1244:
material waste. Compared to commercial supply chains, addressing environmental issues is more challenging in humanitarian logistics due to volatile context and absence of basic infrastructure such as recycling facilities. However, several humanitarian organizations such as
International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC) have recently started to incorporate sustainability in their long-term strategy. Use of digital technologies have shown to provide humanitarian organizations with more visibility across their supply chain and thus lead to more environmentally sustainable supply chains.
1202:
this problem in humanitarian logistics. Bar code labels make it possible to represent alphanumeric characters (letters and numbers) by means of bars and blanks of varying widths that can be read automatically by optical scanners. This system recognizes and processes these symbols, compares their patterns with those already stored in computer memory, and interpret the information. This standardized coding system means that there can be a one-on-one, unique, non-ambiguous relationship between the pattern and that to which it refers. At present, bar codes are mostly used in:
33:
290:
1571:. Pan American Health Organization. Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Relief Coordination Program.; World Health Organization. Division of Emergency and Humanitarian Action. : Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Relief Program, Pan American Health Organization; : Dept. of Emergency and Humanitarian Action, Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments, World Health Organization. 2001.
134:, and exchanging information. Thus, a good broader definition of humanitarian logistics is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of goods and materials, as well as related information, from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of alleviating the suffering of vulnerable people.
264:
306:
395:
Transport plays a key role in mobilizing supplies to help emergency humanitarian assistance reach affected regions. In humanitarian logistics, it is important to determine the feasibility of various forms of transport on the basis of the level of urgency, total costs, and geographical characteristics
317:
warehouses. However, it is common in humanitarian logistics to have four types of warehouses as mentioned above. Depending on the magnitude of disasters and the urgency, a certain type of warehouses is needed. For example, for unexpected disasters, temporary warehouses are more common than others. In
259:: where products are stored for a long time (e.g., months or quarters) or until they are sent to secondary warehouses or distributed in the field. General delivery warehouses are more common in the capital of beneficiary or donor countries or at strategic points of a given region (based on forecasts).
1201:
One major concern in humanitarian logistics management is the reliability of product sources because the most popularly-procured item is food. In the past, there were cases regarding food unsafety caused by the unclear origins of products. Recently, bar codes have been a feasible solution to address
1192:
The tags are useful in identifying information about delivery routes. They are attached to different types of vehicles, including pallets, trucks, vans, and large containers, to position the location of shipments en route. In addition, they can read information when the vehicles pass through points
1183:
and containers and inserted to a processing unit which can give all details about a delivery. The use of those cards is beneficial to both shippers and beneficiaries in humanitarian logistics management because beneficiaries can plan resources, especially food and medicines, or find alternatives.
179:
Second, humanitarian logistics is considered the repository of data that can be analyzed to provide post-event learning. Logistics data reflects all aspects, from the effectiveness of suppliers and transportation providers, to the cost and timeliness of response, to the appropriateness of donated
1136:
Technology is a key factor to achieve better results in disaster logistics. Setting up a communication mechanism in geographies that are remote and devoid of internet or phone networks, implementing up-to-date information or tracking systems & using humanitarian logistics software which can
236:
should be designed by taking precautions for contamination or waste of materials and organized in order to facilitate deliveries to the desired area at the desired time and quantities. In addition, responsible authorities aim at maximizing responsiveness and minimizing distribution times, total
1243:
While the primary goal of humanitarian logistics is saving lives, their environmental impact has been a source of concern. Adverse environmental impact can emanate from all the operations throughout the humanitarian supply chain including procurement, transportation, warehousing, delivery, and
706:
distance, form of access to the delivery point (by air, water, or land). This factor should be taken into consideration because mobilizing the goods from the ports to the final destinations is often constrained by poor local infrastructure and unexpected events such as floods, landslides, and
161:
Humanitarian logistics plays an integral role in disaster relief for several reasons. First, humanitarian logistics contributes immensely to mitigating the negative impact of natural disasters in terms of loss of life and economic costs. These losses occur in four different ways:
285:: where emergency supplies quickly move in and out, on a daily or at most weekly basis. Such warehouses are situated near the heart of affected zones and hold items that require prompt distribution among the affected population, including food, blankets, and hygiene items.
