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1154:. But Pedro refused to make payments, to the chagrin of his English and Navarrese allies. Without them, Pedro was once more deposed, and lost his life. Again the English gained nothing from their intervention, except the enmity of the new king of Castile, who allied himself with France. The English merchant community that had been established in Seville was massacred on Henry's order. Between 1372 and 1380, Castilian corsairs raided the southern coasts of England with relative impunity, turning the tide in the Hundred Years' War decisively in France's favour.
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1107:) while the French backed the heir general, the House of Blois. Since Brittany allowed female succession, the French considered the Blois side to be the rightful heir. The war began in 1341, but the English continued backing the Montforts even after the Peace of Brétigny. The English-supported claimant
1374:
started the Great Schism. This event split the Church for almost four decades and thwarted papal efforts to prevent or end the
Hundred Years' War. The disputed papal succession resulted in several lines of popes competing for the support of national rulers, which exacerbated the political divisions
1344:
Charles V died in
September 1380 and was succeeded by his underage son, Charles VI, who was placed under the joint regency of his three uncles. With his successes, Charles may have believed that the end of the war was at hand. On his deathbed, Charles V repealed the royal taxation necessary to fund
1157:
The Black Prince's intervention in the
Castilian Civil War, and the failure of Pedro to reward his services, depleted the prince's treasury. He resolved to recover his losses by raising the taxes in Aquitaine. The Gascons, unaccustomed to such taxes, complained. Unheeded, they turned to the King of
1261:
By burning manors, mills and villages, they hoped to destroy the French tax base and demonstrate
Charles's inability to protect his subjects, moving at speed to allow them strike and withdraw before the enemy could respond. On this occasion, Charles issued strict instructions to avoid major combat
1281:
on
Christmas Eve 1373, the English had been decimated by disease and starvation, with many of the knights on foot. Defeat caused great anger and resentment in England against John of Gaunt, who remained a powerful political player, but his unpopularity meant his efforts to agree peace with France
1119:
in 1364. By that time, however, Edward III no longer had a claim to the throne of France, so John had to accept the suzerainty of the French king in order to hold his duchy in peace. Thus, the
English derived no benefit from their victory. In fact, the French received the benefit of improved
1183:
When
Charles V resumed the war, the balance had shifted in his favour; France remained the largest and most powerful state in Western Europe, and England had lost its most capable military leaders. Edward III was too old and the Black Prince an invalid, while in December 1370,
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the King of France had lost his suzerainty over
Aquitaine. After reflecting on the matter, it was asserted that Edward III's renunciation of France had been imperfect. In consequence, the King of France retained his suzerainty over Aquitaine.
1092:, Edward III renounced his claim to the French throne in exchange for the duchy of Aquitaine in full sovereignty. During the nine years of formal peace between the two kingdoms, the English and French clashed in Brittany and Castile.
1219:, when a supply convoy carrying reinforcements for Aquitaine, along with £20,000 to pay the troops, was intercepted and sunk by a Castilian fleet. This exposed the English coast to French and Spanish raids, isolated
1353:. As tax collectors arrived at other French cities, the revolt spread and violence broke out in Paris and most of France's other northern cities. The regency was forced to repeal the taxes to calm the situation.
1064:. The prince refused, and Charles responded by declaring war. He immediately set out to reverse the territorial losses imposed at Brétigny and he was largely successful in his lifetime. His successor,
581:
1227:, a Gascon fighting for the English who had filled the gap left by Chandos, was captured in the fighting around La Rochelle. Despite pleas from his own knights, Charles refused to ransom the
1375:
of the war. Despite papal involvement in peace conferences throughout the 14th century, no settlement was ever reached, in part because the papacy was not influential enough to impose one.
