40:
305:
550:
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444:. Descendants of populations with different diets have different genetic adaptations to those diets, such as the ability to digest sugars from starchy foods. Modern hunter-gatherers tend to exercise considerably more than modern office workers, protecting them from heart disease and diabetes, though highly processed modern foods also contribute to diabetes when those populations move into cities.
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1110:, p. 180: "No dairy products are allowed while on this diet. This means no milk, cheese, butter, or anything else that comes from milking animals. This is because milking did not occur until animals were domesticated, sometime after the Paleolithic age. Eggs are allowed however, because Paleolithic man would probably have found eggs in bird's nests during foraging and hunting."
946:, p. 117: "Mackarness, who founded the first British National Health Service clinical ecology clinic in Basingstoke, pioneered the so-called Stone Age Diet, in the belief that humans had not evolved to consume foods, including wheat and milk, developed since Paleolithic times (in fact, today's weight-reduction version of Mackarness's Stone Age diet is called the 'Paleo diet')."
751:
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800:- "The Paleo diet (also known as the Paleolithic Diet, the Caveman diet and the Stone Age Diet) is a diet where only foods presumed to be available to Neanderthals in the prehistoric era are consumed and all other foods, such as dairy products, grains, sugar, legumes, 'processed' oils, salt, and others like alcohol or coffee are excluded."
251:
proposing that modern humans were biologically very similar to their primitive ancestors and so "genetically programmed" to consume pre-agricultural foods. Eaton and Konner proposed a "discordance hypothesis" by which the mismatch between modern diet and human biology gave rise to lifestyle diseases,
667:
As of 2019 the market for products with the word "Paleo" in their name was worth approximately $ US500 million, with strong growth prospects despite pushback from the scientific community. Some products were taking advantage of the trend by touting themselves as "paleo-approved" despite having
474:
Following the paleolithic diet results in the consumption of fewer processed foods, less sugar, and less salt. Reduced consumption of these elements is consistent with mainstream advice about diet. Diets with a paleolithic nutrition pattern also share some similarities with traditional ethnic diets,
564:
The argument is that modern humans have not been able to adapt to the new circumstances. According to
Cordain, before the agricultural revolution, hunter-gatherer diets rarely included grains, and obtaining milk from wild animals would have been "nearly impossible". Advocates of the diet argue that
378:
argues that "knowledge of the relative proportions of animal and plant foods in the diets of early humans is circumstantial, incomplete, and debatable and that there are insufficient data to identify the composition of a genetically determined optimal diet. The evidence related to
Paleolithic diets
593:
The evolutionary discordance is incomplete, since it is based mainly on the genetic understanding of the human diet and a unique model of human ancestral diets, without taking into account the flexibility and variability of the human dietary behaviors over time. Studies of a variety of populations
506:
postmenopausal women found improvements in weight and fat loss after six months, but the benefits had ceased by 24 months. Side effects among these participants included "weakness, diarrhea, and headaches". As with any other diet regime, the paleolithic diet leads to weight loss because of overall
613:
writes that the idea that our genetic makeup today matches that of our ancestors is misconceived, and that in debate
Cordain was "taken aback" when told that 10,000 years was "plenty of time" for an evolutionary change in human digestive abilities to have taken place. On this basis Zuk dismisses
560:
The stated rationale for the paleolithic diet is that human genes of modern times are unchanged from those of 10,000 years ago, and that the diet of that time is therefore the best fit with humans today. Loren
Cordain has described the paleo diet as "the one and only diet that ideally fits our
1621:: "Fad diets and 'miracle' diet supplements promise to help us lose weight effortlessly. Different diet gurus offer a bewildering array of diets that promise to keep us healthy and make us live longer: vegan, Paleo, Mediterranean, low fat, low carb, raw food, gluten-free the list goes on."
788:: "The Paleolithic diet has been gaining ground in the field of fad diets. It is based on food patterns of human Paleolithic ancestors, about 2.6 million to 10,000 years ago, a period that precedes the advent of industrial agriculture and is different from today's modern society".
447:
A 2018 review of the diet of hunter-gatherer populations found that the dietary provisions of the paleolithic diet had been based on questionable research, and were "difficult to reconcile with more detailed ethnographic and nutritional studies of hunter-gatherer diet".
621:
has written that the paleo diet is a "myth", on account both of its invocation of a single suitable diet when in reality humans have always been a "work in progress", and because diet has always been varied because humans were spread widely over the planet.
589:
genes and modern lifestyles." Advocates of the modern paleo diet have formed their dietary recommendations based on this hypothesis. They argue that modern humans should follow a diet that is nutritionally closer to that of their
Paleolithic ancestors.
569:
after the dawn of agriculture was caused by these changes in diet, but others have countered that it may be that pre-agricultural hunter-gatherers did not suffer from the diseases of affluence because they did not live long enough to develop them.
394:. Due to these limitations, the book has been criticized as painting an incomplete picture of the diets of Paleolithic humans. It has been noted that the rationale for the diet does not adequately account for the fact that, due to the pressures of
323:, and it described a diet that is 65% plant-based. This is not typical of more recently devised paleo diets; Loren Cordain's – probably the most popular – instead emphasizes animal products and avoidance of
629:
has said that humans have adapted in the last 10,000 years in response to radical changes in diet. In 2016, she was quoted as saying "It drives me crazy when Paleo-diet people say that we've stopped evolving—we haven't".
327:. Diet advocates concede the modern paleolithic diet cannot be a faithful recreation of what paleolithic people ate, and instead aim to "translate" that into a modern context, avoiding such likely historical practices as
633:
Melvin Konner has said the challenge to the hypothesis is not greatly significant since the real challenges to human non-adaptation have occurred with the rise of ever-more refined foodstuffs in the last 300 years.
