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1551:. A 2020 study inspired by this discovery found that of 27 identified burials with hunter gatherers of a known sex who were also buried with hunting tools, 11 were female hunter gatherers, while 16 were male hunter gatherers. Combined with uncertainties, these findings suggest that anywhere from 30 to 50 percent of big game hunters were female. A 2023 study that looked at studies of contemporary hunter gatherer societies from the 1800s to the present day found that women hunted in 79 percent of hunter gatherer societies. However, an attempted verification of this study found "that multiple methodological failures all bias their results in the same direction...their analysis does not contradict the wide body of empirical evidence for gendered divisions of labor in foraging societies".
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looked at 102 time-allocation studies, and the second one analyzed 207 energy-expenditure studies. Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies work on average, about 6.5 hours a day, whereas people in agricultural and industrial societies work on average 8.8 hours a day. Sahlins' theory has been criticized for only including time spent hunting and gathering while omitting time spent on collecting firewood, food preparation, etc. Other scholars also assert that hunter-gatherer societies were not "affluent" but suffered from extremely high infant mortality, frequent disease, and perennial warfare.
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1510:(residence/domestic group) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be
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1693:, the importance of plant food decreases and the importance of aquatic food increases. In cold and heavily forested environments, edible plant foods and large game are less abundant and hunter-gatherers may turn to aquatic resources to compensate. Hunter-gatherers in cold climates also rely more on stored food than those in warm climates. However, aquatic resources tend to be costly, requiring
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1802:, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years.
1652:
as them than poorer members of their community and indeed hunter-gatherer societies demonstrate an understanding of social stratification. Thus while the researchers agreed that hunter-gatherers were more egalitarian than modern societies, prior characterisations of them living in a state of egalitarian primitive communism were inaccurate and misleading.
1189:, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies may have been in use sequentially, alternately or even simultaneously.
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1403:, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary. Amongst the earliest example of permanent settlements is the Osipovka culture (14–10.3 thousand years ago), which lived in a fish-rich environment that allowed them to be able to stay at the same place all year. One group, the
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have suggested that the term Hunter-gatherer is reductive because it implies that Native
Americans never stayed in one place long enough to affect the environment around them. However, many of the landscapes in the Americas today are due to the way the Natives of that area originally tended the land.
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Most cross-cultural research aims to understand shared traits among hunter-gatherers and how and why they vary. Here we look at the conclusions of cross-cultural studies that ask: What are recent hunter-gatherers generally like? How do they differ from food producers? How and why do hunter-gatherers
1586:
was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were
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climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers. Individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, however, and thus archaeologists have identified a pattern of increasing regional
1775:
results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support
Torrence's (1989) theory that the risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure
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couple on a hunting and gathering trip in the llanos of
Venezuela. The man carries a bow, three steel-tipped arrows, and a hat that resembles the head of a jabiru stork as camouflage to approach near enough to deer for a shot. The woman carries a steel-tipped digging stick and a carrying basket for
1651:
amongst hunter-gatherers was 0.25, equivalent to the country of
Denmark in 2007. In addition, wealth transmission across generations was also a feature of hunter-gatherers, meaning that "wealthy" hunter-gatherers, within the context of their communities, were more likely to have children as wealthy
1534:
down quarry. In the
Australian Martu, both women and men participate in hunting but with a different style of gendered division; while men are willing to take more risks to hunt bigger animals such as kangaroo for political gain as a form of "competitive magnanimity", women target smaller game such
1655:
This study, however, exclusively examined modern hunter-gatherer communities, offering limited insight into the exact nature of social structures that existed prior to the
Neolithic Revolution. Alain Testart and others have said that anthropologists should be careful when using research on current
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than typical members of industrial society, and they still ate well. Their "affluence" came from the idea that they were satisfied with very little in the material sense. Later, in 1996, Ross
Sackett performed two distinct meta-analyses to empirically test Sahlin's view. The first of these studies
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The conventional assumption has been that women did most of the gathering, while men concentrated on big game hunting. An illustrative account is Megan
Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. A recent study suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental
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In addition to men, a single study found that women engage in hunting in 79% of modern hunter-gatherer societies. However, an attempted verification of this study found "that multiple methodological failures all bias their results in the same direction...their analysis does not contradict the wide
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groups in most parts of the world. Across
Western Eurasia, it was not until approximately 4,000 BC that farming and metallurgical societies completely replaced hunter-gatherers. These technologically advanced societies expanded faster in areas with less forest, pushing hunter-gatherers into denser
2183:
California
Indians view the idea of wilderness in a negative light. They believe that wilderness is the result of humans losing their knowledge of the natural world and how to care for it. When the earth turns back to wilderness after the connection with humans is lost then the plants and animals
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era, emphasising cross-cultural influences, progress and development that such societies have undergone in the past 10,000 years. As such, the combined anthropological and archaeological evidence to date continues to favour previous understandings of early hunter-gatherers as largely egalitarian.
1980:
There are nevertheless a number of contemporary hunter-gatherer peoples who, after contact with other societies, continue their ways of life with very little external influence or with modifications that perpetuate the viability of hunting and gathering in the 21st century. One such group is the
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One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarianism and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed
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Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were
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Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.
1739:. For example, tropical hunter-gatherers may have an excess of protein but be deficient in carbohydrates, and conversely tropical horticulturalists may have a surplus of carbohydrates but inadequate protein. Trading may thus be the most cost-effective means of acquiring carbohydrate resources.
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Researchers Gurven and Kaplan have estimated that around 57% of hunter-gatherers reach the age of 15. Of those that reach 15 years of age, 64% continue to live to or past the age of 45. This places the life expectancy between 21 and 37 years. They further estimate that 70% of deaths are due to
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Anderson specifically looks at California Natives and the practices they utilized to tame their land. Some of these practices included pruning, weeding, sowing, burning, and selective harvesting. These practices allowed them to take from the environment in a sustainable manner for centuries.
2013:
of Venezuela also live in an area that is inhospitable to large scale economic exploitation and maintain their subsistence based on hunting and gathering, as well as incorporating a small amount of manioc horticulture that supplements, but is not replacing, reliance on foraged foods.
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period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherer bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools such as
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The Upper Paleolithic inhabitants of the European region spanned by France, Czechoslovakia, and the Ukraine led a hunting life resembling that of the people of Mal'ta and Buret' and built similar dwellings of matching construction from the bones of extinct large
1263:
formerly available to hunter-gatherers were—and continue to be—encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition,
1787:, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in
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Stephens, Lucas; Fuller, Dorian; Boivin, Nicole; Rick, Torben; Gauthier, Nicolas; Kay, Andrea; Marwick, Ben; Armstrong, Chelsey Geralda; Barton, C. Michael (2019-08-30). "Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use".
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A 1986 study found most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labor. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunted the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. Among the
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or that had died of natural causes. Scientists have demonstrated that the evidence for early human behaviors for hunting versus carcass scavenging vary based on the ecology, including the types of predators that existed and the environment.
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is important in assessing the quality of game among hunter-gatherers, to the point that lean animals are often considered secondary resources or even starvation food. Consuming too much lean meat leads to adverse health effects like
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1173:, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by
2103:. American hunter-gatherers were spread over a wide geographical area, thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making
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A 2010 paper argued that while hunter-gatherers may have lower levels of inequality than modern, industrialised societies, that does not mean inequality does not exist. The researchers estimated that the average
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as lizards to feed their children and promote working relationships with other women, preferring a more constant supply of sustenance. In 2018, 9000-year-old remains of a female hunter along with a toolkit of
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Our results suggest that the mortality due to violence was low and spatio-temporally highly restricted in the Jomon period, which implies that violence including warfare in prehistoric Japan was not common.
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As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first
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or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.
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Mutual exchange and sharing of resources (i.e., meat gained from hunting) are important in the economic systems of hunter-gatherer societies. Therefore, these societies can be described as based on a "
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Dolitsky, Alexander B.; Ackerman, Robert E.; Aigner, Jean S.; Bryan, Alan L.; Dennell, Robin; Guthrie, R. Dale; Hoffecker, John F.; Hopkins, David M.; Lanata, José Luis; Workman, William B. (1985).
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of the so-called mixed-economies or dual economies which imply a combination of food procurement (gathering and hunting) and food production or when foragers have trade relations with farmers.
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woodlands. Only the middle-late Bronze Age and Iron Age societies were able to fully replace hunter-gatherers in their final stronghold located in the most densely forested areas. Unlike their
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Sackett, Ross. 1996. "Time, energy, and the indolent savage. A quantitative cross-cultural test of the primitive affluence hypothesis". Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles. via
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Kramer, Karen L.; Greaves, Russell D. (2016). "Diversify or replace: what happens when cultigens are introduced into hunter-gatherer diets.". In Codding, Brian F.; Kramer, Karen L. (eds.).
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results in the body using the protein as energy, possibly leading to protein deficiency. Lean meat especially becomes a problem when animals go through a lean season that requires them to
1063:. Prehistoric hunter-gatherers lived in groups that consisted of several families resulting in a size of a few dozen people. It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the
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or "Bushmen" of southern Africa have social customs that strongly discourage hoarding and displays of authority, and encourage economic equality via sharing of food and material goods.
