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assault. Pinned down by heavy fire, the
British troops withdrew safely under the cover of nightfall. On December 9th, further reconnaissance missions and attacks were unsuccessful. However, they managed to establish observation posts to engage the enemy Lashkars. A Dogra soldier discovered a potential weakness in the Hunza-Nagar position: a steep slope inaccessible to their defensive fire. Meanwhile, maintaining supply lines for the British forces became increasingly challenging. In Captain Bradshaw's absence, Captain Mackenzie assumed command and decided to restrict the circulation of information within the camp regarding the planned attack. This decision aimed to prevent knowledge of the plan reaching the Hunza-Nagar forces.
44:
669:, initially shielded, also faced intense fire and were subsequently recalled. Another attack attempt on December 3rd proved unsuccessful. The British forces found themselves in a tense stalemate against the well-armed Hunza-Nagar troops stationed within the mountainous Hunza valley. Fortified positions made a direct assault nearly impossible. As winter approached and concerns regarding the impact on nearby tribes grew, the British forces opted for a siege strategy. They strengthened their own position and prepared for a protracted wait, engaging in daily skirmishes and reconnaissance to identify potential weaknesses. Estimates suggest the fort was garrisoned by around 400 Lashkars.
557:, and Kashmiri soldiers, the force prepared for a northward advance towards Hunza and Nagar. The operation was conducted with secrecy. During their journey, they captured an individual suspected of acting as a spy for the Hunza Mir. After being interrogated by Durand's advisors, the individual reportedly revealed an alternative strategy: a surprise attack on the Chalt garrison involving Hunza fighters disguised as Gilgiti porters carrying supplies. These disguised individuals would gain entry to the fort and initiate an attack, allowing other Hunza forces to exploit the opportunity and breach the defenses.
532:, undertook measures to strengthen British influence in the region. These efforts, aimed at furthering British strategic interests, involved infrastructure development initiatives such as road, telegraph, and mail system improvements. All the while, Durand maintained communication with the Mir of Gilgit. Notably, Durand initiated the improvement of the road connecting Kashmir to the Russian frontier, which passed through Hunza and Nagar. The rulers of these two states perceived these developments as a potential threat to their previously enjoyed isolation.
536:
reports of potential attacks from forces associated with Nagar and Hunza. They also continued to improve the road leading to the fort. In May 1891, representatives from Nagar and Hunza demanded the
British cease roadwork and withdraw from the fort, which they claimed was on their territory. Algernon Durand maintained the fort's reinforcement and accelerated road construction. Nagar and Hunza viewed Durand's actions as an escalation and blocked mail from the British Resident in Chinese
171:
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with their leader's actions, the Hunzas informed
British officers that they had sent forces in pursuit of him. Following the Mir of Hunza's departure, Hunza was captured without further resistance on December 22nd. Within its fort, British forces discovered a vast arsenal of weapons and ammunition manufactured in Britain, Russia, France, and Belgium, along with stockpiles of locally produced gunpowder. Algernon Durand's column returned to Gilgit on January 11th, 1892.
586:
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positioned within the narrow openings, a defensive feature strategically designed by the Hunza and Nagar forces. After being injured and encountering a jammed machine gun, Durand relinquished command. He ordered sappers, under
Captain Fenton Aylmer, to breach the main gate with explosives. Supported by covering fire, Captain Aylmer, his orderly Pathan, and two subalterns approached the fortress wall and successfully dislodged defenders from their positions.
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detonation sequence, Aylmer and another soldier retreated to a safe distance. However, the initial attempt was unsuccessful. Despite sustaining a leg wound and powder burns, Aylmer returned to the gate and attempted to relight the malfunctioning fuse. He faced further attacks from the opposing forces, resulting in severe hand injuries. Aylmer retreated to cover once more and waited for the detonation. The second attempt with the fuse was successful.
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forcing the defenders to flee through hidden exits. The Nilt
Fortress fell, with the British suffering six casualties compared to significantly higher losses on the Hunza-Nagar side. Later, Knight would meet Aylmer. Despite their initial defeat at Nilt, Hunza-Nagar forces continued to resist the invaders as they advanced towards the Hunza capital. In mid-December, they encountered an obstacle more formidable than the
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616:(formerly known solely as Hunza). The troops encountered significant challenges during their advance. They navigated nearly vertical climbs and descents through a series of steep canyons, facing sustained gunfire from Hunza-Nagar sharpshooters positioned in fortified structures called "sangars" located atop caves or rock formations. The first major obstacle they encountered was the stone fort of
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The pursuit continued, leading to the infantry's capture of Nagar on the same day. As the
British forces advanced, both Nagari and Hunza fighters surrendered. The Mir of Nagar remained in his city and was subsequently arrested, while the Mir of Hunza chose to flee and abandon his people. Dissatisfied
651:
Initially obscured by smoke, the Hunza-Nagar forces soon realized that the battle had shifted inside the fort, while those remaining outside were unaware. Hearing cheers from within, they joined in with breathless support. Upon reaching a vantage point, they witnessed forces pouring through the gate,
572:
In response to the
British ultimatums, Safdar Ali, the Khan of Hunza, demanded the return of Chalt, a disputed territory. He warned Algernon Durand, the British political agent, that any British incursion into Hunza would face resistance not only from Hunza but also potentially from China and Russia.
