Hurrian language - Knowledge (XXG)

384: 301: 2271:, which is only attested in Old Hurrian. Valency suffixes (6) indicated the intransitive, transitive, or antipassive. The negative suffixes (7), the ergative person suffixes (8), and the ergative number suffixes (9) merge in ways which are not entirely predictable, so the person endings are usually listed in separate singular and plural versions. The absolutive person-number enclitics that may appear in slot (11) can also appear on other words in the sentence and are the same ones which were listed above in section 7898: 1150:

entirely predictable, so singular and plural forms of the case endings are usually listed separately. The anaphoric marker (7) is formally identical to the article and anchors the Suffixaufnahme suffixes (8) and (9). While the absolutive pronoun clitics (10) attached to a noun are not necessarily connected to it syntactically, typically designating the object or intransitive subject of a nearby verb, the third plural pronoun clitic

7884: 8965: 194: 5216:

attached to a verb, which undergoes Suffixaufnahme. The third possibility is for both these markers to occur (see example 16 below). The noun, which is represented by the relative clause, can take any case, but within the relative clause can only have the function of the absolutive, i.e. it can only

5349:

As has been outlined above, Hurrian transitive verbs normally take a subject in the ergative and an object in the absolutive (except for the antipassive constructions, where these are replaced by the absolutive and the essive respectively). The indirect object of ditransitive verbs, however, can be

493:

of one language. Another Hurrian dialect is likely represented in several texts from Ugarit, but they are so poorly preserved that little can be said about them, save that spelling patterns used elsewhere to represent Hurrian phonemes are virtually ignored in them. There was also a Hurrian-Akkadian

2124:

are clearly indicated in the morphology; only transitive verbs take endings that agree with the person and number of their subject. The direct object and intransitive subject, when they are not represented by an independent noun, are expressed through the use of clitics, or pronouns (see below).

1149:

These elements are not all obligatory, and in fact a noun can occur as a single root followed by nothing except zero-suffixes for case and number. Despite the general agglutinative structure of the language, the plural marker (5) merges with the case morphemes (6) in ways which do not seem to be

2004:

The phenomenon is also found when the head noun is in the locative, instrumental or equative. In the absolutive singular, Suffixaufnahme would be meaningless, as the case and number are unmarked. When more than two genitives occur, they are merged, so Suffixaufnahme only occurs on the innermost

460:

The Hurrian of the Mitanni letter differs significantly from that used in the texts at Hattusha and other Hittite centres, as well as from earlier Hurrian texts from various locations. The non-Mitanni letter varieties, while not entirely homogeneous, are commonly subsumed under the designation

3810:

Hurrian uses both enclitic and independent personal pronouns. The independent pronouns can occur in any case, whereas the enclitic ones represent only the absolutive. It is irrelevant to the meaning of the sentence to which word in the sentence the enclitic pronoun is attached, so it is often

5548:. In this respect it is unique among all forms of cuneiform writing. The scribe of the Mitanni Letter also frequently employs independent vowel signs in order to disambiguate the readings of uncertain CV signs through a technique called "plene spelling." For example, the sign 1177:. This vowel will always appear on the word, and will not switch between types. Most nouns end with /i/; a few end with /a/ (mostly words for relatives and divine names) and /e/ (a few suffix derivations, possibly the same as /i/-stems). As well, in texts from 5204:, however, tend to surround the noun, which means that the noun the relative clause modifies stands in the middle of the relative clause. Hurrian has at its disposal several paradigms for constructing relative clauses. It can either use the relative pronouns 4497:. Both forms are free interchangeable. The pronoun has the function of the absolutive in the relative clause, and so represents an intransitive subject or a transitive object. The interrogative pronoun (who/what) is only attested in the ergative singular ( 4640:

The enclitic particles can be attached to any word in a sentence, but most often they are attached to the first phrase of the sentence or to the verb. They are much more diverse and frequent in the Mitanni letter than in Old Hurrian. Common ones include

383: 2262:

As with the noun, not all of these elements must be present in each verb form, and indeed some of them are mutually incompatible. The marker -t- in position (4) may indicate intransitivity in non-present tenses. Position (5) may carry the suffix

1852:. In this process, the dependent modifiers of a noun share the noun's case suffixes. Between the suffix of the dependent noun and the case ending comes the article, which agrees with the referent in number, for example, with an adjective: 5107:(1977) is doubtful of Speiser's analysis. He argues that the available corpus of Hurrian text is not large enough to definitively determine its word order, and that it can only be identified as generally verb-final (i.e. either OSV or 2933:, which is attached directly to the verb stem. There is no difference between the form for transitive and intransitive verbs, there being agreement with the subject of the sentence. Tense markers are unchanged in the optative. 727:

of consonants other than /ts/, which occurred in certain environments: between two voiced phonemes (sonorants or vowels), and, surprisingly, also word-finally. Sometimes a voiced consonant is written in these situations, i.e.

1239:(divine name). Some names of gods, heroes, persons, and places are also athematic, e.g. Teššob (Teššobi/a), Gilgaamiž, Hurriž (later Hurri). These nouns seem to occur more frequently in the earliest Hurrian texts (end of the 3215:, which are suffixed to the normal endings of the transitive indicative forms. However, this form is only attested in Mitanni and only in the third person. The potential form is also occasionally used to express a wish. 2371:. Here, the V represents a repetition of the vowel that precedes the negative suffix, although when this is /a/, both vowels become /o/. When the negative suffix is immediately followed by a clitic pronoun (except for 4271:

cannot occur independently, but are only enclitic. They are attached to nouns or nominalised verbs. The form of the pronoun is dependent on that of the following morpheme. The table below outlines the possible forms:

5496:

script. Several non-standardized systems for writing Hurrian in cuneiform were in use across the various polities with a Hurrian scribal tradition. Generally, these systems are characterized by a limited use of

7810:

now=but REL.PRO=3.PL.ABS=truly thing-ART.PL-ABS every-LOC=3.PL.ABS=but brother-my-ERG.SG say-PRT.TR-3.SG.SUBJ-NMZ-ART.PL-ABS want-TR-3.SG.SUBJ-NMZ-ART.PL-ABS those=PL.ABS=and ten-MUL do-PRT.TR-1.SG.SUBJ

398:

Of Nergal the lord of Hawalum, Atal-shen, the caring shepherd, the king of Urkesh and Nawar, the son of Sadar-mat the king, is the builder of the temple of Nergal, the one who overcomes opposition. Let

815:

script, the Hurrians used the symbols representing /p/, /b/ or /w/. An /f/ can be recognised in words where this transcription varies from text to text. In cases where a word occurs only once, with a

448:

corpus from the archive of Silwa-tessup has been edited by G. Wilhelm. Since the late 1980s, significant progress was made due to the discovery of a Hurrian-Hittite bilingual, edited by E. Neu (

8303:

Kupper, J. R. (1973). "Northern Mesopotamia and Syria: Hurrian elements in art and religion". In Edwards, Iorwerth E. S.; Gadd, Cyril John; Hammond, Nicholas G. L.; Sollberger, Edmond (eds.).

5030:). For this reason, Speiser says that Hurrian's word order can be more accurately described as "goal–agent–action", with the absolutive case corresponding to the "grammatical subject" (i.e. 3705:, "the bound one". Another special form is only found in the dialect of Hattusha. It can only be formed from transitive verbs, and it specifies an agent of the first person. Its ending is 5484:, but this cannot be verified, as there are no written records of Caucasian languages from the time of the Hurrians. The source language of similar sounding words is thus unconfirmable. 1313:

is used. Hurrian has two numbers, singular and plural. The following table outlines the case endings (the terms used for some of the more obscure cases vary between different authors).

4247:

of the third person singular behaves differently from the other pronouns: when it is preceded by an ergative suffix it, unlike the other pronouns, combines with the suffix to form

827:(<*tān-ōš-af)) "I did". /s/ is traditionally transcribed by /š/, because the cuneiform script adapted the sign indicating /š/ for this phoneme. /ts/ is regularly transcribed by 3218:

The desiderative form is used to express an urgent request. It is also only found in the third person, and only with transitive verbs. The ending for the third person singular is

7864:

No Hurrian texts are attested from the first millennium BC (unless considering Urartian a late Hurrian dialect), but scattered loanwords persist in Assyrian, such as the goddess

9507: 8745: 8512:

Andrason, Alexander; Vita, Juan-Pablo (2016). "Contact Languages of the Ancient Near East – Three more Case Studies (Ugaritic-Hurrian, Hurro-Akkadian and Canaano-Akkadian)".

