1279:
27:
1293:
2112:
1624:
1286:
479:, believed to be a popular story, also credits Hushang with the accidental discovery of fire, which happened after he hurled a flint rock to kill a venomous black serpent. Missing the serpent, the rock struck another flint to produce fiery sparks. Hushang learned how to make fire this way and taught his people. In honor of the discovery, they established the
200:) was interpreted in Sasanian times as meaning 'he who first set the law of sovereignty', which has been accepted by some modern scholars. Others interpret the name as meaning 'set at the beginning' in the sense of 'first man'. Some have noted the similarity between the name
459:, Hushang is the son of Siamak and the grandson of Gayomard, the first man and king of the world. He served his grandfather as a beloved advisor. Siamak was killed by demons, but was avenged by Hushang, who acquired the divine glory, subdued the forces of
1278:
427:
s (demons or false gods) and their worshippers in Mazana and Varena, located on the western and eastern edges, respectively, of the land of the Aryans. He is said to have defeated princes and priests who opposed him. The
475:
and the descendant of
Hushang in other sources. He is credited with the invention of iron-working, architecture, the domestication of beasts, irrigation, and agriculture. A later addition to the
121:, which drew from the traditional history developed in the late Sasanian period, Hushang was the second king of the Pishdadian dynasty and the grandson of the first man and king Keyumars.
164:'giving rise to', thus meaning 'he who produces good dwellings' or 'promoter of culture and sedentary living'. According to another interpretation, the second part of the name is
336:
s, the lists of heroes or kings who received divine favor always begin with
Hushang. This suggests that Hushang was considered the first king of the world at the time of the
1724:
372:
360:, Hushang is referred to as the progenitor of the Iranians and the first ruler of the Seven Climes. Additionally, despite placing Hushang after Keyumars, the
75:, and Sasanian-based Persian and Arabic sources. He appears to have been one of several 'first man/king' figures in different Iranian traditions, along with
332:
makes
Hushang the successor of Gayomard, but Hushang's status as the first king is directly stated in some sources and implied by others. In the older
1660:
316:
Hushang's original status is uncertain. He appears to have been one of several 'first man/king' figures in different
Iranian traditions, along with
246:, and Sasanian-based Persian and Arabic sources. Within the Avesta, the main collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, he is mentioned in the
26:
584:
295:
2078:
689:
1582:
432:
s give no information about
Hushang's genealogy, and there is great variety in the later sources on this issue. Besides Ferdowsi's
397:), then lists "Hushang the Valiant " as one of several venerated heroes. In both traditions, he is said to have defeated demons (
629:, an exhibition catalog from the Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Hushang
624:
2099:
2094:
2041:
1653:
840:
2141:
2136:
2031:
1436:
2146:
2073:
1357:
1048:
576:
452:
calls him the son of Fravak, grandson of Siamak, great-grandson of Mashya, and great-great-grandson of
Gayomard.
340:
s' creation. Several later sources associate
Hushang with the beginning of Iranian sovereignty. Hushang's epithet
2036:
1587:
1506:
376:
35:
1723:
386:
107:. While this title is given only to Hushang in the Avesta, in later tradition the first Iranian dynasty (the
2116:
2046:
1995:
1646:
682:
483:
festival. He is sometimes regarded as the founder of Susa and
Babylon and the initiator of the festivals of
371:
56:
2063:
1489:
1413:
1292:
308:. Hushang has no equivalent in the Indian tradition and is therefore considered a purely Iranian figure.