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1060:. The people's complaints were unheeded, so they appealed to the French King Charles V. In May 1369, the Black Prince received summons from the French king demanding his presence in
1250:, the Chevauchée had been planned for three years. The English were known for their capability in this type of warfare. The English plan involved marching from Calais through
1314:, and England by John of Gaunt. Talks eventually broke down over the issue of Aquitaine; the English wanted full sovereignty, while the French insisted it be retained by the
1282:
were unsuccessful. By 1374, the Treaty of
Bretigny had been nullified in fact as well as name; apart from Calais, England held no more territory than before their victory at
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and ordered farmers to take refuge in fortified towns. As they entered
Burgundy, the English columns were tracked by one of du Guesclin's most effective subordinates,
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With peace in France, the mercenaries and soldiers lately employed in the war became unemployed, and turned to plundering. Charles V also had a score to settle with
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1208:. Rather than seeking battle, the English were worn down by an incremental approach whereby the areas ceded at Bretigny were retaken piece by piece, including
1041:(signed 1360). In this part of the conflict, the Crown of Castile emerges as a supporter of France. The Kingdom of France dominated this phase of the war.
851:
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1329:, to negotiate with Charles, who returned home when Edward himself died in June. He was succeeded on the throne of England by his ten-year-old grandson,
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1341:, could forcefully revive their claim to the French throne. The war nonetheless continued until the first of a series of truces was signed in 1389.
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summoned the Black Prince to answer the complaints of his vassals, but Edward refused. The Caroline phase of the Hundred Years' War began.
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in 1369 and 1375, the plague had a devastating economic impact, making it difficult for him to fund the campaign. According to chronicler
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to the throne of Castile. The Castilian King was unable to repay him, however, so the Black Prince raised taxes in his domains in
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agreed a 12-month truce between the two sides while they negotiated an end to the fighting. France was represented by
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1135:, and had her poisoned. Charles V ordered Du Guesclin to lead these bands to Castile to depose Pedro the Cruel. The
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1318:. Despite attempts by the Pope to broker a compromise, agreement could not be reached and the war resumed in 1377.
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Harari, Y., (2000). "Strategy and Supply in Fourteenth Century Western European Invasion" *Campaigns.
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The English responded with a series of destructive military expeditions into French territory called
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the war effort. As the regents attempted to reimpose the taxation, a popular revolt known as the
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Jones, W.R., (1979). "The English Church and Royal Propaganda during the Hundred Years' War".
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for aid, promising rewards. The Black Prince succeeded in restoring Pedro following the
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into Aquitaine, a journey of over 1,000 miles lasting five months.
1494:
Ayton, A., (1992). "War and the English Gentry under Edward III".
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The Black Prince died in 1376; in April 1377, Edward III sent his
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In August 1372, the English suffered a disastrous naval defeat at
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312:
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29:
1223:, and increased public opposition to the war. In addition,
1333:. It was not until Richard had been deposed by his cousin
1690:
1688:
1406:
The Great Chevauchée: John of Gaunt's Raid on France 1373
1076:, in 1389. This truce was extended many times until the
1461:
Williams, Glanmor (2004). "Houghton, Adam (d. 1389)".
1565:
Medieval Culture and the Mexican American Borderlands
1146:
Having been opposed by the French, Pedro appealed to
1367:
In 1378 Charles V's support for the election of the
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2046:
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1992:
1951:
1944:
1879:
1872:
1200:. On the advice of Bertrand du Guesclin, appointed
1131:, King of Castile, who married his sister-in-law,
1120:generalship in the person of the Breton commander
1569:. Texas A&M University Press. 2001. p.
1052:, spent a huge sum of money in order to restore
94:
1545:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
1425:International Encyclopedia of Military History
1850:
1518:A Distant Mirror; the calamitous 14th century
1139:ensued. Du Guesclin succeeded in his object;
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8:
1467:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1274:in October, leaving them short of supplies.
1158:France as their feudal overlord. But by the
1385:Cannon, J. A. (2002). "Bruges, treaty of".
