2588:
982:
3424:
3244:, it is rare for any one party to have a majority on its own. The last such occasion was in 1977. However, one or other coalitions are known to be possible before and during the election. Therefore, a "hung Dáil" (Dáil Éireann being the lower and most dominant chamber of the Oireachtas/Parliament) in Ireland refers more to the inability of a coalition of parties who traditionally enter government together or would be expected to govern together, from doing so.
1145:
2637:
2489:
726:
3260:
abstention. The parliamentary arithmetic fell in such a way that if FF TD's abstained on confidence and supply matters, a FG minority government could, with the support of a group of independents, form a new government. This was agreed in exchange for a number of policy concessions. Once the deal with FF was signed, Taoiseach Enda Kenny conducted talks with the independents and entered government for a second term.
2656:
3732:, neither Labor nor the Liberal coalition secured the majority of seats required to form a Government in their own right. In order to counter the potential instability of minority government involved groups may negotiate written agreements defining their terms of support. Such measures were undertaken by the Gillard Government in 2010.
3259:
to enter coalition with and threatened to leave the party this came to pass. As talks continued on without a new government (the old government, constitutionally, which had just been voted out, remaining in power including ministers who had lost their seats) FF agreed to allow a government to form by
3251:
In 2016, Fine Gael and Labour, who had been in government the previous five years, were unable, due to Labour's collapse, to enter government again. Fianna Fáil had enough seats to put together a rainbow government with the other centre-left, hard left parties and independents but negotiations broke
3805:
there have been many situations of hung assemblies in the state legislatures. However, invariably, the
President of India in the case of Lok Sabha elections and the Governor of the state concerned, in the case of state elections, would attempt to give opportunities to the parties, starting with the
3247:
The
President has no direct role in the formation of governments in the case of a hung parliament. However, he retains the power to convene a meeting of either or both the Dáil and Senate which could become important if there was a government trying to use parliamentary recess to prevent confidence
922:
in such systems usually result in one party having an absolute majority and thus quickly forming a new government. In most parliamentary systems, a hung parliament is considered exceptional and is often seen as undesirable. In other contexts, a hung parliament may be seen as ideal – for example, if
945:
or a similar systems, it is usually exceptionally rare and difficult for any party to have an absolute majority. Under such situations, hung parliaments are often taken for granted and coalition governments are normal. However, the term may be used to describe an election in which no established
3647:
In countries where parliaments under majority control are the norm, a hung parliament is often viewed as an unusual and undesirable election result, leading to relatively weak and unstable government. A period of uncertainty after the election is common, as major party leaders negotiate with
3876:
to form a committee, along with three retired appeal court judges, to decide whom to appoint as Prime
Minister. However, National won an extra seat after special votes were counted, giving National 50 seats and Labour 45 seats (4 were won by third-party candidates). Labour's Sir
3772:
coalition as the largest bloc in the
National Assembly. Both the President and the Prime Minister held talks with opposition leaders in order to try forming a coalition government with the centre-right (LR) and the centre-left (PS and the Greens), or at least reaching some sort of
3248:
votes and hold onto power. The
President may also refuse to dissolve Dáil Eireann and call an election if the Taoiseach loses a vote of confidence, instead giving the other parties a chance to see if they can put together a government without proceeding to another election.
3298:. When the same faction was formed in January 1969 it consisted of 63 members, the only instance to date of a faction with an absolute majority in the Knesset. The lowest number of seats the largest faction has ever received in a Knesset election was 26 members received by
1085:
proportional representation, thus, elections commonly return hung parliaments. In other states and territories, candidates contest single-member seats. With far fewer seats than federal parliament, hung parliaments are more likely to be elected. Recent examples include
1160:
Hung parliaments at either the federal and provincial level are an infrequent but not unusual occurrence in Canada. Hung
Parliaments are commonly referred to as minority governments. Five of the previous seven recent federal elections have resulted in hung parliaments
2611:
unexpectedly lost its majority in the
National Assembly and was reduced to being the largest bloc (with 251 seats) in a hung parliament. Going into the election with a 115-seat majority, Macron's government now fell 38 short of an absolute majority in the
3897:, no party gained an overall parliamentary majority. Labour won the most seats (301, which was 17 seats short of an overall majority) with the Conservatives on 297 seats, although the Conservatives had a larger share of the popular vote. As the incumbent
1023:. As a result, there were frequent changes of government, several of which took place during parliamentary terms. Since 1910, when the two-party system was cemented, there have been two hung parliaments, the first in 1940, and the second in 2010. At the
3752:
formed a new minority government, incorporating centrist ministers in a sort of unofficial coalition with the pivotal independent centrist group in the
Assembly, ensuring a somewhat stable government until 1991. His direct successors, Prime Ministers
3834:
was later defeated in July 1912 in a vote with several MPs and Labour crossing the floor to vote with the opposition, the last time in New
Zealand history a government has changed on a confidence vote. This broke 23 years of Liberal governance and
3850:, Reform were ousted from governance and Joseph Ward once again won back power. However, the Reform and United (Liberal) parties were tied on seats with Labour holding the balance of power. Labour chose to back Ward rather than let Reform leader
891:– is the formation of a stable government (i.e. ideally one that lasts a full parliamentary term, until the next election would normally be due). This requires a government to be able to muster sufficient votes in parliament to pass motions of
1061:
a hung parliament was only narrowly averted with the
Liberal-National Coalition winning 76 seats, the bare minimum required to form a majority government. The Liberal-National Coalition government lost its majority government status after a
4042:(Plaid Cymru) was reelected as the presiding officer, this reduced the number of opposition AMs who could vote to 29, as the presiding officer votes only in the event of a tie and, even then, not on party political lines but according to
2566:
and called for a snap legislative election on the 5 and 12 June 1988 to regain the majority he lost to a centre-right to right-wing coalition in 1986. The snap election resulted in France's first hung parliament since the fall of the
3526:, the result of which was a hung parliament with the Conservative party as the largest single party. The results for the 3 main parties were: Conservatives 306, Labour 258, Liberal Democrats 57. The third one resulted from the
1200:
While most Canadian minority governments end in dissolution via non-confidence or a snap election call, there have been recent attempts to transition to a new government without returning to the ballot box. Most notably, the
867:), a minority government may take office without any majority at all, and work with other parties on a case-by-case basis. If none of these solutions prove workable, the head of state may dissolve parliament, triggering a
3318:
resulted in a hung parliament with no party or party coalition winning a simple majority for the first time in Malaysian history. Following five days of deliberation and negotiations within coalitions and parties, the
3451:
parties, managed to deliver Members of Parliament in significant numbers. Hung parliaments were thus rare, especially during the 19th century. The possibility of change arose when, in the aftermath of the
3503:
produced a hung parliament with an almost identical number of seats won by the governing Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. This was due both to the constitutional crisis and to the rise of the
3706:, the Labor Party won 42 seats, while the incumbent Liberal National Coalition retained 43, with 3 seats falling to independents. The Labor Party formed a minority government with the 3 independents.
