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625:. Radio contact with the aircraft was lost on 12 October 1974, apparently as the aircraft was heading into the typhoon's eye to make a second position fix. There were no radio transmissions indicating an emergency on board, and search teams could not locate the aircraft or its crew. All six crew members were listed as killed in action. Swan 38 was the only
655:, causing the inboard right engine to overheat. The crew was forced to shut it down as the aircraft reached 220 m (720 ft) above the ocean in the eye. They dumped fuel and followed a United States Air Force WC-130 out of the hurricane. The aircraft sustained major damage and was grounded for the rest of the
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noticed a large cloud mass to the east and more north than it should have been. The Cuban weather service requested a plane to be sent up to find the storm, with
Captain Leonard Povey volunteering. After circling, but not penetrating (his plane had an open cockpit), the storm, he confirmed the storm
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This flight showed that hurricane reconnaissance flights were possible, and further flights continued occasionally. In 1946, the moniker "Hurricane
Hunters" was first used, and the Air Force and now Air Force Reserve have used it ever since. The flights demonstrated that hurricane reconnaissance
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were used to find tropical storms, military aircraft flew routine weather reconnaissance tracks to detect formation of tropical cyclones. While modern satellites have improved the ability of meteorologists to detect cyclones before they form, only aircraft are able to measure the interior
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The United States Navy's VW-4 / WEARECORON FOUR Weather
Reconnaissance Squadron Four, "Hurricane Hunters" was the seventh U.S. Navy squadron dedicated to weather reconnaissance. They flew several types of aircraft, but the
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was located more north than originally thought and actually heading northeast. This was relayed to the
Weather Bureau, which immediately put warnings out for the Florida Keys. The storm would make landfall later that day.
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high-altitude jet above 41,000 feet (12 km) to document upper- and lower-level winds that affect cyclone movement. The computer models that forecast hurricane tracks and intensity mainly use G-IV
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was the aircraft most often associated with flying into the "eye of the storm." The squadron operated WC-121s between late 1954 and 1972. VW-4 lost one aircraft and crew in a penetration of
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aircraft, which fly directly into hurricanes, typically penetrating the hurricane's eye several times per mission at altitudes between 500 feet (150 m) and 10,000 feet (3,000 m).
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Capt. Povey urged
Congress and the Weather Bureau to implement full-time reconnaissance planes, but to no avail. A plan was laid out to use Coast Guard cutters, but was never implemented.
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Ried, Jeffrey S.; Eleuterio, Daniel; Cook, B. J.; Walker, Annette L.; Richardson, Kim A.; Westphal, Douglas L.; Zhang, Jianglong; Damiano, A. B.; McNamara, Richard J. (October 25, 2007).
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The idea of aircraft reconnaissance of hurricane storm trackers was put forth by
Captain W. L. Farnsworth of the Galveston Commercial Association in the early 1930s. Supported by the
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reduced the engine performance, which resulted in a compressor stall and a rain cloud the aircraft passed through caused the engines to be cleaned out, resulting in their restarting.
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December 16, 1953 – A United States Navy
Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer (Bureau Number: 59716) of Airborne Early Warning Squadron (VW-3) was lost during reconnaissance of
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on three of its four engines at 240 m (790 ft) above the ocean, forcing the crew to shut them down. They were able to restart the engines and return to
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An
Assessment of the Meteorological Conditions Leading to the NOAA WP-3D Engine Compressor Stalls of February 9, 2007, Due to Sea Salt Aerosol Particle Fouling
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Lt. Ralph O'Hair, the base's weather officer, Lt. William Jones-Burdick, took over the navigator's seat and
Duckworth flew into the storm a second time.
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aircraft, heavily instrumented flying laboratories modified to take atmospheric and radar measurements within tropical cyclones and winter storms, and a
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297:. In September 2016 they introduced the dropsonde system, which collects extra meteorological data on tropical cyclones to enhance the monitoring of
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On
September 1, the storm moved through The Bahamas where it was estimated to be at hurricane strength. As a result, ships began to avoid the
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139:. Such missions have also been flown by Navy units and other Air Force and NOAA units. Other organizations also fly these missions, such as
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of a hurricane and provide accurate wind speed data, information needed to accurately predict hurricane development and movement.
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197:; most weather recon flights originate there. The term "hurricane hunters" was first applied to its missions in 1946.
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586:(Serial Number: 49-295) from the 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron went down southeast of Guam while flying into
438:, during World War II, marked the first intentional meteorological flight into a hurricane. It started with a bet.