435:
Trying to devise an ideal diet by studying contemporary hunter-gatherers is difficult because of the great disparities that exist; for example, the animal-derived calorie percentage ranges from 25% for the
398:, most modern domesticated plants and animals differ drastically from their Paleolithic ancestors; likewise, their nutritional profiles are very different from their ancient counterparts. For example, wild
2804:
609:
of primitive human remains has provided evidence that evolving humans were continually adapting to new diets, thus challenging the hypothesis underlying the paleothic diet. Evolutionary biologist
463:
The methodological quality of research into the paleolithic diet has been described as "poor to moderate". Some of the health claims made for it by its proponents, such as its ability to reverse
379:
is best interpreted as supporting the idea that diets based largely on plant foods promote health and longevity, at least under conditions of food abundance and physical activity." Ideas about
349:), nuts, fish, meat, and eggs, and it excluded dairy, grain-based foods, legumes, extra sugar, and nutritional products of industry (including refined fats and refined carbohydrates)"; and
160:
rapidly in response to changing diet. This evidence undermines a core premise of the paleolithic diet – that human digestion has remained essentially unchanged over time.
2654:
Tarantino G, Citro V, Finelli C (September 2015). "Hype or
Reality: Should Patients with Metabolic Syndrome-related NAFLD be on the Hunter-Gatherer (Paleo) Diet to Decrease Morbidity?".
1358:: "Even less evidence exists for the efficacy of the SCD, FODMAP, or Paleo diets. Furthermore, the practicality of maintaining these interventions over long periods of time is doubtful."
642:
A 2019 analysis of diets in the United States ranked consumption of a paleolithic diet as more environmentally harmful than consumption of an omnivorous diet, though not so harmful as a
315:
The basis of the diet is a re-imagining of what
Paleolithic people ate, and different proponents recommend different diet compositions. Eaton and Konner, for example, wrote a 1988 book
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Even less evidence exists for the efficacy of the SCD, FODMAP, or Paleo diets. Furthermore, the practicality of maintaining these interventions over long periods of time is doubtful.
848:, p. 133: "No one can legitimately claim to have found the only 'natural' diet for humans. We simply ate too many different foods in the past, and have adapted to new ones".
273:
In 2012 the paleolithic diet was described as being one of the "latest trends" in diets, based on the popularity of diet books about it; in 2013 and 2014 the
Paleolithic diet was
491:
D and calcium, which can in turn lead to compromised bone health. The increased fish consumption suggested by the diet can also lead to an elevated risk of exposure to toxins.
234:
advocated a meat-based diet, with low proportions of vegetables and starchy foods, based on his declaration that humans were "exclusively flesh-eaters" until 10,000 years ago.
598:
into adulthood, is an example of how some humans have adapted to the introduction of dairy into their diet. While the introduction of grains, dairy, and legumes during the
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1783:
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around the world show that humans can live healthily with a wide variety of diets and that humans have evolved to be flexible eaters. Lactase persistence, which confers
1250: : " proponents of the paleo diet make all sorts of claims for its efficacy. Some contend that it cures autoimmune diseases, others that it reverses diabetes."
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1662:
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may have had some adverse effects on modern humans, if humans had not been nutritionally adaptable, these technological developments would have been dropped.
451:
Researchers have proposed that cooked starches met the energy demands of an increasing brain size, based on variations in the copy number of genes encoding
207:
is the staff of death", while
Kellogg supported a diet of starchy and grain-based foods in accord with "the ways and likings of our primitive ancestors".
1738:
Cordain, Loren; Eaton, S. Boyd; Sebastian, Anthony; Mann, Neil; Lindeberg, Staffan; Watkins, Bruce A.; O’Keefe, James H.; Brand-Miller, Janette (2005).
1649:
263:
The diet started to become popular in the 21st century, where it attracted a largely internet-based following using web sites, forums and social media.
195:
Adrienne Rose
Johnson writes that the idea that the primitive diet was superior to current dietary habits dates back to the 1890s with such writers as
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has written the paleolithic diet's emphasis on meat consumption is a "disaster" on account of meat's comparatively high energy production costs.
386:
The data for Cordain's book came from six contemporary hunter-gatherer groups, mainly living in marginal habitats. One of the studies was on the
4075:
3056:"Dietary Fat Quality and Coronary Heart Disease Prevention: A Unified Theory Based on Evolutionary, Historical, Global, and Modern Perspectives"
2614:
1905:
Elton S (2008). "Environments, Adaptation, and Evolutionary Medicine: Should We be Eating a Stone Age Diet?". In Elton S, O'Higgins P (eds.).
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1947:"Effects of a Paleolithic Diet on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
1935:
1914:
270:, a health scientist with a Ph.D. in physical education, who trademarked the words "The Paleo Diet" and who wrote a 2002 book of that title.
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687:. Paleolithic diet advocate John Durant has blamed suppression of the truth about diet in the United States on "the vegetarian lobby".
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167:. There is some evidence that following it may lead to improvements in body composition and metabolism compared with the typical
3004:
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about how nutritional research, which does not support the supposed benefits of the paleolithic diet, is controlled by a malign
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1813:
247:
2817:
1701:
Chang ML, Nowell A (September 2016). "How to make stone soup: Is the "Paleo diet" a missed opportunity for anthropologists?".
171:
or compared with diets recommended by some European nutritional guidelines. On the other hand, following the diet can lead to
2974:
2943:
Henry AG, Brooks AS, Piperno DR (April 2014). "Plant foods and the dietary ecology of Neanderthals and early modern humans".
2186:
2076:
4721:
3520:
2734:
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Obert J, Pearlman M, Obert L, Chapin S (2017). "Popular Weight Loss Strategies: a Review of Four Weight Loss Techniques".
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1666:
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Ghaedi E, Mohammadi M, Mohammadi H, Ramezani-Jolfaie N, Malekzadeh J, Hosseinzadeh M, Salehi-Abargouei A (July 2019).