723:

distinction. There is no voiced consonant with an unvoiced counterpart, nor vice versa. However, based on evidence from the cuneiform script, there seem to have been voiced

9512: 489:

respectively. There are also differences in morphology, some of which are mentioned in the course of the exposition below. Nonetheless, it is clear that these represent

5022:(OSV). However, since Hurrian is an ergative–absolutive language, the syntactic roles of a Hurrian phrase do not exactly correspond to the "subject" and "object" of a 1932:

Suffixaufnahme also occurs with other modifiers, such as a noun in the genitive modifying another noun, in which case the following nouns takes a possessive pronoun.

3811:

attached either to the first phrase or to the verb. The following table gives the attested forms of the personal pronouns, omitting those that cannot be determined.

784:) consonants occur only between vowels. In the cuneiform, as in the Latin transcription, geminated consonants are indicated by doubling the corresponding symbol, so 7956: 1036:

The nominal morphology of Hurrian employs numerous suffixes and/or enclitics, which always follow a certain order. The resulting "morpheme chain" is as follows:

312:

The earliest Hurrian text fragments consist of lists of names and places from the end of the third millennium BC. The first full texts date to the reign of king

4521:+ dative, "for"), is attested in the texts from Hattusha. All adpositions can themselves generally be in the allative, rarely in the dative or in the "e-case". 1184:

This stem-final vowel disappears when certain endings are attached to it, such as case endings that begin with a vowel, certain derivational suffixes, or the

9333: 5193:(as in OSV). Specifically, the order is subject–indirect object–direct object–verb. However, she still refers to Hurrian as an example of an OSV language. 3149: In the optative forms of the third person, the /n/ ending is present in the Mari/Hattuša dialect when the following word begins with a consonant. 934:

Vowels, just like consonants, can be either long or short. In the cuneiform script, this is indicated by placing an additional vowel symbol between the

9389: 8738: 1706:

can convey the meaning "as" and a condition, but also to express direction, the aim of a demand, the transition from one condition to another, the

360:. The Hurro-Urartian relation was recognized as early as 1890 by Sayce (ZA 5, 1890, 260–274) and Jensen (ZA 6, 1891, 34–72). After the fall of the 8950: 8718: 324:

known as the "Urkish lions". Archeologists have discovered the texts of numerous spells, incantations, prophecies and letters at sites including

8702: 8495: 8441: 8362: 8341: 8320: 2325:

this suffix is mandatory, but in all other moods it is optional. Because these two suffixes are identical, ambiguous forms can occur; thus,

2112:

The verbal morphology of Hurrian is extremely complex, but it is constructed only through the affixation of suffixes (indicated by '-') and

2356:

occurs only in the present, while in the other tenses transitivity is instead indicated by the presence (or absence) of the aforementioned

8432:

Van Soldt, Wilfred H. (2009). "The Adaptation Of The Cuneiform Script To Foreign Languages". In de Voogt, Alex; Finkel, Irving L. (eds.).

659: 9080: 8731: 4243:. When an enclitic personal pronoun is attached to a noun, an extensive system of sound changes determines the final form. The enclitic 1246:

Note: This type of thematic stem vowel is completely different in function to Indo-European stem vowels. For a discussion of those, see

702: 2925:, several special verb forms are used, which are derived from the indicative (non-modal) forms. Wishes and commands are formed with an 8807: 3152:

The so-called final form, which is needed to express a purpose ("in order to"), has different endings. In the singular, the suffixes

417:

brought the end of the Mitanni empire, which was divided between the two conquering powers. In the following century, attacks by the

9502: 8637: 8560: 8464: 8413: 4481:(one...the other). The final vowel /i/ of these pronouns is retained only in the absolutive, becoming /u/ in all other cases, e.g. 2812:

The suffixes of the first person, both plural and singular, and the second person plural suffix merge with the preceding suffixes

300: 9471: 444:

in the 1910s and Ugarit in the 1930s. Speiser (1941) published the first comprehensive grammar of Hurrian. Since the 1980s, the

898: 629: 161: 9384: 9368: 2824:

does not merge with other endings. The distinction between singular and plural in the third person is provided by the suffix

5190: 421:

brought a swift end to the last vestiges of the Hurrian language. It is around this time that other languages, such as the

9410: 8396:

Pullum, Geoffrey K. (1977). "Word order universals and grammatical relations". In Cole, Peter; Sadock, Jerrold M. (eds.).

2887:

for the third person but unmarked for the others. It is unknown whether this suffix was also found on transitive objects.

2116:(indicated by '='). Hurrian clitics stand for unique words, but are attached to other words as though they were suffixes. 1714:

constructions (where the transitive subject receives the absolutive case instead of the ergative), and, in the variety of

1251: 273: 8427:. The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Vol. 20. New Haven: The American Schools of Oriental Research. 4517:, most of them built on the dative and genitive cases. They are almost exclusively postpositions – only one preposition ( 9420: 9155: 7807:

unto=mān iya=llē=nīn tiwē-na-Ø šū-a=lla=mān šēn-iffu-š kat-ōš-ā-šše-na-Ø ūr-i-ā-šše-na-Ø anti=lla=an ēman-āmḫa tān-ōš-au

5108: 5019: 5018:

is a matter of dispute. According to Speiser's 1941 grammar, the normal word order of a Hurrian sentence is essentially

4729: 4255:

of the ergative is dropped. Moreover, a word-final vowel /i/ changes to /e/ or /a/ when any enclitic pronoun other than

1247: 907: 636: 610: 9476: 9358: 9353: 9288: 7964: 4725: 875: 5200:, the noun regularly comes at the end. Adjectives, numbers, and genitive modifiers come before the noun they modify. 3234:

The following tables give examples of verb forms in various syntactic environments, largely from the Mitanni letter:

1816:(field). If there are two consonants preceding the final /i/, an epenthetic vowel /u/ is inserted between them, e.g. 3697:, "the one moving, the nomad". The second nominalised participle, the perfect participle, is formed with the ending 2207: 1792:'cup'. The /n/ of the article merges with a preceding /n/, /l/ or /r/ giving /nn/, /ll/ and /rr/ respectively, e.g. 9481: 9090: 8964: 923: 668: 584: 577: 5023: 4572:"space between," which is used with a plural possessive pronoun and the locative, for "between us/you/them", e.g. 2898:. Nominalised verbs can undergo Suffixaufnahme. Verb forms can also take other enclitic suffixes; see the section 9165: 8980: 5481: 645: 207: 9120: 8762: 884: 269: 265: 251: 211: 171: 75: 5505:. This sets Hurrian orthography apart from Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform, which is heavily reliant on logograms. 238:

kingdom in northern Mesopotamia and was likely spoken at least initially in Hurrian settlements in modern-day

268:. The external connections of the Hurro-Urartian languages are disputed. There exist various proposals for a 9430: 9363: 9257: 9110: 9028: 9023: 5031: 2235: 2230: 2202: 819:, it cannot be known if it was originally meant to represent a /p/ or an /f/. In final syllables containing 593: 321: 305: 277: 223: 135: 2907:

For a list of the enclitics that mark the person and number of the absolutive participant, see the section

9461: 9313: 9072: 7846:. It was the only long Hurrian text known until a multi-tablet collection of literature in Hurrian with a 4585: 2225: 1804:(the fields). In these cases, the stem-final vowel /i/ has been dropped; the singulars of these words are 1116: 2321:

suffix is found in all tenses in transitive sentences – it indicates a 3rd person plural subject. In the

9130: 4466: 3207:

after /l,r/), which does not need to agree with the subject. Transitive potential forms are formed with

2220: 2126: 1294: 1185: 1096: 1020: 653: 559: 552: 9338: 9348: 9308: 8787: 7911: 7854: 7813:"Those things, which my brother truly said and wanted as a whole, now I have done them, but tenfold." 5462: 1849: 1302: 281: 8192:– an interpretation which is also justified by the place of the corresponding suffix in the related 2391:-and), "and we are not...". The following table gives the tense, transitivity and negation markers: 9435: 9343: 9318: 9125: 9100: 2651:

After this, in transitive verbs, comes the ergative subject marker. The following forms are found:

2150: 623: 601: 430: 7897: 9425: 9394: 9293: 9140: 9057: 8616: 8587: 5104: 4588:

are attested. In contract with nouns, which also end in /i/, the final vowel of the conjunctions

4268: 3191:

To express a possibility, the potential form must be used. For intransitive verbs, the ending is

2197: 1208: 1172: 1091: 1077: 812: 529: 7960: 1270:, has a different form in both of the main dialects. In Hattusha and Mari, the usual ending is 9415: 9272: 9267: 9252: 9187: 9105: 9062: 8782: 8777: 8698: 8633: 8556: 8491: 8460: 8437: 8409: 8358: 8337: 8316: 8291: 8193: 7989: 5450: 2286: 2142: 1769: 1498: 1298: 1240: 694: 571: 534: 434: 426: 320:, at the start of the second millennium BC, and were found on a stone tablet accompanying the 257: 99: 8021: 8005: 7804:

Untomān iyallēnīn tiwēna šūallamān šēniffuš katōšāššena ūriāššena, antillān ēmanāmḫa tānōšau.