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The first time a reconnaissance flight took place with the sole purpose of locating a hurricane was during the
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trainers in the face of the storm, they began questioning the construction of the aircraft. Lead instructor
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took one of the trainers out and flew it straight into the eye of the storm. After he returned safely with
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measurements in both Atlantic and Pacific storms. In June 2017 the Hunters moved into a new facility at
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The USAFR hurricane hunters fly weather missions in an area midway through the Atlantic Ocean to the
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to gather weather data. In the United States, the organizations that fly these missions are the
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Among the types of aircraft that have been used to investigate hurricanes, are an instrumented
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The first crewed flight into a hurricane happened in 1943 when a pilot-trainer flew into a
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Marks, Frank D.; Black, Peter G.; Montgomery, Michael T.; Burpee, Robert W. (April 2008).
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Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA)
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of Hong Kong (GFS) have conducted regular flight data collection in cooperation with the
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932:"80th Anniversary of the Labor Day Hurricane and first hurricane reconnaissance"
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521:. Despite heavy equipment losses, the squadron never missed a mission from the
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over the Caribbean Sea with nine Navy men and two Canadian journalists aboard.
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Lockheed WP-3A Orion weather reconnaissance aircraft of VW-4 Squadron at its
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Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR)
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666:, the same WP-3D Orion involved in the Hurricane Hugo incident suffered a
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1238:(4). Boston, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society: 1237–1259.
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Air Weather Reconnaissance Association website. Retrieved on 2008-09-26.
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1086:"The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part I: the Oct 1, 1945 typhoon"
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That summer, British pilots were being trained in instrument flying at
400:, which would later become the strongest storm to ever impact the U.S.
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ASN Accident description 13 OCT 1974 Lockheed WC-130H Hercules 65-0965
1158:"The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part IV: Hurricane Janet, 1955"
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in Lakeland, Florida, having been at MacDill since 1993. They fly two
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1182:"The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part V: Typhoon Ophelia, 1958"
1134:"The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part III: Typhoon Doris, 1953"
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1110:"The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part II: Typhoon Wilma, 1952"
1018:"53d Weather Reconnaissance Squadron 'Hurricane Hunters' Fact Sheet"
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data collected day and night in storms affecting the United States.
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while the Cuba weather service didn't see any evidence for this.
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Garland, Harlin (October 1966). "U. S. Navy Hurricane Hunters".
797:"NOAA hurricane center once housed at MacDill opens in Lakeland"
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Aircrews that fly into tropical cyclones to gather weather data
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Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)
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of Airborne Early Warning Squadron Four (VW-4) disappeared in
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Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Atlantic (PIRATA)
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR)
1228:"Structure of the Eye and Eyewall of Hurricane Hugo (1989)"
855:"Aircraft Meteorological Observation for Tropical Cyclones"
962:
Hurricane Watch: Forecasting the Deadliest Storms on Earth
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Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS)
445:. When they saw that the Americans were evacuating their
1463:, 1982, Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, Tonbridge, Kent,
1276:"25th Anniversary of a 'hairy hop' into Hurricane Hugo"
884:"HKO and GFS join forces to introduce dropsonde system"
54:
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Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART)
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1075:. Environmental Satellite Services Administration: 7.
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1575:Earth-based meteorological observation systems and
988:"First 'hurricane hunter' flight was made on a bet"
204:, and have on occasion flown into typhoons in the
826:"NOAA Hurricane Hunters Have New Home In Lakeland"
1278:. Hurricane Research Division. 15 September 2014
597:(Serial Number: 65-0965) was transferred to the
1507:Air Weather Reconnaissance Association homepage
538:(Bureau Number: 59415) of VPB-119 went down in
133:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1729:Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project (TAO/TRITON)
691:series featuring the USAFR 53rd WRS, entitled
593:October 12, 1974 – In 1974, a newly converted
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1497:53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron homepage
582:January 15, 1958 – A United States Air Force
549:October 26, 1952 – A United States Air Force
43:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1529:The NOAA Aircraft Operations Center homepage
568:. All nine members of the crew were killed.
546:. Six of the seven crew members were killed.
211:The 53rd WRS hurricane hunters operate ten
1684:Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR)
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1534:VW-1 All Hands Alumni Association homepage
571:September 26, 1955 – A United States Navy
525:. The 53rd has since returned to Keesler.