3614:
According to researchers Andrew Blick and Stuart Wilks-Heeg, the phrase "hung parliament" did not enter into common usage in the UK until the mid-1970s. It was first used in the press by journalist
3588:
973:, requiring a new trial, there is no general rule under which the absence of a clear majority requires a fresh election. In recent years, most "hung parliaments" have served their full term.
3365:
Hung parliaments were relatively uncommon in New Zealand prior to the introduction of proportional representation in 1993. On only four occasions since the beginnings of party politics in
3695:
along with three independents had the seats needed to give either party a majority. To help the Liberal Party form government, the Nationals supported the party on the condition that the
3688:
4527:
2687:
However, despite having a multi-party system in place, it has witnessed a clear majority parliament for 45 years against its transition to democratic republic being 70 years old.
3858:, there was again a three-way deadlock. On this occasion the Reform and United parties became a coalition government out of mutual fear of Labour's ever-increasing appeal as the
1243:
on the condition that parliament reconvene early in the new year. The first session of the 40th parliament thus ended, delaying and ultimately avoiding a vote of non-confidence.
3882:
1123:
1119:
4876:
3773:
confidence-and-supply deal with them. Talks rapidly failed since no opposition party showed interest in propelling Macron's administration. In July 2022, Prime Minister
3255:
The press began to speculate about a Germany style "Grand Coalition" similar to the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats there. Many members of FF considered FG too
1078:
4670:
907:
and a fresh election. In some parliamentary systems, however, a new government may be formed without recourse to an election – if, for example, a minor party holds the
3409:
no single party gained an outright majority in parliament. The 2020 election was the first to return a majority – a narrow majority for the Labour Party – since 1993.
4553:
4477:
844:
is the norm). Consequently, the concept of a "hung parliament" is largely irrelevant in these systems, as a legislature without a single-party majority is the norm.
3894:
3515:
3500:
1759:
1657:
1623:
1488:
1461:
1434:
1407:
1353:
1326:
4834:
3519:
3496:
3806:
one that got the maximum number of seats in the elections, to explore possibilities of forming a coalition government, before bringing in President's Rule.
3826:
despite tallying the most votes. A vote of no confidence was placed by Reform and the Liberals survived by just one vote. This prompted Prime Minister Sir
701:
3924:
as the largest party, and discussions followed to help create a stable government. This resulted in agreement on a coalition government, which was also a
1206:
4008:
4697:
923:
opinions among the voting public are polarised regarding one or more issues, a hung parliament may lead to the emergence of a compromise or consensus.
4012:
3398:
2211:
2184:
1951:
754:
4426:
3269:
840:
is employed, it is rare for a single party to hold a majority of the seats, and likewise rare for one party to form government on its own (i.e.
4741:
3878:
3680:
3667:
posts going to the minor coalition partners, in return for a stable majority. Alternatively, a minority government may be formed, establishing
3592:
1139:
1115:
4400:
4345:
3761:, both formed minority governments, relying alternately on the Communists' or the Centrists' support in Parliament (depending on the issue).
3511:
resulted in the last hung parliament for many years; in the meantime, Labour had replaced the Liberals as one of the two dominating parties.
3465:
2681:
4459:
4004:
3940:
3917:
3898:
3531:
3523:
3508:
3485:
3473:
1251:
1111:
1107:
4367:
2774:
4308:
1091:
1087:
1020:
706:
4131:
1254:
resulted in a tie. A judicial recount was held and the tie remained. A draw was held between the two candidates which ultimately named
4784:
4581:
4253:
4198:
3488:, in which the Conservatives won the most seats and governed with the support of the fragment of Liberalism opposed to Home Rule, the
2695:
2691:
4167:
4816:
4653:
4304:
3865:
3855:
3847:
3840:
3815:
3797:
and no party is capable of gaining confidence, then fresh elections are announced to be held as soon as possible. Until this occurs
3765:
3741:
3406:
3402:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3295:
847:
In the Westminster system, in the absence of a clear majority, no party or coalition has an automatic constitutional entitlement to
3457:
1019:
parties, has existed with only brief interruptions since the early 20th century. Prior to 1910, no party had had a majority in the
4861:
3729:
3692:
3418:
2596:
2555:
1067:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1024:
711:
3550:
3440:
3360:
3315:
2528:
4609:
3952:
3389:. The rarity between 1936 and 1996 was due to the regression into a two-party system, alternating between the long dominating
4099:
2458:
2433:
2406:
2379:
2354:
2329:
2304:
2277:
2250:
2223:
2196:
2169:
2142:
2117:
2090:
2065:
2038:
2013:
1988:
1963:
1936:
1911:
1884:
1857:
1825:
1798:
1771:
1744:
1719:
1694:
1669:
1635:
1608:
1581:
1554:
1527:
1500:
1473:
1446:
1419:
1392:
1365:
1338:
1311:
1214:
1202:
1153:
1099:
1095:
1185:". Although Canadian minority governments have tended to be short-lived, the two successive minorities under Prime Minister
4911:
3710:
3703:
3303:
2629:
1127:
1103:
1042:
Declining support for the major parties in recent times is leading to more non-majoritarian outcomes at elections. At the
951:
908:
362:
2640:
16th National Assembly of France, elected in 2022, is France's second hung parliament since 1958 and current legislature.
4505:
4500:
4481:
4463:
4300:
4032:
3696:
3217:
3190:
3163:
3138:
3113:
3088:
3063:
3038:
3013:
2988:
2976:
2961:
2949:
2934:
2909:
2897:
2882:
2870:
2855:
2828:
2801:
2718:
2663:
2505:
2497:
2394:
1194:
947:
747:
150:
4089:
It was first controlled by a Conservative majority. After a scandal in the Conservative Party, the Liberals took power.
1046:, which resulted in an exact 72–72 seat tie between Labor and the Liberal-National Coalition, incumbent Prime Minister
4906:
3996:
3241:
1247:
1074:
1002:
942:
837:
776:
3843:
the Reform Party suffered major losses and Massey was forced negotiate with several Independent MPs to retain power.
2520:
3514:
Since the elections of 1929, three general elections have resulted in hung parliaments in the UK. The first was the
3232:
Hung assemblies within states and alliances between national and regional parties at sub-national level are common.
985:
The House of Representatives elected in 2010, with a 72–72 tie between the Labor Party and the Opposition Coalition.
3394:
3370:
3332:
1275:
1271:
1255:
1226:
1063:
998:
693:
4831:
4149:
4060:
4043:
3960:
3819:
3477:
2524:
904:
674:
4435:
4216:
3971:
There have been occasions when, although a parliament or assembly is technically hung, the party in power has a
2535:, leader of the People's Alliance, became the subsequent Prime Minister, ending 16 years of Bainimarama's rule.