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697:
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Adopting the Paleolithic diet assumes that modern humans can reproduce the hunter-gatherer diet. Molecular biologist
1670:
4626:
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2685:"Beyond the Paleolithic prescription: incorporating diversity and flexibility in the study of human diet evolution"
523:
130:. Historians can trace the ideas behind the diet to "primitive" diets advocated in the 19th century. In the 1970s,
1831:"Influence of Paleolithic diet on anthropometric markers in chronic diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis"
406:, but this trait has been bred out of domesticated varieties using artificial selection. Many vegetables, such as
4914:
1927:
Diet Cults: The Surprising Fallacy at the Core of Nutrition Fads and a Guide to Healthy Eating for the Rest of Us
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484:
172:
2501:"Vegan vs Paleo: Carbon Footprints and Diet Quality of 5 Popular Eating Patterns as Reported by US Consumers"
1829:
de Menezes EV, Sampaio HA, Carioca AA, Parente NA, Brito FO, Moreira TM, de Souza AC, Arruda SP (July 2019).
30:
This article is about a modern-day diet. For information on the dietary practices of Paleolithic humans, see
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products. This is because milking did not exist until animals were domesticated after the Paleolithic era.
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352:"avoids processed foods, and emphasizes eating vegetables, fruits, nuts and seeds, eggs, and lean meats".
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345:"vegetables (including root vegetables), fruit (including fruit oils, e.g., olive oil, coconut oil, and
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A lifestyle and ideology have developed around the diet. "Paleolithic" products include clothing,
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541:. Increased consumption of red meat can lead to a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease.
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328:
4138:
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2200:
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1925:
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Cordain's claim that the paleo diet is "the one and only diet that fits our genetic makeup".
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3018:
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2747:
2743:
2706:
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2522:
2512:
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2411:
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2195:
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2111:
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1966:
1958:
1852:
1842:
1792:
1751:
1710:
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727:
712:
676:
320:
134:
popularized a meat-centric "Stone Age" diet; in the 21st century, the best-selling books of
2218:
311:. Some recent paleo diet variants emphasize the consumption of unprocessed animal products.
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3721:
3689:
3606:
3535:
3530:
3385:
3352:
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3157:
2566:
2536:
Pitt CE (2016). "Cutting through the Paleo hype: The evidence for the Palaeolithic diet".
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2016:
661:
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508:
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75:
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67:
consisting of foods thought by its proponents to mirror those eaten by humans during the
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4706:
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4329:
4252:
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4128:
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3423:
3418:
3134:
2711:
2684:
2527:
2500:
2350:
2325:
2260:
2116:
2089:
1971:
1946:
1883:
1857:
1830:
339:
324:
208:
196:
138:
popularized the Paleo diet. As of 2019 the paleo-diet industry was worth approximately
123:
99:
91:
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3500:
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2415:
2397:
2172:
2164:
1740:"Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century"
702:
684:
672:
556:, co-author of a 1985 paper setting out a hypothetical basis for the paleolithic diet
553:
538:
375:
267:
242:
135:
4148:
3126:
3054:
Ramsden C, Faurot K, Carrera-Bastos P, Cordain L, De Lorgeril M, Sperling L (2009).
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2491:
2232:
Contributions to Anthropology: Ecological Essays. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada
2151:
Johnson AR (2015). "The Paleo Diet and the American Weight Loss Utopia, 1975–2014".
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1878:
The Paleolithic Prescription: A Program of Diet and Exercise and a Design for Living
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17:
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2920:
2822:
2818:"Paleo isn't a fad diet, it's an ideology that selectively denies the modern world"
2619:
2326:"Paleolithic nutrition for metabolic syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis"
480:
387:
168:
153:
149:
3005:"A life history perspective on skin cancer and the evolution of skin pigmentation"
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2090:"Diet and inflammatory bowel disease: review of patient-targeted recommendations"
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There is no good evidence that following a paleolithic diet reduces the risk of
495:
415:
380:
87:
68:
31:
1796:
1678:
Carrera-Bastos P, Fontes-Villalba M, O'Keefe J, Lindeberg S, Cordain L (2011).
522:, nor is there any evidence that the paleolithic diet is effective in treating
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4349:
4013:
4003:
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3869:
3828:
3798:
3783:
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3071:
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2107:
1962:
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391:
308:
79:
3030:
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2866:
Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us about Sex, Diet, and How We Live
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2589:
2021:"Food myths: what science knows (and does not know) about diet and nutrition"
2020:
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3192:
2972:
Konner M, Eaton S (2010). "Paleolithic Nutrition: Twenty-Five Years Later".
2369:"Hunter-gatherer diets: wild foods signal relief from diseases of affluence"
2341:
2138:"How to Really Eat Like a Hunter-Gatherer: Why the Paleo Diet Is Half-Baked"
586:
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2549:
2483:
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Hardy K, Brand-Miller J, Brown KD, Thomas MG, Copeland L (September 2015).
1980:
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Since the publication of Eaton and Konner's paper in 1985, analysis of the
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According to the model from the evolutionary discordance hypothesis, "many
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3758:
3743:
3656:
3367:
3247:
2902:
2242:"Food for Thought: Dietary change was a driving force in human evolution"
1781:
Cunningham E (2012). "Are diets from paleolithic times relevant today?".
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3022:
2702:
2219:"Stone Soup – How the Paleolithic life style got trendy"
1714:
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452:
411:
403:
399:
253:
176:
111:
39:
2580:
762:
664:, and cookware. Many paleolithic cookery books have been bestsellers.
479:, which have been found to result in greater health benefits than the
304:
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3973:
3909:
3901:
3838:
3818:
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3202:
2732:: A Review of the Evidence and a New Model of Adaptive Versatility".
1814:"Paleo Diet: Is the paleo diet here to stay, or a short-lived trend?"
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274:
211:
advocated an early version of the Paleolithic diet in his 1952 book,
164:
127:
103:
83:
2230:
Lee R (1969). "Kung Bushmen Subsistence: An Input-Output Analysis".
2051:
2324:
Manheimer EW, van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Pijl H (October 2015).