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in 1939. According to Peterson (1998), the island population was isolated for 6,000 years until the 18th century. In 1929, three-quarters of the population supported themselves on
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Gavashelishvili, A; et al. (2023), "The time and place of origin of South Caucasian languages: insights into past human societies, ecosystems and human population genetics",
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The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context. One of humanity's two closest primate relatives,
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technology, and this may have impeded their intensive use in prehistory. Marine food probably did not start becoming prominent in the diet until relatively recently, during the
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Most anthropologists believe that hunter-gatherers do not have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed.
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As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture, the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use.
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Erdal, David; Whiten, Andrew; Boehm, Christopher; Knauft, Bruce (April 1994). "On Human Egalitarianism: An Evolutionary Product of Machiavellian Status Escalation?" (
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1953:(or even agricultural) contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones (Kelly, 24–29; see Wilmsen)
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2061:), that existed between 47,000 and 14,000 years ago. Around 18,500–15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct
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1771:(2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard
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tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family.
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1767:, available technology, and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard
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5432:"New evidence for Southeast Asian Pleistocene foraging economies: faunal remains from the early levels of Lang Rongrien rockshelter, Krabi, Thailand"
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5058:. Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. Tennessee Historical Society. Online Edition provided by: The University of Tennessee Press
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Bird, Rebecca Bliege; Bird, Douglas W. (2008-08-01). "Why women hunt: risk and contemporary foraging in a Western Desert aboriginal community".
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Erdal, D. & Whiten, A. (1996) "Egalitarianism and Machiavellian Intelligence in Human Evolution" in Mellars, P. & Gibadfson, K. (eds)
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Gintis, Herbert, Carel van Schaik, and Christopher Boehm. 2019. “Zoon Politikon: The Evolutionary Origins of Human Socio-Political Systems.”
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species. Major extinctions were incurred in Australia beginning approximately 50,000 years ago and in the Americas about 15,000 years ago.
2774:"Female foragers sometimes hunt, yet gendered divisions of labor are real: a comment on Anderson et al. (2023) The Myth of Man the Hunter"
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Some of the theorists who advocate this "revisionist" critique imply that, because the "pure hunter-gatherer" disappeared not long after
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1407:, had the highest recorded population density of any known hunter and gatherer society with an estimated 21.6 persons per square mile.
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Erdal, D. and A. Whiten 1996. "Egalitarianism and Machiavellian intelligence in human evolution". In, P. Mellars and K. Gibson (eds),
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counterparts, Neolithic societies could not establish themselves in dense forests, and Copper Age societies had only limited success.
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had put it in 1651. According to Sahlins, ethnographic data indicated that hunter-gatherers worked far fewer hours and enjoyed more
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5481:"Violence in the prehistoric period of Japan: the spatio-temporal pattern of skeletal evidence for violence in the Jomon period"
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3147:"Conceptual Premises in Experimental Design and Their Bearing on the Use of Analogy: An Example from Experiments on Cut Marks"
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traditions. These regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, with a more mixed
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5011:"Mitochondrial DNA Studies of Native Americans: Conceptions and Misconceptions of the Population Prehistory of the Americas"
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social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America and the
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and to date have maintained their independent existence, repelling attempts to engage with and contact them. The Savanna
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body of empirical evidence for gendered divisions of labor in foraging societies". Only a few contemporary societies of
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1606:", in which he challenged the popular view of hunter-gatherers lives as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", as
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Erdal, D.; Whiten, A. (1994). "On human egalitarianism: an evolutionary product of Machiavellian status escalation?".
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Nakao, Hisashi; Tamura, Kohei; Arimatsu, Yui; Nakagawa, Tomomi; Matsumoto, Naoko; Matsugi, Takehiko (30 March 2016).
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Smith; Alden, Eric; Hill, Kim; Marlowe, Frank W.; Nolin, David; Wiessner, Polly; Gurven, Michael; Bowles, Samuel;
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Knight, C. 2008. "Early human kinship was matrilineal". In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.),
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4896:. Santa Fe; Albuquerque: School for Advanced Research Press and University of New Mexico Press. pp. 15–42.
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Archaeologists can use evidence such as stone tool use to track hunter-gatherer activities, including mobility.
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In areas where plant and fish resources are scarce, hunter-gatherers may trade meat with horticulturalists for
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diseases of some kind, 20% of deaths come from violence or accidents and 10% are due to degenerative diseases.
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involves gathering of food (and sometimes other materials) in the context of an urban or suburban environment.
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Greaves, Russell D.; et al. (2016). "Economic activities of twenty-first century foraging populations".
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4766:"The causes and scope of political egalitarianism during the Last Glacial: A multi-disciplinary perspective"
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Torrence, Robin (1989). "Retooling: Towards a behavioral theory of stone tools". In Torrence, Robin (ed.).
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the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe.
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for food production, although the boundaries between the two ways of living are not completely distinct.
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A wiki dedicated to the scientific study of the diversity of foraging societies without recreating myths
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2843:. Santa Fe; Albuquerque: School for Advanced Research, University of New Mexico Press. pp. 241–62.
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Koch, Paul L.; Barnosky, Anthony D. (2006-01-01). "Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate".
2894:"Siberian Paleolithic Archaeology: Approaches and Analytic Methods [and Comments and Replies]"
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4258:"Some Major Problems in the Social Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers [and Comments and Reply]"
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5598:"Ethnological videos clips. Living or recently extinct traditional tribal groups and their origins"
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is not necessarily a one-way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an
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is the field of study whereby food plants of various peoples and tribes worldwide are documented.
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The Association of Foragers: An international association for teachers of hunter-gatherer skills.
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Lee, Richard B.; Guenther, Mathias (1995). "Errors Corrected or Compounded? A Reply to Wilmsen".
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Fladmark, K. R. (January 1979). "Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America".
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was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period.
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period some 10,000 years ago, and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the
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period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices.
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5298:. Santa Fe, Albuquerque: School for Advanced Research Press, University of New Mexico Press.
3985:"Ju/'Hoan Women's Tracking Knowledge And Its Contribution To Their Husbands' Hunting Success"
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A global map illustrating the decline of foraging/fishing/hunting/gathering around the world.
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Lee, Richard B. (1992). "Art, Science, or Politics? The Crisis in Hunter-Gatherer Studies".
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135:
42:
3805:
Hawkes, K.; O'Connell, J. F.; Jones, N. G. Blurton; Alvarez, H. P.; Charnov, E. L. (1998).
3362:
2951:
Sandom, Christopher; Faurby, Søren; Sandel, Brody; Svenning, Jens-Christian (4 June 2014).
2207:
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are still classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with
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7053:
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6812:
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Essai sur les fondements de la division sexuelle du travail chez les chasseurs-cueilleurs.
3372:
2411:
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1998:
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that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of
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has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In
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467:
402:
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213:
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4384:"Causes of Toolkit Variation Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Test of Four Competing Hypotheses"
3674:
Limited Wants, Unlimited Means: A Reader on Hunter-Gatherer Economics and the Environment
3477:
The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological Evidence from the North Pacific
2524:
involves the gathering of food that traditional farmers have left behind in their fields.
2512:, which strives for the abolishment of civilization and the return to a life in the wild.
2083:
Hunter-gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas, primarily based in the
4479:
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3019:
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2704:
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4649:
4625:
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4253:
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2818:. Santa Fe; Albuquerque: School for Advanced Research, University of New Mexico Press.
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1993:
has proved unsuitable for European agriculture (and even pastoralism). Another are the
1702:
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1511:
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1404:
1230:
1123:
1059:
938:
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648:
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4248:; Legros, Dominique; Linkenbach, Antje; Morton, John; Peterson, Nicolas; Raju, D. R.;
3917:"Men are hunters, women are gatherers. That was the assumption. A new study upends it"
2038:
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2010:
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293:
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100:
88:
87:, that is, by gathering food from local naturally occurring sources, especially wild
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5034:
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4293:
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3984:
3611:
3186:
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2530:, which strives to achieve a diet similar to that of ancient hunter-gatherer groups.
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7172:
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6851:
6673:
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6559:
6186:
6068:
6032:
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5754:
2953:"Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change"
2496:
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2441:
2426:
2421:
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2084:
2002:
1960:
1760:
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1458:. So great is the contrast with human hunter-gatherers that it is widely argued by
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hunter-gatherers entered North America from the North Asian mammoth steppe via the
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863:
739:
603:
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593:
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532:
507:
482:
477:
424:
278:
186:
104:
17:
7284:
4805:"Demographic transition in a hunter-gatherer population: the Tiwi case, 1929–1996"
4723:
3539:
3344:"Cooking secrets of the Neolithic era revealed in groundbreaking scientific tests"
5401:
5380:
5356:
5335:
5314:
5223:
5202:
5077:"Blame North America Megafauna Extinction On Climate Change, Not Human Ancestors"
4405:
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2100:
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1973:
1950:
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824:
819:
432:
407:
190:
165:
164:, hunter-gatherers who did not change were displaced or conquered by farming or
116:
56:
3811:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2712:
2596:
Richard B. Lee & Richard Daly, “Introduction: Foragers & Others,” in:
1248:
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7418:
7311:
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7085:
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5275:
The Other Side Of Eden: hunter-gatherers, farmers and the shaping of the world
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1982:
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strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by
258:
226:
170:
153:
4847:
4056:
R.B. Lee and I. DeVore (New York: Aldine Publishing Company) pp. 85–89.