4880:
4024:
3823:
3745:
3481:
3390:
2843:
2816:
2789:
2726:
2706:
2625:
2572:
2563:
2453:
2428:
2401:
2374:
2349:
2324:
2299:
2272:
2245:
2218:
2191:
2164:
2137:
2112:
2085:
2060:
2033:
2008:
1983:
1958:
1931:
1906:
1879:
1852:
1820:
1793:
1766:
1739:
1714:
1689:
1664:
1630:
1603:
1576:
1549:
1233:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1149:
1050:
secured the support of four out of six Independent and Green Party crossbenchers and continued to govern until
411:
342:
3286:
consists of 120 members and the highest number of seats a single faction has ever received was the 56 members
993:, with a hung parliament typically defined as a lack of a lower house parliamentary majority from either the
4028:
3944:
3929:
3921:
3885:. As a result, National did not lose a vote in the house and maintained a dubious majority for three years.
3628:
3543:
3444:
2421:
2292:
2265:
2238:
2157:
2105:
2053:
1899:
1872:
1845:
1813:
1786:
1650:
1596:
1569:
1542:
1522:
1515:
1495:
1468:
1441:
1414:
1387:
1380:
1360:
1333:
1306:
1210:
896:
740:
366:
4694:
3484:
a condition of their support. However, the Liberal Party split on the issue of Irish Home Rule, leading to
962:
The term apparently emerged in the United Kingdom, around the time of the 1974 election, by analogy with a
3933:
3684:
3565:
3489:
3344:
3205:
3178:
2722:
2714:
2587:
2576:
2568:
2559:
2513:
994:
884:
602:
3758:
3435:, before World War I, a largely stable two-party system existed for generations; traditionally, only the
2607:, fought the 2022 legislative election taking place on the 12 and 19 June. In the second round, Macron's
4276:
3668:
3664:
3558:
3469:
3348:
3320:
2548:
1240:
1005:
892:
860:
644:
583:
538:
501:
357:
352:
337:
298:
126:
106:
4671:"Labour's single-party majority is not a failure of MMP, it is a sign NZ's electoral system is working"
981:
3572:, from calling a snap election to end the hung parliament, as many other Conservatives had requested.
4055:
3656:
3604:
3584:
2702:
2677:
1222:
1218:
1015:, in which the Australian Labor Party competes against a permanent Liberal-National Coalition of the
880:
852:
848:
841:
818:
639:
431:
238:
96:
76:
4748:
3713:
resulted in a hung parliament. After a period of negotiation, the incumbent Labor government led by
4337:
4070:
3925:
3798:
3671:
agreements in return for policy concessions agreed in advance, or relying on case by case support.
3539:
3275:
3256:
1263:
1182:
856:
822:
679:
669:
664:
649:
629:
486:
308:
293:
168:
116:
3423:
2551:. Still, 2 general elections out of 16 resulted in such a parliamentary configuration since 1958:
967:
4065:
4039:
3976:
3906:
3660:
3652:
3580:
3453:
3448:
3287:
2738:
2674:
2493:
1190:
990:
938:
888:
833:
809:
772:
634:
593:
528:
446:
258:
131:
61:
52:
3774:
2604:
2591:
9th National Assembly of France, elected in 1988, was France's first hung parliament since 1958.
1035:
and continued to govern, but in 1941 the independents switched their support to Labor, bringing
4377:
4812:
4780:
4649:
4586:
4478:"Amending notification regarding political parties and their election symbol dated 10.01.2020"
4341:
4331:
4249:
3839:
formed a new Reform Party government. Massey governed through to his death in 1925, though in
3769:
3722:
3504:
2734:
2650:
2608:
2516:
1229:
451:
426:
71:
36:
3608:
2616:
of Parliament, the widest margin for any French cabinet since 1958. While both the left-wing
3972:
3956:
3869:
3859:
3831:
3778:
3754:
3340:
2544:
2483:
1012:
919:
915:
863:
from smaller parties or independent legislators. Alternatively, in some systems (notably in
588:
533:
515:
496:
481:
248:
183:
101:
4865:
4838:
4701:
4641:
3636:
3600:
3461:
3336:
3324:
2600:
2532:
1144:
780:
730:
654:
574:
548:
543:
523:
461:
421:
416:
43:
4175:
3568:, who said that this would stop the Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party,
3468:) significantly extended the franchise and redrew the constituencies, and coincided with
4742:"Governing without majorities: Coming to terms with balanced Parliaments in UK politics"
4858:
4714:
3836:
3714:
3432:
3212:
3185:
3158:
3133:
3108:
3083:
3058:
3033:
3008:
2659:
2636:
2621:
2508:
resulted in a hung parliament, with no party gaining a majority of seats. Although the
2488:
1236:
1193:
in March 2011. The subsequent election saw a majority parliament elected with Harper's
1186:
1028:
456:
406:
347:
213:
198:
725:
4900:
4886:
4870:
3984:
3910:
3873:
3851:
3749:
3663:, this typically involves agreement on a joint legislative programme and a number of
3615:
3569:
3554:
3527:
3328:
2983:
2956:
2929:
2904:
2877:
2850:
2823:
2796:
2769:
1267:
1047:
868:
826:
327:
243:
233:
4619:
4016:
3902:
3868:
was the last time a hung parliament occurred in New Zealand. Governor-General Dame
3794:
3639:'s 'Multi-Party Politics and the Constitution' (Cambridge University Press, 1983).
3620:
3335:
on 24 November 2022. To achieve a parliamentary majority, Pakatan Harapan formed a
2710:
1032:
1016:
927:
562:
441:
401:
396:
332:
313:
178:
4610:"Parliament session on Dec 19, motion of confidence on PM to be tabled – PM Anwar"
4046:. Thus, Labour had a working majority of one seat until Law ran in Blaenau Gwent.
3980:
3427:
The House of Commons following the 2017 general election. No party had a majority.
4774:
4243:
3748:
as the largest party. Following talks with parliamentary leaders, Prime Minister
3607:. The minority government of Jim Callaghan came when Labour ended their 15-month
3553:, which instituted fixed five-year Parliaments and transferred the power to call
4020:
3948:
3827:
3576:
3535:
2613:
1259:
1036:
931:
900:
800:
436:
386:
322:
318:
288:
223:
158:
4102:
resignations changed the parliament from a small majority to a Hung Parliament.
911:, it may publicly express for the opposition, thereby creating a new majority.
4558:
3718:
3596:
3575:
Hung parliaments can also arise when slim government majorities are eroded by
3561:
3299:
2671:
1082:
796:
792:
283:
218:
208:
4554:"Hung Parliament in GE15, as both Pakatan and Perikatan in race to form govt"
4495:
3909:. When these negotiations were unsuccessful Heath resigned and Labour led by
17:
4372:
4000:
2730:
2655:
2580:
2547:
for parliamentary elections in 1958, hung parliaments are unusual under the
2509:
2500:, is the incumbent parliament and the country's most recent hung parliament.
963:
784:
620:
491:
263:
253:
173:
163:
3549:
The formation of the coalition resulting from the 2010 election led to the
3252:
down. Fianna Fáil had also promised not to enter coalition with Sinn Féin.
