Religion: An Introduction 1984:Revolutions in Eighteenth-Century Sociability 690:authored some of the most acclaimed works in 309:also describes the philosophical position of 113:certain fundamental questions asked by humans 8: 6549: 6159: 6149: 6139: 5855: 3714:"A Crisis in the Humanities? (10 June 2013)" 3045:The Problem of Evil in the Western Tradition 3693:(W. W. Norton, 2010), especially pp. 32–43. 3476:Adamuti-Trache, Maria; et al. (2006). 1749:A distinction is usually drawn between the 1095:, etc. There is also a specialized form of 6129: 6118: 5682: 5666: 5652: 5644: 4971: 4957: 4949: 4544: 4420: 4406: 4398: 4358:National Endowment for the Humanities – US 4143:The Transformative Humanities: A Manifesto 3334:Williams, Mary Elizabeth (27 March 2014). 2117:, the construction of new languages, like 622:, because politicians create them. Law is 6073:Relationship between religion and science 4321:Society for the History of the Humanities 4030: 4020: 3987: 3977: 3689:, "The Problem of General Education", in 3585:"American Academy of Arts & Sciences" 3493: 2524:The Penguin Dictionary of Critical Theory 3238:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014. 2008:The contemporary debate in the field of 1431:has generally worked in a style akin to 6394:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 3301:Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 2373: 2173:, various theoretical currents such as 517:, though this definition is contested. 151:). They use methods that are primarily 5749:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism) 4393:Film about the Value of the Humanities 4224:"Theory and the Humanities, Once More" 3793:"Bachelor's Degrees in the Humanities" 3767:"Humanities Committee Sounds an Alarm" 3659:"The Colbert Report: Richard Brodhead" 2712:Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals 2464:"Humanist" Oxford English Dictionary. 2066:There are three major branches in the 297:Scholars in the humanities are called 166:The humanities include the studies of 70:depicted in a Roman copy of a work by 4873:National Endowment for the Humanities 4858:Humanities, arts, and social sciences 3764:Schuessler, Jennifer (18 June 2013). 3538:"Why Google Hires Humanities Majors?" 3122:History of Art: The Western Tradition 3095:History of Art: The Western Tradition 2857:. New York: HarperOne. pp. xii. 2706: 2704: 2690: 2688: 2662: 2660: 2634: 2632: 2440:Stanford University Humanities Center 2393: 2391: 2382:Oxford English Dictionary 3rd Edition 2324:Humanities, arts, and social sciences 1858:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1718:). These subjects formed the bulk of 7: 5602: 4868:Moscow University for the Humanities 4839:Arts and Humanities Research Council 4796:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 4363:Australian Academy of the Humanities 4221:Bauerlein, Mark (13 November 2014). 3482:Canadian Journal of Higher Education 4063:Studies in Philosophy and Education 3336:"Hooray for "worthless" education!" 3278:. Simon and Schuster. p. 357. 2767:. New York: Oxford. pp. 1253a. 2698:. Oxford University Press, pp. 4–5. 1111:. Dance was often referred to as a 6026:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction 3542:Imagine | Johns Hopkins University 3449:"Career earnings by college major" 2932:. London and New York: Routledge. 2882:. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell. 2442:. 16 December 2013. Archived from 2062:Humanities and the transhumanities 2004:The value of the humanities debate 722:. Literature can be classified as 25: 6354:The Logic of Scientific Discovery 6338:Materialism and Empirio-criticism 6194:The Course in Positive Philosophy 4003:Bulaitis, Zoe (31 October 2017). 3665:. August 15, 2013. Archived from 1893:The Heart of the Matter, supports 1567:) to a surface (support) such as 588:A trial at a criminal court, the 274:. Similarly, disciplines such as 5625: 5614: 5601: 5590: 5589: 3276:The Closing of the American Mind 1760:The Closing of the American Mind 1725:A major shift occurred with the 1173:(or theater) (Greek "theatron", 6346:History and Class Consciousness 5544:List of social science journals 4916:Humanities in the United States 4764:American Journal of Archaeology 4348:The Humanities Association – UK 4342:National Humanities Center – US 4279:from the original on 2019-12-10 4267:Goldhill, Olivia (2017-04-15). 