1516:
885:
855:
877:
1434:
1524:
847:
356:
Ministry received the GDD's findings and an offer to assist them in more training sessions along with their findings. Subsequently, close to 30 workshop attendees were held at the State
Security Office for up to 24 hours. The Ministry of Education then withheld 15 days of each participant's monthly pay and accused them of teaching
1494:
1426:
355:
Bahaeddin frequently discussed democracy and the need to support instructors in engaging pupils in more democratic practices. A workshop on using democratic instruments in the classroom was conducted by the Group for
Democratic Development (GDD) in 1999 for Upper-Egyptian teachers. The Education
336:
are responsible for the low academic and achievement level of students and this step will, firstly, to eliminate the fear of the
National Secondary Exam, and secondly, the student who did not receive private lessons will be compensated because "repetition ensures improving performance". However,
1464:
386:
In 2004, the
Ministry of Education dismissed a considerable number of educators that it alleged had pro-Islamic and Muslim Brotherhood leanings. The decision was made after receiving information from ministry managers and security personnel, as well as complaints from the parents of the pupils.
276:
In 1962, Bahaeddin joined the
Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University as a lecturer and, in 1973, he was promoted to professor of paediatrics. He then assumed the positions of head of the paediatric department and director of the new university children's hospital between 1983 and 1991.
1486:
316:
to punish behavior they regarded as unacceptable. Around 80 percent of the boys and 60 percent of the girls were punished by teachers using their hands, sticks, straps, shoes, punches, and kicks as the most common administration methods. The most commonly reported
51:
552:
1456:
1569:
344:
unless their parents provided a letter of consent to the school. However, the decree was withdrawn due to public outcry over the measure, which was seen as part of a systematic campaign against
Islamists and the
791:
449:
1177:
371:
and socialisation" and promote national harmony, as the military, economy, and political spheres all have a stake in education as a matter of national security. However, following the
453:
1335:
414:
1305:
312:, even in private schools. However, a 1998 study found that random physical punishment (not proper formal corporal punishment) was being used extensively by teachers in
942:
729:
701:
1093:
1003:
907:
Youssef RM, Attia MS, Kamel MI; Attia; Kamel (October 1998). "Children experiencing violence. II: Prevalence and determinants of corporal punishment in schools".
556:
1275:
1374:
260:, Egypt, to a mother (Mona) who converted in 1943 from Christianity to Islam before meeting Bahaeddin's father (Kamel) in London. Bahaeddin received his
397:
for reforms that would "eliminate a climate that
Washington considers as helping to breed terrorism". These reforms went to the extent of removing
1033:
1166:
1063:
445:
289:
175:
380:
149:
759:
480:
1564:
1327:
642:
261:
1297:
611:
580:
1396:
723:
695:
1085:
476:
352:
In 1998, Bahaeddin passed a decree that would punish any student proven to have assaulted a teacher with final dismissal.
301:
181:
62:
987:
1574:
484:
436:
Bahaeddin married Samiha Abdel Salam
Soliman on 3 February 1966. He died on 29 July 2016 after a struggle with illness.
409:
from school texts as part of the "New Basic
Education Bilateral Agreement" with the US which will provide $ 64 million
346:
964:
672:
1144:
309:
465:
421:
285:
281:
105:
1214:
367:
In 2003, Bahaeddin defended the government's control over education by emphasising that doing so would prevent "
1358:
372:
824:
284:, and in 1989 he assumed the presidency of the Egyptian Society of Paediatrics until 1991. He was awarded the
376:
936:
457:
1025:
784:
514:
328:
Bahaeddin uncapped the number of university entrance exams, which was limited to one. He believed that
573:"كامل بهاء الدين: والدتي لم تكن يهودية.. وأدعو لمرشد الإخوان بالمغفرة - بوابة الثانوية العامة المصرية"
1584:
1579:
461:
410:
357:
305:
361:
257:
1267:
1136:
340:
In 1994, Bahaeddin tried to pass a rule that would have prohibited schoolgirls from donning the
1366:
1259:
1128:
1055:
995:
924:
1487:"تليفون وعنوان مدرسة حسين كامل بهاء الدين الابتدائية, الظاهرية | مدارس حكومية | يلوبيدجز مصر"
1249:
916:
522:
469:
329:
265:
162:
560:
228:
817:"حكاية "بهاء الدين مع التعليم" | استمر 13 سنة وزيرا ومنع الضرب بالمدارس وابتكر "التحسين""
751:
50:
17:
920:
634:
424:
as the new
Minister of Education, following a cabinet reshuffle led by Prime Minister
1558:
1271:
635:"توفى اليوم وزير التربية والتعليم السابق حسين كامل بهاء الدين بعد صراع طويل مع المرض"
394:
368:
268:
in 1959. In 1965, he became secretary of the Egyptian Youth Organisation until 1968.