129:
or complex emergencies to the affected area and people. However, this definition focuses only on the physical flow of goods to final destinations, and in reality, humanitarian logistics is far more complicated and includes forecasting and optimizing resources, managing
1145:
for identifying persons or unauthorized substances, wireless telecommunications, media technology for promoting donations, and medical technologies are some more aspects of technology applied in humanitarian operations. There are four main developments in this field:
344:
A logistical technique which can improve responsiveness is inventory pre-positioning. This technique is used for estimating item quantities required according to specific safety stock levels and order frequency, or for searching optimal locations for warehouses using
1158:
Automated manifest system (AMS) cards have been used by the United States government to store substantial amounts of information about shipments. The cards have become more popular in humanitarian logistics as they are able to provide various aspects related to:
334:
Size and access to warehouses: the size of the storage site is significantly important. One must take into account not just its current capacity but also the potential for expansion of the storage area. Accessibility is another key issue, particularly for large
180:
goods and the management of information. Thus, it is critical to the performance of both current and future operations and programs. Organizing emergency response plans will help preparation and consequently mobilization in times of disasters.
196:
As can be seen in the above Figure, the process is complicated with the involvement of various actors in different locations. To be more specific, the process connects various actors, including, donors, local/international
189:
98:
723:
The below table provides a simple formula to help planners forecast transport demand during a disaster. There are three main components: the number of trips for a vehicle, the volume, and the total number of vehicles.
330:
Type of supplies: Pharmaceutical products and foods require a well-ventilated, cool, dry place. Some of these products may even need temperature control. Other items, such as clothing or equipment, have more flexible
1193:
along the route. After that, the information is stored on a label. Together with the AMS cards, they can provide an effective solution to humanitarian logistics to increase its transparency and responsiveness.
713:
In most emergency situations, needed goods, particularly food and fuels, are sent by air to destinations although this option is expensive. In humanitarian logistics, the priority is to save more lives.
694:: Different categories of products requires different handling methods as well as temperature control. For example, hazardous materials must be stored separately from pharmaceutical products and food.
842:
301:: where incoming supplies are stored until a more appropriate space can be found. Temporary collection sites include yards, offices, meeting rooms, and garages of disaster relief organizations.
937:
1029:
205:
The flow of material: the flow of products from donors to beneficiaries, including food, blankets, medicines, and water, and the reverse flow of returned products after disasters.
237:
costs, and the number of distribution centers. The entire storage process is of key importance for preserving emergency supplies until they can be delivered to recipients.
62:
1764:
201:, local governments, and beneficiaries. There are three fundamental flows in this process: the flow of material, the flow of money, and the flow of information.
1184:
Therefore, this application can make the process more flexible and efficient. In addition, AMS cards are cheap, reusable, and resistant to extreme weather.
597:
Useful for supplying riverside and nearby communities with moderate amounts of emergency aid, or for moving people and supplies in the event of a flood.
2180:
Martin
Christopher and Peter Tatham, 2011, Humanitarian Logistics: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing for and Responding to Disasters, Kogan Page,
1778:
Zhang, MS, Han; Strawderman, PhD, Lesley; Eksioglu, PhD, Burak (2011-01-01). "The role of intermodal transportation in humanitarian supply chains".
1231:
Communication, especially in the remote disaster zones is often difficult due to absence or damage to the mobile communication networks. During the
379:
Each model has different advantages and disadvantages; therefore, it is important for inventory planners to consider all aspects, including total
1520:
1456:
2123:
2109:
2280:
2274:
1123:
In the event that the truck needs protracted repairs, the daily fee might still be applicable unless stipulated otherwise in the contract.
1391:
Monaghan, Asmat; Lycett, Mark (16 January 2014). "Big data and humanitarian supply networks: Can Big Data give voice to the voiceless?".
2193:
1481:
Heaslip, Graham; Kovács, Gyöngyi; Haavisto, Ira (2018-04-03). "Cash-based response in relief: the impact for humanitarian logistics".
519:
Land travel may be dangerous in certain areas, due to the threat of landslides, floods, earthquake damage, armed conflict, or bandits.