4023:
3935:
Women Like Meat. The folklore and foraging ideology of the Kalahari Ju/'hoan.
3547:
3170:
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6300:
6223:
6102:
5990:
5916:
5683:
5673:
4942:
4615:
3526:
Cashdan, Elizabeth A. (1980). "Egalitarianism among Hunters and Gatherers".
3104:
Binford, Louis (1986). "Human ancestors: Changing views of their behavior".
3028:
3003:
2643:
2152:
2065:
2047:
1817:
1764:
1559:
1502:
Within a particular tribe or people, hunter-gatherers are connected by both
1432:
1361:
1275:, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the
1218:
1174:
948:
472:
437:
372:
236:
231:
132:
128:
5520:
5502:
4829:
In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006)
4634:
4223:
4031:
3831:
3037:
2988:
2970:
2730:
2669:
1106:
as well as the extinction of all other human species. Humans spread to the
149:
Hunting and gathering was humanity's original and most enduring successful
5564:
5450:
3850:
3637:
Gintis, Herbert. 2013. “The Evolutionary Roots of Human Hyper-Cognition.”
2745:"The Theory That Men Evolved to Hunt and Women Evolved to Gather Is Wrong"
1783:
Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the
1003:
41:"Plant gathering" redirects here. For the hobby or academic activity, see
7100:
7036:
6841:
6581:
6576:
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6359:
6181:
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6124:
5616:
2521:
2381:
2104:
2058:
1822:
1759:
Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on
1656:
hunter-gatherer societies to determine the structure of societies in the
1467:
1170:
1139:
325:
174:
124:
112:
84:
4815:. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.
3443:
Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory
3243:
Blades, B (2003). "End scraper reduction and hunter-gatherer mobility".
3178:
3146:
3052:"Genetic Analysis Reveals Previously Unknown Group of Ancient Siberians"
2652:
7514:
7162:
7068:
6954:
6912:
6888:
6668:
6474:
6384:
6238:
6139:
6097:
5960:
5879:
5832:
5820:
5459:
5026:
4285:
4257:
3264:
2925:
2893:
2196:
2144:
1863: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1721:
1720:, and can in extreme cases lead to death. Additionally, a diet high in
1698:
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1638:
1611:
1503:
1471:
1424:
1214:
1158:
1127:
1083:
681:
457:
120:
108:
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4987:
4732:
3807:"Grandmothering, Menopause, and the Evolution of Human Life-Histories"
3555:
7483:
7230:
6907:
6767:
6745:
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5869:
5847:
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5789:
2247:
1420:
1400:
1234:
1166:
1103:
809:
92:
5590:
5581:
History of the Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies (CHAGS)
3884:"Prehistoric female hunter discovery upends gender role assumptions"
3288:"Prehistoric female hunter discovery upends gender role assumptions"
3256:
2192:
2076:
ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using
4979:
4688:
4277:
4205:
4015:
3783:
3603:
3319:
Climate Changes in the Holocene : Impacts and Human Adaptation
2909:
2087:
of the United States and Canada, with offshoots as far east as the
1747:
1082:
people in the Baikal region of Siberia lived in dwellings built of
7550:
7296:
7016:
6900:
6750:
6704:
6566:
6421:
6369:
6315:
5945:
5911:
4943:"The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health"
4765:
3973:
Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.
2396:
2312:
2228:
2206:
2191:
2157:
2096:
2037:
1959:
1816:
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1628:
1553:
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1441:
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1360:
1324:
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1229:, and also independently originated in many other areas including
1191:
1073:
96:
72:
2107:
styles and progress identifiable. This early Paleo-Indian period
27:
Peoples who forage or hunt for most or all of their food and life
7242:
7203:
6883:
6683:
6539:
6469:
6389:
6261:
5774:
5358:
Forager-traders in South and Southeast Asia: long term histories
5009:
Eshleman, Jason A.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Smith, David Glenn (2003).
2317:
2148:
2119:
2077:
1694:
1588:
1548:
139:
80:
7487:
6810:
6449:
5715:
5620:
5601:
6846:
6554:
6320:
6278:
5296:
Why forage?: hunters and gatherers in the twenty-first century
4052:
Sahlins, M. (1968). "Notes on the Original Affluent Society",
3770:
Marlowe, Frank W. (2004). "Marital residence among foragers".
1890:
1832:
1712:
75:
living in a community, or according to an ancestrally derived
4894:
Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century
4436:
The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Life ways
2841:
Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century
2816:
Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-first Century
1642:
ceremony (bear sending). Japanese scroll painting, circa 1870
123:). This is a common practice among most vertebrates that are
4311:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46.
3480:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–5, 242.
30:"Hunting and gathering" redirects here. For other uses, see
5133:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
4651:
Land Filled With Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari
4190:"Wealth transmission and inequality among hunter-gatherers"
3004:"Body size downgrading of mammals over the late Quaternary"
2057:
from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (
5576:
International Society for Hunter Gatherer Research (ISHGR)
5246:
A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution
5204:
Hunter-gatherers in history, archaeology and anthropology
2080:, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.
1805:
Nowadays, some scholars speak about the existence within
1302:
in South Africa. Many San still live as hunter-gatherers.
5608:
5337:
First peoples in a new world: colonizing ice age America
5225:
Hunter-gatherers: archaeological and evolutionary theory
4920:. National Geographic Society. 1996–2008. Archived from
4382:
Collard, Mark; Kemery, Michael; Banks, Samantha (2005).
4361:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
4336:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 74.
4112:
War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage
3949:"Sex-Based Roles Gave Modern Humans an Edge, Study Says"
2053:
Evidence suggests big-game hunter-gatherers crossed the
2030:
Aboriginal peoples in Canada § Paleo-Indians period
1539:
and animal processing implements were discovered at the
4359:
The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum
4334:
The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum
4309:
The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum
1283:
by humans, one of several explanations offered for the
156:
in the natural world, occupying at least 90 percent of
4459:
Portera, Claire C.; Marlowe, Frank W. (January 2007).
5575:
2598:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters & Gatherers
1917:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1110:
and the Americas for the first time, coincident with
5021:. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign: 7–18.
4918:"Atlas of the Human Journey-The Genographic Project"
4576:"The Persistence of Hunting and Gathering Economies"
4533:
Hayes-Bohanan, Pamela (2010). Birx, H. James (ed.).
3071:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
2162:
Indigenous people at a Brazilian farm plantation in
2068:
along ice-free corridors that stretched between the
1057:, and from its appearance some 200,000 years ago by
7340:
7153:
6980:
6827:
6692:
6656:
6505:
6462:
6252:
6083:
6056:
5981:
5898:
5803:
5728:
4510:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers
4438:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. p. 31.
2118:saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more
5382:Hunter-gatherers: an interdisciplinary perspective
5294:Codding, Brian F.; Kramer, Karen L., eds. (2016).
5272:
4871:"North Sentinel Island: A Glimpse Into Prehistory"
4081:"Hunter-Gatherers and the Mythology of the Market"
3746:Lecture 8 Subsistence, Ecology and Food production
2814:Codding, Brian F.; Kramer, Karen L., eds. (2016).
2616:
2614:
1427:) are an exception to this rule. For example, the
3133:The Last Rain Forests: A World Conservation Atlas
2392:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
1397:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
5430:Mudar, Karen; Anderson, Douglas D. (Fall 2007).
3002:Smith, Felisa A.; et al. (April 20, 2018).
4539:21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook
4085:Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers
2743:Ocobock, Cara; Lacy, Sarah (November 1, 2023).
1829:of Wyoming, photographed by Percy Jackson, 1870
1225:originated as early as 12,000 years ago in the
5379:; R. H. Layton; P. Rowley-Conwy, eds. (2001).
4410:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–66.
7499:
5632:
5609:Hunter-gatherer bibliographic site (HGCOSMOS)
5313:Lee, Richard B.; DeVore, Irven, eds. (1968).
4753:. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 247.
4599:"The evolution of lethal intergroup violence"
4508:Lee, Richard B.; Daly, Richard, eds. (1999).
3983:Biesele, Megan; Barclay, Steve (March 2001).
3393:Widlok, Thomas; Tadesse, Wolde Gossa (2006).
1794:The transition from hunting and gathering to
1028:
8:
5355:Morrison, K. D.; L. L. Junker, eds. (2002).
4832:. University Press of America. p. 357.
4150:Guenevere, Michael; Kaplan, Hillard (2007).
5170:. Univ of California Press. pp. 1–10.
5103:. Cambridge University Press. p. 151.
4750:Ethnicity, Hunter-Gatherers and the 'Other'
4563:– via Gale Virtual Reference Library.