380:, the "storm patrol bill" passed both the
1714:Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)
1441:Learn how and when to remove this message
1371:"Smithsonian Channel: It's Brighter Here"
1251:
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1755:Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN)
1404:This article includes a list of general
639:September 15, 1989 – While entering the
414:On September 2, a pilot flying over the
317:taken on August 28, 2005, by a NOAA P-3.
92:
1770:Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS)
1750:Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP)
1634:Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR)
1487:Hunting Hurricane Hugo Flight of NOAA42
916:"Storm Patrol Bill Passed to President"
757:
609:. The aircraft was sent to investigate
534:October 1, 1945 – A United States Navy
1814:United States special-purpose aircraft
1775:Road Weather Information System (RWIS)
1541:– USA Today – sidebar, "Fatal flights"
1539:Why and how people fly into hurricanes
662:February 9, 2007 – While inside of an
386:United States House of Representatives
259:Lakeland Linder International Airport
7:
1346:"Official website for the TV series"
765:McMahon, Bucky (September 8, 2017).
702:The story of the NOAA flight during
599:54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron
561:over the Pacific with 10 men aboard.
555:54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron
208:and gathered data in winter storms.
187:53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron
181:53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron
129:53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron
777:from the original on August 9, 2020
651:N42RF) encountered multiple severe
553:(Serial Number: 44-69970) from the
277:Government Flying Service Hong Kong
141:Government Flying Service Hong Kong
1410:it lacks sufficient corresponding
1303:(Report). SkyBrary. August 9, 2007
960:Bob Sheets; Jack Williams (2001).
25:
1604:Automated airport weather station
1461:The Lockheed Constellation Series
1734:Voluntary observing ship program
1395:
1298:NOAA Mishap Investigation Report
726:
34:
1609:Automatic weather station (AWS)
1517:NHC Reconnaissance data archive
1492:Navy Hurricane Hunters homepage
1377:from the original on 2020-11-25
1041:"The 1943 "Surprise" Hurricane"
942:from the original on 2023-06-10
894:from the original on 2022-09-12
865:from the original on 2022-07-05
836:from the original on 2020-11-27
807:from the original on 2020-06-13
125:United States Air Force Reserve
104:weather reconnaissance aircraft
712:television show on the during
657:1989 Atlantic hurricane season
398:1935 Great Labor Day Hurricane
331:1963 Atlantic hurricane season
1:
1709:Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
536:Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer
509:on 29 August 2005 devastated
1809:Tropical cyclone meteorology
601:, the "Typhoon Chasers", at
378:United States Weather Bureau
936:Hurricane Research Division
767:"Into the Eye of the Storm"
119:are aircrews that fly into
57:, discuss the issue on the
1830:
1039:Fincher, Lew; Read, Bill.
992:South Florida Sun-Sentinel
986:Kaye, Ken (25 July 2013).
584:Boeing WB-50 Superfortress
551:Boeing WB-29 Superfortress
333:. Other types include the
239:Aircraft Operations Center
237:, originally based at the
222:
178:
1704:FluxNet Project (FluxNet)
1667:
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706:was shown as part of the
523:National Hurricane Center
283:Government Flying Service
1196:Retrieved: 3 April 2020.
1172:Retrieved: 3 April 2020.
1148:Retrieved: 3 April 2020.
1124:Retrieved: 3 April 2020.
1100:Retrieved: 3 April 2020.
921:Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
734:Tropical cyclones portal
595:Lockheed WC-130 Hercules
515:Dobbins Air Reserve Base
392:1935 Labor Day Hurricane
1765:Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL)
1599:Aircraft report (AIREP)
1425:more precise citations.
1091:August 1, 2020, at the
603:Andersen Air Force Base
464:flights were feasible.
432:1943 Surprise Hurricane
426:1943 Surprise Hurricane
313:View of the eyewall of
1482:NOAA Hurricane Hunters
1232:Monthly Weather Review
949:– via Wordpress.
647:, a NOAA WP-3D Orion (
511:Keesler Air Force Base
487:WC-121N "Willy Victor"
481:
318:
235:NOAA Hurricane Hunters
225:NOAA Hurricane Hunters
219:NOAA Hurricane Hunters
191:Keesler Air Force Base
185:The Air Force Reserve
105:
1253:10.1175/2007MWR2073.1
664:extratropical cyclone
590:with nine men aboard.