2005:
1554:
444:
and Fravak) between
Hushang and Gayomard. In the summary of the lost book of the Avesta Chihrdad in the
2000:
1514:
1498:
1028:
958:
913:
893:
858:
810:
772:
2010:
1814:
1038:
918:
492:
437:
1898:
1832:
1627:
1598:
1481:
1213:
1188:
1183:
1114:
1013:
1003:
993:
903:
719:
675:
413:, Hushang is depicted as a great king who made sacrifices to the gods and received from them the
353:
108:
472:
352:, which is only applied to him in the Avesta, is later used for the first Iranian dynasty, the
211:
1609:
1604:
1577:
1522:
973:
580:
219:
2068:
2015:
1819:
1809:
1530:
1373:
1246:
883:
782:
48:
1572:
1562:
1256:
988:
888:
568:
542:
111:), including Hushang's predecessor and successors, are called by this title. According to
31:
364:
uses the phrase "down from the time of
Hushang" to mean "from the first king" and quotes
284:
463:, and succeeded his grandfather Gayomard, reigning for forty years. He was succeeded by
1913:
1908:
1857:
1799:
1669:
1423:
1418:
1261:
1251:
820:
279:, a Middle Persian compilation, also mentions Hushang. Arabic-language sources such as
243:
72:
17:
2130:
2051:
1827:
1738:
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1140:
943:
848:
1918:
1903:
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1203:
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963:
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394:
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1893:
1784:
1698:
1383:
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1061:
815:
365:
275:
356:, which includes Hushang's predecessor and successors. In the Middle Persian
1985:
1980:
1708:
1688:
1403:
1332:
1311:
1223:
948:
868:
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757:
699:
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393:, the list of kings begins with Yima (Jamshid) and ends with Kavi Hausrava (
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68:
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88:
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419:(divine royal glory), then with the gods' assistance defeated the
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give information about Hushang. The story of Hushang is given in
1959:
1703:
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1124:
767:
752:
500:
496:
1642:
671:
67:, is an early hero-king in Iranian mythology. He is known from
218:" who was a grandson of Targitaus, the first man according to
1291:
1284:
1277:
146:). Older sources interpreted the second part of the name as
448:, he is made a son of Mashya and grandson of Gayomard. The
182:
the meaning 'good (religious) choice'. Hushang's epithet
368:
as calling the Iranian religion "the Creed of Hushang."
626:
A King's Book of Kings: The Shah-nameh of Shah Tahmasp
328:. The more prevalent tradition attested in Ferdowsi's
611:
Yarshater, "Iranian National History," pp. 371, 421.
2087:
2024:
1968:
1942:
1881:
1767:
1731:
1676:
1542:
1474:
1445:
1366:
1302:
1232:
1149:
1123:
1047:
839:
781:
718:
711:
599:Yarshater, "Iranian National History," p. 421.
436:, most other sources place three generations (
176:'selecting, deciding', giving the whole name *
1654:
683:
421:
398:
347:
341:
273:) of the Avesta, which mentions Hushang. The
268:
201:
195:
189:
183:
177:
171:
165:
159:
153:
147:
141:
134:
102:
96:
8:
1722:
1661:
1647:
1639:
715:
690:
676:
668:
632:
389:, likely older) tradition recorded in the
30:Hushang Slays the Black Div. Miniature by
288:Ghurar akhbÄr mulÅ«k al-Furs wa-siyarihim
512:
571:(2000) . "Iranian National History".
296:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
7:
607:
605:
547:EncyclopƦdia Iranica, Online Edition
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
210:, the name of the progenitor of the
52:
385:In a different (and, according to
257:. The 10th-century Middle Persian
14:
549:. EncyclopƦdia Iranica Foundation
133:, Hushang is called Haoshyangha (
2111:
2110:
1623:
1622:
1452:Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)
495:called Hushang a descendent of
467:, who is Hushang's son in the
16:For people with the name, see
1:
1461:Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)
573:The Cambridge History of Iran
1464:Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan
537:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2004).
60:
422:
399:
375:Painting of Hushang in the
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202:
196:
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172:
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154:
148:
142:
103:
97:
2163:
1458:Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid
1455:Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)
577:Cambridge University Press
15:
2108:
1720:
1618:
1275:
656:
643:
635:
135:
95:and is given the epithet
23:Mythological Iranian king
1810:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
1996:Three Persian religions
645:Legendary Kings of the
409:s, particularly in the
1588:Rostam's Seven Labours
1467:Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)
1296:
1289:
1282:
382:
238:Hushang is known from
41:
2100:Fire temples in India
1768:Scripture and worship
1583:Rostam and Esfandiyar
1295:
1288:
1281:
374:
29:
2095:Fire temples in Iran
1882:Accounts and legends
1039:Eskandar (Alexander)
579:. pp. 420ā422.
222:. Hushang is called
137:š¬µš¬š¬š¬±š¬š¬š¬š¬¢š¬µš¬
1969:History and culture
1815:Udvada Atash Behram
575:. Vol. 3 (1).
493:Hisham ibn al-Kalbi
387:A. Shapour Shahbazi
230:in Arabic sources.
2142:Pishdadian dynasty
2137:Mythological kings
1899:Book of Arda Viraf
1833:Cypress of Kashmar
1599:Khosrow and Shirin
1437:Other locations...