1914:
1740:
1576:
84:
2185:
1853:
1320:
1897:
Zhang, Xiaoqiang; Dong, Qin; Hu, Fangjie (2012-11-08). "Applications of RFID in
Logistics and Supply Chains: An Overview".
1813:
748:
1261:
Overstreet, Robert E.; Hall, Dianne; Hanna, Joe B.; Kelly Rainer, R. (2011-10-21). "Research in humanitarian logistics".
623:
1102:
The size of vehicles might not be suitable with the size of loads, which leads to more vehicles and hence higher costs.
45:
2263:
1232:
855:
1068:
Clients pay for the transport of the goods regardless of the time the trip takes or whether the truck is full or not.
950:
55:
49:
41:
318:
contrast, for planned disasters, general delivery warehouses are needed to store products in beneficiary countries.
2296:
1830:
1600:
1235:
in 2022, Starlink (Satellite internet) services opened a new possibility to restore this vital service capability.
142:
232:
Developing logistics warehousing to store all essential goods plays a crucial role in disaster response planning.
1932:"To greener pastures: An action research study on the environmental sustainability of humanitarian supply chains"
462:
Requires special fuels, such as Jet A1, which although common are not always available in the area of operations.
346:
66:
2270:
The Center for Health & Humanitarian
Systems at Georgia Tech (formerly Health & Humanitarian Logistics)
2269:
1075:
Carriers might include other clients' loads in the same shipment, which may compromise the safety of supplies.
1614:
349:. Logistics is one of the major tools of disaster preparedness, among surveillance, rehearsal, warning, and
1041:
There are three primary types of transport contracts. Each type has distinct advantages and disadvantages.
275:: where non-urgent or reserve stockpiles are kept, including goods that are not in frequent demand such as
1931:
373:
2160:
2134:
1141:, increase the quickness of the relief operations and achieve better coordination of the relief effort.
314:
1099:
Carriers might not fill each vehicle to its maximum capacity in order to multiply the number of trips.
1078:
Drivers might use a less direct route to add kilometers to bills, which increases both time and costs.
2205:
Tatham, Peter; Kovács, Gyöngyi (2010). "The application of "swift trust" to humanitarian logistics".
1664:
2033:
1395:. 2013 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC) – 20-23 Oct 2013 – San Jose, CA. IEEE.
2018:
498:
Depends mainly on the physical and safety conditions of the access routes to the delivery points.
2198:
Karen Spens and Gyöngyi Kovacs, 2010, Back to basics - is logistics again about cutting costs?,
2053:
2000:
1961:
1758:
1594:
1373:
561:
368:
209:
506:
Inexpensive and readily available (it is easier to find cars and trucks than any other vehicle).
2189:
2181:
2119:
2105:
1910:
1859:
1849:
1824:
1795:
1746:
1736:
1708:
1582:
1572:
1498:
1437:
1365:
1326:
1316:
1278:
700:: Both are critical factors that determine the capacity of vehicles and the type of transport.
2199:
1980:
2245:
2222:
2214:
2045:
1992:
1951:
1943:
1902:
1787:
1698:
1490:
1427:
1396:
1357:
1346:"Big data in humanitarian supply chain management: a review and further research directions"
1270:
363:
358:
216:
126:
289:
212:, order transmissions, and order status reports, to ensure preparedness and communications.
2236:
Kovács, Gyöngyi; Spens, Karen (2009). "Identifying challenges in humanitarian logistics".
2173:
2147:
1138:
350:
114:
1116:
Clients have the exclusive use of vehicle. It is usually the best option for short trips.
687:
When planning the type and capacity of transport, five major considerations are crucial:
629:
A combination of at least two means of transport, with the most common being truck/rail.
567:
Used mostly for transporting supplies from abroad. Requires access to a harbor or pier.
2034:"Managing medical waste in humanitarian supply chains: lessons for healthcare services"
585:
Need to use other transport to take the supplies to the warehouse or operations center.
553:
Need to use other transport to take the supplies to the warehouse or operations center.
528:
146:
1298:
From
Logistics to Supply Chain Management: The Path Forward in the Humanitarian Sector
17:
2290:
2057:
2004:
1965:
1377:
719:: Depending on one option represents a risk, especially there are some force majeure.