3652:Behavioural Processes, Behavioral Evolution
1395:Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the
7506:
7492:
7484:
6824:
6807:
6459:
6446:
5904:
5725:
5712:
5639:
5625:
5617:
5130:Stuart B. Schwartz, Frank Salomon (1999).
4066:"Managing abundance, not chasing scarcity"
3446:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24.
1035:
1021:
200:
5510:
5458:
4731:
4624:
4614:
4213:
3840:
3830:
3735:
3733:
3628:Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.
3430:). Current Anthropology. 35 (2): 175–183.
3027:
2978:
2772:Venkataraman, et al. (May 7, 2024).
2720:
2651:
1937:Learn how and when to remove this message
1879:Learn how and when to remove this message
1196:Hunter-gatherers (yellow) 4,000 years ago
1047:Hunting and gathering was presumably the
5243:Bowles, Samuel; Gintis, Herbert (2011).
4803:Peterson, Nicolas; Taylor, John (1998).
4115:. Oxford University Press. p. 272.
3727:. Cambridge MacDonald Monograph Series.
3083:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415
1913:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1780:return foragers store the surplus food.
1591:in territorial boundaries as well as in
47:
4252:; Smith, Eric Alden; Walter, M. Susan;
2866:"Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Societies"
2540:
2184:will retreat and hide from the humans.
1200:Starting at the transition between the
212:
5340:. Berkeley: University of California.
3568:Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2007).
3107:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
1604:Notes on the Original Affluent Society
1435:defined this socio-economic system as
7614:Anthropological categories of peoples
5600:. Andaman Association. Archived from
5161:
5159:
4098:Semantic Scholar Corpus ID: 146347757
3910:
3908:
3877:
3875:
3873:
1311:in agricultural centers, such as the
1217:. The transition into the subsequent
1130:, bison and woolly rhinoceroses. The
107:, or anything safe to eat, and/or by
7:
4461:"How marginal are forager habitats?"
4152:"Longevity amongst Hunter-gatherers"
3947:Lovgren, Stefan (December 7, 2006).
3748:. Harvard University. Archived from
2864:Groeneveld, Emma (9 December 2016).
2809:
2807:
2767:
2765:
2600:(Cambridge University Press, 1999),
1861:adding citations to reliable sources
1518:organizational innovation that gave
4188:; Hertz, Tom; Bell, Adrian (2010).
3135:by David Attenborough, Mark Collins
1813:Modern and revisionist perspectives
1126:of Siberia and survived by hunting
1122:lived in extreme conditions of the
1094:The Late Pleistocene witnessed the
138:, which rely mainly on cultivating
4574:Svizzero, S.; Tisdell, C. (2015).
3361:Pringle, Heather (22 April 2015).
3145:DomĂnguez-Rodrigo, Manuel (2008).
2958:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2798:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.04.014
2236:hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, 2022
1530:people of Namibia, women help men
1279:—according to Diamond, because of
25:
6763:Megalithic architectural elements
4468:Journal of Archaeological Science
4159:Population and Development Review
3915:Aizenman, Nurith (July 1, 2023).
3740:Kiefer, Thomas M. (Spring 2002).
3703:. London: Yale University Press.
3399:. Berghahn Books. pp. ix–x.
3286:Verdolivo, Matthew (2020-11-04).
2123:generalization, as seen with the
1415:Hunter-gatherers tend to have an
1086:bones, similar to those found in
1009:Business and economics portal
5563:
4171:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00171.x
3937:Witwatersrand: University Press.
1895:
1837:
1002:
7382:Evolutionary origin of religion
4654:. University of Chicago Press.
4597:Kelly, Raymond (October 2005).
4391:Canadian Journal of Archaeology
4079:, No. 2, 2008, and John Gowdy,
3867:. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 61–82.
3626:Modelling the early human mind.
3572:. US: Oxford University Press.
2407:Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)
1848:needs additional citations for
5385:. Cambridge University Press.
5361:. Cambridge University Press.
5249:. Princeton University Press.
5136:. Cambridge University Press.
4580:Social Evolution & History
4512:. Cambridge University Press.
3725:Modelling the Early Human Mind
3203:, pp. 169–81. Scott, Foresman.
2116:Archaic period in the Americas
1574:" conference, anthropologists
1185:, long-distance running as in
131:stand in contrast to the more
1:
6995:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
6525:British megalith architecture
5533:"Hunter Gatherers (Foragers)"
4809:Australian Aboriginal Studies
4724:10.1525/aa.1992.94.1.02a00030
3882:Wei-Hass, Maya (2020-11-04).
3540:10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00100
2576:. London: The Penguin Press.
2550:"Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers)"
2548:Ember, Carol R. (June 2020).
2345:Modern hunter-gatherer groups
2220:
2166:
1776:of hunter-gatherer toolkits.
1680:
1602:presented a paper entitled, "
1493:
1411:Social and economic structure
1373:
904:Commons-based peer production
624:Socialism of the 21st century
32:Hunting and Gathering (novel)
6990:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
6530:Nordic megalith architecture
5539:. Human Relations Area Files
5201:Barnard, A. J., ed. (2004).
4407:Time, Energy and Stone Tools
4083:, in Lee, Richard B (2005).
3660:10.1016/j.beproc.2018.01.007
3316:Chiotis, Eustathios (2018).
3120:10.1016/0278-4165(84)90003-5
2778:Evolution and Human Behavior
2034:Lithic period in Mesoamerica
1183:endurance running hypothesis
36:Hunting and Gathering (film)
5056:"Paleoindians in Tennessee"
4270:University of Chicago Press
4137:"Hunter-gatherer mortality"
4109:Lawrence H. Keeley (1996).
2155:and harvested plant foods.
1705:in southern Africa and the
1689:As one moves away from the
1285:Quaternary extinction event
7660:
7138:British Isles and Brittany
7059:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
5334:Meltzer, David J. (2009).
5100:Prehistory of the Americas
5097:Fiedel, Stuart J. (1992).
4826:Pandya, Vishvajit (2009).
4764:Shultziner, Doron (2010).
4747:Marlowe, Frank W. (2002).
4535:"42: Prehistoric Cultures"
4186:Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique
4064:. See also: Jerome Lewis,
3697:Dahlberg, Frances (1975).
3676:. St Louis: Island Press.
2871:World History Encyclopedia
2713:10.1038/s41598-023-45500-w
2203:) in the Philippines, 1595
2027:
2021:
1387:Most hunter-gatherers are
1368:under the wolf-skin mask,
1354:
1132:settlement of the Americas
1114:of numerous predominantly
40:
29:
7521:
6823:
6806:
6458:
6445:
5907:
5724:
5711:
5654:
5222:Bettinger, R. L. (1991).
5015:Evolutionary Anthropology
4782:10.1007/s10539-010-9196-4
4551:10.4135/9781412979283.n42
4488:10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.014
4357:Kelly, Robert L. (2013).
4332:Kelly, Robert L. (2013).
4307:Kelly, Robert L. (2013).
3570:A Dictionary of Sociology
3440:Lourandos, Harry (1997).
3332:– via Google Books.
3163:10.1080/00438240701843629
2323:Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer
1543:site of Wilamaya Patjxa,
398:Socialist-oriented market
5537:Explaining Human Culture
5400:Turnbull, Colin (1987).
3989:African Study Monographs
3953:National Geographic News
1598:At the same conference,
162:invention of agriculture
55:hunter-gatherers in the
7370:Evolutionary musicology
6773:Oldest extant buildings
6700:Archaeological features
6219:Prepared-core technique
5474:(subscription required)
4712:American Anthropologist
4648:Wilmsen, Edwin (1989).
4616:10.1073/pnas.0505955102
3672:Gowdy, John M. (1998).
3639:Journal of Bioeconomics
3528:American Anthropologist
3029:10.1126/science.aao5987
2644:10.1126/science.aax1192
2570:Wade, Nicholas (2006).
1755:collecting wild tubers.
1120:Ancient North Eurasians
197:Archaeological evidence
79:, in which most or all
7332:Unchambered long cairn
7180:Mound Builders culture
6513:Neolithic architecture
5648:Prehistoric technology
5503:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0028
5497:publishing: 20160028.
5166:Anderson, Kat (2013).
5054:Broster, John (2002).
4770:Biology and Philosophy
3832:10.1073/pnas.95.3.1336
3654:, 161 (April): 17–30.
3474:Fitzhugh, Ben (2003).
3371:. Tula Foundation and
3363:"The Brine Revolution"
2971:10.1098/rspb.2013.3254
2237:
2226:
2204:
2172:
2095:, and as far south as
2050:
1977:
1966:Aboriginal Australians
1830:
1756:
1686:
1643:
1567:
1499:
1447:
1446:Mbendjele meat sharing
1383:Habitat and population
1379:
1351:Common characteristics
1303:
1253:
1197:
1161:. Early humans in the
1091:
136:agricultural societies
111:game (pursuing and/or
60:
7566:Agricultural/Agrarian
7007:List of Stone Age art
6209:Microblade technology
6157:Langdale axe industry
5755:Ard / plough
5596:Balmer, Yves (2013).