535:
Following the establishment of the Gilgit Agency in 1889, the
British moved to consolidate their influence in the region. This included efforts to secure the borders with neighboring states such as Nagar and Hunza. In 1890, tensions arose when the British reinforced Chalt Fort near the border, citing
647:
The explosion breached the doorway, creating a large cloud of dust and debris. Aylmer, his two subalterns, and Gurkha soldiers rushed into the fort, where close-quarters combat erupted. The attacking force faced challenges. Disoriented by the smoke and confusion following the detonation, the
Gurkhas
648:
became caught in crossfire. Blinded by the smoke and misled by the sounds of battle, the main force continued firing upon the fort, drawing return fire. Lieutenant
Boisragon crossed enemy lines to request support. The arrival of reinforcements shifted the battle's course and secured the stronghold.
560:
In response to the situation in Hunza and Nagar, Algernon Durand assembled a combined force of approximately 1,000 Gurkhas and Kashmiris, along with several hundred Pathan road builders, a mountain artillery battery, 16 British officers, and 7 engineers. The challenging terrain significantly slowed
680:
Led by the Gurkhas, the attacking force scaled the 1,200-foot cliff, achieving a momentary element of surprise against the Hunza-Nagar fighters. The defenders responded by throwing rocks down the steep slope, but these attempts proved ineffective. The attackers successfully reached a position near
717:
British forces attempted to capture Safdar Ali, and with the assistance of locals, many of his followers deserted him. Consequently, he was forced to flee across the border into China. Nazim Khan and Zafar Khan were installed as the new rulers of Hunza and Nagar, respectively. The regions brought
602:
Algernon Durand responded to this attempt by dispatching soldiers to dismantle Hunza-controlled rope bridges and bolstering the Kashmiri garrison. Recognizing the potential for another attempt by Safdar Ali, possibly with Russian support, he remained vigilant. Safdar Ali subsequently succeeded in
576:
On November 29th, Algernon Durand, the British political agent, issued ultimatums to Raja Azur, Khan of Nagar, and Safdar Ali, Khan of Hunza. These ultimatums cited British concerns about Russian activities in the Pamirs region and the need to secure passage through Hunza and Nagar to address the
672:
A reconnaissance mission attempted on December 8th proved unsuccessful. British forces planned a surprise attack on the Hunza-Nagar forces stationed at Nilt Nala on the same day. However, the attack was abandoned due to strong enemy fortifications and high casualties sustained during the initial
623:
The Asian castle, known for its durable construction, featured thick walls pierced only by tiny arrow slits. Algernon Durand's seven-pounder mountain guns, small cannons designed for mountain warfare, had limited impact against these defenses. Gurkha marksmen faced difficulty targeting defenders
730:
In the early 1900s, the British constructed an all-weather pony track connecting Gilgit to Skardu in Baltistan, which was under separate Dogra rule. This construction aimed to improve access to the Gilgit Agency for trade and communication purposes. However, Baltistan remained under independent
627:
Captain Aylmer, along with his soldiers, used their firearms at close range through the narrow openings in the gate. Under heavy gunfire, they rushed towards the base of the main gate carrying explosive charges. The charges were attached to the gate and secured with stones. After initiating the
598:
In the spring of 1891, while stationed in Gilgit, Algernon Durand received reports that Safdar Ali, the Khan of Hunza, was planning an attack on a Kashmiri fort. These reports came shortly after news of Yanov's arrival in northern Hunza, leading to speculation about a possible link between the
734:
While the Hunza-Nagar campaign (now part of Gilgit-Baltistan) brought a period of peace, the legacy of British rule and the subsequent partition of British India have contributed to ongoing disputes and tensions between India and Pakistan over the region. The area's complex history, including
684:
Moving swiftly, the attackers repaired the road and pursued the retreating forces. Unable to escape, particularly near the first sangar on the road to Thol, the defenders surrendered their weapons. The attackers captured 92 Hunza-Nagar soldiers, along with their rifles (primarily
540:
from passing through their territory. British India interpreted this as a violation of the 1889 agreement with Hunza, specifically the clause guaranteeing free passage of mail. After issuing an ultimatum that was ignored, they initiated the Anglo-Brusho Campaign of 1891.
573:
Safdar Ali asserted that he had secured Russian support against the British, whom he characterized as militarily weaker. Additionally, reports from Kashgar indicated that he had sought financial and military aid from both the Russian consul and the Chinese governor.
664:
On December 2nd, Captain Bradshaw led an attempt to rebuild the road across the Nilt Nala, aiming to attack the Nagari fortress of Thol on the opposite side. However, they encountered heavy gunfire from Hunza-Nagar forces and were compelled to retreat. Spedding's
611:
On December 1st, the British military campaign commenced. Following orders from Algernon Durand, engineers constructed a temporary bridge across the Hunza River, enabling the force to advance. Their objective was the mountain capital of Safdar Ali,
676:
Under the cloak of darkness, 50 Gurkhas and 50 Dogra soldiers scaled the Nilt Nala undetected by the Hunza-Nagar defenders. At dawn, supporting troops initiated a distracting attack, drawing heavy fire from the Hunza-Nagar forces.