548:
503:
357:
303:
204:
107:
38:
1343:
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881:
390:, whose diet was recorded for a single month, and one was on the
4038:
3395:
3347:
3207:
2925:"It's a part of my paleo fantasy, it's a part of my paleo dream"
2499:
O'Malley K, Willits-Smith A, Aranda R, Heller M, Rose D (2019).
419:
119:
95:
4176:
3130:
2285:
The Gale Encyclopedia of Diets: A Guide to Health and Nutrition
1650:"The modern take on the Paleo diet: is it grounded in science?"
1315:
785:
2615:"What language tells us about the roots of the stone age diet"
2450:
1907:
Medicine and Evolution: Current Applications, Future Prospects
606:
115:
1680:"The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization"
163:
Advocates promote the paleolithic diet as a way of improving
4172:
2899:
Encyclopedia of Diet Fads: Understanding Science and Society
1287:
1259:
1215:
797:
533:, in that it encourages the consumption of large amounts of
334:
Foodstuffs that have been described as permissible include:
2036:"The Importance of Dietary Carbohydrate in Human Evolution"
494:
There is some evidence that the diet can help in achieving
1415:
27:
Fad diet based on the presumed diet of Paleolithic humans
1379:
1327:
1231:
903:
156:
of the remains of early humans have found evidence that
511:, rather than any specific feature of the diet itself.
471:
are exaggerated, causing the diet to be controversial.
2728:
Ungar PS, Grine FE, Teaford MF (2006). "Diet in Early
585:
populations have arisen because of a mismatch between
223:, which proposed a low-carbohydrate "Stone Age" diet.
2400:(March 2000). "Paleolithic diets: a sceptical view".
1303:
1271:
1071:
896:
410:, did not exist in the Paleolithic period; broccoli,
3060:
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine
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3240:
3231:
2840:"For Evolving Brains, a 'Paleo' Diet Full of Carbs"
2557:Pontzer H, Wood BM, Raichlen DA (1 December 2018).
1199:
2637:Another Person's Poison: A History of Food Allergy
2240:
1875:
1648:
1151:
2805:"Paleo-diet debates evolve into something bigger"
1784:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
1426:
675:, the paleolithic diet is promoted by some by an
2425:Vegetarianism and Veganism: A Reference Handbook
2374:. In Ungar, Peter S., Teaford, Mark F. (eds.).
179:intake, and side effects can include weakness,
1663:"Top 5 Worst Celebrity Diets to Avoid in 2015"
1450:
266:This diet's ideas were further popularized by
4188:
3142:
2559:"Hunter-gatherers as models in public health"
1035:
502:from the foods typically eaten. One trial of
483:. Following the paleolithic diet can lead to
8:
1163:
1143:
2159:(1). Penn State University Press: 101–124.
1586:
1355:
1047:
1023:
995:
979:
668:no apparent link to the movement's tenets.
148:In the 21st century, the sequencing of the
43:Foodstuffs compatible with paleolithic diet
4195:
4181:
4173:
3726:
3237:
3149:
3135:
3127:
2182:"Can we say what diet is best for health?"
1744:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1275:
1095:
1011:
869:
817:
440:of southern Africa to 99% for the Alaskan
288:diet is also sometimes referred to as the
3079:
3010:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2710:
2579:
2526:
2516:
2349:
2199:
2115:
1970:
1856:
1846:
1755:
1691:
1570:
1534:
1522:
1486:
841:
245:published a controversial article in the
2201:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182351
2095:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
356:The diet forbids the consumption of all
2763:Ungar PS, Teaford MF (1 January 2002).
2748:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123153
2382:: Bergin and Garvey. pp. 111–122.
2088:Hou JK, Lee D, Lewis J (October 2014).
2029:. Vol. 19, no. 4. p. 10.
1684:Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology
1630:
1614:
1558:
1462:
1391:
1247:
1187:
1059:
967:
915:
813:
778:
1874:Eaton SB, Shostak M, Konner M (1988).
1598:
1574:
1211:
1131:
1119:
991:
927:
829:
809:
2376:Human Diet: Its Origins and Evolution
2304:"A dissenting view on the Paleo Diet"
1510:
1438:
1367:
1107:
943:
277:'s most searched weight-loss method.
32:Paleolithic § Diet and nutrition
7:
4884:
4134:
2766:Human Diet: Its Origin and Evolution
1618:
1474:
1291:
1243:
1227:
1175:
999:
939:
529:The paleolithic diet similar to the
402:produce potentially fatal levels of
4076:Fruits & Veggies – More Matters
2613:Shariatmadari D (22 October 2014).
2511:(Supplement 1): nzz047.P03–007–19.
1610:
1498:
1304:Tarantino, Citro & Finelli 2015
1272:Tarantino, Citro & Finelli 2015
1147:
1072:Tarantino, Citro & Finelli 2015
994:. For Cordain's qualifications see
955:
897:Tarantino, Citro & Finelli 2015
857:
845:
3121:National Museum of Natural History
2893:Bijlefeld M, Zoumbaris SK (2014).
2261:10.1038/scientificamerican1202-106
2003:"The New Age Cavemen and the City"
25:
2683:Turner, BL; Thompson, AL (2013).
2505:Current Developments in Nutrition
2077:"Obituary: Dr Richard Mackarness"
1669:. 8 December 2014. Archived from
1288:British Dietetic Association 2014
1260:British Dietetic Association 2014
1200:Pontzer, Wood & Raichlen 2018
798:British Dietetic Association 2014
4883:
4873:
4872:
4595:The Good Carbohydrate Revolution
4153:
4143:
4133:
4124:
4123:
2464:Current Gastroenterology Reports
2416:10.1046/j.1467-3010.2000.00019.x
2165:10.5325/utopianstudies.26.1.0101
1152:Eaton, Shostak & Konner 1988
761:
749:
545:Proposed rationale and reception
2668:10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.243.gta
1427:Ungar, Grine & Teaford 2006
756:Evolutionary biology portal
248:New England Journal of Medicine
2975:Nutrition in Clinical Practice
2239:Leonard WR (1 December 2002).