5451:10.1353/asi.2007.0013
5319:. Aldine de Gruyter.
5279:. North Point Press.
4497:on February 27, 2008.
4071:May 13, 2013, at the
3959:on December 10, 2006.
3396:Property and Equality
3219:Guns, Germs and Steel
2232:
2210:
2195:
2161:
2041:
2007:North Sentinel Island
1991:Great Victoria Desert
1985:(Spinifex people) of
1963:
1820:
1750:
1672:
1632:
1564:Indigenous Australian
1557:
1487:
1445:
1364:
1355:Further information:
1293:
1251:
1195:
1077:
51:
7414:Prehistoric medicine
7409:Prehistoric counting
7392:Prehistoric religion
7387:Paleolithic religion
7365:Behavioral modernity
6722:Causewayed enclosure
6614:Abri de la Madeleine
5738:Neolithic Revolution
5604:on January 11, 2014.
5572:at Wikimedia Commons
5271:Brody, Hugh (2001).
5079:. ScienceDaily. 2001
4881:– via YouTube.
4677:Current Anthropology
4262:Current Anthropology
4194:Current Anthropology
4077:Radical Anthropology
4004:Current Anthropology
3969:Testart, A. (1986).
3933:Biesele, M. (1993).
3894:on February 17, 2021
3772:Current Anthropology
3592:Current Anthropology
2898:Current Anthropology
2487:Yaruro (Pumé) people
2328:Comb Ceramic culture
2283:Neolithic Revolution
1989:, whose land in the
1906:factual accuracy is
1857:improve this article
1827:Wind River Mountains
1460:paleoanthropologists
1108:Australian continent
1069:Neolithic Revolution
934:Newly industrialized
677:Collective ownership
538:Vertical archipelago
144:domesticated animals
7453:Prehistoric warfare
6199:Magdalenian culture
6162:Levallois technique
6093:Earliest toolmaking
5264:The Montreal Review
4947:Scientific American
4873:. 15 September 2013
4480:2007JArSc..34...59P
4139:. 28 February 2007.
3991:. Suppl. 26: 67–84.
3888:National Geographic
3865:Early Human Kinship
3823:1998PNAS...95.1336H
3742:"Anthropology E-20"
3298:on November 4, 2020
3292:National Geographic
3222:. London: Vintage.
3201:People of the Earth
3020:2018Sci...360..310S
2790:2024EHumB..4506586V
2749:Scientific American
2705:2023NatSR..1321133G
2636:2019Sci...365..897S
2510:Anarcho-primitivism
2338:Uncontacted peoples
2333:Pitted Ware culture
1789:uncontacted peoples
1576:Richard Borshay Lee
1476:social organization
1464:human consciousness
1437:primitive communism
1309:forms of government
1187:persistence hunting
919:Inclusive Democracy
18:Hunter and gatherer
7515:Types of societies
7404:Origin of language
7397:Spiritual drug use
7307:Rectangular dolmen
7209:Dartmoor kistvaens
7022:Carved stone balls
6734:Circular enclosure
6693:Other architecture
6636:Alp pile dwellings
6224:Solutrean industry
6135:Gravettian culture
5785:Secondary products
5439:Asian Perspectives
5027:10.1002/evan.10048
4968:American Antiquity
3700:Woman the Gatherer
3503:"Beyond the !Kung"
3245:American Antiquity
3199:Fagan, B. (1989).
2965:(1787): 20133254.
2693:Scientific Reports
2477:Sentinelese people
2288:Origins of society
2273:Indigenous peoples
2238:
2227:
2205:
2173:
2051:
1978:
1831:
1825:encampment in the
1807:cultural evolution
1757:
1687:
1644:
1568:
1500:
1448:
1380:
1357:Cultural universal
1329:Sub-Saharan Africa
1304:
1254:
1213:, hooks, and bone
1198:
1153:obtained food via
1145:During the 1970s,
1092:
857:Material balancing
339:Buddhist economics
183:uncontacted people
127:. Hunter-gatherer
61:
7601:
7600:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7426:Prehistoric music
7375:music archaeology
7032:Cup and ring mark
6857:Clothing/textiles
6802:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6244:Yubetsu technique
6229:Striking platform
6194:Lithic technology
6079:
6078:
6064:Game drive system
5983:Projectile points
5875:Mortar and pestle
5568:Media related to
5403:The Forest People
4256:(February 1988).
3348:siberiantimes.com
3151:World Archaeology
3014:(6386): 310–313.
2630:(6456): 897–902.
2357:Andamanese people
2308:Stateless society
2298:Prehistoric music
2258:Homo floresiensis
1987:Western Australia
1947:
1946:
1939:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1800:adaptive strategy
1724:and low in other
1718:protein poisoning
1707:Upper Paleolithic
1537:projectile points
1206:Upper Paleolithic
1181:According to the
1163:Lower Paleolithic
1088:Upper Paleolithic
1045:
1044:
555:By regional model
349:Sabbath economics
16:(Redirected from
7651:
7639:Economic systems
7629:Hunter-gatherers
7583:Proto-Industrial
7508:
7501:
7494:
7485:
7441:Divje Babe flute
7348:Archaeoastronomy
7091:Petrosomatoglyph
6825:
6808:
6657:Water management
6460:
6447:
6350:Denticulate tool
6172:Lithic reduction
5905:
5726:
5713:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5618:
5605:
5570:Hunter-gatherers
5567:
5552:
5546:
5544:
5531:Ember, Carol R.
5527:
5514:
5475:
5472:
5462:
5436:
5417:
5396:
5377:Panter-Brick, C.
5372:
5351:
5330:
5309:
5290:
5278:
5260:
5239:
5228:. Plenum Press.
5218:
5182:
5181:
5168:Tending the Wild
5163:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4628:
4618:
4609:(43): 15294–98.
4594:
4588:
4587:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4490:. Archived from
4465:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4432:Kelly, Robert L.
4428:
4422:
4421:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4388:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4217:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4156:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4050:
4044:
4043:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3980:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3955:. Archived from
3944:
3938:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3890:. Archived from
3879:
3868:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3834:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3737:
3728:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3669:
3663:
3648:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3587:
3581:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3437:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3294:. Archived from
3283:
3277:
3276:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3210:
3204:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3031:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2724:
2699:(21133): 21133,
2688:
2682:
2681:
2655:
2618:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2545:
2528:Paleolithic diet
2504:Social movements
2367:Awá-Guajá people
2303:Primitive skills
2225:
2222:
2217:Tierra del Fuego
2171:
2168:
2109:lithic reduction
2042:Illustration of
1942:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:reliably sourced
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1841:
1833:
1685:
1682:
1649:Gini coefficient
1600:Marshall Sahlins
1498:
1495:
1378:
1375:
1313:Fertile Crescent
1281:overexploitation
1257:Forest gardening
1090:Western Eurasia.
1037:
1030:
1023:
1007:
1006:
765:Municipalization
750:Financialization
720:Collectivization
702:Social ownership
692:Private property
686:Common ownership
644:Common ownership
458:Closed (autarky)
415:State capitalism
393:Socialist market
378:Market socialist
214:Economic systems
201:
160:. Following the
43:Plant collecting
21:
7659:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7648:
7634:Human evolution
7604:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7593:Post-industrial
7531:Hunter-gatherer
7517:
7512:
7482:
7469:
7336:
7322:Stone box grave
7292:Megalithic tomb
7197:Cotswold-Severn
7149:
7054:Guardian stones
6982:Prehistoric art
6976:
6819:
6794:
6783:Timber trackway
6688:
6652:
6648:Wattle and daub
6501:
6480:Standing stones
6454:
6433:
6248:
6075:
6052:
5977:
5894:
5804:Food processing
5799:
5748:New World crops
5720:
5707:
5650:
5645:
5614:
5595:
5560:
5555:
5542:
5540:
5530:
5486:Biology Letters
5478:
5473:
5434:
5429:
5420:
5414:
5399:
5393:
5375:
5369:
5354:
5348:
5333:
5327:
5312:
5306:
5293:
5287:
5270:
5257:
5242:
5236:
5221:
5215:
5200:
5191:
5189:Further reading
5186:
5185:
5178:
5165:
5164:
5157:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5039:
5037:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4951:
4949:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4927:
4925:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4876:
4874:
4869:
4866:Wayback Machine
4859:
4855:
4840:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4254:Zvelebil, Marek
4250:Schrire, Carmel
4242:Arcand, Bernard
4236:
4235:
4231:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4073:Wayback Machine
4054:Man the Hunter.
4051:
4047:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3968:
3964:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3932:
3928:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3897:
3895:
3881:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3755:
3753:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3649:
3645:
3636:
3632:
3623:
3619:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3567:
3563:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3511:
3509:
3501:Singh, Manvir.