83:
603:
333:
572:
1404:
1117:"A Democracy with Fangs and Claws and ITS Effects on Egyptian Political Culture"
425:
1548:
1254:
526:
495:
322:
236:
157:
1370:
1263:
1132:
999:
1237:
389:
956:
928:
664:
406:
318:
1140:
1116:
253:
126:
1238:"School educational policy in Egypt: societal assessment perspective"
1236:
Zaki Ewiss, M.A.; Abdelgawad, Fatma; Elgendy, Azza (1 January 2019).
1206:
488:
417:(USAID) has donated more than $ 765 million USD to Egypt since 1975.
402:
816:
379:
that was focused on the achievements and legacies of the disbanded
1056:"Egypt: Reading between the "Red Lines": V. Government Repression"
398:
341:
313:
479:(First Class). In 2008, he was elected honorary president of the
235:, 18 September 1932 – 29 July 2016) was an Egyptian professor of
1400:
1328:"Egypt hits back with its own proposal: US plan for Middle East"
1207:"Political Illiteracy and State-Sponsored Narratives of History"
515:"Imperato, Mansoor – II 35,17; architect – WW Saudi Arabia 1983"
456:
in 1993. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the
375:, the Ministry of Education removed over 20 percent of the
491:, and was elected in the same year as honorary president.
604:""التعليم" تنعى حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق"
555:على موقع المجلس العربي للطفولة والتنمية. (وصلة بي دي إف)
252:
Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin was born on 18 September 1932 in
1570:
Ihsan Doğramacı Family Health Foundation Prize laureates
848:"حسين كامل بهاء الدين.. قرارات غيّرت شكل التعليم فى مصر"
665:"شبكة إعلام المرأه العربية تنعى د. حسين كامل بهاء الدين"
957:"حسين كامل بهاء الدين.. 50 عاماً بين السياسة والتعليم"
304:
between 1991 and 2004. During his tenure, he extended
1298:"Egypt dismisses teachers based on security reports"
202:
168:
156:
145:
133:
120:
115:
99:
89:
79:
61:
34:
694:al-Thaqāfah, United Arab Republic Wizārat (1959).
415:United States Agency for International Development
337:repeating the exam requires paying the exam fees.
1242:Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences
264:in 1954 and then a doctorate in paediatrics from
1457:"وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق"
1427:"وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق"
878:"وفاة حسين كامل بهاء الدين وزير التعليم الأسبق"
1517:"مدرسة حسين كامل بهاء الدين الابتدائية تجريبي"
239:and education minister between 1991 and 2004.
27:Egyptian paediatric and politician (1932–2016)
483:for life. In 2009, he became a member of the
8:
941:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
481:International Society of Tropical Pediatrics
420:On 9 July 2004, Bahaeddin was succeeded by
393:, the decision was not made in reaction to
785:"Recipients of the Ihsan Doğramacı Family"
728:. al Idarah al-ʼAmmah lil-Thaqafah. 1959.
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
494:Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin Primary School in
49:
31:
1357:Manzo, Kathleen Kennedy (21 April 2004).
1253:
988:"In Egypt's Schools, Fashion Is Politics"
602:فكرى, توفيق شعبان واميرة (29 July 2016).