1011:
Hung parliaments are rare at the federal level in Australia, as a de facto
2701:
From 1989 to 2014, India had a continuous period of parliaments producing
2575:
as the largest party (275 seats) but 14 short of an overall majority. The
914:
The term "hung parliament" is most often used of parliaments dominated by
4890:
4528:"With hung parliament, India and Modi face risk of political instability"
3943:, a hung parliament occurred for the second time in seven years with the
970:
788:
303:
228:
203:
193:
86:
855:
of parties which can together command a majority, or the formation of a
4614:
3717:
was recommissioned, but containing the Leader of the Tasmanian Greens,
3557:
from the Prime Minister to Parliament itself. This was the idea of the
3283:
188:
3633:
Governing Without a Majority: Dilemmas for Hung Parliaments in Britain
930:, the term "hung parliament" is usually used only with respect to the
3279:
864:
391:
3595:. This happened in December 1996 to the Conservative government of
4434:, London School of Economics and Political Science, archived from
3987:, so these members can be discounted from the opposition numbers.
3802:
3793:, if an election results in a 'hung assembly' in one of the state
3790:
3456:, a number of Irish MPs took seats in the House, though initially
3422:
2654:
2635:
2617:
2586:
2519:, won the most seats, the three other parties that won seats (the
2487:
1143:
980:
3781:. As of June 2023, it is still the current government of France.
2717:
after it. India returned to the norm of a hung parliament in the
4168:"Q+A – What happens if no party gets a majority in UK election?"
4003:
was expelled for standing against the official candidate in the
3975:. For example, in the United Kingdom, the tradition is that the
3648:
independents and minor parties to establish a working majority.
3436:
1221:, agreed to defeat the Conservatives in favour of a Liberal/NDP
3542:
later in 2017. However, this election backfired on May and her
3460:
followed the traditional alignments. However, two Reform Acts (
1270:. This victory ultimately resulted in a hung parliament in the
4333:
The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea
4111:
Liberals gained majority due to resignations and by-elections.
3932:, which won the most votes and seats in the election, and the
1181:). Following all five elections the largest party ruled as a "
1073:
Hung parliaments are rather more common at a state level. The
3611:
with the Liberals, having lost their majority in early 1977.
1246:
At the territorial level, a unique situation happened in the
1209:. While the Conservative Party had a plurality of seats, the
4809:
The Governors: New Zealand's Governors and Governors-General
3905:
remained in office attempting to build a coalition with the
2558:: after being reelected as President of France in May 1988,
3768:, a hung parliament occurred again with President Macron's
2680:
democracy with lower and upper houses at both national and
2632:
in this hung parliament, despite suffering seizable losses.
2624:
achieved significant gains, the centre-right to right-wing
4582:"Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister"
4460:"List of Political Parties & Symbol MAIN Notification"
3603:(1976–79); this latter period covers the era known as the
3546:, resulting in a hung parliament after the snap election.
2741:
determines the prime minister and ruling party of India.
4401:"Second UPA Win, A Crowning Glory for Sonia's Ascendancy"
2599:: less than 2 months after being reelected as president,
4747:. Liverpool: Democratic Audit. p. 2. Archived from
3947:
again being the largest party. The Conservatives led by
4715:"Election results 2017: UK wakes up to hung Parliament"
1189:
managed to hold on to power from February 2006 until a
3599:(1990–97) and in mid-1978 to the Labour government of
4648:. Auckland: Historical Publications. pp. 64–65.
2729:
failing to produce majority in it. The confidence of
4695:"General election 2010 results of a hung parliament"
2579:
and the independent Centrists ended up as potential
903:. If such motions fail, they normally result in the
3883:
Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives
3331:, whose coalition won the most seats, as the tenth
771:is a term used in legislatures primarily under the
4098:While the Liberals won a one seat majority in the
3538:in order to strengthen her majority heading into
1079:Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
946:coalition wins an outright majority (such as the
4773:Fenna, Alan; Jane Robbins; John Summers (2013).
4425:Dunleavy, P.; Diwakar, R.; Dunleavy, C. (2007),
3627:Academic treatments of hung parliaments include
4740:Blick, Andrew; Stuart Wilks-Heeg (April 2010).
3983:MPs never take their seats per their policy of
3777:reshuffled her Cabinet and officially formed a
3518:, and the ensuing parliament lasted only until
2603:and his government, now led by Prime Minister
4646:Three Party Politics in New Zealand 1911–1931
3951:formed a minority government, supported by a
3476:, neither party had an overall majority. The
2694:with influence over major parts of India and
779:) to describe a situation in which no single
748:
8:
4281:. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 17 January 2012
3920:, another hung parliament occurred with the
969:. However, whereas a hung jury results in a
4779:. Pearson Higher Education AU. p. 49.
989:Australian parliaments are modelled on the
787:(also known as an alliance or bloc) has an
4832:Labour lose assembly majority as Law quits
4217:"Welcome to the era of no overall control"
3995:In 2005, this was the case in the 60-seat
3854:remain in office. In the next election in
1280:
966:, that is, one unable to reach a verdict.
795:(commonly known as members or seats) in a
755:
741:
567:
57:
31:
4301:"GG agrees to suspend Parliament: Harper"
3681:Western Australian state election of 2008
3369:had a hung parliament occurred under the
1156:was Canada's most recent hung parliament.
4428:The Effective Space of Party Competition
3999:, where Labour lost their majority when
2743:
851:. This can result in the formation of a
4877:Hung parliaments: What you need to know
4123:
4082:
3351:(GRS) and various independent parties.
3282:have resulted in hung parliaments. The
115:
85:
60:
42:
27:Parliament without an absolute majority
4132:"Balanced parliament: No need to rush"
3744:, a hung parliament occurred with the
1207:2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute
1140:Federal minority governments in Canada
817:),. A hung parliament may result in a
4399:India, Press Trust of (16 May 2009),
4245:Parliamentary Government in Australia
1250:, in which the electoral district of
7:
4330:Burnell, P. J.; Calvert, P. (1999),
4311:from the original on 5 December 2008
3979:and Deputy Speakers do not vote and
3913:took over in a minority government.
3822:won fewer seats than the opposition
1120:Australian Capital Territory in 2008
803:. This situation is also known as a
4887:Q&A: What is a hung parliament?
4150:"SNP puts case for hung parliament"
3480:held the balance of power and made
3443:, or from the mid-19th century the
2666:, was India's last hung parliament.
4618:. 24 November 2022. Archived from
4376:. 24 December 2004. Archived from
3587:to opposition parties, as well as
3270:2018–2022 Israeli political crisis
2705:, with clearer majorities for the
859:, where the ruling party receives
829:if a government cannot be formed.
25:
4669:Shaw, Richard (19 October 2020).
4199:"Hung up on 'no overall control'"
3766:2022 French legislative elections
3742:1988 French legislative elections
3721:, as a minister, and the Greens'
3316:2022 general election of Malaysia
2597:June 2022 parliamentary elections
2556:June 1988 parliamentary elections
4776:Government Politics in Australia
4508:from the original on 23 May 2014
3486:another general election in 1886
3419:Parliament of the United Kingdom
724:
4197:Paun, Akash (4 December 2009).