2187:Annual Review of Public Health
2001:Goldstein J (8 January 2010).
381:Paleolithic diet and nutrition
1:
4722:Protein-sparing modified fast
2735:Annual Review of Anthropology
2639:. Columbia University Press.
2518:10.1093/cdn/nzz047.P03-007-19
1909:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
4300:Lamb chop and pineapple diet
4223:Banana and skimmed milk diet
3113:Human Timeline (Interactive)
3003:Osborne DL, Hames R (2014).
2957:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.014
2803:Whoriskey P (7 March 2016).
2453:. 9 May 2008. Archived from
1994:National Geographic Magazine
1988:Gibbons A (September 2014).
1667:British Dietetic Association
317:The Paleolithic Prescription
203:. Densmore proclaimed that "
4086:Latin American Diet Pyramid
4066:Dairy Council of California
3521:Gluten-free and casein-free
2838:Zimmer C (13 August 2015).
894:For calcium deficicency see
698:List of historical cuisines
625:Anthropological geneticist
537:, especially meats high in
338:"vegetables, fruits, nuts,
4941:
4627:Activated charcoal cleanse
4096:Mediterranean Diet Pyramid
3551:Low-fiber/low-residue diet
2816:Wilson J (16 March 2015).
2788:Ungar PS (17 April 2017).
2771:Greenwood Publishing Group
2656:J Gastrointestin Liver Dis
2217:Kolbert E (20 July 2014).
2180:Katz DL, Meller S (2014).
1797:10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.019
1451:Turner & Thompson 2013
1404:Carrera-Bastos et al. 2011
524:inflammatory bowel disease
487:, such as those of vitamin
383:are at best hypothetical.
367:
213:Primitive Man and His Food
29:
4867:
4162:Health and fitness portal
4119:
3168:
3072:10.1007/s11936-009-0030-8
2476:10.1007/s11894-017-0603-8
2108:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.09.063
1848:10.1186/s12937-019-0457-z
1356:Hou, Lee & Lewis 2014
342:, meat, and organ meats";
4476:Slimming for the Million
3442:Bodybuilding supplements
2988:10.1177/0884533610385702
2869:. W.W. Norton & Co.
1164:Ungar & Teaford 2002
1144:Ungar & Teaford 2002
485:nutritional deficiencies
175:, such as an inadequate
173:nutritional deficiencies
4692:Time-restricted feeding
4590:Seed oil misinformation
4521:The Cruise Control Diet
4111:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
3414:Ovo-lacto vegetarianism
2790:"The 'True' Human Diet"
2342:10.3945/ajcn.115.113613
2302:Lowe K (20 July 2014).
1990:"The Evolution of Diet"
1963:10.1093/advances/nmz007
1655:Environmental Nutrition
1587:Chang & Nowell 2016
1048:Chang & Nowell 2016
1024:Chang & Nowell 2016
998:. For trademarking see
996:Chang & Nowell 2016
980:Chang & Nowell 2016
579:degenerative conditions
498:, due to the increased
426:of the ancient species
191:History and terminology
132:Walter L. Voegtlin
78:and typically includes
4727:The Fast Way To Health
4672:Fasting mimicking diet
4081:Healthy eating pyramid
3627:Time Restricted Eating
3511:Fluid restriction diet
2929:Science-Based Medicine
2136:Jabr F (3 June 2013).
1316:de Menezes et al. 2019
1276:Katz & Meller 2014
1096:Katz & Meller 2014
870:Katz & Meller 2014
786:de Menezes et al. 2019
738:Pleistocene human diet
557:
516:cardiovascular disease
370:Pleistocene human diet
312:
44:
4849:List of food faddists
4823:Very-low-calorie diet
3581:Specific carbohydrate
3473:Very-low-calorie diet
1924:Fitzgerald M (2014).
1837:(Systematic review).
1757:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341
1344:Manheimer et al. 2015
1084:Manheimer et al. 2015
882:Manheimer et al. 2015
708:Low-carbohydrate diet
567:diseases of affluence
552:
368:Further information:
307:
230:, gastroenterologist
221:Eat Fat and Grow Slim
42:
4732:The Last Chance Diet
4687:Intermittent fasting
4667:Enzyme-Catalyst Diet
4647:Chase Dietary Method
4545:High-carbohydrate /
4421:Calories Don't Count
3526:Intermittent fasting
2905:. pp. 164–166.
1547:O'Malley et al. 2019
718:Nutritional genomics
638:Environmental impact
617:Paleoanthropologist
600:Neolithic Revolution
396:artificial selection
18:Hunter-gatherer diet
4526:Wahls Protocol Diet
4426:Drinking Man's Diet
4382:Uric-acid free diet
4325:Morning banana diet
4211:Food-specific diets
3491:Calorie restriction
2809:The Washington Post
2795:Scientific American
2248:Scientific American
2143:Scientific American
1818:Nutritional Outlook
1693:10.2147/RRCC.S16919
1673:on 25 October 2020.
1416:Cordain et al. 2005
958:, pp. 111–112.
901:for other risks see
681:conspiracy theories
679:and a narrative of
469:autoimmune diseases
201:John Harvey Kellogg
4818:The Cambridge Diet
4783:Hip and Thigh Diet
4258:Beverly Hills Diet
3406:Semi-vegetarianism
3023:10.1002/ajpa.22408
2845:The New York Times
2703:10.1111/nure.12039
2574:(Suppl 1): 24–35.
2538:Aust Fam Physician
2443:"Caveman fad diet"
2423:Newton DE (2019).
2403:Nutrition Bulletin
2287:. The Gale Group.
2008:The New York Times
1812:Decker KJ (2019).
1715:10.1002/evan.21504
1657:(7). January 2010.