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3107:
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Yavnov was a Russian colonel who threatened the British officer and barred him from returning through Afghan territory to Gilgit because Pamir was claimed by Russia as part of its territory.
701:
Following the fall of Thol Fort, Khan of Nagar Raja Azur and Raja of Hunza Azur Khan retreated to Chinese Turkestan without opposition. On 23 December, the British Raj took control of the
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under British control maintained loyalty to the British Indian government and retained a degree of autonomy under British rule. They provided valuable services during the
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577:
situation. They also emphasized the British desire to maintain the existing political structure and avoid interference in the internal affairs of the two states.
325:
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the British force's progress, taking them a week to reach Chalt, their designated operations base situated only 32 kilometers (20 miles) north of Gilgit.
2734:
3351:
43:
3326:
3215:
2337:
2107:
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852:
Sangar is fortification which is a term for a small temporary fortified position made up of stone or built of sandbags and similar materials.
2530:
1947:
3287:
549:
In November 1891, under Colonel Algernon Durand's command, a force of approximately 1,000 troops assembled in Gilgit. Composed primarily of
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1979:"Hunza and the Raj. British Involvement in the Karakoram Mountains 1876 -1946. Including the life of Sir Muhammad Nazim Khan, KCIE"
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We heard a tremendous explosion above the din of guns and musketry, and perceived volumes of smoke rising high into the air
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convincing the ruler of the relatively small state of Nagar to join him in resisting the British and their Kashmiri allies.
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1889:
The author was a volunteer participant in the campaign, and the back half of the book contains a detailed description
1871:
Where Three Empires Meet A Narrative of Recent Travel in Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the Adjoining Countries
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Mir is a title which is derived from the Arabic word Amir or Emir, which means a leader of a group or tribe.
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pre-existing territorial claims and local dynamics, plays a significant role in the current situation.
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1830:"The 'Great Game' in the Pamirs and the Hindu-Kush: The British Conquest of Hunza and Nagar"
1406:
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1292:"The Great Game: Anglo-Russian encounter at the borders of Pamir, Hindu Kush and Karakoram"
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2015:
1991:
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2908:
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1407:"Flashpoint in the High Pamirs – The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia"
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174:
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1139:
Remoteness and Modernity: Transformation and Continuity in Northern Pakistan
653:
617:
2017:
Remoteness and Modernity Transformation and Continuity in Northern Pakistan
1688:
1936:
History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background
1445:
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1439:
528:
Colonel Algernon George Arnold Durand, the Political Administrator of the
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509:
1993:
Nation, Territory, and Globalization in Pakistan Traversing the Margins
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Chalt is even more precious to us than the strings of our wives pyjamas
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1829:
1486:
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1978:
1714:
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the sangars, outflanking the defenders and forcing them to retreat.
1786:
Forbes, Archibald; Henty, George Alfred; Griffiths, Arthur (1896).
1141:
By Shafqat Hussain. Yale University Press, New Haven, 2015. p49-53
638:
584:
2045:
2096:
1862:
The Gilgit Game: The Explorers of the Western Himalayas 1865–95
589:
Mir of Nagar, Raja Azur Khan (also commander of lashkar forces)
1877:. Longmans, Green, and Company (published 21 November 2007).
1314:
1312:
873:
871:
869:
1250:
1248:
1689:"BORDERS,
SOVEREIGNTY,
AND
GOVERNANCE
IN
THE
GILGIT
AGENCY"
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
484:
was an armed conflict in 1891 fought by troops serving the
19:
For the British military campaign in Chitral in 1895, see
1365:
1363:
1174:
1172:
1332:"Storming of Nilt and Thol, 1891. – Free Online Library"
1068:"Mir Name Meaning in Urdu - میر - Mir Muslim Boy Name"
1153:"ANGLO-BRUSHO WAR 1891 AT NAGAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCES"
888:
886:
1490:
1449:
1239:
3050:
2521:
2274:
2135:
1813:. Oxford University Press (published 10 May 1990).
1707:"Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it"
633:
566:
28:
3342:Battles involving the princely states of India
2108:
1810:The Great Game On Secret Service in High Asia
326:24th Hazara Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)
8:
1007:"128th Anniversary of the Anglo-Burusho War"
564:Durand received an message from Safdar Ali:-
2077:Military history of the North-West Frontier
1916:The Gurkha Way A New History of the Gurkhas
2115:
2101:
2093:
2063:
1985:. Second edition – via academia.edu.
1789:Battles of the Nineteenth Century Volume 1
1670:
1634:
1598:
1586:
1278:
877:
42:
34:Part of British colonisation of India and
25:
1971:Famous Battles of the Nineteenth Century
1983:2023, Hunza and the Raj. Second Edition
1550:
1502:
1369:
1318:
1227:
1178:
1114:
1090:
1031:"Precious heritage: Of forts long gone"
865:
827:
512:). It is also known in Pakistan as the
307:
1674:
1658:
1646:
1622:
1610:
1574:
1562:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1473:
1461:
1430:
1354:
1266:
1254:
1126:
1102:
1054:
985:
943:
916:
904:
731:political and administrative control.