3953:confidence-and-supply agreement
3814:The first such occasion was in
3551:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
3361:Electoral reform in New Zealand
2775:1951–52 Indian general election
2713:before this period and for the
2543:Since the establishment of the
2529:Social Democratic Liberal Party
1066:, but regained its majority in
1031:secured the support of the two
948:German federal election of 2005
916:two major parties or coalitions
4841:, ePolitix.com. April 17, 2005
4278:Minority Governments in Canada
4100:1921 Canadian federal election
3895:February 1974 general election
2698:with bases in certain states.
2583:in the newly elected Assembly.
2459:2021 Canadian federal election
2434:2019 Canadian federal election
2407:2015 Canadian federal election
2380:2011 Canadian federal election
2355:2008 Canadian federal election
2330:2006 Canadian federal election
2305:2004 Canadian federal election
2278:2000 Canadian federal election
2251:1997 Canadian federal election
2224:1993 Canadian federal election
2197:1988 Canadian federal election
2170:1984 Canadian federal election
2143:1980 Canadian federal election
2118:1979 Canadian federal election
2091:1974 Canadian federal election
2066:1972 Canadian federal election
2039:1968 Canadian federal election
2014:1965 Canadian federal election
1989:1963 Canadian federal election
1964:1962 Canadian federal election
1937:1958 Canadian federal election
1912:1957 Canadian federal election
1885:1953 Canadian federal election
1858:1949 Canadian federal election
1826:1945 Canadian federal election
1799:1940 Canadian federal election
1772:1935 Canadian federal election
1745:1930 Canadian federal election
1720:1926 Canadian federal election
1695:1925 Canadian federal election
1670:1921 Canadian federal election
1636:1917 Canadian federal election
1609:1911 Canadian federal election
1582:1908 Canadian federal election
1555:1904 Canadian federal election
1528:1900 Canadian federal election
1501:1896 Canadian federal election
1474:1891 Canadian federal election
1447:1887 Canadian federal election
1420:1882 Canadian federal election
1393:1878 Canadian federal election
1366:1874 Canadian federal election
1339:1872 Canadian federal election
1312:1867 Canadian federal election
1278:holding the balance of power.
1203:2008 Canadian Federal Election
1197:obtaining a 24-seat majority.
1154:2021 Canadian federal election
777:majoritarian electoral systems
1:
4248:. Anthem Press. p. 172.
3711:2010 Tasmanian state election
3704:1999 Victorian state election
3304:1999 Israeli general election
1262:the winner against incumbent
952:2018 Italian general election
883:– especially those requiring
4501:Election Commission of India
4482:Election Commission of India
4464:Election Commission of India
4174:. 7 May 2010. Archived from
4033:John Marek Independent Party
3697:Royalties for Regions policy
3534:that had been called for by
3218:2024 Indian general election
3191:2019 Indian general election
3164:2014 Indian general election
3139:2009 Indian general election
3114:2004 Indian general election
3089:1999 Indian general election
3064:1998 Indian general election
3039:1996 Indian general election
3014:1991 Indian general election
2989:1989 Indian general election
2977:Indian National Congress (I)
2962:1984 Indian general election
2950:Indian National Congress (I)
2935:1980 Indian general election
2910:1977 Indian general election
2898:Indian National Congress (R)
2883:1971 Indian general election
2871:Indian National Congress (R)
2856:1967 Indian general election
2829:1962 Indian general election
2802:1957 Indian general election
2506:2022 Fijian general election
941:with legislators elected by
4704:, PoliticsRAW. May 08, 2010
4368:"Narasimha Rao Passes Away"
3997:National Assembly for Wales
3830:to resign, his replacement
3635:(Sheridan House, 1986) and
2756:Single party with majority
2571:in 1958, with Mitterrand's
1293:Single party with majority
1248:2021 Yukon general election
1075:Tasmanian House of Assembly
1027:, incumbent Prime Minister
943:proportional representation
838:proportional representation
807:, or as a parliament under
707:Political parties by region
497:Party convention/conference
4928:
4811:. Otago University Press.
4009:Blaenau Gwent constituency
3470:a change in Irish politics
3416:
3395:New Zealand National Party
3358:
3333:Prime Minister of Malaysia
3267:
2648:
2481:
1137:
694:Lists of political parties
4061:Cohabitation (government)
4005:2005 Westminster election
3961:Democratic Unionist Party
3564:, then the leader of the
3516:election in February 1974
3478:Irish Parliamentary Party
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2531:) formed a coalition and
2525:National Federation Party
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1266:cabinet minister and MLA
1116:Western Australia in 2008
1059:the 2016 federal election
905:dissolution of parliament
702:Ruling parties by country
675:National unity government
4881:Institute for Government
4011:. When the Assembly was
3941:2017 UK general election
3918:2010 UK general election
3687:won more seats than the
3497:election of January 1910
3391:New Zealand Labour Party
2844:Indian National Congress
2817:Indian National Congress
2790:Indian National Congress
2707:Indian National Congress
2454:44th Canadian Parliament
2429:43rd Canadian Parliament
2402:42nd Canadian Parliament
2375:41st Canadian Parliament
2350:40th Canadian Parliament
2325:39th Canadian Parliament
2300:38th Canadian Parliament
2273:37th Canadian Parliament
2246:36th Canadian Parliament
2219:35th Canadian Parliament
2212:Progressive Conservative
2192:34th Canadian Parliament
2185:Progressive Conservative
2165:33rd Canadian Parliament
2138:32nd Canadian Parliament
2113:31st Canadian Parliament
2086:30th Canadian Parliament
2061:29th Canadian Parliament
2034:28th Canadian Parliament
2009:27th Canadian Parliament
1984:26th Canadian Parliament
1959:25th Canadian Parliament
1952:Progressive Conservative
1932:24th Canadian Parliament
1907:23rd Canadian Parliament
1880:22nd Canadian Parliament
1853:21st Canadian Parliament
1821:20th Canadian Parliament
1794:19th Canadian Parliament
1767:18th Canadian Parliament
1740:17th Canadian Parliament
1715:16th Canadian Parliament
1690:15th Canadian Parliament
1665:14th Canadian Parliament
1631:13th Canadian Parliament
1604:12th Canadian Parliament
1577:11th Canadian Parliament
1550:10th Canadian Parliament
1150:44th Canadian Parliament
1021:House of Representatives
897:motions of no-confidence
712:Banned political parties
412:Leader of the Opposition
380:Leaders and organization
343:Parliamentary opposition
4864:28 January 2015 at the
4496:"General Election 2014"
4405:Business Standard India
3276:parliamentary elections
1523:9th Canadian Parliament
1496:8th Canadian Parliament
1469:7th Canadian Parliament
1442:6th Canadian Parliament
1415:5th Canadian Parliament
1388:4th Canadian Parliament
1361:3rd Canadian Parliament
1334:2nd Canadian Parliament
1307:1st Canadian Parliament
1108:South Australia in 1997
1088:New South Wales in 1991
4837:7 January 2009 at the
4807:McLean, Gavin (2006).