1340:Ghaedi et al. 2019
1036:Shariatmadari 2014
581:evident in modern
558:
520:metabolic syndrome
477:Mediterranean diet
313:
239:Stanley Boyd Eaton
232:Walter L. Voegtlin
228:The Stone Age Diet
217:Richard Mackarness
45:
4897:
4896:
4844:List of fad diets
4813:Tongue Patch Diet
4788:Immune Power Diet
4712:No Breakfast Plan
4642:Celery juice diet
4436:Eat and Grow Thin
4295:High-protein diet
4248:Egg and wine diet
4228:Cabbage soup diet
4170:
4169:
4047:
4046:
3716:
3715:
3289:Sustainable diets
2923:(18 March 2013).
2912:978-1-61069-760-6
2876:978-0-393-08137-4
2780:978-0-89789-736-5
2690:Nutrition Reviews
2646:978-0-231-16484-9
2581:10.1111/obr.12785
2434:978-1-4408-6763-7
2389:978-0-89789-736-5
2367:Milton K (2002).
2330:Am. J. Clin. Nutr
2309:The Seattle Times
2294:978-1-4144-2991-5
2283:Longe JL (2008).
1937:978-1-60598-595-4
1930:. Pegasus Books.
1916:978-1-4200-5134-6
1380:Obert et al. 2017
1328:Obert et al. 2017
1232:Obert et al. 2017
1216:Hardy et al. 2015
904:Obert et al. 2017
723:Paleoconservatism
650:Elizabeth Kolbert
596:lactose tolerance
561:genetic makeup".
429:Brassica oleracea
392:diet of the Inuit
226:In his 1975 book
16:(Redirected from
4932:
4915:Meat-based diets
4887:
4886:
4876:
4875:
4768:Cotton ball diet
4682:Hippocrates Diet
4662:Eliminating Diet
4575:Nutritarian diet
4531:Wheat Belly diet
4506:Strong Medicine
4481:South Beach Diet
4441:Hal Huggins diet
4416:Bulletproof diet
4399:/ high-fat diets
4397:Low-carbohydrate
4345:Paleolithic diet
4320:Monotrophic diet
4310:Macrobiotic diet
4305:Lectin-free diet
4280:Gluten-free diet
4197:
4190:
4183:
4174:
4157:
4147:
4137:
4136:
4127:
4126:
3727:
3561:Monotrophic diet
3541:Low-carbohydrate
3506:Elimination diet
3452:Therapeutic food
3447:Meal replacement
3434:Supplement diets
3302:Planetary health
3238:
3174:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3128:
3101:
3083:
3050:
2999:
2968:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2916:
2901:(2nd ed.).
2880:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2812:
2799:
2784:
2773:. pp. 67–.
2759:
2724:
2714:
2679:
2650:
2635:Smith M (2015).
2631:
2629:
2627:
2609:
2583:
2563:
2553:
2532:
2530:
2520:
2495:
2458:
2457:on 25 July 2017.
2438:
2419:
2393:
2373:
2363:
2353:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2298:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2213:
2203:
2176:
2147:
2132:
2119:
2102:(10): 1592–600.
2084:
2071:
2030:
2012:
1997:
1984:
1974:
1941:
1920:
1901:
1881:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1825:
1808:
1777:
1759:
1734:
1697:
1695:
1674:
1658:
1652:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1285:
1279:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1241:
1235:
1225:
1219:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
839:
833:
827:
821:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
766:
765:
754:
753:
728:Paleo Foundation
713:Modern primitive
677:appeal to nature
575:chronic diseases
565:the increase in
490:
321:Marjorie Shostak
144:
74:The diet avoids
49:Paleolithic diet
21:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4863:
4832:
4778:Hallelujah Diet
4758:Blood type diet
4746:
4737:Wheatgrass diet
4604:
4600:The Thrive Diet
4540:
4516:The 4-Hour Body
4391:
4290:Grapefruit diet
4206:
4201:
4171:
4166:
4115:
4053:
4043:
3945:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3843:
3712:
3694:
3651:
3585:
3483:
3477:
3461:Non-solid diets
3456:
3428:
3400:
3386:Milk substitute
3365:
3357:
3311:Religious diets
3306:
3283:
3257:
3227:
3172:
3164:
3158:Human nutrition
3155:
3109:
3104:
3053:
3002:
2971:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2919:
2913:
2892:
2888:
2886:Further reading
2883:
2877:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2837:
2828:
2826:
2815:
2802:
2787:
2781:
2762:
2727:
2682:
2653:
2647:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2612:
2567:Obesity Reviews
2561:
2556:
2535:
2498:
2461:
2441:
2435:
2422:
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2323:
2314:
2312:
2301:
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2282:
2273:
2271:
2238:
2229:
2216:
2179:
2153:Utopian Studies
2150:
2135:
2087:
2081:The Independent
2075:Hill R (1996).
2074:
2033:
2015:
2000:
1987:
1944:
1938:
1923:
1917:
1904:
1898:
1873:
1828:
1811:
1780:
1737:
1703:Evol. Anthropol
1700:
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1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1012:Cunningham 2012
1010:
1006:
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
954:
950:
938:
934:
926:
922:
914:
910:
892:
888:
880:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
840:
836:
828:
824:
818:Fitzgerald 2014
808:
804:
796:
792:
784:
780:
775:
770:
768:Food portal
760:
758:
748:
693:
662:smartphone apps
658:
640:
547:
488:
461:
372:
366:
302:
193:
145: million.
139:
76:food processing
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4938:
4936:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4902:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4881:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
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4820:
4815:
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4800:
4795:
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4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4707:Master Cleanse
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4677:Fat Flush Plan
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4632:Breatharianism
4629:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4610:Detoxification
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4565:McDougall diet
4562:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4511:Sugar Busters!
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4471:Scarsdale diet
4468:
4466:Salisbury diet
4463:
4461:Montignac diet
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4393:
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4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4330:Mucusless Diet
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4253:Food combining
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4233:Carnivore diet
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4151:
4141:
4131:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:French paradox
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Selenocysteine
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3675:Master Cleanse
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3262:Regional diets
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3123:(August 2016).
3108:
3107:External links
3105:
3103:
3102:
3066:(4): 289–301.