1215:
1151:Travels, Explore Nagar (2021-01-28).
892:
95:Mirs of Hunza and Nagar flee to China
7:
2374:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
1896:Campaigns on the North-west Frontier
1000:
998:
996:
994:
660:Sieges of fortress at Thol and Maiun
92:All forts captured by British forces
2014:Hussain, Shafqat (April 28, 2015).
1868:Knight, Edward Frederick (2001) .
1491:Forbes, Henty & Griffiths 1896
1450:Forbes, Henty & Griffiths 1896
1240:Forbes, Henty & Griffiths 1896
620:, belonging to the king of Nagar.
14:
2123:Colonial conflicts involving the
1914:Sadler, John (20 December 2023).
1765:Blood, Peter R. (December 1996).
1005:Zulfiqar Ali, Khan (2019-12-02).
689:), a supply of government-issued
594:Failed Attempt to take Chalt fort
405:Kashmir Imperial Service Infantry
3352:Empires and kingdoms of Pakistan
1191:Ahmed Khan, Masud (2019-10-01).
785:
771:
757:
291:
277:
247:
234:
223:
204:
189:
169:
157:
144:
133:
3327:Battles involving British India
2199:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
1990:Haines, Chad (March 13, 2012).
697:Capture of Thol and Baltit fort
2302:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
1864:(1994) Oxford University Press
1828:Huttenback, Robert A. (1975).
16:1891 British military campaign
1:
2699:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
2543:Castle Hill convict rebellion
693:, and various other weapons.
229:Algernon George Arnold Durand
1771:. DIANE Publishing Company.
1735:Life, Kashmir (2021-08-18).
1713:. 2010-07-07. Archived from
975:. Gilgit: North News Agency.
960:. Gilgit: North News Agency.
383:24th Hazara Mountain Battery
3357:Princely states of Pakistan
2070:Miranzai Expeditions (1891)
1893:Nevill, Hugh Lewis (1912).
321:Bengal Sappers & Miners
3393:
3216:Jewish revolt in Palestine
2861:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
2506:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
2398:American Revolutionary War
1933:Singh, K. Brahma (2010) ,
1193:"Anglo-Brusho War Of 1891"
743:The British awarded three
18:
2987:Jameson Raid South Africa
2081:
2074:
2066:
2023:. Yale University Press.
1969:Welsh, Charles (editor),
1846:10.1017/S0026749X00004856
1687:Qayyum, Amna (May 2013).
450:
394:Bengal sappers and Miners
340:
263:
182:
126:
52:
41:
33:
3362:History of Gilgit Agency
3198:Arab revolt in Palestine
2795:Second Anglo-Burmese War
2537:Second Anglo-Maratha War
2428:Australian frontier wars
1999:. Taylor & Francis.
1768:Pakistan A Country Study
48:The Fighting near Gilgit
3192:Second Mohmand campaign
2927:Third Anglo-Burmese War
2891:Second Anglo-Afghan War
2693:First Anglo-Burmese War
2669:Third Anglo-Maratha War
2500:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
2410:Second Anglo-Mysore War
2404:First Anglo-Maratha War
2085:Chitral Expedition 1895
1977:Wright, Robert (2023).
1807:Hopkirk, Peter (2001).
1387:www.merriam-webster.com
303:Imperial Service Troops
3132:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3017:First Mohmand campaign
2741:First Anglo-Afghan War
2440:Third Anglo-Mysore War
1383:"Definition of SANGAR"
1336:www.thefreelibrary.com
747:during this campaign.
644:
637:
590:
570:
183:Commanders and leaders
3367:Dynasties of Pakistan
2789:Second Anglo-Sikh War
2446:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
2332:French and Indian War
1942:, brahmasingh.co.nf,
1693:Tufts Digital Library
779:British Empire portal
642:
588:
451:Casualties and losses
118:to British suzerainty
3377:Hunza-Nagar District
2951:Hunza–Nagar Campaign
2759:First Anglo-Sikh War
2735:Egyptian–Ottoman War
2052:Hunza Nagar Campaign
2046:Francis Younghusband
1973:, (1905), (Wessels).
1834:Modern Asian Studies
1737:"Kashmir's Botrajas"
801:Francis Younghusband
482:Hunza-Nagar Campaign
372:20th Punjab Infantry
316:20th Punjab Infantry
254:Lieutenant Bosiragon
98:New rulers installed
29:Hunza–Nagar Campaign
3204:Waziristan campaign
3138:Waziristan campaign
2831:Revolt of Rajab Ali
2308:War of Jenkins' Ear
1649:, pp. 141–143.
1625:, pp. 141–142.
1577:, pp. 139–140.
1553:, pp. 475–476.
1541:, pp. 374–375.
1529:, pp. 138–139.
1505:, pp. 474–475.
1476:, pp. 164–165.