3500:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3373:Hakai Institute
3360:
3359:
3355:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3257:10.2307/3557037
3242:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3194:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2573:Before the Dawn
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2506:
2501:
2492:Ye'kuana people
2412:Kawahiva people
2347:
2342:
2263:Human migration
2223:
2190:
2169:
2153:wild vegetables
2147:of small game,
2089:Gaspé Peninsula
2078:primitive boats
2036:
2026:
2020:
1999:Andaman Islands
1970:Bathurst Island
1943:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1912:
1904:This section's
1900:
1896:
1885:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1854:
1842:
1815:
1745:
1683:
1667:
1582:suggested that
1558:A 19th century
1496:
1413:
1385:
1376:
1359:
1353:
1300:Kalahari Desert
1149:suggested that
1124:mammoth steppes
1041:
1001:
994:
993:
959:Post-industrial
954:Post-capitalist
914:Hunter-gatherer
899:
891:
890:
805:
797:
796:
775:Nationalization
735:Demutualization
730:Corporatization
715:
707:
706:
697:State ownership
672:
664:
663:
639:
631:
630:
556:
548:
547:
518:Robinson Crusoe
453:
452:By coordination
445:
444:
429:Traditionalist
289:Neomercantilist
249:
241:
222:
199:
83:is obtained by
65:hunter-gatherer
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7657:
7655:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7606:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7579:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7526:Pre-industrial
7522:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7503:
7496:
7488:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7455:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7431:Alligator drum
7423:
7422:
7421:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7367:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7358:lunar calendar
7355:
7344:
7342:
7341:Other cultural
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7255:
7245:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7159:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7147:
7145:Venus figurine
7142:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7076:Megalithic art
7073:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7034:
7029:
7027:Cave paintings
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6992:
6986:
6984:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6910:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6833:
6831:
6829:Material goods
6821:
6820:
6811:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6748:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6707:
6702:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6552:
6547:
6545:Cliff dwelling
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6477:
6472:
6466:
6464:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6130:Fire hardening
6127:
6122:
6120:Clovis culture
6117:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6089:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6043:Manis Mastodon
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5987:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5943:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5922:throwing stick
5914:
5908:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5734:
5732:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5621:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5559:
5558:External links
5556:
5554:
5553:
5528:
5476:
5445:(2): 298–334.
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5413:978-0671640996
5412:
5406:. Touchstone.
5397:
5391:
5373:
5367:
5352:
5347:978-0520250529
5346:
5331:
5325:
5316:Man the hunter
5310:
5305:978-0826356963
5304:
5291:
5285:
5268:
5256:978-0691151250
5255:
5240:
5234:
5219:
5213:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5177:978-0520280434
5176:
5155:
5143:978-0521630757
5142:
5122:
5110:978-0521425445
5109:
5089:
5068:
5046:
5001:
4980:10.2307/279189
4958:
4934:
4909:
4903:978-0826356963
4902:
4884:
4853:
4839:978-0761842729
4838:
4818:
4795:
4756:
4739:
4702:
4689:10.1086/204361
4683:(2): 298–305.
4667:
4660:
4640:
4589:
4566:
4560:978-1452266305
4559:
4525:
4518:
4500:
4451:
4444:
4423:
4417:978-0521253505
4416:
4396:
4374:
4367:
4349:
4342:
4324:
4317:
4299:
4278:10.1086/203612
4238:Testart, Alain
4229:
4206:10.1086/648530
4176:
4142:
4128:
4121:
4101:
4089:
4045:
4016:10.1086/587700
3994:
3975:
3962:
3939:
3926:
3904:
3869:
3856:
3817:(3): 1336–39.
3797:
3784:10.1086/382256
3762:
3729:
3716:
3709:
3689:
3682:
3664:
3643:
3641:15 (1): 83–89.
3630:
3617:
3604:10.1086/204255
3582:
3578:978-0198609872
3561:
3518:
3493:
3487:978-0306478536
3486:
3466:
3453:978-0521359467
3452:
3432:
3419:
3406:978-1845452131
3405:
3385:
3368:Hakai Magazine
3353:
3335:
3329:978-1351260237
3328:
3308:
3278:
3235:
3228:
3214:Diamond, Jared
3205:
3192:
3137:
3125:
3096:
3077:(1): 215–250.
3061:
3058:. 7 June 2019.
3043:
2994:
2943:
2910:10.1086/203280
2904:(3): 361–378.
2884:
2856:
2850:978-0826356963
2849:
2831:
2825:978-0826356963
2824:
2803:
2761:
2735:
2683:
2610:
2589:
2582:
2562:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:Moriori people
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2189:
2186:
2175:Scholars like
2093:Atlantic coast
2022:Main article:
2019:
2016:
2005:, who live on
1945:
1944:
1903:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1845:
1843:
1836:
1814:
1811:
1744:
1741:
1732:fat deposits.
1726:macronutrients
1703:Late Stone Age
1666:
1663:
1584:egalitarianism
1572:Man the Hunter
1412:
1409:
1384:
1381:
1352:
1349:
1231:Southeast Asia
1112:the extinction
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
996:
995:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
969:Resource-based
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
887:
886:
881:
876:
866:
861:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
834:
833:
832:
827:
822:
812:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
795:
794:
793:
792:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
755:Liberalization
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
679:
673:
671:Property types
670:
669:
666:
665:
662:
661:
656:
651:
646:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
627:
626:
620:Latin America
618:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
583:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
435:
427:
422:
417:
412:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
360:
359:
358:
353:
352:
351:
341:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
256:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
240:
239:
234:
229:
223:
220:
217:
216:
210:
209:
198:
195:
59:in August 2014
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7656:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7561:Horticultural
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7504:
7502:
7497:
7495:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7383:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7317:Simple dolmen
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7302:Passage grave
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7248:Gallery grave
7246:
7244:
7241:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7163:Burial mounds
7161:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7152:
7146:
7143:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7123:Statue menhir
7121:
7119:
7116:
7112:
7111:Stone carving
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6950:Sewing needle
6948:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6778:Timber circle
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6728:
6727:Tor enclosure
6725:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6715:fulacht fiadh
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5951:spear-thrower
5949:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5929:Bow and arrow
5927:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5838:Grinding slab
5836:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5770:Domestication
5768:
5766:
5765:Digging stick
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:Founder crops
5741:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5684:New Stone Age
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5642:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5615:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5495:Royal Society
5492:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5470:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5261:(Reviewed in
5258:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5179:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5145:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5126:
5123:
5112:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5093:
5090:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5057:
5050:
5047:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4959:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4924:on 2011-05-01
4923:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4885:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4776:(3): 319–46.
4775:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4757:
4752:
4751:
4743:
4740:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4644:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4593:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4368:9781139176132
4364:
4360:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4343:9781139176132
4339:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4318:9781139176132
4314:
4310:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4122:9780195119121
4118:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4010:(4): 655–93.
4009:
4005:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3778:(2): 277–84.
3777:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3752:on 2008-04-10
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3598:(2): 175–83.
3597:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3534:(1): 116–20.
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3467:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3389:
3386:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3322:. CRC Press.
3321:
3320:
3312:
3309:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:(1): 141–56.
3250:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2563:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Tjimba people
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Semang people
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:PirahĂŁ people
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Mlabri people
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Human history
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2151:, seasonally
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:Poverty Point
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:Bering Strait
2049:
2045:
2044:Paleo-Indians
2040:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2024:Paleo-Indians
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1941:
1938:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1880:
1872:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1846:This section
1844:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1737:carbohydrates
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1608:Thomas Hobbes
1605:
1601:
1596:
1595:composition.
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:At the 1966 "
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1545:Puno District
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1382:
1371:
1370:George Catlin
1367:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:Ancient China
1318:
1317:Ancient India
1314:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:South America
1270:
1266:
1265:Jared Diamond
1260:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:Lewis Binford
1143:
1142:land bridge.
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:modern humans
1097:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:Mal'ta-Buret'
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
964:Post-scarcity
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
909:Expeditionary
907:
905:
902:
901:
895:
894:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
865:
862:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
801:
800:
791:
788:
787:
786:
785:Socialization
783:
781:
780:Privatization
778:
776:
773:
771:
770:Mutualization
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:Marketization
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
745:Expropriation
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:Communization
723:
721:
718:
717:
711:
710:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
687:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
668:
667:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
625:
622:
621:
619:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
584:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
559:
558:
552:
551:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
463:Decentralized
461:
459:
456:
455:
449:
448:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
428:
426:
423:
421:
420:Social credit
418:
416:
413:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
388:Participatory
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
305:
302:
300:
299:Social market
297:
295:
294:Protectionist
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:Laissez-faire
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
245:
244:
238:
235:
233:
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159:
158:human history
155:
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137:
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130:
126:
122:
121:catching fish
118:
114:
110:
106:
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98:
94:
90:
89:edible plants
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
54:
50:
44:
37:
33:
19:
7530:
7258:wedge-shaped
7243:Funeral pyre
7236:Great dolmen
7192:Chamber tomb
7173:Round barrow
7128:Stone circle
7000:Blombos Cave
6928:Grooved ware
6852:Chalcolithic
6756:Thornborough
6674:Flush toilet
6609:Blombos Cave
6604:Rock shelter
6560:Quiggly hole
6452:Architecture
6427:illustration
6069:Buffalo jump
5890:Storage pits
5853:Aşıklı Höyük
5843:Ground stone
5679:Subdivisions
5613:
5602:the original
5548:
5541:. Retrieved
5536:
5524:
5490:
5484:
5442:
5438:
5402:
5381:
5357:
5336:
5315:
5295:
5274:
5262:
5245:
5224:
5203:
5167:
5147:. Retrieved
5132:
5125:
5114:. Retrieved
5099:
5092:
5081:. Retrieved
5071:
5060:. Retrieved
5049:
5038:. Retrieved
5018:
5014:
5004:
4974:(1): 55–69.