3051:
3000:
2982:(6): 594–602.
2969:
2940:
2917:
2911:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2857:
2835:
2813:
2800:
2785:
2779:
2760:
2725:
2680:
2651:
2645:
2632:
2610:
2554:
2533:
2496:
2459:
2439:
2433:
2420:
2394:
2388:
2364:
2321:
2299:
2293:
2280:
2236:
2227:
2223:The New Yorker
2214:
2177:
2148:
2133:
2085:
2072:
2052:10.1086/682587
2031:
2013:
1998:
1985:
1942:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1902:
1897:978-0060916350
1896:
1884:Harper and Row
1871:
1826:
1809:
1778:
1735:
1698:
1675:
1659:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1571:Goldstein 2010
1563:
1551:
1539:
1535:Whoriskey 2016
1527:
1523:Whoriskey 2016
1515:
1503:
1501:, p. 114.
1491:
1487:Whoriskey 2016
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1370:, p. 182.
1360:
1348:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1280:
1264:
1252:
1236:
1220:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
984:
972:
960:
948:
932:
930:, p. 102.
920:
908:
886:
874:
862:
850:
842:Whoriskey 2016
834:
822:
802:
790:
777:
776:
774:
771:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
694:
692:
689:
657:
654:
644:ketogenic diet
639:
636:
546:
543:
509:caloric intake
460:
459:Health effects
457:
365:
364:Ancestral diet
362:
354:
353:
350:
343:
325:processed food
301:
298:
209:Arnold DeVries
197:Emmet Densmore
192:
189:
158:humans evolved
100:dairy products
61:Stone Age diet
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4937:
4926:
4925:Pseudoscience
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4890:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:Pseudoscience
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4828:Werewolf diet
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:Juice fasting
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:Pritikin diet
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:Engine 2 Diet
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4547:low-fat diets
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Stillman diet
4499:
4497:
4496:Rosedale diet
4494:
4492:
4491:Protein Power
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4446:Hamptons Diet
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:No-Aging Diet
4338:
4336:
4335:Mushroom diet
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Fruitarianism
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:Alkaline diet
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4132:
4130:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4050:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Phenylalanine
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:Glutamic acid
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Aspartic acid
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3700:List of diets
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3647:U.S. military
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Diabetic diet
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Meat analogue
3379:
3377:
3376:Fruitarianism
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3363:Vegetarianism
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Mediterranean
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3173:Main articles
3171:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:healthy diets
3159:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:(1): 209–28.
2741:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:(8): 501–10.
2696:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:(3): 359–68.
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:(4): 922–32.
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:(6): 106–15.
2254:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2234:(230): 73–94.
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:(3): 251–68.
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:(4): 634–46.
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1750:(2): 341–54.
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:(5): 228–31.
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1128:
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703:List of diets
701:
699:
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690:
688:
686:
685:food industry
682:
678:
674:
669:
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663:
655:
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627:Anne C. Stone
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580:
576:
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568:
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554:Melvin Konner
551:
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540:
539:saturated fat
536:
532:
527:
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376:Marion Nestle
371:
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322:
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268:Loren Cordain
264:
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243:Melvin Konner
240:
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136:Loren Cordain
133:
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98:and excludes
97:
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4798:Seed cycling
4793:Maker's Diet
4742:Wigmore diet
4411:Banting diet
4372:Rhubarb diet
4365:Raw veganism
4344:
4268:Fit for Life
4238:Clean eating
4159:Food portal,
4071:Food pyramid
4052:Nutritional
3496:Cardiac diet
3484:restrictions
3468:Liquid diets
3063:
3059:
3014:
3008:
2979:
2973:
2948:
2945:J. Hum. Evol
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2898:
2895:"Paleo Diet"
2865:
2849:. Retrieved
2843:
2827:. Retrieved
2823:The Guardian
2821:
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2793:
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2624:. Retrieved
2620:The Guardian
2618:
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2544:(1): 35–38.
2541:
2537:
2508:
2504:
2467:
2463:
2455:the original
2446:
2427:. ABC-CLIO.
2424:
2410:(1): 43–47.
2407:
2401:
2380:Westport, CT
2375:
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2329:
2313:. Retrieved
2307:
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2252:
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1671:the original
1654:
1631:Kolbert 2014
1626:
1615:Kolbert 2014
1606:
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1566:
1559:Kolbert 2014
1554:
1542:
1530:
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1470:
1463:Leonard 2002
1458:
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1441:, p. 9.
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1392:Gibbons 2014
1387:
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632:
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481:Western diet
475:such as the
473:
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316:
314:
293:
289:
285:
281:
279:
272:
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262:
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236:
227:
225:
220:
212:
194:
169:Western diet
162:
154:DNA analysis
150:human genome
147:
114:, processed
73:
63:is a modern
60:
57:caveman diet
56:
52:
48:
46:
36:
4920:Raw foodism
4773:Fletcherism
4763:Budwig diet
4657:Dubrow Diet
4637:Breuss diet
4570:Ornish diet
4486:Pioppi Diet
4456:Kordel diet
4406:Atkins diet
4360:Raw foodism
4355:Potato diet
4243:Cookie diet
3731:Amino acids
3670:Macrobiotic
3642:Raw foodism
3632:Liquid diet
3602:Cotton ball
3597:Entomophagy
3590:Other diets
3556:Low-protein
3516:Gluten-free
3424:Pollotarian
3419:Pescetarian
3253:Plant-based
3241:Basic types
3223:Staple food
3117:Smithsonian
1791:(8): 1296.