3918:from the original on 2018-10-02 3881:from the original on 2015-05-17 3640:from the original on 2018-10-16 3236:A New History of the Humanities 2907:. New York: Oxford. p. 3. 2674:from the original on 2007-12-30 2646:from the original on 2017-07-02 2210:Western culture; it thus meets 2022:Citizenship and self-reflection 1978:Three-term Louisiana Governor, 1872:The Humanities in American Life 1865:The Humanities in American Life 1843:Humanities in the United States 1753:and the humanities. Classicist 1083:. Performers often adapt their 852:Continental style of philosophy 6210:Critical History of Philosophy 5501:Science and technology studies 4791:Journal of Controversial Ideas 4176:"Will the Humanities Save Us?" 4065:21, 4–5 (July, 2002), 407–416. 3125:. Prentice Hall Professional. 3098:. Prentice Hall Professional. 2972:. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. 2668:"Merriam-Webster's Dictionary" 2309:Great Books programs in Canada 926:The non-founder religions are 539:and is generally considered a 1: 6418:Knowledge and Human Interests 5754:Rankean historical positivism 3738:Wilson, Reid (4 March 2017). 3712:Schmidt, Ben (10 June 2013). 3154:, Routledge, pp. 70–89, 2245:Romanticization and rejection 1799:Media/Literature/Arts (11.4%) 1349:Quatrain on Heavenly Mountain 1133:Mozarteum University Salzburg 490:. When used as the name of a 83: 6536: 6202:A General View of Positivism 4811:Revue des Études Arméniennes 4353:National Humanities Alliance 3564:"Soft Skills and Humanities" 3020:Religion: The Social Context 2341:List of academic disciplines 2267:Scholars, such as biologist 2070:(humanities). These are the 1555:is the practice of applying 1447:and of unseen psychology by 1237:) generally refers to human 482:is systematically collected 441:, the most famous Greek poet 6402:Conjectures and Refutations 6234:The Logic of Modern Physics 6051:Deductive-nomological model 3571:The Humanities in Our Lives 2970:Sacred Word and Sacred Text 2878:Bowie, Fiona (2000-02-29). 2855:The Science of Superstition 2521:Macey, David (2004-12-02). 2010:critical university studies 1559:suspended in a carrier (or 6623: 6362:The Poverty of Historicism 6258:The Universe in a Nutshell 6242:Language, Truth, and Logic 6226:The Analysis of Sensations 4337:Humanities Indicators – US 3495:10.47678/cjhe.v36i2.183539 3188:Turney, Jon (2003-09-06). 3072:, Macmillan, pp. ix, 3022:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 3018:McGuire, Meredith (2002). 2955:The Sacred and the Profane 2803:Stephenson, Barry (2015). 2416:bigfuture.collegeboard.org 2356:Tinbergen's four questions 1856:, unveiled in 2009 by the 1840: 1659:); this has led some e.g. 1008:. Performing arts include 989: 883:is commonly regarded as a 765: 754:features or expectations ( 710:the term derives from the 676: 665:comes from the Latin word 598: 524: 472: 426: 29: 6570: 6442:The Rhetoric of Economics 6128: 6123:Positivist-related debate 6117: 5681: 5585: 4986: 4926:Outline of the humanities 4906:Criticism of mass culture 4878:National Humanities Medal 4022:10.1057/s41599-017-0002-7 3313:10.1080/00091389709603100 3146:Ali, Nadia (2020-05-21), 2436:"What are the Humanities" 2399:Oxford English Dictionary 2298:Outline of the humanities 1884:In liberal arts education 1848:The Humanities Indicators 1604:, have written their own 1563:) and a binding agent (a 1241:either used as a form of 850:, as contrasted with the 6378:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 6095:Structural functionalism 6021:Naturalism in literature 4911:Educational essentialism 4548:Interdisciplinary fields 4328:(archived 15 April 2016) 3979:10.1057/palcomms.2017.20 3691:The Marketplace of Ideas 3587:. Amacad.org. 2013-11-14 2828:Bell, Catherine (2009). 2723:See, e.g., Brian Leiter 2483:Wallace and Gach (2008) 2361:Environmental humanities 1781:Education and employment 1363:The great traditions in 1259:non-verbal communication 938:. Founder religions are 936:native or folk religions 244:professional development 38:Not to be confused with 6505:Willard Van Orman Quine 6218:Idealism and Positivism 5810:Critique of metaphysics 5744:Sociological positivism 5189:international relations 4009:Palgrave Communications 3966:Palgrave Communications 3608:. Humanities Indicators 3606:"Humanities Indicators" 3160:10.4324/9780429341588-6 3068:Becker, Ernest (2009), 2968:Coward, Harold (1988). 