5342:

REL.PRO=3.PL.ABS=truly brother-my-ERG.SG object-ART.PL-ABS send-PRET-3.SG.SUBJ-NOM-ART.PL-ABS

9328: 9323: 9227: 9217: 9207: 9202: 9192: 9008: 8865: 8850: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8802: 8677: 8656: 8608: 8579: 8548: 8529: 8521: 8483: 8401: 8384: 8308: 7889: 7847: 5027: 3184:

respectively. In the plural the same endings are used, although sometimes the plural suffix

2922: 2855:

In the Old Hurrian of Hattusha the ending of the third person singular ergative subject was

1773: 1577: 1263: 1111: 678: 524: 422: 201: 4596:(therefore) is not dropped before an enclitic personal pronoun. Other conjunctions include 3681:. The first nominalised participle, the present participle, is characterised by the ending 413:

In the thirteenth century BC, invasions from the west by the Hittites and the south by the

9262: 9237: 9232: 9212: 9160: 9150: 9145: 9135: 9115: 9085: 9037: 9033: 9003: 5201: 4513:

Hurrian contains many expressions that denote spatial and abstract relations and serve as

3025: 2891: 2322: 2117: 1552: 1331: 539: 361: 285: 67: 5006:(thrice). All cardinal numbers end in a vowel, which drops when an enclitic is attached. 1772:" is not entirely clear, inasmuch as its use does not seem to resemble closely a typical 8632:. Revue hittite et asianique (in French). Vol. 34/35. Paris: Éditions Klincksieck. 5472:. Conversely, Hurrian gave many loan words to the nearby Akkadian dialects, for example 4441:

The final vowel of the noun stem is dropped before an attached possessive pronoun, e.g.

1278:, called equative II. Another case, the so-called 'e-case', is very rare, and carries a 1181:, stems of /u/ (or /o/?) are found, mainly on non-Hurrian names and a few Hurrian ones. 380:, as evidenced by the existence of certain religious festivals that bear Hurrian names. 9242: 8372: 8181: 7861:) in the 1990s, including several bilinguals. Most of them remain unedited as of 2007. 7835: 5182: 2363:

In the next position, the suffix of negation can occur; in transitive sentences, it is

2121: 1848:, or suffix absorption, which it shares with Urartian and the geographically proximate 1845: 1142: 1082: 369: 345: 289: 92: 5212:, which has already been described under 'pronouns' above, or the nominalising suffix 2313:, which indicates intransitivity, but occurs only in truly intransitive forms, not in 151: 9496: 9042: 8890: 8797: 7843: 5431:

The attested Hurrian lexicon is quite homogeneous, containing only a small number of

5217:

be the subject of an intransitive relative clause or the object of a transitive one.

2883:"they forced". In the intransitive and antipassive, there was also a subject marker, 2290: 1707: 1606: 1473: 1448: 1373: 1354: 1310: 1267: 857: 376:. The presence of a large Hurrian population brought Hurrian culture and religion to 357: 128: 8351:

Owen, David I. (2000). "Hurrians". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).

5465:

language of the Mitanni people who had lived in the region before the Hurrians; cf.

2828:, which comes directly after the tense marker. In the third person, when the suffix 2125:

Moreover, suffixes can be added to the verb stem that modify its meaning, including

991:

While Hurrian could not combine multiple stems to form new stems, a large number of

9047: 8860: 8792: 5186: 2302: 234:

around 2300 BC and had mostly vanished by 1000 BC. Hurrian was the language of the

8312: 441: 8487: 8352: 8331: 5508:

Notably, in addition to the prototypical cuneiform vowel inventory consisting of

4612:(although). Hurrian has only a small amount of adverbs. The temporal adverbs are 4215:

of the third person absolutive pronouns only before certain conjunctions, namely

2352:

is dropped immediately after the derivational suffixes. In transitive verbs, the

9466: 9456: 9247: 9179: 9052: 8940: 8754: 8681: 7903: 5197: 3785:"the wall built by me" (here in the ergative, so a subject of a transitive verb) 3674: 2329:

can mean "they will bring " or "he/she/it will come", depending on the context.

2314: 1711: 1703: 1419: 1396: 869: 852: 418: 329: 231: 8552: 7883: 4449:"brother"). It remains, however, when a consonant-initial pronoun is attached: 3789:

The infinitive, which can also be found nominalised, is formed with the suffix

8998: 8993: 8525: 8405: 7879: 5602:). It is uncertain whether plene-spelling was also used to mark vowel length. 5350:

in the dative, locative, allative, or with some verbs also in the absolutive.

5015: 4514: 3678: 1788:) (of the objects). The article is unmarked in the absolutive singular – e.g. 1306: 1290: 950:

pairing. In the Latin transcription, long vowels are indicated with a macron,

915: 862: 724: 546: 407:

destroy the seeds of whoever removes this tablet. Shaum-shen is the craftsman.

8543:

Campbell, Dennis R. M (2020). "Hurrian". In Hasselbach-Andee, Rebecca (ed.).

8295: 1019:(woman). Hurrian also provided many verbal suffixes, which often changed the 395:

Bassin, circa 2000 BC. (Louvre Museum AO 5678.) The text on the tablet reads:

9303: 8988: 8875: 8812: 8375:(1995). "Double Objects in Causatives: Towards a Study of Coding Conflict". 7869: 7839: 7723: 7681: 5502: 5493: 5432: 5111:). Pullum gives the following example of a Hurrian sentence with SOV order: 2294: 2134: 892: 720: 353: 344:

and others. Early study of the language, however, was entirely based on the

313: 144: 112: 40: 8388: 7524: 7510: 7496: 7482: 7468: 7459: 7445: 7431: 7417: 7403: 7381: 7367: 7353: 7339: 7325: 7311: 7297: 7283: 7269: 7263: 7253: 7231: 7217: 7203: 7189: 7175: 7161: 7147: 7133: 7119: 7105: 7083: 7074: 7065: 7056: 7047: 7038: 7024: 7010: 7001: 6992: 6970: 6956: 6942: 6928: 6914: 6900: 6886: 6872: 6858: 6844: 6822: 6808: 6794: 6780: 6766: 6752: 6738: 6724: 6710: 6696: 6674: 6660: 6646: 6632: 6618: 6604: 6590: 6576: 6562: 6548: 6526: 6512: 6498: 6484: 6470: 6456: 6442: 6428: 6414: 6400: 6378: 6364: 6350: 6336: 6322: 6308: 6294: 6280: 6266: 6252: 6230: 6216: 6202: 6188: 6174: 6160: 6146: 6132: 6118: 6104: 6082: 6068: 6054: 6040: 6026: 6012: 5998: 5984: 5970: 5956: 5934: 5920: 5906: 5892: 5878: 5864: 5850: 5836: 5822: 5808: 5786: 5772: 5758: 5744: 5730: 5716: 5702: 5688: 5674: 5660: 119: 9440: 9095: 9018: 9013: 8920: 8905: 8900: 8855: 7831: 5498: 5466: 3267: 2926: 2820:. However, in the Mari and Hattusha dialects, the suffix of transitivity 2245: 1776:. It is attached directly to the noun, but before any case endings, e.g. 1691:(of Hepat). The associative can be combined with the instrumental, as in 1283: 1279: 1132: 781: 490: 372:, and by 1725 BC they constituted a sizable portion of the population of 365: 325: 227: 179: 167: 50: 8534: 4748:

after /n/. The following table gives an overview of the numeral system:

3673:

Infinitive forms of the verb in Hurrian include both nominalised verbs (

3643: 3602: 3569: 3536: 3457: 3404: 3350: 308:

and accompanying stone tablet bearing the earliest known text in Hurrian

9197: 8925: 8915: 8880: 8870: 8591: 7823: 5445: 2100:

country Egypt-ART.SG-GEN.SG-ART.SG-GEN.SG ruler-its-GEN.SG lady-his=she

499: 414: 400: 337: 235: 175: 30: 8723: 8620: 3461: 8945: 8895: 8817: 8307:. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–41. 7827: 3616: 3598: 2240: 2113: 1154:

can be used to signal the plural of the host noun in the absolutive.