1464:, pp. 162–163.
1452:, pp. 293–294.
1321:, pp. 472–473.
1257:, pp. 361–362.
1242:, pp. 291–292.
1230:, pp. 473–474.
1035:The Express Tribune
946:, pp. 136–137.
469:Hunza-nagar sources
458:Hunza-nagar sources
330:Spedding's Pathans
3078:Bambatha Rebellion
2993:Anglo-Zanzibar War
2981:Chitral Expedition
2915:Anglo-Egyptian War
2687:Anglo-Ashanti wars
2392:Lord Dunmore's War
2350:Anglo-Cherokee War
2259:King William's War
2060:(antiquesatoz.com)
1856:– via JSTOR.
1296:bernardgrua.medium
973:Broshaal Ke Qabail
971:Syed Yahya, Shah.
958:Broshaal Ke Qabail
956:Syed Yahya, Shah.
907:, pp. 136137.
720:Chitral expedition
645:
607:Siege of Nilt fort
591:
269:Hunza-Nagar forces
21:Chitral Expedition
3322:Conflicts in 1891
3309:
3308:
3240:Malayan Emergency
3150:Malabar rebellion
3011:Siege of Malakand
2957:Anglo-Manipur War
2813:Anglo-Persian War
2362:Anglo-Spanish War
2314:King George's War
2235:King Philip's War
2211:Anglo-Spanish War
2091:
2090:
2082:Succeeded by
2048:(123himachal.com)
1949:978-81-7062-091-4
1918:. Pen and Sword.
1677:, p. 143–144
1589:, pp. 22–23.
880:, pp. 23–24.
643:The forts at Nilt
504:(now part of the
478:
477:
416:Speddings Pathans
348:British estimates
122:
121:
36:Anglo-Indian wars
3384:
3258:Cyprus Emergency
3084:Maritz rebellion
3072:Tibet expedition
3005:Benin Expedition
2825:Indian Rebellion
2819:Second Opium War
2801:Eureka Rebellion
2777:British Honduras
2753:New Zealand Wars
2338:Seven Years' War
2284:Queen Anne's War
2117:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2067:Preceded by
2064:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1952:, archived from
1941:
1929:
1910:
1888:
1876:
1857:
1824:
1803:
1782:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1684:
1678:
1673:, p. 23-24;
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1601:, p. 23-24.
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1093:, p. 49-53.
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1002:
989:
983:
977:
976:
968:
962:
961:
953:
947:
941:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
881:
875:
853:
850:
844:
841:
835:
832:
795:
790:
789:
788:
781:
776:
775:
774:
767:
762:
761:
760:
745:Victoria Crosses
631:Knight quoted:-
514:Anglo-Brusho War
506:Gilgit-Baltistan
301:
297:
295:
294:
287:
283:
281:
280:
252:
251:
239:
238:
228:
227:
216:
209:
208:
207:
201:
194:
193:
192:
173:
162:
161:
149:
148:
147:
138:
137:
136:
54:
53:
46:
26:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3246:Kenya Emergency
3052:
3046:
3041:Second Boer War
3035:Boxer Rebellion
2963:Pahang Uprising
2843:Ambela campaign
2765:Río de la Plata
2747:First Opium War
2729:Aden Expedition
2561:Río de la Plata
2523:
2517:
2488:Irish Rebellion
2380:First Carib War
2276:
2270:
2193:Confederate War
2187:Irish Rebellion
2137:
2131:
2121:
2087:
2072:
2058:NWF Expeditions
2042:
2037:
2031:
2020:
2013:
2007:
1996:
1989:
1976:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1913:
1907:
1892:
1885:
1874:
1867:
1827:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:Huttenback 1975
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1635:Huttenback 1975
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1599:Huttenback 1975
1597:
1593:
1587:Huttenback 1975
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1517:, pp. 374.
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1298:. 30 March 2020
1290:
1289:
1285:
1279:Huttenback 1975
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1003:
992:
984:
980:
970:
969:
965:
955:
954:
950:
942:
923:
919:, pp. 290.
915:
911:
903:
899:
891:
884:
878:Huttenback 1975
876:
867:
857:
856:
851:
847:
842:
838:
833:
829:
819:
791:
786:
784:
777:
772:
770:
765:Pakistan portal
763:
758:
756:
753:
741:
728:
711:
699:
691:Dum-dum bullets
687:Snider-Enfields
662:
609:
596:
583:
547:
526:
490:princely states
472:
461:
336:
312:
306:
305:
292:
290:
289:
288:
278:
276:
275:
259:
256:
246:
243:
233:
230:
222:
214:
213:
205:
203:
202:
199:
198:
196:Safdar ali Khan
190:
188:
156:
145:
143:
142:
134:
132:
106:
76:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3186:Barzani revolt
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3023:Tirah campaign
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2933:Central Africa
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2903:First Boer War
2900:
2894:
2888:
2885:Anglo-Zulu War
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2573:Froberg mutiny
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2253:Williamite War
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:British Empire
2122:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2054:(Google Books)
2049:
2041:
2040:External links
2038:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2011:
2005:
1987:
1974:
1967:
1948:
1930:
1924:
1911:
1905:
1890:
1883:
1865:
1858:
1825:
1819:
1804:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1727:
1698:
1679:
1663:
1661:, p. 143.