2953:Eliade, Mircea (1959). 2710:Kant, Immanuel (1785). 2640:"Etymonline Dictionary" 2615:. Penguin. p. 90. 2613:Crimes Against Humanity 2167:the death of the author 1895:the notion of a broad " 1471:is a means of making a 1177:) is the branch of the 787:experimental philosophy 362:esthetic interpretation 280:business administration 6550: 6519:Concepts in contention 6160: 6150: 6140: 6031:Objectivity in science 5929:Non-Euclidean geometry 5895:Methodological dualism 5856: 5516:Quantum social science 4699:Liberal arts education 4344:(archived 7 July 2007) 3043:Kelly, Joseph (1989). 2993:Berger, Peter (1990). 2928:Douglas, Mary (2002). 2903:Segal, Robert (2015). 2778:Berger, Peter (1969). 2278: 1897:liberal arts education 1881: 1773: 1548: 1360: 1340:History of visual arts 1277:in inanimate objects ( 1204:classical Indian dance 1140: 781: 695: 605:In everyday language, 596: 442: 410:, whence "humanist", " 390:, which translates to 248:liberal arts education 100:that study aspects of 90: 6426:The Poverty of Theory 6046:Philosophy of science 5935:Uncertainty principle 5553:Other categorizations 5406:International studies 5391:History of technology 5326:Communication studies 5209:public administration 4775:History of Humanities 4112:10.1353/nlh.2005.0022 3797:Humanities Indicators 3384:Koc, Edwin W (2010). 3274:Bloom, Allan (2012). 3260:Walling, Donovan R.; 2694:Thomas Nagel (1987). 2017:Philosophical history 1908:University of Chicago 1876: 1854:Humanities Indicators 1811:Not-for-profit (5.2%) 1742:terms suitable for a 1541: 1347: 1273:, mating dance), and 1148:historical musicology 1130: 1099:in which the artists 835:, becoming much more 789:being an exception). 775: 686: 587: 436: 149:professional training 65: 33:Humanities (magazine) 6434:The Scientific Image 6105:Structuration theory 6068:Qualitative research 5969:Criticism of science 5964:Critical rationalism 5900:Problem of induction 5386:Historical sociology 4931:Renaissance humanism 4863:Master of Humanities 4099:New Literary History 4083:Cultivating Humanity 3249:The Humanities Today 2997:. New York: Anchor. 2957:. New York: Harvest. 2853:Hood, Bruce (2010). 2832:. New York: Oxford. 2807:. New York: Oxford. 1928:Saint Anselm College 1837:In the United States 1808:Civil service (5.8%) 1727:Renaissance humanism 1522:is referred to as a 1433:Western medieval art 1265:) between humans or 1150:, music literature, 720:spoken or sung texts 412:Renaissance humanism 350:comparative research 98:academic disciplines 6602:Main topic articles 6410:One-Dimensional Man 5858:Geisteswissenschaft 5841:Confirmation holism 5566:Geisteswissenschaft 5560:Behavioral sciences 5486:Political sociology 5401:Information science 5346:Development studies 4850:Geisteswissenschaft 4816:Teaching Philosophy 4595:Abductive reasoning 4174:(January 6, 2008). 3989:20.500.11850/227355 3877:. 21 October 2014. 3152:Exploring Aniconism 3070:The denial of death 2609:Robertson, Geoffrey 2300:(humanities topics) 2256:scientific literacy 1912:Columbia University 1682:evolved, involving 1327:techniques such as 868:Ludwig Wittgenstein 840:Analytic philosophy 688:William Shakespeare 560:forms (such as the 556:language including 454:classical antiquity 299:humanities scholars 6485:Hans-Georg Gadamer 6286:Alexander Bogdanov 6162:Positivismusstreit 5957:Post-behavioralism 5921:history of science 5773:Principal concepts 5729:Logical positivism 5621:Society portal 5108:auxiliary sciences 4937:Studia Humanitatis 4381:2017-05-04 at the 4304:2019-12-10 at the 4207:2013-08-28 at the 4180:The New York Times 3899:Scedhs2014.uqam.ca 3855:2014-10-29 at the 3423:. 28 October 2014. 2763:Aristotle (1941). 2594:2018-07-15 at the 2508:2015-06-05 at the 2490:2022-12-06 at the 2471:2020-06-16 at the 2293:Discourse analysis 2035:Hans-Georg Gadamer 1961:digital humanities 1954:In the digital age 1932:Providence College 1924:St. John's College 1920:Fordham University 1796:Management (19.8%) 1623:. This began with 1549: 1361: 1245:or presented in a 1141: 848:mathematical logic 782: 696: 692:English literature 597: 443: 400:studia humanitatis 387:studia humanitatis 366:speculative reason 346:comparative method 91: 6579: 6578: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6460:Theodor W. Adorno 6276:Richard Avenarius 6152:Werturteilsstreit 6113: 6112: 6061:Sense-data theory 5759:Polish positivism 5734:Positivist school 5641: 5640: 5481:Political economy 5476:Political ecology 5331:Community studies 5321:Cognitive science 5284:Interdisciplinary 5184:Political science 4946: 4945: 4666:General knowledge 4649:Cultural literacy 4583: 4582: 4517:Religious studies 4453:Classical studies 4373:American Academy 4141:Mikhail Epstein. 