1242:in 1373; launched between two bouts of the
1037:, who resumed the war nine years after the
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1948:
1876:
1857:
1843:
1835:
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1111:defeated and killed the French claimant,
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1802:
1204:in November 1370, the French adopted an
43:This article includes a list of general
2105:Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356
1780:The Oxford Companion to British History
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1754:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1694:
1679:
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1655:
1643:
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1607:
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1464:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1423:Rogers, Clifford (2006). "Chevauchée".
1387:The Oxford Companion to British History
1826:
1814:
1790:
1706:
1595:Portugal in European and World History
27:Second phase of the Hundred Years' War
1444:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
7:
1143:was placed on the Castilian throne.
2200:Conflicts of the Hundred Years' War
1984:John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury
1887:Second War of Scottish Independence
1597:. Reaktion Books. 2009. p. 39.
1389:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1225:Jean III de Grailly, Captal de Buch
1179:French recovery of lost territories
611:Second War of Scottish Independence
18:Hundred Years' War (1369–1389)
1979:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford
1487:Ormrod, W., (2002). "Edward III".
1298:France following the truce of 1389
1072:with the son of the Black Prince,
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1508:Saul, N., (1999). "Richard II".
1446:. Westport CT: Greenwood Press.
1196:, was killed in a skirmish near
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1778:Cannon. Treaty of Bruges 1375.
1536:The Journal of British Studies
1:
2180:Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389
1408:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2074:War of the Breton Succession
1932:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict
1897:War of the Breton Succession
1481:UK public library membership
1337:that the English, under the
1097:War of the Breton Succession
1017:was the second phase of the
651:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict
616:War of the Breton Succession
1516:Tuchman, Barbara W (1978).
1503:Journal of Military History
1312:Philip II, Duke of Burgundy
2246:
1520:(2017 ed.). Penguin.
1360:
740:John of Gaunt's chevauchée
702:Caroline phase (1369–1389)
2064:Armagnacs and Burgundians
1277:By the time they reached
1188:, the vastly experienced
1048:, eldest son and heir of
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710:
601:
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173:
121:
107:
99:
2130:Battle of La Brossinière
1033:. It was so-named after
95:Caroline War (1369–1389)
2230:Edward the Black Prince
1964:Edward the Black Prince
1538:, Vol. 19(1), 12 pages.
1442:Wagner, John A (2006).
1404:Nicolle, David (2011).
64:more precise citations.
2140:Battle of the Herrings
1543:The Hundred Years' War
1473:10.1093/ref:odnb/13863
1299:
1180:
320:Commanders and leaders
2225:Richard II of England
2220:Edward III of England
1902:War of the Two Peters
1505:. Vol. 64(2), 37 pgs.
1498:. Vol. 42(3), 17 pgs.
1491:. Vol. 52(6), 20 pgs.
1427:. London: Routledge.
1297:
1178:
1050:Edward III of England
626:War of the Two Peters
262:Principality of Wales
116:Battle of Pontvallain
2095:Battle of Saint-Omer
1541:Perroy, E., (1951).
1512:. Vol. 49(9), 5 pgs.
1206:attritional strategy
1122:Bertrand du Guesclin
526:Philip van Artevelde
357:Bertrand du Guesclin
2155:Battle of Castillon
2115:Battle of Agincourt
2079:Castilian Civil War
1917:Despenser's Crusade
1907:Castilian Civil War
1202:Constable of France
1198:Lussac-les-Châteaux
1141:Henry of Trastámara
1137:Castilian Civil War
1035:Charles V of France
636:Despenser's Crusade
621:Castilian Civil War
496:Jean III de Grailly
415:Ambrosio Boccanegra
219:Kingdom of Scotland
162:War resumes in 1415
156:Truce of Leulinghem
2150:Battle of Formigny
2135:Battle of Verneuil
2110:Battle of Poitiers
1866:Hundred Years' War
1339:House of Lancaster
1300:
1264:Olivier de Clisson
1181:
1160:Treaty of Brétigny
1133:Blanche of Bourbon
1090:Treaty of Brétigny
1039:Treaty of Brétigny
1019:Hundred Years' War
698:Hundred Years' War
593:Hundred Years' War
369:Olivier de Clisson
293:Kingdom of Navarre
282:Duchy of Aquitaine
250:Kingdom of England
198:County of Flanders
102:Hundred Years' War
2185:Conflicts in 1369
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2125:Battle of Cravant
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1927:Lancastrian phase
1479:(Subscription or
1335:Henry Bolingbroke
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804:Anglo-French Wars
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656:Lancastrian phase
646:Glyndŵr rebellion
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475:Edmund of Langley
405:Louis de Sancerre
229:Duchy of Brittany
208:Duchy of Burgundy
186:Kingdom of France
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1357:The Great Schism
1308:Treaty of Bruges
1290:Treaty of Bruges
1152:Battle of Nájera
1148:the Black Prince
1113:Charles of Blois
1109:John of Montfort
1105:Capetian dynasty
1029:, following the
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1658:, p. 4-5.