1599:Decker 2019
1575:Wilson 2015
1212:Zimmer 2015
1132:Milton 2002
1120:Nestle 2000
992:Ask EN 2010
928:Newton 2019
830:Decker 2019
810:Ask EN 2010
743:Raw foodism
673:other diets
619:Peter Ungar
611:Marlene Zuk
531:Atkins diet
496:weight loss
422:are modern
416:cauliflower
329:cannibalism
282:paleolithic
215:. In 1958,
69:Paleolithic
4904:Categories
4808:Swank diet
4803:Sensa diet
4717:Orthopathy
4652:Detox diet
4431:Dukan Diet
4350:Pegan diet
4285:Grape diet
4014:Phosphorus
4004:Molybdenum
3829:Tryptophan
3799:Methionine
3784:Isoleucine
3749:Asparagine
3637:Ninja diet
3571:Renal diet
3536:Low-FODMAP
3531:Low-sodium
3297:Low carbon
3017:(1): 1–8.
2934:1 February
2829:5 February
2693:(Review).
2658:(Review).
2470:(12): 61.
2466:(Review).
2274:20 January
2194:: 83–103.
2098:(Review).
2040:Q Rev Biol
1886:. p.
1653:. Ask EN.
1641:References
1511:Ungar 2017
1439:Elton 2008
1368:Longe 2008
1108:Longe 2008
944:Smith 2015
671:Like many
656:Popularity
507:decreased
438:Gwi people
309:Roast beef
300:Foodstuffs
80:vegetables
53:Paleo diet
4910:Fad diets
4585:Rice diet
4536:Zone diet
4377:Superfood
4315:Milk diet
4204:Fad diets
4106:MyPyramid
4019:Potassium
3999:Manganese
3994:Magnesium
3941:Vitamin K
3936:Vitamin E
3931:Vitamin D
3926:Vitamin C
3918:Vitamin B
3910:Vitamin B
3902:Vitamin B
3894:Vitamin B
3886:Vitamin B
3878:Vitamin B
3870:Vitamin B
3862:Vitamin B
3857:Vitamin A
3824:Threonine
3779:Histidine
3769:Glutamine
3722:Nutrition
3708:Diet food
3690:Slow-Carb
3685:Superfood
3680:Junk food
3665:Cambridge
3657:Fad diets
3576:Soft diet
3482:Specific
3391:Raw vegan
3348:Rastafari
3323:Christian
3213:Nutrition
3193:Dietitian
3031:0002-9483
2951:: 44–54.
2851:14 August
2756:0084-6570
2590:1467-789X
2173:144735157
1841:(1): 41.
1766:0002-9165
1619:Hall 2014
1475:Jabr 2013
1292:Pitt 2016
1244:Pitt 2016
1228:Pitt 2016
1176:Jabr 2013
1000:Lowe 2014
940:Hill 1996
773:Citations
587:Stone Age
467:and cure
424:cultivars
294:Stone Age
219:authored
185:headaches
4878:Category
4859:Quackery
4622:5:2 diet
4263:Hay diet
4149:Cookbook
4129:Category
4034:Vanadium
4024:Selenium
3969:Chromium
3964:Chlorine
3951:Minerals
3849:Vitamins
3834:Tyrosine
3759:Cysteine
3744:Arginine
3368:veganism
3318:Buddhist
3279:Atlantic
3248:Omnivore
3090:19627662
3081:10150942
3047:13175245
3039:24459698
2996:21139123
2965:24612646
2921:Gorski D
2903:ABC-CLIO
2863:(2013).
2721:23865796
2676:26405708
2626:17 March
2606:54489120
2598:30511505
2550:27051985
2492:45802390
2484:29124370
2398:Nestle M
2360:26269362
2315:17 March
2269:12469653
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2126:24107394
2068:28309169
2060:26591850
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1981:31041449
1951:Adv Nutr
1867:31337389
1805:22818735
1774:15699220
1731:12918685
1723:27753214
1611:NHS 2008
1499:Zuk 2013
1148:Lee 1969
956:Zuk 2013
858:NHS 2008
846:Zuk 2013
733:Peganism
691:See also
535:red meat
465:diabetes
442:Nunamiut
408:broccoli
347:palm oil
258:diabetes
252:such as
237:In 1985
181:diarrhea
65:fad diet
4889:Commons
4837:Related
4702:KE diet
4614:fasting
4451:Kimkins
4387:Whole30
4139:Commons
4101:MyPlate
4061:5 A Day
3959:Calcium
3809:Proline
3789:Leucine
3774:Glycine
3739:Alanine
3546:Low-fat
3333:Islamic
3269:Western
3233:Dieting
3218:Obesity
3188:Cuisine
3183:Dieting
3098:1058038
2712:4091895
2528:6574879
2447:Choices
2351:4588744
2117:4021001
2026:Skeptic
1972:6628854
1858:6647066
583:Western
500:satiety
453:amylase
412:cabbage
404:cyanide
400:almonds
290:caveman
254:obesity
177:calcium
124:alcohol
112:legumes
4560:F-plan
4054:advice
4029:Sodium
4009:Nickel
3984:Iodine
3979:Copper
3974:Cobalt
3839:Valine
3819:Serine
3794:Lysine
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3203:Leptin
3198:Hunger
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296:diet.
275:Google
183:, and
165:health
128:coffee
126:, and
104:grains
94:, and
84:fruits
4751:Other
3617:Inuit
3328:Hindu
3094:S2CID
3043:S2CID
2861:Zuk M
2602:S2CID
2562:(PDF)
2488:S2CID
2372:(PDF)
2169:S2CID
2064:S2CID
1727:S2CID
504:obese
388:!Kung
358:dairy
340:roots
319:with
286:paleo
205:bread
108:sugar
92:roots
71:era.
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4039:Zinc
3989:Iron
3622:MIND
3612:DASH
3607:Pica
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3338:Jain
3208:Meal
3178:Diet
3160:and
3086:PMID
3035:PMID
3027:ISSN
2992:PMID
2961:PMID
2936:2015
2907:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2853:2015
2831:2016
2775:ISBN
2752:ISSN
2730:Homo
2717:PMID
2672:PMID
2641:ISBN
2628:2015
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2586:ISSN
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2317:2015
2289:ISBN
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2206:PMID
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1977:PMID
1932:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1892:ISBN
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1770:PMID
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577:and
420:kale
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199:and
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141:US$
120:salt
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