588:Super Typhoon Ophelia
475:
312:
287:Hong Kong Observatory
255:Doppler weather radar
96:
1639:Pilot report (PIREP)
1061:Marson, 1982, p. 318
613:. The crew departed
573:Lockheed P2V Neptune
495:Lockheed WP-3A Orion
480:Florida base in 1974
382:United States Senate
263:Lockheed WP-3D Orion
233:crew members of the
157:In the past, before
148:Category 1 hurricane
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
1502:403rd Wing Homepage
1244:2008MWRv..136.1237M
1193:Weather Underground
1169:Weather Underground
1145:Weather Underground
1121:Weather Underground
1097:Weather Underground
697:The Weather Channel
566:Super Typhoon Doris
559:Super Typhoon Wilma
195:Biloxi, Mississippi
164:barometric pressure
1522:2008-08-08 at the
1459:Marson, Peter J.,
1212:2020-08-21 at the
1207:"Whiskey-Charlie!"
1187:2020-08-01 at the
1163:2020-08-02 at the
1139:2020-08-01 at the
1115:2020-08-01 at the
689:reality television
683:In popular culture
621:with the callsign
482:
388:on June 15, 1936.
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1624:Hurricane Hunters
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1020:. 403rd Wing AFRC
919:Hurricane Archive
830:WUSF Public Media
771:Popular Mechanics
693:Hurricane Hunters
507:Hurricane Katrina
501:Hurricane Katrina
315:Hurricane Katrina
291:tropical cyclones
229:The civilian and
137:Hurricane Hunters
121:tropical cyclones
109:Hurricane hunters
91:
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65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
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629:lost in a storm.
505:The landfall of
478:NAS Jacksonville
371:WC-130A, B, E, H
213:Lockheed WC-130J
202:Hawaiian Islands
152:Galveston, Texas
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577:Hurricane Janet
544:South China Sea
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529:Aircraft losses
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491:Hurricane Janet
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434:, which struck
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405:Florida Straits
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327:Hurricane Ginny
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295:South China Sea
281:Since 2009 the
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267:G-IV Gulfstream
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117:cyclone hunters
113:typhoon hunters
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699:in July 2012.
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360:
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1760:NEXRAD radar
1644:Weather ship
1460:
1454:Bibliography
1453:
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1409:
1379:. Retrieved
1365:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:the original
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
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1305:. Retrieved
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1045:. Retrieved
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1012:
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996:the original
991:
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976:, pp. 98–100
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944:. Retrieved
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779:. Retrieved
770:
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649:registration
611:Typhoon Bess
557:was lost in
540:Typhoon Jean
504:
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416:Florida Keys
413:
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323:Lockheed U-2
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44:
1423:introducing
1330:February 6,
1024:2 September
964:. Vintage.
619:Philippines
443:Bryan Field
369:1954–1973;
329:during the
243:MacDill AFB
102:WP-3D Orion
1803:Categories
1431:April 2012
1406:references
1381:2020-12-08
1356:2013-01-29
1307:6 February
1282:6 February
1073:ESSA World
1043:. NOAA.gov
946:2023-08-19
898:2022-09-12
869:2022-09-12
840:2020-11-15
811:2020-11-15
748:References
672:St. John's
653:downdrafts
447:AT-6 Texan
335:A-20 Havoc
231:NOAA Corps
159:satellites
154:on a bet.
1672:Worldwide
1662:By region
1619:Dropsonde
1047:30 August
623:"Swan 38"
542:over the
458:navigator
325:flown in
293:over the
271:dropsonde
59:talk page
1520:Archived
1375:Archived
1326:(Report)
1262:52062413
1210:Archived
1185:Archived
1161:Archived
1137:Archived
1113:Archived
1089:Archived
940:Archived
892:Archived
863:Archived
834:Archived
805:Archived
775:Archived
720:See also
676:Sea salt
337:, 1944;
299:typhoons
131:and the
53:You may
1629:Mesonet
1589:General
1419:improve
1240:Bibcode
1002:27 July
641:eyewall
617:in the
519:Atlanta
451:Colonel
367:WC-121N
305:History
251:Florida
1467:
1408:, but
1260:
968:
709:Mayday
627:WC-130
1301:(PDF)
1258:S2CID
753:Notes
517:near
363:WB-47
359:WB-50
355:WB-29
247:Tampa
245:, in
170:Units
150:near
115:, or
61:, or
1689:Argo
1465:ISBN
1332:2024
1309:2024
1284:2024
1049:2010
1026:2010
1004:2013
966:ISBN
783:2017
714:2015
607:Guam
468:VW-4
430:The
409:Cuba
384:and
351:B-29
347:B-25
343:B-17
339:B-24
99:NOAA
1248:doi
1236:136
643:of
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241:at
193:in
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