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1613:, p. 141.
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1565:, p. 139.
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1493:, p. 294.
1478:
1466:
1454:
1435:
1433:, p. 149.
1423:
1398:
1374:
1372:, p. 474.
1359:
1357:, p. 133.
1347:
1323:
1308:
1283:
1271:
1269:, p. 361.
1259:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1183:
1181:, p. 473.
1168:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1059:
1047:
1022:
990:
988:, p. 282.
978:
963:
948:
921:
909:
897:
895:, pp. 20.
882:
864:
863:
855:
854:
845:
836:
826:
825:
818:
815:
814:
813:
808:
806:The Great Game
803:
797:
796:
793:Kashmir portal
782:
768:
752:
749:
740:
737:
727:
724:
710:
707:
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661:
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608:
605:
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579:
546:
543:
525:
522:
476:
475:
465:
453:
452:
448:
447:
446:
445:
444:1,000 riflemen
435:
434:
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285:British Empire
274:
273:
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266:
265:
264:Units involved
261:
260:
258:
257:
244:
241:Captain Aylmer
231:
219:
217:
215:(Mir of Nagar)
211:Raja Azur Khan
200:(Mir of Hunza)
185:
184:
180:
179:
178:
177:
164:British Empire
153:
129:
128:
124:
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120:
119:
110:Submission of
108:
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3:
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3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:1891 in India
3335:
3333:
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3328:
3325:
3323:
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3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3174:Ikhwan revolt
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
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2625:
2622:
2621:Spice Islands
2619:
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2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2579:Santo Domingo
2577:
2574:
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2562:
2559:
2556:
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2547:
2544:
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2369:
2368:Pontiac's War
2366:
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2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
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2336:
2333:
2330:
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2324:
2321:
2320:Carnatic Wars
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:Tuscarora War
2288:
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2099:
2098:
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2078:
2071:
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2059:
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2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:9780300213355
2026:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2006:9781136449970
2002:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1959:on 2016-03-06
1955:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1925:9781399068277
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1906:9780342594405
1902:
1899:. J. Murray.
1898:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1884:9789694023298
1880:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
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1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1820:9780192802323
1816:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1799:9781298820389
1795:
1791:
1790:
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1778:9780788136313
1774:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1717:on 2024-02-19
1716:
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1680:
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1660:
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1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1637:, p. 24.
1636:
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1600:
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1388:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1281:, p. 21.
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1218:, p. 79.
1217:
1212:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1129:, p. 98.
1128:
1123:
1120:
1117:, p. 51.
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:, p. 24.
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1057:, p. 25.
1056:
1051:
1048:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
991:
987:
982:
979:
974:
967:
964:
959:
952:
949:
945:
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938:
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928:
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918:
913:
910:
906:
901:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
870:
866:
862:
861:
860:Reference's:-
849:
846:
840:
837:
831:
828:
824:
823:
816:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
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783:
780:
769:
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755:
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748:
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738:
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732:
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649:
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636:
632:
629:
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621:
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587:
580:
578:
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569:
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544:
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539:
533:
531:
530:Gilgit Agency
523:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
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502:Gilgit Agency
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
473:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
454:
449:
443:
442:
441:
439:
432:
431:
430:
428:
427:Punali levies
421:
420:
419:
417:
410:
409:
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406:
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388:
387:
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366:
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353:
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345:
344:
339:
333:Punial Levies
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
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314:
311:
308:
304:
300:
286:
271:
268:
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197:
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97:
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91:
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79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3332:1891 in Asia
3144:Iraqi Revolt
2999:Matabeleland
2975:North Borneo
2969:Matabeleland
2950:
2921:Saskatchewan
2723:Upper Canada
2717:Lower Canada
2675:Persian Gulf
2591:Persian Gulf
2531:Newfoundland
2512:Polygar Wars
2482:Kandyan Wars
2434:Nootka Sound
2075:
2016:
1992:
1982:
1970:
1961:, retrieved
1954:the original
1935:
1915:
1895:
1870:
1861:
1837:
1833:
1809:
1788:
1767:
1758:Bibliography
1744:. Retrieved
1741:Kashmir Life
1740:
1730:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:the original
1710:
1701:
1692:
1682:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1551:Hopkirk 2001
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1503:Hopkirk 2001
1498:
1469:
1457:
1426:
1415:. Retrieved
1413:. 2024-02-03
1410:
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1370:Hopkirk 2001
1350:
1339:. Retrieved
1335:
1326:
1319:Hopkirk 2001
1300:. Retrieved
1295:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1235:
1228:Hopkirk 2001
1223:
1211:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:
1186:
1179:Hopkirk 2001
1160:. Retrieved
1156:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1115:Hussain 2015
1110:
1098:
1091:Hussain 2015
1086:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:
1062:
1050:
1039:. Retrieved
1037:. 2014-01-05
1034:
1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:
981:
972:
966:
957:
951:
912:
900:
859:
858:
848:
839:
830:
821:
820:
811:Jangir-e-Lae
742:
733:
729:
716:
712:
700:
683:
679:
675:
671:
663:
650:
646:
634:
630:
626:
622:
610:
601:
597:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
548:
545:Developments
538:Turkmenistan
534:
527:
518:Jangir-e-Lae
517:
513:
488:against the
481:
479:
468:
467:
464:127 captured
457:
456:
437:
436:
426:
425:
415:
414:
404:
403:
393:
392:
382:
381:
371:
370:
360:
359:
347:
346:
155:
127:Belligerents
84:
3264:Suez Crisis
3162:Transjordan
3066:West Africa
3043:(1899–1902)
3037:(1898–1901)
3029:Six-Day War
2977:(1894–1905)
2965:(1891–1895)
2945:Mashonaland
2909:Mahdist War
2849:Shimonoseki
2779:(1847–1901)
2689:(1824–1901)
2657:Cape Colony
2555:Cape Colony
2514:(1799–1805)
2508:(1799–1803)
2496:(1798–1800)
2484:(1796–1818)
2458:Cape Colony
2448:(1793–1806)
2430:(1788–1934)
2326:Nova Scotia
2296:Yamasee War
2267:(1694–1700)
2241:Child's War
2229:2nd Tangier
2223:1st Tangier
2219:(1655–1739)
2169:Saint Kitts
2147:(1593–1603)
1875:(Hardcover)
1860:John Keay,
1840:(1): 1–29.