384:
380:
326:
When selecting an appropriate site to store goods, two considerations are important:
172:
Losses due to the increase in the price of consumable and construction materials; and
150:
137:
This figure presents numerous important aspects in humanitarian logistics, including
2155:
Anne Leslie
Davidson (2006). "Key performance indicators in humanitarian logistics".
2086:"Comparison of Disaster Logistics Planning and Execution for 2005 Hurricane Season"
1639:
110:
2129:
Anup Roop
Akkihal (2006). "Inventory pre-positioning for humanitarian operations".
1979:
Charles J., Corbett; Alfonso J., Pedraza-Martinez; Luk N., Van
Wassenhove (2022).
1150:, AMS laser cards, radio frequency tags & satellite based internet services.
615:
Use depends on the size and other characteristics of the river or other waterway.
2085:
1494:
125:
which specializes in organizing the delivery and warehousing of supplies during
2218:
1947:
1906:
2249:
1432:
1415:
1400:
1361:
1274:
1142:
656:
Used for small loads, generally in remote areas or places (horses or camels).
550:
Frequently awkward to load and offload supplies in railroad yards or stations.
276:
252:
categorized into four main types, depending on their functions and locations.
233:
198:
1799:
1750:
1712:
1502:
1441:
1369:
1282:
2049:
1863:
1703:
1686:
1586:
1330:
313:
Humanitarian
Warehouses can also be classified as perishables warehouses or
263:
242:
138:
131:
122:
106:
1345:
1791:
175:
Losses of millions of lives because of the scarcity of food and accidents.
2238:
International
Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management
1956:
1930:
Zarei, Mohammad Hossein; Carrasco-Gallego, Ruth; Ronchi, Stefano (2019).
1882:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (1997).
2227:
215:
The flow of money: includes checks, cash, and payment documents such as
2275:
The Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Research Institute (HUMLOG)
1996:
1219:
1147:
220:
1846:
Engineering in emergencies : a practical guide for relief workers
1137:
provide real-time supply chain information, organizations can enhance
1180:
535:
Depends on the existence and route of the railroad and its condition
459:
Requires plenty of space and safe conditions for landing and takeoff.
1521:"DEVELOPING HUMANITARIAN LOGISTIC STRATEGY: AN INTERSECTIONIST VIEW"
1457:"DEVELOPING HUMANITARIAN LOGISTIC STRATEGY: AN INTERSECTIONIST VIEW"
305:
1687:"Air Transport - A Source of Competitive Advantages of the Region"
304:
288:
262:
188:
187:
97:
96:
1569:
Humanitarian supply management and logistics in the health sector
1981:"Sustainable humanitarian operations: An integrated perspective"
1733:
Supply chain management : strategy, planning, and operation
453:
Depending on the size of the plane, cargo capacity may be small.
2102:
Measuring disaster preparedness: a practical guide to indicator
2084:
Iqbal, Qamar; Mehler, Kristin; Yildirim, Mehmet Bayram (2007).
169:
Losses in output and reductions in employment and tax receipts;
1901:. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers: 1399–1404.
1640:"Temporary Buildings - Storage, Logistics & Manufacturing"
516:
Routes might be in bad shape, impassable, or simply not exist.
26:
1936:
International Journal of Operations and Production Management
1483:
Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management
1263:
Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management
157:
The role of humanitarian logistics in disaster relief efforts
443:
Makes it possible to come closer to the area of operations.
2200:
http://lipas.uwasa.fi/~phelo/ICIL_2010_Proceedings_Rio.pdf
1393:
2013 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)
605:
Access to areas hard to reach by other forms of transport.
431:
or when there is no other way to reach the affected area.
612:
Small load capacity, depending on the size of the vessel.
387:, and demand variability, to have an efficient strategy.
101:
Visualizing Thomas's definition of humanitarian logistics
1814:"Global Shipping: Choosing the Best Method of Transport"
1344:
Gupta, Shivam; Altay, Nezih; Luo, Zongwei (2017-11-16).
1045:
The comparisons of three main transport contract types
728:
A simple formula for estimating the number of vehicles
166:
Losses of buildings, highways and other infrastructure;
2079:. MIT Center for Transportation & Logistics, POMS.