1127: 1106: 1101: 992: 780:). All consonants except /w/ and /j/ can be long or short. The long ( 716: 404: 388: 377: 373: 349: 341: 333: 317: 261: 8668:

Vita, Juan-Pablo (2007). "Two Hurrian Loanwords in Ugaritic Texts".

8583: 8475: 2375:), its vowel is /a/, regardless of the vowel that preceded it, e.g. 1274:, termed equative I, whereas in the Mitanni letter we find the form 995:

could be attached to existing stems to form new words. For example,

8660: 8612: 3453: 3346: 3304: 2317:

ones; in the present, this suffix never occurs. Another, separate,

2267:(5) of unclear function or the ergative third-person plural suffix 839:. In Hurrian, /r/ and /l/ do not occur at the beginning of a word. 9298: 8935: 8930: 8910: 8034: 1663:

In certain phonological environments, these endings can vary. The

1163: 481:

are differentiated, in the Hattusha dialect they have merged into

449: 392: 382: 299: 239: 7794: 7753: 7735: 7715: 7693: 7673: 7647: 7628: 7602: 7579: 5399: 5377: 5365: 5330: 5318: 5310: 5288: 5266: 5247: 5145: 5130: 5085: 5067: 5049: 4695: 4691: 3770: 3762: 3744: 3736: 3647: 3606: 3465: 3449: 3420: 3408: 3354: 3308: 3296: 2077: 2059: 2051: 2043: 2035: 1985: 1967: 1959: 1951: 1913: 1905: 1883: 1875: 440:

Renewed interest in Hurrian was triggered by texts discovered in

8885: 8188:, but also located it before the slot of the transitivity vowel 7768: 7563: 5231: 3639: 1715: 1178: 970:. For /o/, which is absent in the Sumerian script, the sign for 495: 445: 8727: 7749: 7731: 7689: 7643: 7624: 7616: 7598: 7575: 5391: 5373: 5369: 5326: 5284: 5262: 5243: 5126: 5063: 3766: 3740: 3565: 3532: 3416: 2073: 2055: 2039: 1981: 1963: 1947: 1909: 1879: 8719:

Hurrian basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

8400:. Syntax and Semantics. Vol. 8. Brill. pp. 249–277. 7790: 7711: 7669: 7620: 7571: 5540:, the syllabary of the Mitanni Letter also includes the vowel 5492:

The Hurrian language was written using a modified form of the

5395: 5306: 5239: 5163: 5081: 4687: 4683: 3503: 3499: 3342: 2867:, which, however, unlike the other ergative endings, occurred 2153:). The meanings of many such suffixes have yet to be decoded. 292:". However, none of these proposals are generally accepted. 8288:

Journal of Language Relationship • Вопросы языкового родства

7786: 7707: 7665: 3728: 2309:. The preterite and future suffixes also include the suffix 7782: 7661: 5302: 5159: 3724: 3495: 3400: 3263: 2000:"of the land of my brother" (lit, "of my brother his land") 1897: 1867: 1667:

of the genitive and dative endings merges with a preceding

8697:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harassowitz. 8482:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–104. 2332:

After these endings come the vowel of transitivity. It is

178:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

8649:

The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures

8570:

Goetze, Albrecht (1948). "Enclitic Pronouns in Hurrian".

7957:"A Hurrian foundation deposit known as the "Urkish Lion"" 7798: 7727: 7719: 7685: 7677: 7594: 7567: 5480:('nomad'). There may also be Hurrian loanwords among the 5322: 5314: 5280: 5235: 3758: 3732: 3412: 2047: 2031: 1955: 1901: 1871: 1293:

language, which means that the same case is used for the

715:

As can be seen from the table, Hurrian did not possess a

437:

or Urartian, many Hurrian names and places can be found.

8647:

Purves, Pierre M (1941). "Hurrian Consonantal Pattern".

7822:

Texts in the Hurrian language itself have been found at

4728:

from 1 to 10 as well as a few higher ones are attested.

2832:

occurs before the subject marker, it can be replaced by

391:

by the Hurrian king Atalshen, king of Urkish and Nawar,

433:. In the texts of these languages, as well as those of 8599:

Goetze, Albrecht (1940). "The Ḫurrian Verbal System".

2929:

system, whose principal characteristic is the element

1844:

One prominent feature of Hurrian is the phenomenon of

288:). It has also been speculated that it is related to " 5587: 5571: 5565: 5559: 2367:, whereas in intransitive and antipassive ones it is 1309:. For the subject of a transitive verb, however, the 8547:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 203–219. 9449: 9403: 9377: 9281: 9178: 9071: 8979: 8972: 8843: 8770: 8761: 7834:(but unpublished). Also, one of the longest of the 4489:("to that "). There are also the relative pronouns 3797:, "to be good", "the state/property of being good" 3188:is found as well, but this is not always the case. 2103:"she is the lady of the ruler of the country Egypt" 142: 126: 110: 105: 89: 64: 56: 46: 36: 26: 21: 5339:iya=llā=nīn šēn-iffu-š tiwē-na-Ø tān-ōš-ā-šše-na-Ø 5189:clauses is subject–object (as in SOV) rather than 3782:build-I.PRET.PTCP-ART.SG-ERG.SG wall-ART.SG-ERG.SG 3709:, and this participle can undergo Suffixaufnahme. 7516: 7502: 7488: 7474: 7451: 7437: 7423: 7409: 7395: 7373: 7359: 7345: 7331: 7317: 7303: 7289: 7275: 7245: 7223: 7209: 7195: 7181: 7167: 7153: 7139: 7125: 7111: 7097: 7030: 7016: 6984: 6962: 6948: 6934: 6920: 6906: 6892: 6878: 6864: 6850: 6836: 6814: 6800: 6786: 6772: 6758: 6744: 6730: 6716: 6702: 6688: 6666: 6652: 6638: 6624: 6610: 6596: 6582: 6568: 6554: 6540: 6518: 6504: 6490: 6476: 6462: 6448: 6434: 6420: 6406: 6392: 6370: 6356: 6342: 6328: 6314: 6300: 6286: 6272: 6258: 6244: 6222: 6208: 6194: 6180: 6166: 6152: 6138: 6124: 6110: 6096: 6074: 6060: 6046: 6032: 6018: 6004: 5990: 5976: 5962: 5948: 5926: 5912: 5898: 5884: 5870: 5856: 5842: 5828: 5814: 5800: 5778: 5764: 5750: 5736: 5722: 5708: 5694: 5680: 5666: 5652: 5597: 5581: 5553: 5542: 5534: 5526: 5518: 5510: 2285:After the derivational suffix come those marking 2156:The "morpheme chain" of the verb is as follows: 1289:Like many languages in the region, Hurrian is an 7541:From the Mitanni-Letter, Column IV, Lines 30–32 2890:If a verb form is nominalised, e.g. to create a 1925:Hurrian-ADJ-ART.SG-ERG.SG land-ADJ-ART.SG-ERG.SG 7850:translation was discovered at Hattusa in 1983. 1997:brother-my-GEN.SG-ART.SG-GEN.SG land-his-GEN.SG 1266:in its system of declension. One of these, the 387:Foundation tablet with a dedication to the god 270:genetic relationship to other language families 498:, spoken in the Mitanni provincial capital of 8739: 8545:A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages 8110: 8108: 5606:Hurrian cuneiform syllabary (Mitanni Letter) 5185:(1995) notes that the structure of Hurrian's 1305:of a transitive one; this case is called the 1141:Note: (SA) indicates morphemes added through 429:also became extinct, in what is known as the 8: 8459:] (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 2863:ergative subject was marked with the suffix 2097:ōmīni Mizri-ne-fe-ne-fe efri-i-fe ašti-i=nna 9508:Languages attested from the 23rd century BC 9334:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 8149: 8147: 1768:In Hurrian, the function of the so-called " 230:(Khurrites), a people who entered northern 8976: 8767: 8746: 8732: 8724: 5175:Immuriya-ERG.SG-and statue-ABS make-PRET-3 3168:are found, which after /l/ and /r/ become 18: 8533: 8241: 8001: 7955:Iselin, Claire; André-Salvini, Béatrice. 4720:In addition to the irregular number word 946:. Short vowels are indicated by a simple 823:, /f/ becomes diphthongised to /u/, e.g. 260:, the language of the ancient kingdom of 9513:Languages extinct in the 11th century BC 8434:The Idea of Writing: Play and Complexity 8229: 8177: 5604: 4750: 4501:), and once in the absolutive singular ( 4274: 3813: 3372:send-FUT-ANTIP=1SG.ABS=and to.my.brother 3241: 2935: 2653: 2393: 2340:when the verb is in the antipassive and 2158: 1725: 1315: 1038: 846: 514: 8205: 8165: 8099: 8087: 8075: 8051: 7942: 7930: 7923: 4560:, "sight, look"), and only in Hattusha 2900: 2005:genitive, as in the following example: 974:is used, whereas /u/ is represented by 212:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 172:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 16:Extinct ancient language of Mesopotamia 8252: 8217: 8153: 8138: 8126: 8114: 8063: 8017: 4982:Distributive numbers carry the suffix 4251:, whereas with all other pronouns the 3701:, and is only attested once, in Nuzi: 2909: 2273: 352:in Egypt, written by the Hurrian king 8453:Einführung in die hurritische Sprache 8284:The Indo-European Elements in Hurrian 5336:iyallānīn šēniffuš tiwēna tānōšāššena 3429:the.things do-PRET-1SG-NOM-ART.PL-ABS 2246:Enclitic Particles & Conjunctions 1133:Enclitic Particles & Conjunctions 465:. Whereas in Mitanni the vowel pairs 7: 8457:Introduction to the Hurrian Language 8269:Дьяконов, Игорь Михайлович (1967). 7985: 4568:, "front"). Besides these, there is 4235:(though), and the relative pronouns 1211:have athematic stem vowels, such as 8480:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor 8282:Kassian, Alexei (2010). "Review of 8275:The Languages of Ancient Asia Minor 3693:, "the one building, the builder", 1832:, to heaven), the stem of which is 8277:] (in Russian). Moskow: Наука. 5576:could be written unambiguously as 5097:brother-my-ABS me-ERG.SG love-1.SG 2348:) in transitive verbs. The suffix 2094:ōmīni Mizrinefenefe efrīfe aštīnna 14: 5172:Immuriya-šš-an zalamši-Ø tan-oš-a 2875:the transitivity vowel: contrast 922: 906: 897: 883: 874: 701: 667: 658: 644: 635: 628: 609: 592: 583: 576: 558: 551: 214: instead of cuneiform script. 9472:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 8963: 8354:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 7896: 7882: 4372:before consonants (except /f,w/) 3325:"..., but which he doesn't know" 2836:, also expressing the negative: 192: 8630:Glossaire de la langue Hourrite 7523: 7509: 7495: 7481: 7467: 7458: 7444: 7430: 7416: 7402: 7380: 7366: 7352: 7338: 7324: 7310: 7296: 7282: 7268: 7262: 7252: 7230: 7216: 7202: 7188: 7174: 7160: 7146: 7132: 7118: 7104: 7082: 7073: 7064: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7023: 7009: 7000: 6991: 6969: 6955: 6941: 6927: 6913: 6899: 6885: 6871: 6857: 6843: 6821: 6807: 6793: 6779: 6765: 6751: 6737: 6723: 6709: 6695: 6673: 6659: 6645: 6631: 6617: 6603: 6589: 6575: 6561: 6547: 6525: 6511: 6497: 6483: 6469: 6455: 6441: 6427: 6413: 6399: 6377: 6363: 6349: 6335: 6321: 6307: 6293: 6279: 6265: 6251: 6229: 6215: 6201: 6187: 6173: 6159: 6145: 6131: 6117: 6103: 6081: 6067: 6053: 6039: 6025: 6011: 5997: 5983: 5969: 5955: 5933: 5919: 5905: 5891: 5877: 5863: 5849: 5835: 5821: 5807: 5785: 5771: 5757: 5743: 5729: 5715: 5701: 5687: 5673: 5659: 5593: 5577: 5570:. When necessary, the syllable 5549: 5411:other-ABS=2.PL.ABS say-OPT.1.SG 3375:"and I will send to my brother" 2894:, then another suffix is used: 2336:when the verb is intransitive, 811:Since /f/ was not found in the 788:. Short consonants are written 264:. Together they constitute the 9029:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 9024:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 8478:. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). 8357:. Amsterdam University Press. 5345:"those, which my brother sent" 5178:"And Immuriya made the statue" 4998:denotes multiplicatives, e.g. 3475:want-TRANS-NEG+1SG=3PL.ABS=and 516:Consonant phonemes of Hurrian 266:Hurro-Urartian language family 256:Hurrian is closely related to 1: 9411:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 8808:Tigris–Euphrates river system 8313:10.1017/CHOL9780521082303.002 8305:The Cambridge Ancient History 7853:Important finds were made at 5443:('Egypt'; cf. Aramaic/Hebrew 4708:so=truly be-INTR=1.SG.ABS=but 3230:Examples of finite verb forms 274:Northeast Caucasian languages 8670:Altorientalische Forschungen 8572:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8488:10.1017/CBO9780511486845.012 7838:is Hurrian; written by King 5588: 5572: 5566: 5560: 4584:Only a few sentence-initial 2129:-changing morphemes such as 1994:šēn-iffu-fe-ne-fe ōmīni-i-fe 913: 890: 867: 692: 676: 651: 621: 599: 569: 544: 368:began to settle in northern 9477:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 9359:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 9354:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 8691:Hurritisch, eine Einführung 8682:10.1524/aofo.2007.34.12.185 8514:Journal of Language Contact 8436:. Brill. pp. 117–127. 8330:Nathanson, Michael (2013). 8271:Языки древней Передней Азии 5627: 5476:('nomad') from the Hurrian 5169:Immuriyaššan zalamši tanoša 4732:are formed with the suffix 2502:without derivational suff. 1207:A minority of Hurrian noun 1166:end in a vowel, known as a 9529: 9482:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 8628:Laroche, Emmanuel (1980). 8553:10.1002/9781119193814.ch11 8333:Between Myth & Mandate 4624:(then). Also attested are 4532:(in the presence of; from 3677:) and a more conventional 2241:Absolutive Pronoun Clitics 1128:Absolutive Pronoun Clitics 1102:Possessive Pronoun Clitics 249: 8961: 8526:10.1163/19552629-00902004 8406:10.1163/9789004368866_011 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5482:languages of the Caucasus 5453:). The relative pronouns 4465:Hurrian also has several 3426:tiwēna tān-ōš-au-šše-na-Ø 3118: 3089: 3086: 3049: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2958: 2955: 2580: 2499: 2456: 2413: 2251: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2212:Non-Present Intransitive 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 1749: 1041: 1023:of the verb they modify. 