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220:Scythian mythology
42:
2147:Iranian mythology
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1610:Persian mythology
1605:Bijan and Manijeh
1578:Rostam and Sohrab
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1272:
1049:Female characters
1029:Rostam FarrokhzÄd
974:Zangay-i Shavaran
666:
665:
657:Succeeded by
654:(after Keyumars)
586:978-0-521-20092-9
322:Gayomard/Keyumars
101:, whence Persian
2154:
2114:
2113:
2079:in United States
1820:Adur Burzen-Mihr
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636:Preceded by
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499:through his son
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193:
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63:), also spelled
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1909:Story of Sanjan
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1672:
1667:
1637:
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1614:
1573:Zal and Rudabeh
1563:Derafsh Kaviani
1538:
1510:of Shah Tahmasp
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1441:
1362:
1304:
1298:
1269:
1257:House of Nowzar
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841:Male characters
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471:and the son of
405:s). In the old
391:Fravardin Yasht
380:of Shah Tahmasp
314:
267:, a lost book (
236:
158:'dwelling' and
136:
127:
91:, he is called
39:of Shah Tahmasp
32:Soltan Mohammad
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12:
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1800:Airyaman ishya
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366:Khosrow Parviz
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1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
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1387:
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1377:
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1369:
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1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
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1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:Koulad-Ghandi
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:Kharvazan Div
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1265:
1263:
1260:
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1190:
1187:
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1172:
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1162:
1160:
1157:
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1148:
1142:
1141:Mehrab Kaboli
1139:
1137:
1134:
1131:
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1128:
1126:
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1111:
1108:
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1010:
1007:
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997:
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985:
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977:
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972:
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965:
962:
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947:
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942:
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935:
932:
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927:
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922:
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917:
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867:
865:
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829:
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623:
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582:
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548:
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531:
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217:
213:
209:
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186:
180:
174:
170:a variant of
168:
162:
156:
150:
144:
132:
124:
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120:
119:
114:
110:
105:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
50:
46:
40:
38:
33:
28:
19:
2115:
1919:Frashokereti
1873:Atash Behram
1863:The Revayats
1824:Adur Farnbag
1805:Fire Temples
1795:Yenghe hatam
1790:Ahuna Vairya