644:
The exchange of information among transport companies.
353:. There are four primary types of inventory planning:
1848:. Red R (Organization) (2nd ed.). London: ITDG.
1420:
South East European Journal of Economics and Business
953:
858:
751:
837:{\displaystyle {\frac {Period}{Duration/roundtrip}}}
1023:
931:
836:
2277:at HANKEN School of Economics (Helsinki, Finland)
509:Given its availability, cargo capacity increases.
2266:at MIT Center for Transportation & Logistics
932:{\displaystyle {\frac {Tons}{Capacity/vehicle}}}
405:Characteristics of different means of transport
54:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1685:Nedeva, Keranka; Genchev, Evgeni (2018-10-01).
1024:{\displaystyle {\frac {Loads}{Trips/Vehicles}}}
400:Characteristics of different means of transport
1239:Environmental impact of humanitarian logistics
1188:Radio Frequency Identification Tags and Labels
683:Considerations of different means of transport
2207:International Journal of Production Economics
1092:Clients have the exclusive use of vehicle(s).
8:
2075:Blanco, Edgar E.; Goentzel, Jarrod (2006).
1763:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1132:New technologies in humanitarian logistics
2226:
1955:
1702:
1431:
989:
954:
952:
900:
859:
857:
799:
752:
750:
456:Susceptible to meteorological conditions.
85:Learn how and when to remove this message
2038:British Journal of Healthcare Management
1043:
726:
692:The nature of supplies to be transported
543:Operating costs are generally quite low.
429:Used when supplies are needed urgently,
403:
1253:
109:has been mostly utilized in commercial
2169:
2158:
2143:
2132:
1822:
1756:
1592:
1563:
1561:
717:Alternative means, methods, and routes
2281:Humanitarian Logistics in Emergencies
1877:
1875:
1873:
1731:Chopra, Sunil; Meindl, Peter (2016).
1726:
1724:
1722:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1514:
1512:
267:A general delivery warehouse of UNHCR
192:The process of humanitarian logistics
184:The process of humanitarian logistics
7:
2077:Humanitarian supply chains: a review
1985:Production and Operations Management
1844:Davis, Jan; Lambert, Robert (2002).
1665:"Warehouse and Distribution Science"
742:Number of possible trips per vehicle
1179:The AMS cards are attached to both
2116:Technology for humanitarian action
208:The flow of information: includes
113:, it is also an important tool in
25:
1227:Satellite based internet services
698:The weight and volume of the load
2032:Zarei, Mohammad Hossein (2022).
293:A slow rotation warehouse of WFP
31:
2264:Humanitarian Logistics Research
1780:Journal of Emergency Management
1691:Marketing and Branding Research
1672:Georgia Institute of Technology
1416:"The Humanitarian Relief Chain"
1615:"Dubai: global hub for relief"
1528:Asia Pacific Whitepaper Series
1464:Asia Pacific Whitepaper Series
357:Single-period inventory model/
1:
2019:"The ICRC Strategy 2019–2024"
1350:Annals of Operations Research
1819:. World Industrial Reporter.
1037:Types of transport contracts
711:The urgency of the delivery:
1495:10.1108/JHLSCM-08-2017-0043
1233:Russian invasion of Ukraine
474:More versatile than planes
309:A temporary collection site
257:General Delivery Warehouses
223:, and commercial contracts.
2313:
2283:training at RedR Australia
2219:10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.10.006
2021:. ICRC. 14 September 2018.
1948:10.1108/IJOPM-12-2018-0703
1907:10.1061/9780784412602.0213
664:Access to difficult areas.
634:Faster delivery than rail.
299:Temporary Collection Sites
2250:10.1108/09600030910985848
1433:10.2478/v10033-011-0015-x
1414:İlhan, Ali (2011-11-01).
1401:10.1109/ghtc.2013.6713725
1362:10.1007/s10479-017-2671-4
1311:Alexander, David (1993).
1275:10.1108/20426741111158421
1055:
1052:
440:Can reach far-away areas.
412:
283:Quick Rotation Warehouses
2100:Margaret O'Leary, 2004.
1735:(6th ed.). Boston.
479:Has limited cargo space.