4407:, Press Trust of India
4242:Ward, Alan J. (2014).
4044:Speaker Denison's rule
3795:Legislative Assemblies
3725:as Cabinet Secretary.
3685:Australian Labor Party
3490:Liberal Unionist Party
3428:
3345:Gabungan Parti Sarawak
3296:October 1969 elections
3206:Bharatiya Janata Party
3179:Bharatiya Janata Party
2719:2024 General Elections
2715:Bharatiya Janata Party
2667:
2641:
2628:were left holding the
2592:
2501:
1225:. On 4 December 2008,
1157:
995:Australian Labor Party
986:
885:responsible government
879:A normal objective of
4138:. London. 5 May 2010.
3730:2010 federal election
3669:confidence and supply
3585:Members of Parliament
3559:Deputy Prime Minister
3522:. The second was the
3474:1885 general election
3426:
3417:Further information:
3349:Gabungan Rakyat Sabah
3323:of Malaysia swore in
3321:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
3240:Because Ireland uses
2703:coalition governments
2658:
2639:
2590:
2491:
1651:Government (Unionist)
1147:
1138:Further information:
1044:2010 federal election
1025:1940 federal election
984:
893:confidence and supply
881:parliamentary systems
861:confidence and supply
836:, particularly where
775:(typically employing
645:Confidence and supply
502:Leadership convention
353:Official party status
309:Entrepreneurial party
4912:Minority governments
4859:Hung parliament news
4338:Taylor & Francis
4056:Coalition government
3657:coalition government
3655:may seek to build a
3605:Winter of Discontent
2690:It has 8 recognized
1223:coalition government
1215:New Democratic Party
1081:are both elected by
926:If a legislature is
853:coalition government
842:coalition government
819:coalition government
650:Consensus government
640:Coalition government
432:Parliamentary leader
239:Classical radicalism
4700:10 May 2010 at the
4622:on 25 November 2022
4380:on 13 February 2009
4307:. 4 December 2008.
4071:Minority government
3926:majority government
3779:minority government
3661:Westminster systems
3589:resignations of MPs
3540:Brexit negotiations
3371:first-past-the-post
2560:François Mitterrand
2512:party, led by then-
2492:The 8th Republican
1217:, supported by The
1183:minority government
1077:and the unicameral
1064:by-election in 2018
857:minority government
834:multi-party systems
823:minority government
805:balanced parliament
731:Politics portal
680:Rotation government
670:Minority government
665:Majority government
630:Parliamentary group
487:Leadership election
169:Christian democracy
4907:Westminster system
4590:. 24 November 2022
4562:. 20 November 2022
4484:. 15 January 2020.
4441:on 28 October 2007
4066:Divided government
4040:Dafydd Elis-Thomas
3930:Conservative Party
3653:head of government
3544:Conservative Party
3454:Act of Union, 1800
3429:
2668:
2642:
2620:and the far-right
2609:centrist coalition
2593:
2502:
2494:Parliament of Fiji
1195:Conservative Party
1191:no confidence vote
1158:
991:Westminster system
987:
939:multi-party system
889:Westminster system
810:no overall control
773:Westminster system
635:Divided government
529:Crossing the floor
475:Internal elections
447:Party spokesperson
358:Single-issue party
53:Political Spectrum
4587:New Straits Times
4347:978-0-7146-8026-2
4029:Liberal Democrats
3934:Liberal Democrats
3881:agreed to become
3699:was implemented.
3691:at 28 to 24. The
3566:Liberal Democrats
3524:May 2010 election
3509:elections of 1929
3397:. From the first
3230:
3229:
2739:general elections
2735:Indian Parliament
2733:, lower house of
2651:Politics of India
2564:National Assembly
2521:People's Alliance
2517:Frank Bainimarama
2475:
2474:
2417:11 September 2019
2256:22 September 1997
2096:30 September 1974
2044:12 September 1968
1969:27 September 1962
1863:15 September 1949
1619:20 September 1917
1565:17 September 1908
1538:29 September 1904
1317:24 September 1867
1272:Yukon legislature
920:General elections
789:absolute majority
765:
764:
611:
610:
427:Political faction
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
4919:
4842:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4753:
4746:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4711:
4705:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4675:The Conversation
4666:
4660:
4659:
4642:Bassett, Michael
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4466:. 15 March 2019.
4456:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4440:
4433:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4156:. 20 April 2010.
4146:
4140:
4139:
4128:
4112:
4109:
4103:
4096:
4090:
4087:
3973:working majority
3967:Working majority
3957:Northern Ireland
3870:Catherine Tizard
3860:Great Depression
3832:Thomas Mackenzie
3799:President's Rule
3759:Pierre Bérégovoy
3593:House of Commons
3472:. Following the
3341:Barisan Nasional
3339:government with
3202:
3197:
3175:
3170:
3150:
3145:
3125:
3120:
3100:
3095:
3075:
3070:
3050:
3045:
3025:
3020:
3000:
2995:
2973:
2972:27 November 1989
2968:
2967:31 December 1984
2946:
2945:31 December 1984
2941:
2921:
2916:
2894:
2889:
2867:
2866:27 December 1970
2862:
2840:
2835:
2813:
2808:
2786:
2781:
2744:
2696:regional parties
2692:national parties
2630:balance of power
2545:two-round system
2484:Politics of Fiji
2465:
2464:22 November 2021
2445:
2440:
2418:
2413:
2391:
2386:
2366:
2361:
2360:18 November 2008
2341:
2340:7 September 2008
2336:
2316:
2315:29 November 2005
2311:
2289:
2284:
2262:
2257:
2235:
2230:
2208:
2207:8 September 1993
2203:
2202:12 December 1984
2181:
2176:
2154:
2149:
2129:
2128:14 December 1979
2124:
2102:
2097:
2077:
2072:
2050:
2049:1 September 1972
2045:
2025:
2020:
2000:
1999:8 September 1965
1995:
1975:
1970:
1948:
1943:
1923:
1918:
1896:
1891:
1890:12 November 1953
1869:
1864:
1837:
1832:
1831:6 September 1945
1810:
1805:
1783:
1778:
1756:
1751:
1750:8 September 1930
1731:
1726:
1706:
1701:
1681:
1676:
1647:
1642:
1620:
1615:
1614:15 November 1911
1593:
1588:
1566:
1561:
1539:
1534:
1512:
1507:
1485:
1480:
1458:
1453:
1431:
1426:
1404:
1399:
1398:13 February 1879
1377:
1372:
1371:21 February 1874
1350:
1345:
1323:
1318:
1281:
1227:Governor General
1205:resulted in the
1128:Tasmania in 2010
1104:Victoria in 1999
1094:, Queensland in
1013:two-party system
909:balance of power
783:or pre-existing
757:
750:
743:
729:
728:
568:
534:Party discipline
516:Party discipline
482:Primary election
338:Opposition party
249:Social democracy
184:Environmentalism
58:
32:
21:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4897:
4896:
4866:Wayback Machine
4855:
4850:
4845:
4839:Wayback Machine
4830:
4826:
4819:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4754:on 13 July 2010
4751:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4702:Wayback Machine
4693:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4625:
4623:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4535:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4410:
4408:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4340:, p. 125,
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4178:on 16 July 2018
4166:
4165:
4161:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4052:
4031:won 6, and the
4015:on 1 May 2003,
3993:
3969:
3891:
3812:
3801:is applied. In
3787:
3738:
3677:
3645:
3637:Vernon Bogdanor
3601:James Callaghan
3555:early elections
3482:Irish Home Rule
3421:
3415:
3363:
3357:
3337:grand coalition
3325:Pakatan Harapan
3312:
3272:
3266:
3238:
3200:
3195:
3173:
3168:
3148:
3143:
3123:
3118:
3099:6 February 2004
3098:
3094:10 October 1999
3093:
3073:
3068:
3049:4 December 1997
3048:
3043:
3023:
3018:
2998:
2994:2 December 1989
2993:
2971:
2966:
2944:
2940:18 January 1980
2939:
2919:
2914:
2893:18 January 1977
2892:
2887:
2865:
2860:
2838:
2833:
2811:
2806:
2784:
2779:
2653:
2647:
2605:Élisabeth Borne
2601:Emmanuel Macron
2569:Fourth Republic
2541:
2533:Sitiveni Rabuka
2486:
2480:
2463:
2443:
2439:5 December 2019
2438:
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2018:
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1234:Prime Minister
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3852:Gordon Coates
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3528:snap election
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3329:Anwar Ibrahim
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2999:13 March 1991
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2984:9th Lok Sabha
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2957:8th Lok Sabha
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2930:7th Lok Sabha
2928:
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2915:23 March 1977
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2905:6th Lok Sabha
2903:
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2888:15 March 1971
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2878:5th Lok Sabha