3359:Kreager, Philip. 3285:978-1-4516-8320-2 3247:Levi, Albert W.; 3217:. www.fordham.edu 3169:978-0-429-34158-8 3132:978-0-13-182895-7 3105:978-0-13-182895-7 2995:The Sacred Canopy 2930:Purity and Danger 2889:978-0-631-20848-8 2780:The Sacred Canopy 2749:978-1-4462-0652-2 2714:, the first line. 2622:978-0-14-102463-9 2589:Cognitive Science 2346:Public humanities 2200:critical thinking 2163:Poststructuralism 2145:Truth and meaning 2115:language planning 2080:cultural sciences 1940:E. D. Hirsch, Jr. 1936:Mortimer J. Adler 1793:Education (25.8%) 1520:technical drawing 891:since humans are 880:Religious Studies 778:Søren Kierkegaard 704:ordinary language 654:derives from the 549:cognitive science 392:study of humanity 382:Renaissance Latin 323:secondary schools 284:political science 16:(Redirected from 6614: 6555: 6541: 6465:Gaston Bachelard 6386:Truth and Method 6370:World Hypotheses 6250:The Two Cultures 6165: 6155: 6145: 6130: 6119: 5861: 5815:Unity of science 5724:Legal positivism 5683: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5645: 5629: 5619: 5618: 5605: 5604: 5593: 5592: 5496:Regional science 5341:Cultural studies 5316:Business studies 4973: 4966: 4959: 4950: 4733:Self-realization 4545: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4399: 4308: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4264: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4230:Inside Higher Ed 4226: 4218: 4212: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4182:. Archived from 4168: 4162: 4155:Dilthey, Wilhelm 4152: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4093: 4087: 4078:Nussbaum, Martha 4075: 4066: 4059: 4053: 4046:Dilthey, Wilhelm 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4024: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3981: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3907: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3865: 3859: 3850:Business Insider 3843: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3821:. Archived from 3819:"Whitehouse.gov" 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3769: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3568: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3366:. Archived from 3365: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3271: 3265: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3190:"Does time fly?" 3185: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2708: 2699: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2636: 2627: 2626: 2605: 2599: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2570:. Archived from 2569: 2563:Boeckx, Cedric. 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2541:. Archived from 2535: 2529: 2528: 2518: 2512: 2500: 2494: 2481: 2475: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2408: 2402: 2397:"Humanity" 2.b, 2395: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2335:The Two Cultures 2269:Scott F. Gilbert 2204:cultural capital 2151:natural sciences 2072:natural sciences 1986:. Edwards said: 1814:Marketing (2.3%) 1732:studia humaniora 1410:' thunderbolt). 1000:differ from the 911:Magical thinking 860:Bertrand Russell 574:foreign language 378:humanities comes 358:source criticism 335:foreign language 145:applied sciences 129:natural sciences 88: 85: 66:The philosopher 59: 52:cultural studies 36: 21: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6558: 6514: 6480:Paul Feyerabend 6475:Wilhelm Dilthey 6448: 6325: 6264: 6181: 6124: 6109: 6056:Ramsey sentence 6011:Instrumentalism 5940: 5918: 5916:paradigm shifts 5909: 5846:Critical theory 5824: 5820:Verificationism 5768: 5764:Russian Machism 5712: 5677: 5672: 5642: 5637: 5613: 5581: 5548: 5532: 5506:Science studies 5290:Administration 5279: 5005: 4982: 4980:Social sciences 4977: 4947: 4942: 4882: 4827: 4752: 4738:Self-reflection 4728:Moral character 4687:Human condition 4639:Critical theory 4579: 4543: 4490:Performing arts 4431: 4426: 4383:Wayback Machine 4317: 4312: 4311: 4306:Wayback Machine 4297:Retrieved from 4295: 4291: 4282: 4280: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4248: 4235: 4233: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4209:Wayback Machine 4195: 4191: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4076: 4069: 4060: 4056: 4044: 4040: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3921: 3919: 3910:Eaton, Fernin. 