273:Slow Rotation Warehouses
248:Humanitarian Warehouses
40:This article includes a
2090:InTrans Project Reports
2050:10.12968/bjhc.2022.0091
1704:10.33844/mbr.2018.60246
1519:SUNYOTO, USMAN (2006).
1455:SUNYOTO, USMAN (2006).
1300:. USA: Fritz Institute.
1296:Thomas, Anisya (2005).
1212:Catalog or price lists;
1086:Per vehicle per journey
602:Low cost of operations.
279:, equipment, and tools.
69:more precise citations.
2168:Cite journal requires
2142:Cite journal requires
2118:, Fordham Univ Press,
1884:Handbook for Delegates
1829:: CS1 maint: others (
1599:: CS1 maint: others (
1025:
933:
838:
733:Calculation procedure
671:Limited load capacity.
661:Low operational costs.
374:Dynamic lot-size model
310:
294:
268:
193:
119:Humanitarian logistics
102:
18:Humanitarian Logistics
1792:10.5055/jem.2011.0044
1315:. London: UCL Press.
1218:Forms, receipts, and
1209:Identification cards;
1026:
934:
839:
494:Land (motor vehicles)
369:Periodic review model
322:Choices of warehouses
308:
292:
266:
191:
100:
2114:Kevin Cahill, 2005,
1062:By the ton or ton/km
951:
856:
749:
572:Large load capacity.
540:Large load capacity.
340:Inventory management
143:inventory management
1621:. 22 September 2012
1166:Requisition number;
1110:Per vehicle per day
1046:
729:
437:Quick and reliable.
410:Types of transport
406:
396:of affected zones.
1997:10.1111/poms.13848
1356:(1–2): 1153–1173.
1044:
1021:
944:Number of vehicles
929:
834:
727:
404:
311:
295:
269:
194:
103:
42:list of references
2297:Freight transport
2124:978-0-8232-2394-7
2110:978-0-595-53170-7
1991:(12): 4393–4406.
1942:(11): 1193–1225.
1313:Natural disasters
1206:Product packages;
1129:
1128:
1034:
1033:
1019:
927:
832:
680:
679:
470:Air (Helicopters)
359:News-vendor model
347:facility location
217:Letters of credit
199:aid organizations
127:natural disasters
95:
94:
87:
16:(Redirected from
2304:
2253:
2232:
2230:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2097:
2080:
2062:
2061:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1868:
1867:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1754:
1728:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1565:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1258:
1047:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1018:
993:
972:
955:
938:
936:
935:
930:
928:
926:
904:
874:
860:
843:
841:
840:
835:
833:
831:
803:
773:
753:
730:
704:The destination:
652:Human and animal
503:Highly flexible.
413:Characteristics
407:
364:Base-stock model
210:demand forecasts
90:
83:
79:
76:
70:
65:this article by
56:inline citations
35:
34:
27:
21:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2287:
2286:
2260:
2235:
2204:
2167:
2157:
2154:
2141:
2131:
2128:
2083:
2074:
2071:
2069:Further reading
2066:
2065:
2044:(11): 269–274.
2031:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1886:. Geneva: IFRC.
1881:
1880:
1871:
1856:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1755:
1743:
1730:
1729:
1720:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1663:Ribbons, John.
1662:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1566:
1539:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1323:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1229:
1215:Product labels;
1199:
1190:
1156:
1139:decision making
1134:
1039:
973:
956:
949:
948:
875:
861:
854:
853:
849:Number of loads
774:
754:
747:
746:
685:
425:Air (Airplanes)
402:
393:
351:hazard analysis
342:
324:
246:
230:
186:
159:
121:is a branch of
115:disaster relief
91:
80:
74:
71:
60:
46:related reading
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2258:External links
2256:
2255:
2254:
2233:
2202:
2196:
2194:978-0749462468
2178:
2170:|journal=
2152:
2144:|journal=
2126:
2112:
2098:
2081:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2024:
2010:
1971:
1922:
1915:
1889:
1869:
1854:
1836:
1805:
1770:
1741:
1718:
1697:(4): 206–216.
1677:
1655:
1631:
1606:
1577:
1537:
1508:
1473:
1447:
1406:
1383:
1336:
1321:
1303:
1288:
1269:(2): 114–131.