1792:. Cassell.
1675:Nevill 1912
1659:Nevill 1912
1647:Nevill 1912
1623:Nevill 1912
1611:Nevill 1912
1575:Nevill 1912
1563:Nevill 1912
1539:Knight 2001
1527:Nevill 1912
1515:Knight 2001
1474:Wright 2023
1462:Wright 2023
1431:Wright 2023
1355:Nevill 1912
1267:Knight 2001
1255:Knight 2001
1197:Daily Times
1127:Haines 2012
1103:Haines 2012
1055:Haines 2012
1011:PAMIR TIMES
986:Sadler 2023
944:Nevill 1912
917:Nevill 1912
905:Nevill 1912
703:Baltit Fort
486:British Raj
361:5th Gurkhas
310:5th Gurkhas
175:British Raj
105:Territorial
3347:Great Game
3316:Categories
3168:Pink's War
3060:Somaliland
2897:Basutoland
2651:Guadeloupe
2633:Xhosa Wars
2615:Seychelles
2597:Guadeloupe
2585:Martinique
2452:Rohilkhand
2416:Gold Coast
2386:Rohilkhand
2344:Bengal War
2181:Pequot War
1963:2019-01-23
1746:2024-02-05
1721:2024-02-20
1417:2024-02-03
1411:erenow.org
1392:2024-02-20
1341:2024-02-05
1302:2024-02-23
1216:Singh 2010
1202:2024-02-03
1162:2024-02-16
1077:2024-02-20
1041:2024-02-05
1016:2024-02-03
893:Blood 1996
508:region in
3300:Falklands
3296:(1963–67)
3290:(1962–66)
3284:(1962–90)
3272:(1962–76)
3260:(1955–59)
3254:(1954–59)
3248:(1952–60)
3242:(1948–60)
3236:(1946–50)
3228:Indonesia
3224:(1945–46)
3222:Indochina
3218:(1944–48)
3206:(1936–39)
3200:(1936–39)
3188:(1931–32)
3182:(1930–31)
3176:(1927–30)
3158:(1922–24)
3156:Kurdistan
3140:(1919–20)
3116:(1916–17)
3096:Nyasaland
3092:(1914–15)
3086:(1914–15)
3074:(1903–04)
3068:(1901–02)
3062:(1900–20)
3025:(1897–98)
3019:(1897–98)
3001:(1896–97)
2971:(1893–94)
2935:(1886–89)
2911:(1881–99)
2905:(1880–81)
2899:(1880–81)
2893:(1879–80)
2881:(1875–76)
2867:Abyssinia
2863:(1866–71)
2857:(1864–65)
2845:(1863–64)
2837:Kagoshima
2833:(1857–58)
2827:(1857–59)
2821:(1856–60)
2815:(1856–57)
2809:(1854–56)
2807:Åland War
2791:(1848–49)
2767:(1845–50)
2761:(1845–46)
2755:(1845–72)
2749:(1839–42)
2743:(1839–42)
2737:(1839–41)
2725:(1837–38)
2719:(1837–38)
2713:(1831–33)
2707:(1831–32)
2701:(1828–32)
2695:(1824–26)
2671:(1817–18)
2647:(1814–16)
2641:(1812–15)
2635:(1811–79)
2629:(1810–11)
2609:Mauritius
2581:(1808–09)
2563:(1806–07)
2539:(1803–05)
2502:(1798–99)
2472:(1795–96)
2466:(1795–96)
2442:(1789–92)
2418:(1781–82)
2412:(1779–84)
2406:(1775–82)
2400:(1775–83)
2388:(1773–74)
2382:(1769–73)
2376:(1765–71)
2370:(1763–66)
2364:(1762–63)
2352:(1758–61)
2346:(1756–65)
2340:(1756–63)
2334:(1754–63)
2328:(1749–55)
2322:(1746–63)
2316:(1744–48)
2310:(1740–42)
2304:(1722–25)
2298:(1715–17)
2292:(1711–15)
2286:(1702–13)
2261:(1688–97)
2255:(1688–91)
2243:(1686–90)
2237:(1675–78)
2213:(1654–60)
2207:(1654–67)
2201:(1649–53)
2195:(1641–53)
2183:(1634–38)
2153:(1609–46)
1072:UrduPoint
709:Aftermath
654:Nilt Fort
3288:Malaysia
3210:Ethiopia
3108:Peshawar
2873:Manitoba
2855:Duar War
2151:Virginia
1711:BBC News
822:Note's:-
751:See also
599:events.