475:In 2006, Bahaeddin received the Egyptian
1551:— interview by Najwa Ibrahim (in Arabic)
454:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons
452:in 1989. He was elected a Fellow of the
450:Ihsan Doğramacı Family Health Foundation
506:
934:
779:
777:
1359:"Muslim Textbooks Seen as Intolerant"
1200:
1198:
858:from the original on 13 November 2022
811:
809:
7:
1497:from the original on 30 January 2023
1467:from the original on 30 January 2023
1437:from the original on 24 January 2023
1377:from the original on 30 January 2023
1308:from the original on 30 January 2023
1217:from the original on 30 January 2023
1167:"Education in Egypt: Key Challenges"
1147:from the original on 30 January 2023
1096:from the original on 30 January 2023
1066:from the original on 30 January 2023
1036:from the original on 30 January 2023
1006:from the original on 30 January 2023
967:from the original on 30 January 2023
888:from the original on 30 January 2023
827:from the original on 30 January 2023
762:from the original on 30 January 2023
675:from the original on 30 January 2023
645:from the original on 30 January 2023
614:from the original on 30 January 2023
583:from the original on 30 January 2023
383:(NDP) from the national curricula.
232:
1338:from the original on 25 March 2023
1278:from the original on 25 March 2023
1183:from the original on 10 April 2022
794:from the original on 25 March 2023
732:from the original on 25 March 2023
704:from the original on 25 March 2023
498:was named posthumously after him.
485:International Children’s Institute
446:Child Health Foundation Fellowship
290:Child Health Foundation Fellowship
176:Child Health Foundation Fellowship
25:
1527:from the original on 18 July 2018
1205:Caravan, The (4 December 2016).
262:Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery
1549:Think for seconds, gain minutes
986:Silver, Vernon (30 June 1996).
1403:. 16 July 2004. Archived from
280:Bahaeddin was a member of the
1:
921:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00084-2
387:According to a report in the
308:to six years, and prohibited
633:agel, Khabr (29 July 2016).
129:, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt
1433:(in Arabic). 29 July 2016.
1115:Stacher, Joshua A. (2001).
1086:"بشأن منع العنف فى المدارس"
823:(in Arabic). 30 July 2021.
671:(in Arabic). 29 July 2016.
347:Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt
282:Egyptian Scientific Academy
75:1991 – 9 July 2004
1601:
1461:النيل - قناة مصر الإخبارية
444:Bahaeddin was awarded the
1255:10.1108/JHASS-05-2019-004
527:10.1515/9783110976052.491
466:University of East Anglia
422:Ahmed Gamal El-Din Moussa
381:National Democratic Party
286:World Health Organization
218:
214:
210:
195:
191:
111:
106:Ahmed Gamal El-Din Moussa
68:
57:
48:
41:
373:2011 Egyptian revolution
248:Early life and education
42:
18:Hussein Kamel Bahaaeldin
1565:Cairo University alumni
432:Personal life and death
377:instructional materials
225:Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin
36:Hussein Kamel Bahaeddin
1121:Arab Studies Quarterly
846:مبتدا (31 July 2016).
756:www.misr2000online.net
1032:. 16 September 1994.
725:The Cultural Yearbook
477:Order of the Republic
458:University of Glasgow
302:Minister of Education
296:Minister of Education
182:Order of the Republic
63:Minister of Education
1397:"Egypt cabinet list"
462:Hacettepe University
306:compulsory education
300:Bahaeddin served as
233:حسين كامل بهاء الدين
95:Moustafa Kamal Helmi
43:حسين كامل بهاء الدين
1575:Egyptian physicians
310:corporal punishment
258:Sharqia Governorate
1491:yellowpages.com.eg
1407:on 5 November 2012
992:The New York Times
559:2016-08-17 at the
440:Awards and honours
1304:. 25 March 2004.
1090:site.eastlaws.com
697:Cultural Register
222:
221:
197:Scientific career
124:18 September 1932
16:(Redirected from
1592:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1521:madaresegypt.com
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1463:. 29 July 2016.
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1334:. 2 March 2004.
