20:
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The
Constitution introduced radical political reforms to the province, including the creation of universal suffrage, the position of civilian governor, multiple assemblies and councils including a provincial and local ones, all elected. In 1922, elections went forth, electing the councillors to local
59:
sprung out, advocated by members of the new civil society in China. The federalists advocated for each autonomous province of China having its own constitution, coming together in a federation. The federalists were notably against the rule of the warlords and supported civilian government. The apogee
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Zhao Hengti came to power in
November 1920, with Tan having passed down his position to him and fleeing the province due to instability in rural areas. Zhao, a Hunan native, was more receptive to Hunan interests and announced that he would work for federalism. Zhao was a military ruler, however, and
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The
Constitution was viewed positively by different parts of society - communists believed that it would develop class consciousness, liberals believed that it enhanced democracy and public participation in politics, and some believed that the constitution would limit the power of the military. In
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other provinces of China, the
Constitution inspired other constitutionalists to move for provincial constitutionalism, kicking off a conference of eight important groups in Chinese politics in Shanghai aimed at encouraging provincial leaders to create their own constitutions.
108:. Tao argues that this political support was pragmatic and only aimed at entrenching his own power, while Tang argues that this was partially due to a genuine desire for the autonomy of Hunan from Beijing and the improvement of Hunanese politics.
92:. Tan reduced military spending within the province, opened up elections for governorship, and invited constitutionalist and federalist intellectuals to spread their ideas. These intellectuals notably included
124:
Hunan natives such as Li
Jiannong chaired the committee that wrote the constitution. Promulgated in 1921, Zhao Hengti claimed the constitution was supported through a democratic referendum.
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in July 1920, setting the foundation for the provincial constitution through creating the
Provincial Federal Movement. Tan voiced his support for an autonomous Hunan (under the slogan
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Chen
Jiongming and the Federalist Movement: Regional Leadership and Nation Building in Early Republican China
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39:, a federalist, Zhao Hengti took it to completion. Thirteen authors drafted the document, including
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under the constitution. It served as an inspiration for other constitutional movements in China.
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Mutiny in Hunan: Writing and
Rewriting the "Warlord Era" in Early Republican Chinese History
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federalism was anti-warlord, leading Zhao to coopt federalism for himself as a warlord.
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Zhao Hengti, who made himself civilian governor of Hunan with the constitution
333:. Michigan Monographs In Chinese Studies. U of M Center For Chinese Studies,
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criticized this, saying that he "betrayed all the ideas he had supported".
88:, or "Hunan ruled by Hunanese") and federalism as espoused by federalist
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being the province that took the idea the furthest under the rule of
43:, and it was examined by 155 people. Zhao Hengti became the Civilian
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18:
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The Power of the Gun: The
Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism
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was a provincial constitution of Hunan province as part of the
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308:Balme, S.; Dowdle, Michael W. (28 September 2009).
379:. UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations.
60:of this movement came between 1920 and 1923, with
393:"A Comprehensive Study of Federalism in China"
55:During the early Warlord Era, a movement for
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35:. Originally proposed by civilian governor
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311:Building Constitutionalism in China
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400:Waseda Bulletin of Comparative Law
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348:. University of Berkeley Press.
329:Chen, Leslie H. Dingyan (1999).
16:Provincial constitution in China
120:Publishing of the Constitution
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29:Hunan Provincial Constitution
335:University of Michigan Press
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342:McCord, Edward A. (1993).
314:. Palgrave Macmillan US.
33:federal movement in China
76:The civilian politician
370:Tang, Jonathan (2019).
287:Balme & Dowdle 2009
239:Balme & Dowdle 2009
186:Balme & Dowdle 2009
391:Liu, Di (March 2001).
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439:Constitution of China
80:ousted the unpopular
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364:Theses/Dissertations
132:Reception and Impact
72:Federalism in Hunan
86:Xiangren zhi Xiang
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321:978-0-230-62395-8
45:Governor of Hunan
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429:History of Hunan
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385:Journal articles
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408:. Retrieved
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210:McCord 1993
174:McCord 1993
98:Cai Yuanpei
90:Li Jiannong
66:Zhao Hengti
423:Categories
141:References
128:councils.
114:Mao Zedong
102:John Dewey
78:Tan Yankai
57:federalism
51:Background
37:Tan Yankai
275:Tang 2019
263:Tang 2019
251:Tang 2019
222:Tang 2019
159:Chen 1999
146:Citations
198:Liu 2001
94:Zhang Ji
406:: 17–31
410:31 May
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104:, and
396:(PDF)
377:(PDF)
302:Books
62:Hunan
412:2021
350:ISBN
316:ISBN
27:The
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