581:Campaign
510:Pakistan
341:Strength
88:victory
65:Location
3282:Sarawak
3234:Sarawak
3126:Nigeria
3114:Mohmand
3102:Nigeria
3053:century
2711:Malacca
2705:Jamaica
2663:Algiers
2603:Reunion
2549:Surinam
2524:century
2470:Grenada
2464:Jamaica
2356:Jamaica
2277:century
2217:Jamaica
2145:Ireland
2138:century
2125:English
2021:(ebook)
1997:(ebook)
667:Pathans
551:Gurkhas
524:Prelude
500:in the
107:changes
86:British
3302:(1982)
3278:(1962)
3276:Brunei
3266:(1956)
3230:(1945)
3212:(1943)
3194:(1935)
3170:(1925)
3164:(1923)
3152:(1921)
3146:(1920)
3134:(1919)
3128:(1918)
3122:(1917)
3120:Quebec
3110:(1915)
3104:(1915)
3098:(1915)
3080:(1906)
3031:(1899)
3013:(1897)
3007:(1897)
2995:(1896)
2989:(1896)
2983:(1895)
2959:(1891)
2953:(1891)
2947:(1890)
2941:(1888)
2939:Hazara
2929:(1885)
2923:(1885)
2917:(1882)
2887:(1879)
2875:(1870)
2869:(1868)
2851:(1864)
2839:(1863)
2803:(1854)
2797:(1852)
2785:(1848)
2783:Ceylon
2773:(1847)
2771:Canton
2731:(1839)
2683:(1823)
2681:Guiana
2677:(1819)
2665:(1816)
2659:(1815)
2653:(1815)
2623:(1810)
2617:(1810)
2611:(1810)
2605:(1810)
2599:(1810)
2593:(1809)
2587:(1809)
2575:(1807)
2569:(1807)
2557:(1806)
2551:(1804)
2545:(1804)
2533:(1800)
2490:(1798)
2478:(1795)
2476:Ceylon
2460:(1795)
2454:(1794)
2436:(1789)
2424:(1786)
2394:(1774)
2358:(1762)
2249:(1687)
2231:(1664)
2225:(1662)
2205:Acadia
2189:(1641)
2177:(1628)
2175:Quebec
2171:(1626)
2165:(1622)
2159:(1612)
2157:Swally
2027:
2003:
1946:
1922:
1903:
1881:
1854:311795
1852:
1817:
1796:
1775:
1157:Medium
739:Awards
726:Legacy
614:Baltit
555:Dogras
462:100+
389:2 Guns
296:
282:
81:Result
3372:Hunza
3180:Tirah
3090:Tochi
2879:Perak
2645:Nepal
2567:Egypt
2494:Malta
2422:Assam
2265:Ghana
2163:Ormuz
1957:(PDF)
1940:(PDF)
1850:JSTOR
817:Notes
498:Nagar
494:Hunza
438:Total
299:India
151:Nagar
140:Hunza
116:Nagar
112:Hunza
74:Nagar
70:Hunza
3294:Aden
3270:Oman
3252:Oman
3051:20th
2627:Java
2522:19th
2275:18th
2247:Siam
2136:17th
2025:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1773:ISBN
618:Nilt
496:and
480:The
440::-
385::-
354:5000
60:1891
57:Date
2639:USA
1842:doi
516:or
492:of
474:54+
433:150
429::-
422:200
418::-
411:661
407::-
396::-
374::-
367:188
363::-
350::-
3318::
1981:.
1848:.
1836:.
1832:.
1739:.
1709:.
1691:.
1481:^
1438:^
1409:.
1385:.
1362:^
1334:.
1311:^
1294:.
1247:^
1195:.
1171:^
1155:.
1070:.
1033:.
1009:.
993:^
924:^
885:^
868:^
722:.
705:.
656:.
553:,
520:.
471::-
460::-
378:28
2127:/
2116:e
2109:t
2102:v
2033:.
2009:.
1928:.
1909:.
1887:.
1844::
1838:9
1823:.
1802:.
1781:.
1749:.
1724:.
1695:.
1420:.
1395:.
1344:.
1305:.
1205:.
1165:.
1080:.
1044:.
1019:.
400:7
114:-
72:-
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