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1257:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1026:"Scarf reversal"
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
983:
977:
976:
974:
972:
953:
947:
946:
940:
932:
909:Child Abuse Negl
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
874:
868:
867:
865:
863:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
813:
804:
803:
801:
799:
789:
781:
772:
771:
769:
767:
748:
742:
741:
739:
737:
720:
714:
713:
711:
709:
691:
685:
684:
682:
680:
661:
655:
654:
652:
650:
630:
624:
623:
621:
619:
599:
593:
592:
590:
588:
569:
563:
550:
531:
530:
511:
470:St. Olaf College
407:Prophet Mohammed
266:Cairo University
234:
206:Cairo University
163:Cairo University
140:
116:Personal details
102:
92:
73:
53:
32:
21:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1030:The Independent
1024:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
985:
984:
980:
970:
968:
955:
954:
950:
933:
906:
905:
901:
891:
889:
876:
875:
871:
861:
859:
852:www.mobtada.com
845:
844:
840:
830:
828:
815:
814:
807:
797:
795:
787:
783:
782:
775:
765:
763:
750:
749:
745:
735:
733:
722:
721:
717:
707:
705:
693:
692:
688:
678:
676:
663:
662:
658:
648:
646:
632:
631:
627:
617:
615:
601:
600:
596:
586:
584:
571:
570:
566:
561:Wayback Machine
551:
534:
513:
512:
508:
504:
442:
434:
321:were bumps and
298:
274:
250:
245:
187:
146:Political party
138:
125:
100:
90:
74:
69:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1543:External links
1541:
1539:
1538:
1508:
1478:
1448:
1418:
1388:
1363:Education Week
1349:
1319:
1289:
1228:
1194:
1176:. March 2012.
1158:
1107:
1077:
1047:
1017:
978:
948:
915:(10): 975–85.
899:
882:الأهرام اليومي
869:
838:
805:
773:
743:
715:
686:
656:
625:
594:
564:
553:السيرة الذاتية
532:
505:
503:
500:
441:
438:
433:
430:
297:
294:
273:
272:Medical career
270:
249:
246:
244:
241:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
193:
192:
189:
188:
186:
185:
179:
172:
170:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
147:
143:
142:
141:(aged 83)
135:
131:
130:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
66:
65:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1597:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1179:
1175:
1174:Chatham House
1168:
1162:
1159:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
979:
966:
963:(in Arabic).
962:
958:
952:
949:
944:
938:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
900:
887:
884:(in Arabic).
883:
879:
873:
870:
857:
854:(in Arabic).
853:
849:
842:
839:
826:
822:
818:
812:
810:
806:
793:
786:
780:
778:
774:
761:
757:
753:
747:
744:
731:
727:
726:
719:
716:
703:
699:
698:
690:
687:
674:
670:
669:جريدة البشاير
666:
660:
657:
644:
640:
636:
629:
626:
613:
610:(in Arabic).
609:
605:
598:
595:
582:
578:
574:
568:
565:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
510:
507:
501:
499:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
468:in 1997, and
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
439:
437:
431:
429:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:enculturation
365:
363:
359:
358:homosexuality
353:
350:
348:
343:
338:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
278:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
247:
242:
240:
238:
230:
226:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
171:
167:
164:
161:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
114:
110:
107:
104:
98:
94:
88:
85:
84:Hosni Mubarak
82:
78:
72:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1529:. Retrieved
1520:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1490:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1431:اليوم السابع
1430:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1362:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1331:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1302:gulfnews.com
1301:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1248:(1): 55–68.
1245:
1241:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1210:
1185:. Retrieved
1173:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1127:(3): 83–99.