158: 9503:Hurro-Urartian languages 8695:Hurrian, an Introduction 8474:Wilhelm, Gernot (2008). 8270: 5558:) can be read as either 4580:Conjunctions and adverbs 4576:(between us, under us). 3369:pašš-ēt-i=t=ān šeniffuta 2583:with derivational suff. 2344:(in the Mitanni letter, 1922:ḫurw-oḫḫe-ne-š ōmīn-ne-š 1699:), meaning 'brotherly'. 252:Hurro-Urartian languages 8425:Introduction to Hurrian 8423:Speiser, E. A. (1941). 8129:, pp. 54–55P.54-55 5461:may be a loan from the 4994:(by fours). The suffix 4544:(for, because of; from 4407:before vowels and /f,w/ 3779:pa-ilia-ne-š šuḫni-ne-š 3515:"I went, you went, ..." 2879:"she slaughtered" with 2852:) "He does not like ". 1227:(wisdom; later becomes 1215:(brother) in the forms 322:Hurrian foundation pegs 278:Indo-European languages 224:Hurro-Urartian language 9314:Babylonian mathematics 7842:of Mitanni to Pharaoh 5094:šen-iff-Ø iša-š tat-au 4711:"But I really am thus" 4705:atī=nīn mānn-a=tta=mān 4467:demonstrative pronouns 3432:"the things I've done" 3238:TRANS:transitive verb 3222:, and for the plural, 3114:"he/she/it cannot..." 2991:"I do not want to..." 2921:To express nuances of 1147: 410: 409: 309: 200:This article contains 160:This article contains 8689:Wegner, Ilse (2007). 8451:Wegner, Ilse (2000). 8398:Grammatical Relations 8389:10.1075/sl.19.1.05pol 5024:nominative–accusative 4453:("your father", from 3669:Infinitive verb forms 3478:"and I don't want it" 2203:Derivational Suffixes 1991:šēniffufenefe ōmīnīfe 1521:Ablative-Instrumental 1139: 1092:Derivational Suffixes 768:), and, very rarely, 396: 386: 303: 60:attested 2300–1000 BC 9309:Babylonian astronomy 8788:Mesopotamian Marshes 8184:cites the suffix as 8090:, pp. 88, 90–91 8035:"Royal inscriptions" 7912:Indo-Aryan languages 4445:("my brother", from 3657:send-POT=1SG.ABS=and 2968:, after /l/ or /r/, 2769:with other morphemes 1850:Kartvelian languages 1596:(often extrapolated 796:("I am") is written 284:which are spoken in 282:Kartvelian languages 9390:Destruction by ISIL 9344:Sumerian literature 9319:Akkadian literature 8755:Ancient Mesopotamia 8377:Studies in Language 5607: 5586:) and the syllable 5501:and an emphasis on 5449:, 'id.') both from 5414:"I want to tell you 5100:"I love my brother" 5020:object–subject–verb 4564:(in front of; from 4556:(in sight of; from 4269:possessive pronouns 4263:Possessive pronouns 3654:kepānol-lefa=tta=ān 3635:kepānol-lefa=tta=ān 3101:"he/she/it can..." 1919:ḫurwoḫḫeneš ōmīnneš 1718:, also the dative. 1683:respectively, e.g. 1241:third millennium BC 1162:Almost all Hurrian 517: 431:Bronze Age collapse 348:, found in 1887 at 9426:Mesopotamian myths 8220:, pp. 262–264 8208:, pp. 205–206 8156:, pp. 110–113 7967:on 17 October 2012 7830:(Ras Shamra), and 7818:Hurrian literature 5605: 5408:ola-Ø=ffa katul-le 5105:Geoffrey K. Pullum 5026:language (such as 4702:atīnīn mānnattamān 4636:Enclitic particles 4485:"the one" (erg.), 4203:The variant forms 3776:pailianeš šuḫnineš 3660:"and I might send" 3396:tān-ōš-au-šše-na-Ø 3315:pal-i-a-mā-šše=mān 3292:pal-i-a-mā-šše=mān 3143:"may they not..." 3082:"you will not..." 3045:"you will not..." 2901:Enclitic particles 1928:"the Hurrian land" 1231:-stem in the form 1200:(the fields) from 1192:(like a cup) from 1188:suffix. Examples: 1145:, described below. 1032:Nominal morphology 942:syllables, giving 813:Sumerian cuneiform 515: 411: 310: 9490: 9489: 9441:Ziggurat (Temple) 9416:Sumerian religion 9174: 9173: 9121:Middle Babylonian 9063:Kish civilization 8959: 8958: 8783:Lower Mesopotamia 8778:Upper Mesopotamia 8704:978-3-447-05394-5 8497:978-0-521-68496-5 8443:978-90-47-42792-6 8364:978-90-5356-503-2 8343:978-1-4918-2310-1 8322:978-0-521-08230-3 8194:Urartian language 7657:kat-ōš-ā-šše-na-Ø 7534: 7533: 5439:('clay tablet'), 5298:tān-ōš-ā-šše-na-Ø 5091:šeniff išaš tatau 4980: 4979: 4724:(every), all the 4653:(to be sure) and 4548:"body, person"), 4439: 4438: 4201: 4200: 3806:Personal pronouns 3666: 3665: 3512:go-PRET-INTR-INTR 3276:restrain-PRET-2SG 3147: 3146: 2910:Personal pronouns 2859:. A third person 2810: 2809: 2649: 2648: 2377:mann-o-kka=til=an 2293:is unmarked, the 2274:Personal pronouns 2260: 2259: 2108:Verbal morphology 2027:Mizri-ne-fe-ne-fe 1943:šēn-iffu-fe-ne-fe 1766: 1765: 1661: 1660: 1559:together with ... 1299:intransitive verb 1138: 1137: 932: 931: 713: 712: 427:Ugaritic language 208:rendering support 186: 185: 168:rendering support 164:phonetic symbols. 100:Hittite cuneiform 9520: 9339:Sumerian cuisine 9329:Warfare in Sumer 9324:Economy of Sumer 8977: 8967: 8851:Fertile Crescent 8835:Sinjar Mountains 8830:Hamrin Mountains 8825:Zagros Mountains 8803:Taurus Mountains 8768: 8748: 8741: 8734: 8725: 8708: 8685: 8676:(1–2): 181–184. 8664: 8643: 8624: 8595: 8566: 8539: 8537: 8501: 8470: 8447: 8428: 8419: 8392: 8368: 8347: 8336:. Author House. 8326: 8299: 8278: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8142: 8141:, pp. 75–79 8136: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8117:, pp. 56–57 8112: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8079: 8073: 8067: 8066:, pp. 46–65 8061: 8055: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8031: 8025: 8015: 8009: 7999: 7993: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7963:. Archived from 7952: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7928: 7906: 7901: 7900: 7892: 7890:Languages portal 7887: 7886: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7770: 7755: 7751: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7649: 7645: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7527: 7520: 7519: 7513: 7506: 7505: 7499: 7492: 7491: 7485: 7478: 7477: 7471: 7462: 7455: 7454: 7448: 7441: 7440: 7434: 7427: 7426: 7420: 7413: 7412: 7406: 7399: 7398: 7384: 7377: 7376: 7370: 7363: 7362: 7356: 7349: 7348: 7342: 7335: 7334: 7328: 7321: 7320: 7314: 7307: 7306: 7300: 7293: 7292: 7286: 7279: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7256: 7249: 7248: 7234: 7227: 7226: 7220: 7213: 7212: 7206: 7199: 7198: 7192: 7185: 7184: 7178: 7171: 7170: 7164: 7157: 7156: 7150: 7143: 7142: 7136: 7129: 7128: 7122: 7115: 7114: 7108: 7101: 7100: 7086: 7077: 7068: 7059: 7050: 7041: 7034: 7033: 7027: 7020: 7019: 7013: 7004: 6995: 6988: 6987: 6973: 6966: 6965: 6959: 6952: 6951: 6945: 6938: 6937: 6931: 6924: 6923: 6917: 6910: 6909: 6903: 6896: 6895: 6889: 6882: 6881: 6875: 6868: 6867: 6861: 6854: 6853: 6847: 6840: 6839: 6825: 6818: 6817: 6811: 6804: 6803: 6797: 6790: 6789: 6783: 6776: 6775: 6769: 6762: 6761: 6755: 6748: 6747: 6741: 6734: 6733: 6727: 6720: 6719: 6713: 6706: 6705: 6699: 6692: 6691: 6677: 6670: 6669: 6663: 6656: 6655: 6649: 6642: 6641: 6635: 6628: 6627: 6621: 6614: 6613: 6607: 6600: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6585: 6579: 6572: 6571: 6565: 6558: 6557: 6551: 6544: 6543: 6529: 6522: 6521: 6515: 6508: 6507: 6501: 6494: 6493: 6487: 6480: 6479: 6473: 6466: 6465: 6459: 6452: 6451: 6445: 6438: 6437: 6431: 6424: 6423: 6417: 6410: 6409: 6403: 6396: 6395: 6381: 6374: 6373: 6367: 6360: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6345: 6339: 6332: 6331: 6325: 6318: 6317: 6311: 6304: 6303: 6297: 6290: 6289: 6283: 6276: 6275: 6269: 6262: 6261: 6255: 6248: 6247: 6233: 6226: 6225: 6219: 6212: 6211: 6205: 6198: 6197: 6191: 6184: 6183: 6177: 6170: 6169: 6163: 6156: 6155: 6149: 6142: 6141: 6135: 6128: 6127: 6121: 6114: 6113: 6107: 6100: 6099: 6085: 6078: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6063: 6057: 6050: 6049: 6043: 6036: 6035: 6029: 6022: 6021: 6015: 6008: 6007: 6001: 5994: 5993: 5987: 5980: 5979: 5973: 5966: 5965: 5959: 5952: 5951: 5937: 5930: 5929: 5923: 5916: 5915: 5909: 5902: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5887: 5881: 5874: 5873: 5867: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5846: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5831: 5825: 5818: 5817: 5811: 5804: 5803: 5789: 5782: 5781: 5775: 5768: 5767: 5761: 5754: 5753: 5747: 5740: 5739: 5733: 5726: 5725: 5719: 5712: 5711: 5705: 5698: 5697: 5691: 5684: 5683: 5677: 5670: 5669: 5663: 5656: 5655: 5608: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5545: 5538: 5537: 5530: 5529: 5522: 5521: 5514: 5513: 5503:syllabic writing 5401: 5397: 5393: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5268: 5264: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5202:Relative clauses 5165: 5161: 5147: 5132: 5128: 5087: 5083: 5069: 5065: 5051: 5014:Hurrian's basic 4751: 4740:, which becomes 4726:cardinal numbers 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4275: 3814: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3618: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3571: 3567: 3538: 3534: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3472:ūr-i-uffu=nna=ān 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445:ūr-i-uffu=nna=ān 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3279:"You restrained" 3269: 3265: 3242: 2936: 2923:grammatical mood 2654: 2394: 2159: 2079: 2075: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 1987: 1983: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1774:definite article 1726: 1316: 1039: 1015:(feminine) from 999:(ancestor) from 926: 910: 901: 887: 878: 847: 705: 671: 662: 648: 639: 632: 613: 596: 587: 580: 562: 555: 518: 423:Hittite language 202:cuneiform script 196: 195: 154: 138: 122: 115: 95: 70: 19: 9528: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9486: 9445: 9399: 9373: 9282:Culture/society 9277: 9170: 9166:Muslim conquest 9136:Fall of Babylon 9067: 8968: 8955: 8839: 8757: 8752: 8715: 8705: 8688: 8667: 8646: 8640: 8627: 8598: 