4971:
4967:
4961:
4950:. Retrieved
4946:
4937:
4926:. Retrieved
4922:the original
4912:
4893:
4887:
4875:. Retrieved
4862:Ghostarchive
4860:Archived at
4856:
4828:
4821:
4812:
4808:
4798:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4749:
4742:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4650:
4643:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4542:
4538:
4528:
4509:
4503:
4492:the original
4474:(1): 59–68.
4471:
4467:
4454:
4435:
4426:
4406:
4399:
4390:
4377:
4358:
4352:
4333:
4327:
4308:
4302:
4265:
4261:
4232:
4200:(1): 19–34.
4197:
4193:
4179:
4162:
4158:
4145:
4131:
4111:
4104:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4053:
4048:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3988:
3978:
3970:
3965:
3957:the original
3952:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3920:
3896:. Retrieved
3892:the original
3887:
3864:
3859:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3754:. Retrieved
3750:the original
3745:
3724:
3719:
3699:
3692:
3673:
3667:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3620:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3569:
3564:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3510:. Retrieved
3506:
3496:
3476:
3469:
3457:. Retrieved
3442:
3435:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3395:
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3366:
3356:
3347:
3338:
3318:
3311:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:the original
3291:
3281:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3218:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3157:(1): 67–82.
3154:
3150:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2962:
2956:
2946:
2937:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2869:
2859:
2840:
2834:
2815:
2781:
2777:
2754:February 23,
2752:. Retrieved
2748:
2738:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2653:10150/634688
2627:
2623:
2597:
2592:
2572:
2565:
2555:14 September
2553:. Retrieved
2543:
2497:Yupik people
2462:Raute people
2452:Penan people
2442:Nukak people
2427:Mbuti people
2422:Maniq people
2387:Hadza people
2372:Batek people
2278:Neanderthals
2243:Beachcombing
2200:
2182:
2177:Kat Anderson
2174:
2164:Minas Gerais
2113:
2085:Great Plains
2082:
2052:
2003:Indian Ocean
1979:
1955:
1948:
1933:
1924:
1905:
1875:
1866:
1855:Please help
1850:verification
1847:
1804:
1793:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1761:climate zone
1758:
1752:Savanna Pumé
1734:
1711:
1688:
1677:seal hunters
1654:
1645:
1637:
1624:gift economy
1621:
1617:
1597:
1580:Irven DeVore
1569:
1524:
1520:Homo sapiens
1519:
1516:
1501:
1480:
1449:
1414:
1394:
1386:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1305:
1261:
1255:
1211:fishing nets
1199:
1180:
1151:early humans
1144:
1093:
1060:Homo sapiens
1058:
1054:Homo erectus
1052:
1046:
913:
874:Peer-to-peer
869:Self-managed
804:Coordination
740:Deregulation
425:Distributist
279:Mercantilist
187:horticulture
179:
148:
142:and raising
119:, including
117:wild animals
115:and killing
68:
64:
62:
7541:Circumpolar
7280:unchambered
7275:Long barrow
7265:Grave goods
7221:Court cairn
7216:Clava cairn
7168:Bowl barrow
7106:Rock cupule
7049:Golden hats
7042:Hill figure
6943:Unstan ware
6923:Cord-marked
6788:Sweet Track
6710:Burnt mound
6631:Stilt house
6619:Sibudu Cave
6412:Tally stick
6380:Quern-stone
6365:Hammerstone
6355:Fire plough
6326:Pesse canoe
6284:Bannerstone
6254:Other tools
6167:Lithic core
6115:Aurignacian
6003:Bare Island
5885:Quern-stone
5543:22 February
5460:10125/17269
4393:(29): 1–19.
4246:Ingold, Tim
2608:, pp. 1–20.
2447:Onge people
2362:Angu people
2293:Paleolithic
2224: 1915
2170: 1824
2101:Monte Verde
2074:Cordilleran
2063:Pleistocene
1995:Sentinelese
1974:bush tucker
1796:agriculture
1785:Paleolithic
1743:Variability
1709:in Europe.
1684: 1821
1658:paleolithic
1593:demographic
1566:encampment.
1512:matrilineal
1497: 1903
1452:chimpanzees
1417:egalitarian
1377: 1832
1345:Ethnobotany
1333:Norte Chico
1298:man in the
1277:Pleistocene
1239:Mesoamerica
1233:, parts of
1227:Middle East
1223:Agriculture
1136:Paleolithic
1134:began when
1102:outside of
1049:subsistence
979:Traditional
929:Manorialism
924:Information
898:Other types
884:Open access
847:Cybernetics
589:Anglo-Saxon
574:Singaporean
533:Underground
528:Subsistence
433:Corporatist
408:Syndicalist
368:Communalist
254:Associative
248:By ideology
221:Major types
191:pastoralism
166:pastoralist
151:competitive
57:Congo Basin
7608:Categories
7588:Industrial
7419:trepanning
7312:Ring cairn
7270:Jar burial
7253:transepted
7185:U.S. sites
7086:Petroglyph
7012:Bird stone
6970:wine press
6643:Stone roof
6626:Roundhouse
6518:long house
6495:Stonehenge
6463:Ceremonial
6407:Stone tool
6234:Tool stone
6204:Metallurgy
6108:Mousterian
6085:Toolmaking
6023:Cumberland
5996:Transverse
5966:Schöningen
5858:Qesem cave
5826:Earth oven
5780:Irrigation
5691:Technology
5659:Prehistory
5392:0521776724
5368:0521016363
5326:020233032X
5286:057120502X
5235:0306436507
5214:1859738257
5149:2009-11-17
5116:2009-11-18
5083:2010-04-10
5062:2009-11-21
5040:2009-11-17
4952:2009-11-17
4928:2009-10-06
4733:1807/17933
4661:0226900150
4545:: 409–18.
4519:0521609194
4445:1560984651
4165:(2): 326.
4062:020233032X
3898:2021-06-13
3756:2008-03-11
3710:0300029896
3683:155963555X
3512:2023-06-23
3302:2020-11-19
3229:0099302780
3114:: 235–57.
2606:052157109X
2583:1594200793
2535:References
2516:Freeganism
2467:San people
2417:Ket people
2377:Efé people
2352:Aka people
2253:Cro-Magnon
2070:Laurentide
2046:hunting a
2028:See also:
1983:Pila Nguru
1730:metabolize
1528:Ju'/hoansi
1490:Andamanese
1456:alpha male
1429:San people
1366:Bison hunt
1241:, and the
1155:scavenging
1116:megafaunal
1065:Mesolithic
984:Transition
944:Plantation
852:Indicative
714:Transition
564:East Asian
335:Religious
311:Democratic
284:Neoliberal
269:Democratic
259:Capitalist
227:Capitalism
154:adaptation
7624:Stone Age
7546:Subarctic
7463:symbolism
7327:Tor cairn
7285:Grønsalen
7226:Cremation
7118:Sculpture
7096:Pictogram
7081:Petroform
6901:amber use
6869:Cosmetics
6679:Reservoir
6664:Check dam
6594:Pueblitos
6589:Pit-house
6572:Longhouse
6506:Dwellings
6375:Microlith
6306:Bow drill
6301:Bone tool
6294:prismatic
6103:Acheulean
6018:Cresswell
5991:Arrowhead
5917:Boomerang
5833:Granaries
5795:Terracing
5674:Stone Age
5493:(3). The
4996:162243347
4848:673383888
4718:: 31–54.
4697:144885091
4268:(1). The
4024:0011-3204
3792:145129698
3548:0002-7294
3273:164106990
3171:0043-8243
2934:147371671
2918:0011-3204
2678:201674203
2662:0036-8075
2201:Negrillos
2125:Southwest
2066:megafauna
2048:glyptodon
1927:June 2022
1915:talk page
1869:June 2022
1765:life zone
1560:engraving
1488:Group of
1433:Karl Marx
1219:Neolithic
1175:predators
1171:woodlands
1165:lived in
949:Plutonomy
830:Regulated
659:Voluntary
585:European
438:Feudalism
383:Mutualist
373:Communist
363:Socialist
344:Christian
264:Corporate
237:Communism
232:Socialism
133:sedentary
129:societies
125:omnivores
105:bird eggs
91:but also
77:lifestyle
7644:Foraging
7556:Pastoral
7101:Rock art
7064:painting
7037:Geoglyph
6862:timeline
6842:Beadwork
6582:Mehrgarh
6577:Mudbrick
6485:megalith
6360:Fire-saw
6182:debitage
6177:analysis
6145:Hand axe
6125:Cupstone
5703:Glossary
5664:Timeline
5521:27029838
5469:56067301
5424:Articles
5207:. Berg.