1252:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:Shipment date;
1167:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1056:Disadvantages
1054:
1051:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
992:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
946:
940:
939:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
903:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
873:
870:
867:
864:
851:
845:
844:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
802:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
744:
738:
737:
734:
721:
720:
714:
708:
701:
695:
684:
681:
678:
677:
676:
675:
672:
667:
666:
665:
662:
657:
654:
648:
647:
646:
645:
640:
639:
638:
635:
630:
627:
619:
618:
617:
616:
613:
608:
607:
606:
603:
598:
595:
589:
588:
587:
586:
583:
578:
577:
576:
573:
568:
565:
557:
556:
555:
554:
551:
546:
545:
544:
541:
536:
533:
523:
522:
521:
520:
517:
512:
511:
510:
507:
504:
499:
496:
490:
489:
488:
487:
482:
481:
480:
475:
472:
466:
465:
464:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
446:
445:
444:
441:
438:
433:
427:
421:
420:
419:Disadvantages
417:
414:
411:
401:
398:
392:
389:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
341:
338:
337:
336:
332:
323:
320:
303:
302:
287:
286:
280:
261:
260:
245:
239:
229:
226:
225:
224:
213:
206:
185:
182:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
158:
155:
151:communications
147:infrastructure
93:
92:
75:September 2017
50:external links
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2309:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2162:
2153:
2149:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2104:, iUniverse,
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1957:11311/1124635
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1916:9780784412602
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1742:9780133800203
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1578:9789275123751
1574:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1489:(1): 87–106.
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1163:Stock number;
1162:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
947:
945:
942:
941:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
901:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
871:
868:
865:
862:
852:
850:
847:
846:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
800:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
732:
731:
725:
718:
715:
712:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
688:
682:
673:
670:
669:
668:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
643:
642:
641:
636:
633:
632:
631:
628:
626:
625:
621:
620:
614:
611:
610:
609:
604:
601:
600:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:
581:
580:
579:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
564:
563:
559:
558:
552:
549:
548:
547:
542:
539:
538:
537:
534:
532:
530:
525:
524:
518:
515:
514:
513:
508:
505:
502:
501:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
485:
484:
483:
478:
477:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
448:
447:
442:
439:
436:
435:
434:
432:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
409:
408:
399:
397:
390:
388:
386:
385:service level
382:
381:holding costs
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
356:
355:
354:
352:
348:
339:
333:
331:requirements.
329:
328:
327:
321:
319:
316:
307:
300:
297:
296:
291:
284:
281:
278:
274:
271:
270:
265:
258:
255:
254:
253:
251:
244:
240:
238:
235:
227:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
204:
203:
202:
200:
190:
183:
181:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
163:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:supply chains
108:
99:
89:
86:
78:
68:
64:
58:
57:
51:
47:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
2241:
2237:
2228:10138/158283
2210:
2206:
2161:cite journal
2135:cite journal
2115:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2076:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2013:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1845:
1839:
1808:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1732:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1671:
1658:
1647:. Retrieved
1644:CopriSystems
1643:
1634:
1623:. Retrieved
1619:gulfnews.com
1618:
1609:
1568:
1531:
1527:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1450:
1426:(2): 45–54.
1423:
1419:
1409:
1392:
1386:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1312:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1242:
1230:
1200:
1191:
1178:
1157:
1135:
1109:
1085:
1061:
1040:
943:
848:
741:
722:
716:
710:
703:
697:
691:
686:
651:
637:Flexibility.
622:
592:
560:
526:
493:
469:
430:
424:
394:
378:
343:
325:
312:
298:
282:
272:
256:
249:
247:
231:
195:
178:
160:
136:
118:
117:operations.
104:
81:
72:
61:Please help
53:
1053:Advantages
575:Economical.
416:Advantages
277:spare parts
67:introducing
2244:(6): 506.
2186:0749462469
1899:Iclem 2012
1855:1853395218
1649:2019-05-04
1625:2019-05-04
1322:1857280938
1248:References
1175:Consignee.
1143:Biometrics
624:Intermodal
234:Warehouses
2213:: 35–45.