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2851:4th Lok Sabha
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2824:3rd Lok Sabha
2822:
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2812:31 March 1962
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2797:2nd Lok Sabha
2795:
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2780:17 April 1952
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2770:1st Lok Sabha
2768:
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2678:parliamentary
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2365:26 March 2011
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2240:
2237:
2234:27 April 1997
2232:
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2222:
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2205:
2200:
2198:
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2183:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
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2159:
2156:
2151:
2148:14 April 1980
2146:
2144:
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2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:26 March 1979
2099:
2094:
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2089:
2087:
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2074:
2069:
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2064:
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2058:
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2052:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2024:23 April 1968
2022:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:19 April 1962
1945:
1942:12 April 1958
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:12 April 1957
1893:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:30 April 1949
1827:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:16 April 1945
1807:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
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1758:
1753:
1748:
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1738:
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1698:
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1688:
1687:
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1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1641:18 March 1918
1637:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1607:
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1602:
1601:
1598:
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1583:
1580:
1578:
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1568:
1563:
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1551:
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1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:24 April 1896
1482:
1479:25 April 1891
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1418:
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1413:
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1409:
1406:
1401:
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1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1364:
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1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
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1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
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1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:Pauline Frost
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:Liberal Party
1208:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
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1184:
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1105:
1101:
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1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1048:Julia Gillard
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:crossbenchers
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
983:
976:
974:
972:
968:
965:
957:
955:
953:
949:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
924:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:, especially
894:
890:
886:
882:
874:
872:
870:
869:snap election
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
827:snap election
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
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746:
744:
739:
738:
736:
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727:
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721:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
690:
689:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
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631:
628:
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622:
617:
616:
604:
601:
600:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
576:
573:
572:
570:
569:
564:
563:Party systems
559:
558:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
512:
511:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
472:
471:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
377:
376:
368:
367:International
364:
363:Transnational
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
274:
273:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:Republicanism
242:
240:
237:
235:
234:Progressivism
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
152:
146:
145:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
122:
121:
118:
114:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
92:
91:
88:
84:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
67:
66:
63:
59:
54:
49:
48:
45:
41:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Hung assembly
4869:
4827:
4808:
4802:
4790:. Retrieved
4775:
4768:
4756:. Retrieved
4749:the original
4735:
4723:. Retrieved
4718:
4709:
4690:
4678:. Retrieved
4674:
4664:
4645:
4636:
4624:. Retrieved
4620:the original
4613:
4604:
4592:. Retrieved
4585:
4576:
4564:. Retrieved
4557:
4548:
4536:. Retrieved
4531:
4522:
4510:. Retrieved
4499:
4490:
4472:
4454:
4445:27 September
4443:, retrieved
4436:the original
4427:
4420:
4409:, retrieved
4404:
4394:
4382:. Retrieved
4378:the original
4371:
4362:
4351:, retrieved
4332:
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4277:
4271:
4259:. Retrieved
4244:
4237:
4225:. Retrieved
4220:
4211:
4203:The Guardian
4202:
4192:
4180:. Retrieved
4176:the original
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4136:The Guardian
4135:
4126:
4107:
4094:
4085:
4037:
4035:won a seat.
4023:won 12, the
3994:
3970:
3938:
3915:
3903:Edward Heath
3892:
3864:
3845:
3824:Reform Party
3813:
3788:
3763:
3739:
3727:
3708:
3701:
3678:
3651:An aspiring
3650:
3646:
3643:Consequences
3632:
3629:David Butler
3626:
3621:The Guardian
3619:
3613:
3609:Lib–Lab pact
3579:defeats and
3574:
3548:
3513:
3505:Labour Party
3494:
3445:Conservative
3430:
3401:election in
3364:
3313:
3291:
3273:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3201:16 June 2024
3196:17 June 2019
3019:20 June 1991
2861:4 March 1967
2839:3 March 1967
2834:2 April 1962
2807:5 April 1957
2785:4 April 1957
2711:Janata Party
2700:
2689:
2686:
2682:sub-national
2669:
2542:
2503:
2395:Conservative
2335:3 April 2006
1760:Conservative
1680:27 June 1925
1675:8 March 1922
1658:Conservative
1624:Conservative
1592:29 July 1911
1511:18 July 1900
1489:Conservative
1462:Conservative
1452:7 April 1887
1435:Conservative
1408:Conservative
1354:Conservative
1344:5 March 1873
1327:Conservative
1245:
1199:
1159:
1072:
1056:
1041:
1017:conservative
1010:
988:
961:
936:
925:
913:
901:budget bills
887:such as the
878:
846:
831:
814:
808:
804:
768:
766:
659:
603:Non-partisan
442:Party leader
402:Frontbencher
397:Caucus chair
333:Ruling party
314:Ethnic party
294:Cartel party
179:Conservatism
127:Centre-Right
107:Centre-Right
35:Part of the
29:
4626:25 November
4594:24 November
4566:25 November
4532:Le Monde.fr
4227:27 December
4021:Plaid Cymru
3949:Theresa May
3828:Joseph Ward
3810:New Zealand
3665:ministerial
3577:by-election
3536:Theresa May
3373:system: in
3355:New Zealand
3174:24 May 2019
3169:26 May 2014
3149:18 May 2014
3144:22 May 2009
3124:18 May 2009
3119:17 May 2004
3044:15 May 1996
3024:10 May 1996
2737:elected in
2675:multi-party
2670:India is a
2626:Republicans
2614:lower house
2385:2 June 2011
2153:9 July 1984
1994:16 May 1963
1868:14 May 1953
1804:16 May 1940
1755:5 July 1935
1730:30 May 1930
1705:2 July 1926
1403:18 May 1882
1322:8 July 1872
1284:Parliament
1260:Annie Blake
1258:challenger
1241:prorogation
1037:John Curtin
932:lower house
801:legislature
793:legislators
594:Multi-party
437:Party chair
387:Backbencher
323:Minor party
319:Major party
299:Competitive
289:Elite party
224:Nationalism
159:Agrarianism
97:Centre-Left
77:Centre-Left
4901:Categories
4680:24 October
4559:Malay Mail
4512:20 January
4384:2 November
4315:4 December
4119:References
3872:asked Sir
3862:worsened.