5035:17049337
4864:and the
4790:21340052
4635:16129826
4434:(1995).
4294:42136717
4272:: 1–31.
4224:21151711
4069:Archived
4040:22722107
4032:19230267
3612:53652577
3216:(1998).
3187:55311378
3179:40025314
3091:16590668
3056:Sci.News
3038:29674591
2989:24898370
2731:38036582
2722:10689496
2670:31467217
2522:Gleaning
2382:Fuegians
2213:Selk'nam
2197:Negritos
2188:See also
2105:knapping
2059:Beringia
2018:Americas
1951:colonial
1908:disputed
1823:Shoshone
1773:et al.'s
1492:hunting
1468:language
1399:and the
1215:harpoons
1140:Beringia
1128:mammoths
837:Planning
488:Informal
473:Dirigist
326:Georgist
321:Feminist
206:a series
204:Part of
175:Iron Age
113:trapping
85:foraging
7576:Complex
7551:Nomadic
7536:Montane
7458:Symbols
7069:pigment
6955:Weaving
6918:Cardium
6913:Pottery
6908:Mirrors
6896:Jewelry
6837:Baskets
6817:culture
6669:Cistern
6475:Pyramid
6417:Weapons
6395:Scraper
6385:Racloir
6345:Cleaver
6333:Chopper
6239:Uniface
6150:Grooves
6140:Hafting
6098:Oldowan
6057:Systems
6008:Cascade
5971:woomera
5961:harpoon
5934:history
5900:Hunting
5880:Pottery
5821:Cooking
5730:Farming
5696:history
5669:Outline
5512:4843228
4626:1266108
4476:Bibcode
4286:2743319
4215:2999363
3851:9448332
3819:Bibcode
3378:24 June
3265:3557037
3016:Bibcode
3008:Science
2980:4071532
2939:mammals
2926:2742734
2877:9 April
2786:Bibcode
2701:Bibcode
2632:Bibcode
2624:Science
2402:Iñupiat
2145:economy
2091:on the
2001:in the
1997:of the
1722:protein
1699:fishing
1691:equator
1639:Iomante
1612:leisure
1504:kinship
1472:kinship
1425:Florida
1405:Chumash
1389:nomadic
1287:there.
1167:forests
1159:hunting
1084:mammoth
879:Sharing
842:In kind
790:Marxist
682:Commons
649:Private
638:Sectors
609:Rhenish
579:Keralan
569:Chinese
543:Virtual
523:Sharing
513:Planned
503:Natural
468:Digital
356:Islamic
316:Fascist
304:Welfare
109:hunting
93:insects
69:forager
7619:Nomads
7571:Feudal
7436:flutes
7231:Dolmen
7155:Burial
6965:winery
6938:Linear
6768:Midden
6746:Cursus
6739:Goseck
6599:Pueblo
6550:Dugout
6535:Burdei
6214:Mining
6038:Lamoka
6033:Folsom
6013:Clovis
5870:Metate
5848:Hearth
5816:Basket
5790:Sickle
5519:
5509:
5467:
5410:
5389:
5365:
5344:
5323:
5302:
5283:
5253:
5232:
5211:
5174:
5140:
5107:
5033:
4994:
4988:279189
4986:
4900:
4877:30 May
4846:
4836:
4788:
4695:
4658:
4633:
4623:
4557:
4516:
4442:
4414:
4365:
4340:
4315:
4292:
4284:
4222:
4212:
4119:
4060:
4038:
4030:
4022:
3849:
3839:
3790:
3707:
3680:
3610:
3576:
3556:676134
3554:
3546:
3484:
3459:6 July
3450:
3412:6 July
3403:
3326:
3271:
3263:
3226:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3089:
3036:
2987:
2977:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2847:
2822:
2729:
2719:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2604:
2580:
2248:Nomads
2137:Dalton
2129:Arctic
2032:, and
1964:Three
1769:et al.
1562:of an
1541:Andean
1421:Calusa
1401:Yokuts
1235:Africa
1202:Middle
1157:, not
1104:Africa
1096:spread
939:Palace
815:Market
810:Barter
654:Public
614:Soviet
599:Nordic
594:German
560:Asian
493:Market
171:Bronze
7353:sites
7297:Mummy
7017:Cairn
6933:JĹŤmon
6884:shoes
6879:Hides
6751:Henge
6705:Broch
6567:Jacal
6422:Wheel
6370:Knife
6316:Canoe
6311:Burin
6289:Blade
6187:flake
6048:Plano
5956:baton
5946:Spear
5912:Arrow
5865:Manos
5718:Tools
5550:vary?
5465:S2CID
5435:(PDF)
5195:Books
5031:S2CID
4992:S2CID
4984:JSTOR
4970:. 1.
4786:S2CID
4693:S2CID
4495:(PDF)
4464:(PDF)
4387:(PDF)
4290:S2CID
4282:JSTOR
4155:(PDF)
4036:S2CID
3842:18762
3788:S2CID
3608:S2CID
3552:JSTOR
3269:S2CID
3261:JSTOR
3183:S2CID
3175:JSTOR
3087:S2CID
2930:S2CID
2922:JSTOR
2784:(4).
2674:S2CID
2397:Inuit
2313:Tribe
2234:Hadza
2141:Plano
2097:Chile
1695:boats
1674:Inuit
1532:track
1325:Olmec
1269:North
1243:Andes
989:World
974:Token
864:Price
604:Dutch
498:Mixed
403:State
331:Green
140:crops
101:honey
97:fungi
73:human
71:is a
53:Pygmy
7446:gudi
7204:Cist
7133:list
6960:Wine
6889:Ă–tzi
6874:Glue
6847:Beds
6815:and
6813:Arts
6684:Well
6540:Cave
6470:Kiva
6400:side
6390:Rope
6338:tool
6272:bone
6262:Adze
6028:Eden
5941:Nets
5811:Fire
5775:Goad
5760:Celt
5545:2018
5517:PMID
5408:ISBN
5387:ISBN
5363:ISBN
5342:ISBN
5321:ISBN
5300:ISBN
5281:ISBN
5251:ISBN
5230:ISBN
5209:ISBN
5172:ISBN
5138:ISBN
5105:ISBN
4898:ISBN
4879:2017
4844:OCLC
4834:ISBN
4813:1998
4656:ISBN
4631:PMID
4603:PNAS
4555:ISBN
4514:ISBN
4440:ISBN
4412:ISBN
4363:ISBN
4338:ISBN
4313:ISBN
4220:PMID
4117:ISBN
4058:ISBN
4028:PMID
4020:ISSN
3847:PMID
3705:ISBN
3678:ISBN
3574:ISBN
3544:ISSN
3507:Aeon
3482:ISBN
3461:2019
3448:ISBN
3414:2019
3401:ISBN
3380:2019
3324:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3167:ISSN
3034:PMID
2985:PMID
2914:ISSN
2879:2018
2845:ISBN
2820:ISBN
2756:2024
2727:PMID
2666:PMID
2658:ISSN
2602:ISBN
2578:ISBN
2557:2022
2318:Clan
2211:The
2149:fish
2139:and
2120:arid
2114:The
2072:and
2011:Pumé
1697:and
1665:Diet
1635:Ainu
1633:The
1589:flux
1578:and
1549:Peru
1508:band
1506:and
1474:and
1331:and
1271:and
1169:and
1078:The
825:Open
820:Free
508:Open
483:Gift
478:Dual
173:and
81:food
34:and
6555:Hut
6490:row
6321:Oar
6279:Axe
6267:Awl
5507:PMC
5499:doi
5455:hdl
5447:doi
5023:doi
4976:doi
4778:doi
4728:hdl
4720:doi
4685:doi
4621:PMC
4611:doi
4607:102
4547:doi
4484:doi
4274:doi
4210:PMC
4202:doi
4167:doi
4012:doi
3921:NPR
3837:PMC
3827:doi
3780:doi
3656:doi
3600:doi
3536:doi
3428:PDF
3253:doi
3159:doi
3116:doi
3079:doi
3024:doi
3012:360
2975:PMC
2967:doi
2963:281
2906:doi
2794:doi
2717:PMC
2709:doi
2648:hdl
2640:doi
2628:365
2215:of
1968:on
1859:by
1713:Fat
1626:".
1547:in
1423:in
1296:San
1204:to
1098:of
189:or
67:or
7610::
5547:.
5535:.
5523:.
5515:.
5505:.
5491:12
5489:.
5483:.
5463:.
5453:.
5443:46
5441:.
5437:.
5158:^
5029:.
5019:12
5017:.
5013:.
4990:.
4982:.
4972:44
4945:.
4868::
4842:.
4811:.
4807:.
4784:.
4774:25
4772:.
4768:.
4726:.
4716:94
4714:.
4691:.
4681:36
4679:.
4629:.
4619:.
4605:.
4601:.
4584:14
4582:.
4578:.
4553:.
4541:.
4537:.
4482:.
4472:34
4470:.
4466:.
4389:.
4288:.
4280:.
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