8584:10.2307/3515927 8569: 8563: 8542: 8511: 8508: 8506:Further reading 8498: 8473: 8467: 8450: 8444: 8431: 8422: 8416: 8395: 8373:Polinsky, Maria 8371: 8365: 8350: 8344: 8329: 8323: 8302: 8281: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8260: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8240: 8236: 8228: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8204: 8200: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8152: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8125: 8121: 8113: 8106: 8098: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8074: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8033: 8032: 8028: 8016: 8012: 8000: 7996: 7984: 7980: 7970: 7968: 7961:Musée du Louvre 7954: 7953: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7920: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7878: 7820: 7815: 7802: 7772: 7758: 7739: 7703:ūr-i-ā-šše-na-Ø 7697: 7651: 7633: 7606: 7584: 7554: 7539: 7517: 7503: 7489: 7475: 7452: 7438: 7424: 7410: 7396: 7374: 7360: 7346: 7332: 7318: 7304: 7290: 7276: 7267: 7259: 7246: 7224: 7210: 7196: 7182: 7168: 7154: 7140: 7126: 7112: 7098: 7031: 7017: 6985: 6963: 6949: 6935: 6921: 6907: 6893: 6879: 6865: 6851: 6837: 6815: 6801: 6787: 6773: 6759: 6745: 6731: 6717: 6703: 6689: 6667: 6653: 6639: 6625: 6611: 6597: 6583: 6569: 6555: 6541: 6519: 6505: 6491: 6477: 6463: 6449: 6435: 6421: 6407: 6393: 6371: 6357: 6343: 6329: 6315: 6301: 6287: 6273: 6259: 6245: 6223: 6209: 6195: 6181: 6167: 6153: 6139: 6125: 6111: 6097: 6075: 6061: 6047: 6033: 6019: 6005: 5991: 5977: 5963: 5949: 5927: 5913: 5899: 5885: 5871: 5857: 5843: 5829: 5815: 5801: 5779: 5765: 5751: 5737: 5723: 5709: 5695: 5681: 5667: 5653: 5598: 5582: 5554: 5543: 5535: 5527: 5519: 5511: 5490: 5429: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5403: 5381: 5355: 5347: 5334: 5292: 5270: 5252: 5222: 5180: 5167: 5149: 5135: 5116: 5102: 5089: 5071: 5053: 5039: 5012: 4876: 4773: 4762: 4757: 4730:Ordinal numbers 4718: 4713: 4700: 4673: 4662: 4638: 4628:(thus, so) and 4582: 4524:Some examples: 4511: 4463: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4265: 3926: 3879: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3808: 3803: 3787: 3774: 3748: 3714: 3671: 3662: 3652: 3624: 3610: 3583: 3573: 3550: 3548:"I want to say" 3540: 3517: 3507: 3480: 3470: 3434: 3424: 3393: 3377: 3367: 3359: 3327: 3313: 3281: 3271: 3240: 3232: 2978:"I want to..." 2919: 2892:relative clause 2798: 2778: 2770: 2738: 2721: 2701: 2694:(only Mitanni) 2693: 2691: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2641: 2630: 2609: 2598: 2582: 2572: 2561: 2550: 2534: 2523: 2512: 2501: 2283: 2281:Indicative mood 2236:Ergative Number 2231:Ergative Person 2110: 2105: 2092: 2081: 2063: 2021: 2010: 2002: 1989: 1971: 1937: 1930: 1917: 1887: 1857: 1842: 1757:all other cases 1724: 1611: 1595: 1581: 1556: 1523: 1502: 1477: 1452: 1423: 1262:Hurrian has 13 1260: 1258:Case and number 1160: 1158:Thematic vowels 1088:Thematic vowel 1034: 1029: 989: 987:Word derivation 984: 845: 513: 508: 494:creole, called 458: 362:Akkadian Empire 356:to the pharaoh 298: 254: 248: 217: 216: 215: 206:Without proper 197: 193: 166:Without proper 150: 134: 131: 118: 111: 96: 91: 85: 71: 68:Language family 66: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9526: 9524: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9495: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9462:Assyriologists 9459: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9371: 9369:List of rulers 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9285: 9283: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9258:Proto-Armenian 9255: 9250: 9245: 9243:Middle Persian 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9184: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9131:Neo-Babylonian 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9111:Old Babylonian 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9081:Early Dynastic 9077: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8985: 8983: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8815: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8774: 8772: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8714: 8713:External links 8711: 8710: 8709: 8703: 8686: 8665: 8661:10.1086/370621 8655:(4): 378–404. 8644: 8638: 8625: 8613:10.2307/408947 8596: 8567: 8561: 8540: 8520:(2): 293–334. 8507: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8496: 8471: 8465: 8448: 8442: 8429: 8420: 8414: 8393: 8383:(1): 129–221. 8369: 8363: 8348: 8342: 8327: 8321: 8300: 8290:(4): 199–211. 8279: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8245: 8242:Van Soldt 2009 8234: 8222: 8210: 8198: 8182:Igor Diakonoff 8170: 8158: 8143: 8131: 8119: 8104: 8092: 8080: 8068: 8056: 8044: 8026: 8010: 8002:Nathanson 2013 7994: 7978: 7947: 7935: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7893: 7877: 7874: 7836:Amarna letters 7819: 7816: 7773: 7759: 7740: 7698: 7652: 7634: 7607: 7585: 7555: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7400: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7260: 7257: 7250: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7080: 7078: 7071: 7069: 7062: 7060: 7053: 7051: 7044: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7005: 6998: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5489: 5488:Writing system 5486: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5418:something else 5415: 5405:olaffa katulle 5382: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5293: 5271: 5253: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5191:object–subject 5183:Maria Polinsky 5150: 5136: 5122:Immuriya-šš-an 5117: 5114: 5113: 5072: 5054: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5011: 5008: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4717: 4714: 4679:mānn-a=tta=mān 4674: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4637: 4634: 4581: 4578: 4552:(concerning), 4510: 4507: 4462: 4461:Other pronouns 4459: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4264: 4261: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4054: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3873: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3749: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3394: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3360: 3338:pašš-ēt-i=t=ān 3336: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3236: 3231: 3228: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3130:"may they..." 3128: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3065:"you will..." 3063: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2918: 2915: 2838:irnōhoš-i-ā-ma 2808: 2807: 2802: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2695: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2647: 2646: 2637:Mari/Hattusha 2635: 2626:Mari/Hattusha 2624: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2605:Mari/Hattusha 2603: 2594:Mari/Hattusha 2592: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2568:Mari/Hattusha 2566: 2557:Mari/Hattusha 2555: 2546:Mari/Hattusha 2544: 2540: 2539: 2530:Mari/Hattusha 2528: 2519:Mari/Hattusha 2517: 2508:Mari/Hattusha 2506: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2282: 2279: 2258: 2257: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2122:intransitivity 2109: 2106: 2082: 2064: 2022: 2011: 2008: 2007: 1972: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1888: 1863:ḫurw-oḫḫe-ne-š 1858: 1855: 1854: 1846:Suffixaufnahme 1841: 1840:Suffixaufnahme 1838: 1800:(the others), 1764: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1702:The so-called 1659: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1587: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1548: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1526:through/by ... 1517: 1516: 1513: 1508: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1444: 1443: 1434: 1429: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1377: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1350: 1349: 1340: 1335: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1259: 1256: 1168:thematic vowel 1159: 1156: 1143:Suffixaufnahme 1136: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 988: 985: 983: 980: 930: 929: 927: 920: 918: 912: 911: 904: 902: 895: 889: 888: 881: 879: 872: 866: 865: 860: 855: 850: 844: 841: 792:, for example 711: 710: 708: 706: 699: 697: 691: 690: 688: 686: 683: 681: 675: 674: 672: 665: 663: 656: 650: 649: 642: 640: 633: 626: 620: 619: 617: 615: 606: 604: 598: 597: 590: 588: 581: 574: 568: 567: 565: 563: 556: 549: 543: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 512: 509: 507: 504: 457: 454: 346:Mitanni letter 297: 294: 290:Sino-Caucasian 250:Main article: 247: 246:Classification 244: 226:spoken by the 222:is an extinct 210:, you may see 198: 191: 190: 189: 184: 183: 170:, you may see 156: 155: 148: 140: 139: 132: 127: 124: 123: 116: 108: 107: 106:Language codes 103: 102: 97: 93:Writing system 90: 87: 86: 84: 83: 76:Hurro-Urartian 74: 72: 65: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 48: 44: 43: 38: 34: 33: 28: 27:Native to 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9525: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9402: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9376: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9070: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8798:Syrian Desert 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8749: 8744: 8742: 8737: 8735: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8645: 8641: 8639:2-252-01984-0 8635: 8631: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8607:(2): 125–40. 