3909: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3882: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3857:Wayback Machine 3844: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3685: 3681: 3672: 3670: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3643: 3641: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3344: 3342: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3197: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2709: 2702: 2693: 2686: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2649: 2647: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2596:Wayback Machine 2587:Thagard, Paul, 2586: 2582: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2510:Wayback Machine 2501: 2497: 2492:Wayback Machine 2482: 2478: 2473:Wayback Machine 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2319:Social sciences 2283: 2247: 2212:Jürgen Habermas 2192: 2147: 2092:Mikhail Epstein 2076:social sciences 2064: 2055:self-reflection 2031:Wilhelm Dilthey 2024: 2019: 2006: 2001: 1969: 1956: 1947: 1916:core curriculum 1886: 1868: 1850: 1845: 1839: 1817:Medicine (1.7%) 1805:Finance (10.4%) 1783: 1778: 1751:social sciences 1676: 1606:colour theories 1588:, to body art. 1536: 1466: 1461: 1355:(1107–1187) of 1353:Emperor Gaozong 1342: 1337: 1323:) to codified, 1233:, perhaps from 1224: 1181:concerned with 1179:performing arts 1168: 1152:ethnomusicology 1125: 1105:Performance art 1087:, such as with 998:performing arts 994: 992:Performing arts 988: 986:Performing arts 876: 833:formal sciences 770: 764: 714:word literatura 681: 675: 603: 582: 545:natural science 533: 525:Main articles: 523: 477: 471: 431: 425: 420: 374: 272:social sciences 204:performing arts 137:formal sciences 133:social sciences 86: 60: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6620: 6618: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6584: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6547: 6542: 6533: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6438: 6430: 6422: 6414: 6406: 6398: 6390: 6382: 6374: 6366: 6358: 6350: 6342: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6301:Émile Durkheim 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6254: 6246: 6238: 6230: 6222: 6214: 6206: 6198: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6157: 6147: 6142:Methodenstreit 6136: 6134: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6083:Social science 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6043: 6038: 6036:Operationalism 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5948: 5946: 5945:Related topics 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5932: 5925: 5923: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5853: 5851:Falsifiability 5848: 5843: 5838: 5836:Antipositivism 5832: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5739:Postpositivism 5736: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5623: 5611: 5599: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5449:social science 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5381:Global studies 5378: 5376:Gender studies 5373: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5359:social science 5355:Environmental 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5054:macroeconomics 5051: 5049:microeconomics 5041: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4953: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4624: 4621:Belles-lettres 4617: 4612: 4607: 4605:Antipositivism 4602: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4316: 4315:External links 4313: 4310: 4309: 4289: 4259: 4246: 4213: 4189: 4186:on 2009-05-07. 4163: 4147: 4134: 4125: 4088: 4067: 4054: 4038: 3995: 3952: 3940: 3936:Stefan Collini 3928: 3912:"Academia.edu" 3902: 3891: 3860: 3835: 3810: 3784: 3772:New York Times 3756: 3730: 3704: 3695: 3679: 3663:Colbert Nation 3650: 3618: 3597: 3576: 3554: 3529: 3515: 3501: 3468: 3454: 3440: 3426: 3412: 3395: 3376: 3373:on 2018-05-06. 