1759:Angra Mainyu
1597:
1568:Babr-e Bayan
1556:
1555:Abu-Mansuri
1532:
1524:
1515:
1507:
1500:
1495:(or Demotte)
1491:
1483:
1266:House of SÄm
1092:Banu Goshasp
732:
698:
651:
644:
625:
595:
572:
563:
551:. Retrieved
546:
476:
468:
456:
454:
449:
445:
433:
429:
420:
414:
410:
406:
390:
384:
377:
361:
357:
337:
333:
329:
315:
303:
294:
287:
274:
258:
248:
237:
227:
223:
207:
128:
116:
92:
64:
44:
43:
36:
2074:in Pakistan
2032:Persecution
1991:Khurramites
1704:Persia/Iran
1689:Zarathustra
1684:Ahura Mazda
1499:Baysonghor
1475:Manuscripts
1325:Div-e Sepid
1320:Arzhang Div
1305:and animals
806:Kay Lohrasp
801:Kay Khosrow
553:27 February
489:Khorram-ruz
395:Kay Khosrow
354:Pishdadians
292:al-Biruni's
283:chronicle,
281:al-Tabari's
263:summarizes
253:and in the
109:Pishdadians
93:Haoshyangha
2131:Categories
2037:in Armenia
1929:Hamistagan
1785:Ashem Vohu
1699:Vohu Manah
1518:of Rashida
1446:Structures
1419:Alborzkouh
1414:Mazandaran
1384:Zabulistan
1303:Creatures
1242:Kashvadian
1097:Gordafarid
944:EsfandiyÄr
816:Kay Bahman
720:Pishdadian
712:Characters
507:References
450:Bundahishn
411:Aban Yasht
358:Bundahishn
312:Traditions
301:Ferdowsi's
276:Bundahishn
214:or "Royal
2025:Adherents
2006:Festivals
1986:Mazdakism
1981:Zurvanism
1894:BundahiŔn
1709:Faravahar
1557:Shahnameh
1533:Shahnameh
1525:Shahnameh
1516:Shahnameh
1508:Shahnameh
1501:Shahnameh
1492:Shahnameh
1484:Shahnameh
1482:Florence
1433:Kasa-Roud
1404:Ctesiphon
1333:Huma bird
1312:Akvan Div
1233:Clans and
1224:Biderafsh
869:Kayanoush
826:Kay Darab
796:Kay KÄvus
791:Kay KawÄd
758:Manuchehr
700:Shahnameh
647:Shahnameh
477:Shahnameh
473:Vivanghan
469:Shahnameh
457:Shahnameh
434:Shahnameh
416:khvarenah
378:Shahnameh
362:Shahnameh
330:Shahnameh
305:Shahnameh
216:Scythians
212:Paralatae
208:Paralatos
179:hu-Ŕiiah-
143:HaoÅ”yaÅha
125:Etymology
118:Shahnameh
87:. In the
37:Shahnameh
34:from the
2117:Category
2047:in India
2011:Marriage
2001:Calendar
1924:Xrafstar
1848:Visperad
1843:Vendidad
1628:Category
1523:Windsor
1429:Tammisha
1353:Shabrang
1235:families
1219:Nastihan
1179:Afrasiab
1174:Garsivaz
1169:Aghrirat
1151:Turanian
1110:KatÄyoun
1106:Manizheh
1102:Farangis
1072:Sindukht
1067:ShahrnÄz
964:SiyĆ¢vash
959:Fariborz
954:Faramarz
949:Pashotan
914:Gershasp
909:Gostaham
859:Shahrasp
811:Goshtasb
783:Kayanian
773:Garshasp
748:Fereydun
738:Tahmuras
728:Keyumars
705:Ferdowsi
660:Tahmuras
639:Keyumars
539:"HÅÅ”ang"
465:Tahmuras
343:ParaĪ“Äta
326:Tahmuras
265:Chihrdad
255:Vendidad
203:ParaĪ“Äta
185:ParaĪ“Äta
113:Ferdowsi
98:ParaĪ“Äta
85:Tahmuras
81:Keyumars
2069:in Iraq
2064:in Iran
1955:Kashmar
1889:DÄnkard
1868:Ab-Zohr
1744:Yazatas
1714:Avestan
1543:Related
1531:Davari
1409:Estakhr
1348:Shabdiz
1338:Simurgh
1164:Pashang
1159:Zadashm
1087:Tahmina
1082:Sudabeh
1062:ArnavÄz
1057:Faranak
1024:Shaghad
984:Goudarz
979:Kashvad
919:Nariman
831:Dara II
743:Jamshid
733:Hushang
545:(ed.).
461:Ahriman
446:Denkard
349:Pishdad
318:Jamshid
260:Denkard
240:Avestan
234:Sources
228:Ushhanj
191:Pishdad
167:-Ŕiiah-
129:In the
104:pishdad
77:Jamshid
69:Avestan
65:HÅshang
49:Persian
45:Hushang
2057:Parsis
2016:Burial
1976:Parsis
1943:Cities
1934:Duzakh
1853:Yashts
1780:Gathas
1775:Avesta
1754:Daevas
1749:Ahuras
1550:Daqiqi
1389:Sistan
1367:Places
1343:Rakhsh
1214:Barman
1209:Houman
1194:Arjasp
1189:Shideh
1184:Tageuo
1136:Zahhak
1132:Mardas
1125:Tazian
1115:Azadeh
1077:Rudaba
1034:Barbad
1019:Zavara
1014:Gorgin
1004:Bahram
999:Rohham
994:Bizhan
939:Sohrab
934:Rostam
854:Siamak
849:Jamasp
763:Nowzar
583:
485:Tirgan
442:Siamak
438:Mashya
324:, and
290:, and
224:Ushanj
197:PÄÅ”dÄd
149:-Å”yaÅh
131:Avesta
89:Avesta
83:, and
61:HÅÅ”ang
2088:Lists
2052:Irani
1950:Balkh
1838:Yasna
1399:Balkh
1394:Kabul
1379:Turan
1204:Piran
1199:Viseh
1009:Hojir
969:Farud
899:Qaren
894:QobƔd
879:Arash
864:Abtin
652:30ā70
541:. In
481:Sadeh
430:Yasht
423:daÄva
407:Yasht
401:daÄva
338:Yasht
334:Yasht
249:Yasht
173:Äiia-
53:ŁŁŲ“ŁŚÆ
1960:Yazd
1694:Asha
1374:Iran
904:Tous
884:Salm
874:KÄve
768:Zaav
753:Iraj
581:ISBN
555:2016
497:Noah
487:and
270:nask
206:and
161:-aÅh
989:Giv
929:ZÄl
924:SÄm
889:Tur
703:of
501:Sam
226:or
155:Ŕi-
115:'s
2133::
604:^
515:^
503:.
491:.
440:,
320:,
242:,
79:,
71:,
59::
55:;
51::
1662:e
1655:t
1648:v
691:e
684:t
677:v
589:.
557:.
346:/
251:s
194:(
188:/
47:(
20:.
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