1124:
1120:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1089:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1059:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1029:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
991:
981:
969:. Retrieved
960:
951:
937:cite journal
912:
908:
902:
890:. Retrieved
881:
872:
860:. Retrieved
851:
841:
829:. Retrieved
820:
796:. Retrieved
764:. Retrieved
755:
746:
734:. Retrieved
724:
718:
706:. Retrieved
696:
689:
677:. Retrieved
668:
659:
647:. Retrieved
638:
628:
616:. Retrieved
607:
597:
585:. Retrieved
576:
567:
518:
509:
493:
474:
443:
435:
419:
388:
385:
366:
354:
351:
339:
334:malnutrition
327:
299:
279:
275:
251:
224:
223:
203:Institutions
196:
178:, WHO (1989)
152:(until 2011)
139:(2016-07-29)
137:29 July 2016
101:Succeeded by
70:
29:
1585:2016 deaths
1580:1932 births
1211:The Caravan
1060:www.hrw.org
577:thanwya.com
426:Ahmed Nazif
403:the sayings
401:verses and
237:paediatrics
91:Preceded by
1559:Categories
1531:30 January
1501:30 January
1471:30 January
1441:30 January
1411:4 December
1381:30 January
1342:30 January
1312:30 January
1282:30 January
1221:30 January
1187:30 January
1151:30 January
1100:30 January
1070:30 January
1040:30 January
1010:30 January
971:30 January
961:دار الهلال
892:30 January
862:30 January
831:30 January
798:20 January
766:30 January
752:"EPA 2015"
736:30 January
708:30 January
679:30 January
649:30 January
618:30 January
587:30 January
502:References
496:Alexandria
395:US demands
323:contusions
158:Alma mater
1371:0277-4232
1272:199299225
1264:2632-279X
1133:0271-3519
1000:0362-4331
821:صدى البلد
519:Degruyter
472:in 1999.
390:Gulf News
292:in 1989.
243:Biography
80:President
71:In office
1525:Archived
1495:Archived
1465:Archived
1435:Archived
1375:Archived
1336:Archived
1332:DAWN.COM
1306:Archived
1276:Archived
1215:Archived
1178:Archived
1145:Archived
1141:41858384
1094:Archived
1064:Archived
1034:Archived
1004:Archived
965:Archived
886:Archived
856:Archived
825:Archived
792:Archived
760:Archived
730:Archived
702:Archived
673:Archived
643:Archived
639:خبر عاجل
612:Archived
581:Archived
557:Archived
521:. 1983.
319:injuries
929:9793720
487:(ICC),
405:of the
399:Quranic
362:atheism
330:poverty
254:Zagazig
127:Zagazig
1369:
1270:
1262:
1139:
1131:
998:
927:
489:Ankara
229:Arabic
184:(2006)
169:Awards
1268:S2CID
1181:(PDF)
1170:(PDF)
1137:JSTOR
788:(PDF)
608:الوطن
342:hijab
314:Egypt
1533:2023
1503:2023
1473:2023
1443:2023
1413:2010
1401:MEED
1383:2023
1367:ISSN
1344:2023
1314:2023
1284:2023
1260:ISSN
1223:2023
1189:2023
1153:2023
1129:ISSN
1102:2023
1072:2023
1042:2023
1012:2023
996:ISSN
973:2023
943:link
925:PMID
894:2023
864:2023
833:2023
800:2023
768:2023
738:2023
710:2023
681:2023
651:2023
620:2023
589:2023
464:and
360:and
332:and
134:Died
121:Born
1250:doi
917:doi
523:doi
448:by
411:USD
288:‘s
150:NDP
1561::
1523:.
1519:.
1493:.
1489:.
1459:.
1429:.
1399:.
1373:.
1365:.
1361:.
1330:.
1300:.
1274:.
1266:.
1258:.
1244:.
1240:.
1213:.
1209:.
1197:^
1172:.
1143:.
1135:.
1125:23
1123:.
1119:.
1092:.
1088:.
1062:.
1058:.
1028:.
1002:.
994:.
990:.
959:.
939:}}
935:{{
923:.
913:22
911:.
880:.
850:.
819:.
808:^
790:.
776:^
758:.
754:.
700:.
667:.
641:.
637:.
606:.
579:.
575:.
535:^
517:.
460:,
428:.
413:.
364:.
349:.
325:.
256:,
231::
1535:.
1505:.
1475:.
1445:.
1415:.
1385:.
1346:.
1316:.
1286:.
1252::
1246:1
1225:.
1191:.
1155:.
1104:.
1074:.
1044:.
1014:.
975:.
945:)
931:.
919::
896:.
866:.
835:.
802:.
770:.
740:.
712:.
683:.
653:.
622:.
591:.
529:.
525::
227:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.