2058:253357097
2005:252195890
1966:211427209
1800:1543-5865
1786:(1): 25.
1759:cite book
1751:890807865
1713:2476-3160
1595:cite book
1503:2042-6747
1442:1840-118X
1378:125555313
1370:0254-5330
1283:2042-6747
1197:Bar Codes
1172:Quantity;
1154:AMS Cards
1148:bar codes
391:Transport
335:vehicles.
243:warehouse
241:Types of
139:transport
132:inventory
123:logistics
107:logistics
105:Although
2291:Category
1864:49758116
1825:cite web
1587:50476856
1331:30508919
1220:invoices
736:Formula
562:Maritime
1181:pallets
707:storms.
486:Costly.
450:Costly.
228:Storage
221:invoice
63:improve
2192:
2184:
2122:
2108:
2056:
2003:
1964:
1913:
1862:
1852:
1798:
1749:
1739:
1711:
1585:
1575:
1501:
1440:
1376:
1368:
1329:
1319:
1281:
1050:Types
527:Land (
250:can be
149:, and
2054:S2CID
2001:S2CID
1962:S2CID
1817:(PDF)
1668:(PDF)
1524:(PDF)
1460:(PDF)
1374:S2CID
674:Slow.
593:River
582:Slow.
48:, or
2190:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2174:help
2148:help
2120:ISBN
2106:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1860:OCLC
1850:ISBN
1831:link
1796:ISSN
1765:link
1747:OCLC
1737:ISBN
1709:ISSN
1601:link
1583:OCLC
1573:ISBN
1499:ISSN
1438:ISSN
1366:ISSN
1327:OCLC
1317:ISBN
1279:ISSN
529:rail
2246:doi
2223:hdl
2215:doi
2211:126
2094:167
2046:doi
1993:doi
1952:hdl
1944:doi
1903:doi
1788:doi
1699:doi
1491:doi
1428:doi
1397:doi
1358:doi
1354:283
1271:doi
315:3PL
2293::
2242:39
2240:.
2221:.
2209:.
2188:,
2165::
2163:}}
2159:{{
2139::
2137:}}
2133:{{
2092:.
2088:.
2052:.
2042:28
2040:.
2036:.
1999:.
1989:31
1987:.
1983:.
1960:.
1950:.
1940:39
1938:.
1934:.
1909:.
1872:^
1858:.
1827:}}
1823:{{
1794:.
1782:.
1761:}}
1757:{{
1745:.
1721:^
1707:.
1693:.
1689:.
1670:.
1642:.
1617:.
1597:}}
1593:{{
1581:.
1540:^
1532:12
1530:.
1526:.
1511:^
1497:.
1485:.
1468:12
1466:.
1462:.
1436:.
1422:.
1418:.
1372:.
1364:.
1352:.
1348:.
1325:.
1277:.
1265:.
383:,
219:,
153:.
145:,
141:,
52:,
44:,
2252:.
2248::
2231:.
2225::
2217::
2176:)
2172:(
2150:)
2146:(
2096:.
2060:.
2048::
2007:.
1995::
1968:.
1954::
1946::
1919:.
1905::
1866:.
1833:)
1802:.
1790::
1784:9
1767:)
1753:.
1715:.
1701::
1695:5
1674:.
1652:.
1628:.
1603:)
1589:.
1534:.
1505:.
1493::
1487:8
1470:.
1444:.
1430::
1424:6
1403:.
1399::
1380:.
1360::
1333:.
1285:.
1273::
1267:1
1222:.
1016:s
1013:e
1010:l
1007:c
1004:i
1001:h
998:e
995:V
991:/
987:s
984:p
981:i
978:r
975:T
970:s
967:d
964:a
961:o
958:L
924:e
921:l
918:c
915:i
912:h
909:e
906:v
902:/
898:y
895:t
892:i
889:c
886:a
883:p
880:a
877:C
872:s
869:n
866:o
863:T
829:p
826:i
823:r
820:t
817:d
814:n
811:u
808:o
805:r
801:/
797:n
794:o
791:i
788:t
785:a
782:r
779:u
776:D
771:d
768:o
765:i
762:r
759:e
756:P
531:)
88:)
82:(
77:)
73:(
59:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