1648:
1646:, p. 266.
1636:
1634:, p. 265.
1624:
1622:, p. 264.
1612:
1610:, p. 262.
1600:
1586:
1579:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1527:978-0241972977
1526:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1458:
1452:
1439:
1434:978-0415936613
1433:
1420:
1415:978-1849082471
1414:
1401:
1395:
1380:
1377:
1363:Western Schism
1361:Main article:
1358:
1355:
1302:Instigated by
1291:
1288:
1248:Jean Froissart
1172:
1169:
1085:
1082:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1003:
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982:
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766:
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711:
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696:
694:
693:
686:
679:
671:
662:
661:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
631:Caroline phase
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
599:
598:
589:
587:
586:
579:
572:
564:
556:
555:
543:Frans Ackerman
517:
515:Robert Knolles
420:
378:Jean de Vienne
322:
321:
317:
316:
305:
285:
284:
274:
264:
241:
211:
210:
200:
176:
175:
171:
170:
167:
166:
165:
164:
159:
150:French victory
147:
143:
142:
137:
135:
131:
130:
127:
119:
118:
105:
104:
97:
96:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2242:
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2203:
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2193:
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2178:
2177:
2175:
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2141:
2138:
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2126:
2123:
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2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
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2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
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2052:
2051:
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2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:John of Gaunt
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
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1837:
1828:
1823:
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1808:
1804:
1803:Williams 2004
1799:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1757:, p. 76.
1756:
1751:
1748:
1745:, p. 68.
1744:
1739:
1736:
1733:, p. 59.
1732:
1727:
1724:
1721:, p. 58.
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1682:, p. 15.
1681:
1676:
1673:
1670:, p. 14.
1669:
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1633:
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1596:
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1580:9781585441327
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1510:History Today
1507:
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1497:
1496:History Today
1493:
1490:
1489:History Today
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
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1453:0-313-32736-X
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1383:
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1376:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1349:broke out in
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:Adam Houghton
1324:
1319:
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1313:
1309:
1305:
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1240:John of Gaunt
1237:
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1207:
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1199:
1195:
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1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
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1036:
1032:
1031:Edwardian War
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
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978:
976:
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544:
540:
535:
533:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
506:
502:
497:
493:
488:
485:
484:John Hastings
481:
476:
472:
467:
466:John of Gaunt
463:
458:
455:
451:
446:
445:
440:
435:
432:
431:
426:
421:
419:
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412:
408:
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402:
397:
393:
388:
384:
379:
375:
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335:
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329:
324:
323:
318:
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279:
275:
273:
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216:
209:
205:
201:
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189:
187:
183:
178:
177:
172:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:
140:
136:
133:
132:
128:
125:
124:
120:
117:
111:
106:
103:
98:
93:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1911:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1767:Tuchman 1978
1762:
1755:Nicolle 2011
1750:
1743:Nicolle 2011
1738:
1731:Nicolle 2011
1726:
1719:Nicolle 2011
1714:
1702:
1695:Tuchman 1978
1680:Nicolle 2011
1675:
1668:Nicolle 2011
1663:
1656:Nicolle 2011
1651:
1644:Tuchman 1978
1639:
1632:Tuchman 1978
1627:
1620:Tuchman 1978
1615:
1608:Tuchman 1978
1603:
1594:
1589:
1564:
1557:
1542:
1535:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1462:
1443:
1424:
1405:
1386:
1369:Avignon Pope
1366:
1343:
1320:
1301:
1276:
1260:
1233:
1214:
1186:John Chandos
1182:
1156:
1145:
1126:
1094:
1087:
1046:Black Prince
1043:
1015:Caroline War
1014:
1012:
899:
700:
630:
531:
519:
442:
428:
422:
345:
331:
325:
313:Ghent rebels
302:Ghent rebels
286:
243:
222:
212:
179:
174:Belligerents
149:
100:Part of the
76:
67:
48:
2059:Chevauchées
2025:Joan of Arc
2020:Charles VII
1827:Wagner 2006
1815:Wagner 2006
1791:Wagner 2006
1707:Rogers 2006
1372:Clement VII
1306:, the 1375
1244:Black Death
1236:chevauchées
1217:La Rochelle
730:La Rochelle
725:Pontvallain
315:(1379-1383)
62:introducing
2174:Categories
2015:Charles VI
1959:Edward III
1483:required.)
1331:Richard II
1084:Background
1074:Richard II
1070:made peace
1066:Charles VI
553:Jan Hyoens
444:Richard II
430:Edward III
347:Charles VI
45:references
2069:Jacquerie
2010:Charles V
2000:Philip VI
1286:in 1346.
1252:Champagne
1212:in 1372.
1190:seneschal
1165:Charles V
1115:, at the
1080:in 1415.
1058:Aquitaine
995:1803–1814
990:1793–1802
985:1778–1783
980:1754–1763
975:1746–1763
970:1744–1748
965:1702–1713
960:1689–1697
955:1689–1815
945:1666–1667
940:1627–1629
935:1562–1563
930:1557–1559
925:1542–1546
920:1522–1526
915:1512–1514
910:1496–1498
904:1415–1453
900:1369–1389
896:1337–1360
892:1337–1453
882:1294–1303
877:1242–1243
862:1215–1217
857:1213–1214
852:1202–1204
847:1199–1200
842:1197–1199
837:1193–1196
827:1173–1174
822:1116–1120
817:1109–1113
745:Roosebeke
396:Robert II
333:Charles V
304:(1383-85)
129:1369–1389
1279:Bordeaux
1256:Burgundy
1210:Poitiers
1021:between
715:Cocherel
134:Location
70:May 2012
2088:Battles
2054:Battles
2047:General
2005:John II
1974:Henry V
1952:English
1945:Leaders
1880:General
1379:Sources
1347:Harelle
1221:Gascony
1103:of the
1095:In the
1088:In the
1027:England
760:Margate
720:Limoges
532:†
158:in 1389
58:improve
2040:events
1993:French
1873:Phases
1577:
1524:
1477:
1450:
1431:
1412:
1393:
1272:Allier
1229:Captal
1194:Poitou
1023:France
735:Chiset
528:
498:
146:Result
139:France
47:, but
2038:Major
1550:Notes
1351:Rouen
1284:Crécy
1268:Loire
1101:cadet
1062:Paris
755:Brest
750:Ypres
1575:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1270:and
1254:and
1044:The
1025:and
1013:The
1000:1815
950:1678
887:1324
872:1230
867:1224
832:1189
126:Date
114:The
1571:183
1469:doi
1192:of
2176::
1687:^
1573:.
1325:,
1068:,
902:,
898:,
1858:e
1851:t
1844:v
1817:.
1805:.
1709:.
1583:.
1530:.
1475:.
1471::
1456:.
1437:.
1418:.
1399:.
906:)
894:(
794:e
787:t
780:v
690:e
683:t
676:v
583:e
576:t
569:v
505:#
487:#
457:#
434:#
418:#
360:#
337:#
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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