8606: 8602: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8578:(4): 255–69. 8577: 8573: 8568: 8564: 8562:9781119193296 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8466:9783447042628 8462: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8421: 8417: 8415:9789004368866 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8356: 8355: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8280: 8276: 8267: 8266: 8262: 8254: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8238: 8235: 8232:, p. 190 8231: 8230:Polinsky 1995 8226: 8223: 8219: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8202: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8178:Дьяконов 1967 8174: 8171: 8167: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8123: 8120: 8116: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8069: 8065: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8048: 8045: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7982: 7979: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7939: 7936: 7933:, p. 206 7932: 7927: 7924: 7917: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7899: 7894: 7891: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7868:mentioned by 7867: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7844:Amenhotep III 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7779: 7776: 7771: 7765: 7762: 7757: 7746: 7743: 7738: 7704: 7701: 7696: 7658: 7655: 7650: 7640: 7637: 7632: 7613: 7610: 7605: 7591: 7588: 7583: 7561: 7558: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7542: 7536: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7515: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7344: 7341: 7337: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7271: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7036: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5590: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5547: 5539: 5531: 5523: 5515: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5423: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5362: 5359: 5351: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5299: 5296: 5291: 5277: 5274: 5269: 5259: 5256: 5251: 5229: 5226: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5134: 5123: 5120: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5075: 5070: 5060: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4990:(by threes), 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4775: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4680: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4262: 4260: 4259:is attached. 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3755: 3752: 3747: 3721: 3718: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3622:"so he knows" 3620: 3613: 3609: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3581:"may he send" 3579: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3492: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3446: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3397: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3365:to.my.brother 3363: 3358: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3085: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2771:(no merging) 2768: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2414:intransitive 2412: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2397:Transitivity 2396: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2297:is marked by 2296: 2292: 2291:present tense 2288: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2255: 2252:Ergative 3PL 2250: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2151:reciprocative 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2028: 2025: 2024:Mizrinefenefe 2020: 2017: 2014: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1944: 1941: 1940:šēniffufenefe 1933: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1864: 1861: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:direct object 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687:(of Teššup), 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1311:ergative case 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:equative case 1265: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1146: 1144: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 986: 981: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 928: 925: 921: 919: 917: 914: 909: 905: 903: 900: 896: 894: 891: 886: 882: 880: 877: 873: 871: 868: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 848: 842: 840: 838: 834: 831:, and /x/ by 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 805: 801: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 722: 718: 709: 707: 704: 700: 698: 696: 693: 689: 687: 684: 682: 680: 677: 673: 670: 666: 664: 661: 657: 655: 652: 647: 643: 641: 638: 634: 631: 627: 625: 622: 618: 616: 612: 607: 605: 603: 600: 595: 591: 589: 586: 582: 579: 575: 573: 570: 566: 564: 561: 557: 554: 550: 548: 545: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 520: 519: 510: 505: 503: 501: 497: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 455: 453: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 408: 406: 402: 394: 390: 385: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 358:Amenhotep III 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 307: 302: 295: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 253: 245: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 213: 209: 205: 203: 188: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 163: 157: 153: 149: 147: 146: 141: 137: 133: 130: 129:Linguist List 125: 121: 117: 114: 109: 104: 101: 98: 94: 88: 82: 79: 78: 77: 73: 69: 63: 59: 55: 52: 49: 45: 42: 39: 35: 32: 29: 25: 20: 9364:Royal titles 9289:Architecture 9222: 9126:Neo-Assyrian 8973:(Pre)history 8793:Persian Gulf 8694: 8690: 8673: 8669: 8652: 8648: 8629: 8604: 8600: 8575: 8571: 8544: 8535:10261/193367 8517: 8513: 8479: 8456: 8452: 8433: 8424: 8397: 8380: 8376: 8353: 8332: 8304: 8287: 8283: 8274: 8263:Bibliography 8255:, p. 25 8248: 8237: 8225: 8213: 8206:Speiser 1941 8201: 8189: 8185: 8173: 8168:, p. 98 8166:Wilhelm 2008 8161: 8134: 8122: 8102:, p. 94 8100:Wilhelm 2008 8095: 8088:Wilhelm 2008 8083: 8078:, p. 88 8076:Wilhelm 2008 8071: 8059: 8054:, p. 85 8052:Wilhelm 2008 8047: 8038: 8029: 8013: 7997: 7981: 7969:. Retrieved 7965:the original 7950: 7945:, p. 81 7943:Wilhelm 2008 7938: 7931:Kassian 2010 7926: 7865: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7821: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7614: 7612:šū-a=lla=mān 7611: 7608: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7540: 5541: 5533: 5525: 5517: 5509: 5507: 5491: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198:noun phrases 5195: 5187:ditransitive 5181: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5124: 5121: 5119:Immuriyaššan 5118: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5013: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4981: 4971: 4958: 4948: 4943: 4930: 4917: 4907: 4902: 4889: 4874: 4864: 4859: 4846: 4836: 4831: 4821: 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3012:affirmative 2986: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2962:affirmative 2930: 2920: 2908: 2906: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692:(transitive) 2688: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2632: 2627: 2621: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2586:affirmative 2574: 2569: 2563: 2558: 2552: 2547: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2520: 2514: 2509: 2505:affirmative 2493: 2488: 2483: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2460:affirmative 2457:antipassive 2450: 2445: 2440: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2417:affirmative 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2326: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2284: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2253: 2215: 2208:Tense/Aspect 2155: 2146: 2138: 2130: 2118:Transitivity 2111: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090:lady-his=she 2089: 2086: 2083: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1843: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:(the gods), 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1767: 1760: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1652: 1647: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1619: 1613: 1605: 1597: 1589: 1583: 1576: 1569: 1564: 1558: 1551: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1520: 1510: 1504: 1499:Instrumental 1497: 1490: 1485: 1479: 1472: 1465: 1460: 1454: 1447: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1425: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1330: 1288: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1245: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1171: 1167: 1161: 1151: 1148: 1140: 1121:Plural (SA) 1085:(for verbs) 1083:Nominalizers 1035: 1016: 1012: 1011:(to beget), 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 990: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 933: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 810: 803: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 714: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 459: 439: 412: 397: 311: 255: 219: 218: 199: 187: 159: 143: 80: 9467:Hittitology 9457:Assyriology 9378:Archaeology 9248:