3746:Socialists
3719:Nick McKim
3597:John Major
3562:Nick Clegg
3405:until the
3359:See also:
3300:One Israel
3268:See also:
3257:right wing
2750:Elections
2747:Lok Sabha
2721:with both
2672:federative
2581:kingmakers
2577:Communists
2076:9 May 1974
1287:Elections
1083:Hare-Clark
1039:to power.
797:parliament
621:Coalitions
539:Party line
328:Mass party
284:Bloc party
259:Syncretism
219:Monarchism
209:Liberalism
151:Ideologies
117:Right-Wing
4373:The Hindu
4285:6 October
4205:. London.
4182:30 August
4001:Peter Law
3981:Sinn Féin
3955:with the
3818:when the
3675:Australia
3624:in 1974.
3591:from the
3581:defection
3532:June 2017
3495:Both the
3288:Alignment
2731:Lok Sabha
2510:FijiFirst
1274:with the
1006:Coalition
977:Australia
964:hung jury
928:bicameral
799:or other
785:coalition
589:Two-party
575:One-party
492:Open list
452:Secretary
264:Third Way
254:Socialism
174:Communism
164:Anarchism
132:Far-Right
62:Left-Wing
4891:BBC News
4862:Archived
4835:Archived
4758:20 April
4719:BBC News
4698:Archived
4644:(1982).
4506:Archived
4309:Archived
4154:BBC News
4050:See also
4027:won 11,
3907:Liberals
3770:Ensemble
3530:held in
3310:Malaysia
3292:Ma'arach
2684:levels.
2527:and the
1232:granted
1179:the 44th
1175:the 43rd
1171:the 40th
1167:the 39th
1163:the 38th
1003:National
971:mistrial
875:Overview
229:Populism
204:Islamism
194:Feminism
72:Far-Left
4615:Bernama
4411:13 June
4353:20 July
4172:Reuters
4007:in the
3977:Speaker
3939:In the
3916:In the
3893:In the
3764:In the
3740:In the
3728:In the
3702:In the
3679:In the
3520:October
3466:in 1884
3462:in 1867
3449:Liberal
3431:In the
3347:(GPS),
3302:in the
3284:Knesset
3236:Ireland
2753:Period
2422:Liberal
2293:Liberal
2266:Liberal
2239:Liberal
2158:Liberal
2106:Liberal
2054:Liberal
1900:Liberal
1873:Liberal
1846:Liberal
1814:Liberal
1787:Liberal
1597:Liberal
1570:Liberal
1543:Liberal
1516:Liberal
1381:Liberal
1290:Period
1264:Liberal
999:Liberal
958:History
950:or the
825:, or a
189:Fascism
4883:(2010)
4815:
4792:3 July
4783:
4725:9 June
4652:
4538:9 June
4344:
4261:3 July
4252:
4017:Labour
3736:France
3507:. The
3437:Tories
3343:(BN),
3280:Israel
3264:Israel
3242:PR-STV
2761:Start
2539:France
2523:, the
1298:Start
1177:, and
1134:Canada
1118:, the
865:Canada
392:Caucus
149:Major
87:Centre
4752:(PDF)
4745:(PDF)
4439:(PDF)
4432:(PDF)
4077:Notes
4038:When
3803:India
3791:India
3785:India
3775:Borne
3659:; in
3458:these
3441:Whigs
3226:None
3153:None
3128:None
3103:None
3078:None
3053:None
3028:None
3003:None
2924:None
2645:India
2618:NUPES
2471:None
2448:None
2369:None
2344:None
2319:None
2132:None
2080:None
2028:None
2003:None
1978:None
1926:None
1840:None
1734:None
1709:None
1684:None
937:In a
277:Types
4813:ISBN
4794:2016
4781:ISBN
4760:2010
4727:2017
4682:2020
4650:ISBN
4628:2022
4596:2022
4568:2022
4540:2024
4514:2020
4447:2011
4413:2009
4386:2008
4355:2011
4342:ISBN
4317:2008
4287:2021
4263:2016
4250:ISBN
4229:2013
4184:2010
3866:1993
3856:1931
3848:1928
3841:1922
3816:1911
3757:and
3709:The
3683:the
3464:and
3447:and
3439:and
3403:1996
3393:and
3387:1931
3385:and
3383:1928
3379:1922
3375:1911
3367:1890
3314:The
3274:All
2764:End
2725:and
2709:and
2664:2024
2504:The
2498:2022
2478:Fiji
2468:TBD
1301:End
1213:and
1148:The
1126:and
1124:2012
1122:and
1112:2002
1110:and
1100:2015
1098:and
1096:1998
1092:2023
1090:and
1068:2019
1052:2013
899:and
821:, a
462:Whip
4305:CBC
3959:'s
3846:In
3789:In
3631:'s
3618:in
3583:of
3399:MMP
3278:in
2727:INC
2723:BJP
1276:NDP
1256:NDP
1057:In
997:or
954:).
832:In
815:NOC
791:of
4903::
4889:,
4879:,
4868:,
4717:.
4673:.
4612:.
4584:.
4556:.
4530:.
4504:.
4498:.
4480:.
4462:.
4403:,
4370:.
4336:,
4303:.
4219:.
4201:.
4170:.
4152:.
4134:.
3963:.
3936:.
3901:,
3492:.
3381:,
3377:,
3306:.
2622:RN
2573:PS
1239:a
1173:,
1169:,
1165:,
1130:.
1114:,
1106:,
1102:,
1070:.
1054:.
1008:.
934:.
918:.
871:.
767:A
365:/
321:/
4821:.
4796:.
4762:.
4729:.
4684:.
4658:.
4630:.
4598:.
4570:.
4542:.
4516:.
4388:.
4319:.
4289:.
4265:.
4231:.
4186:.
3290:(
1161:(
1001:/
813:(
756:e
749:t
742:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.