3351: 3326: 3291: 3284: 3266: 3253: 3240: 3227: 3206: 3180: 3168: 3138: 3131: 3111: 3104: 3084: 3079:978-0029023105 3078: 3060: 3053: 3035: 3028: 3010: 3004:978-0385073059 3003: 2985: 2979:978-0883446041 2978: 2960: 2945: 2939:978-0415289955 2938: 2920: 2914:978-0198724704 2913: 2895: 2888: 2870: 2864:978-0061452659 2863: 2845: 2839:978-0199735105 2838: 2820: 2814:978-0199943524 2813: 2795: 2789:978-0385073059 2788: 2770: 2755: 2748: 2728: 2716: 2700: 2684: 2656: 2628: 2621: 2600: 2580: 2577:on 2010-07-23. 2555: 2530: 2513: 2495: 2476: 2457: 2427: 2403: 2401:3rd Ed. (2003) 2387: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2295: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2251:Joseph Carroll 2246: 2243: 2235:indoctrination 2233:) in favor of 2223:Mark Bauerlein 2191: 2188: 2175:deconstruction 2171:Roland Barthes 2169:proclaimed by 2146: 2143: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2068:human sciences 2063: 2060: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1968: 1965: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1885: 1882: 1867: 1862: 1849: 1846: 1841:Main article: 1838: 1835: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1698:), along with 1675: 1672: 1657:conceptual art 1586:Sistine Chapel 1535: 1532: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1283:danced in the 1223: 1220: 1212:mummers' plays 1167: 1164: 1124: 1121: 990:Main article: 987: 984: 968:Zoroastrianism 893:social animals 885:social science 875: 872: 766:Main article: 763: 760: 708:Etymologically 677:Main article: 674: 671: 611:social science 599:Main article: 581: 578: 541:social science 522: 519: 515:social science 492:field of study 473:Main article: 470: 467: 427:Main article: 424: 421: 419: 416: 373: 370: 292:global studies 159:approaches of 26: 24: 18:Humane letters 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6619: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6574: 6569: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6495:György Lukács 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6321:Vienna Circle 6319: 6317: 6316:Berlin Circle 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6296:Eugen Dühring 6294: 6292: 6291:Auguste Comte 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186:Contributions 6184: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6100:Structuralism 6098: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6041:Phenomenalism 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5952:Behavioralism 5950: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5880:Human science 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5805:Pseudoscience 5803: 5801: 5800:Justification 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5572:Human science 5570: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5528:Vegan studies 5526: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Public health 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5425:Philosophies 5424: 5422: 5421:Media studies 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396:Human ecology 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5306:Anthrozoology 5304: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5231:developmental 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5204:public policy 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5155:legal systems 5153: 5151: 5150:legal history 5148: 5146: 5145:jurisprudence 5143: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4962: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4844:Human science 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4560:Environmental 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4463:Language arts 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4293: 4290: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4232: 4231: 4225: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4172:Fish, Stanley 4167: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3895: 3892: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3825:on 2014-10-21 3824: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3773: 3768: 3760: 3757: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3731: 3719: 3718:The Chronicle 3715: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3669:on 2013-09-09 3668: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3565: 3558: 3555: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3436: 3430: 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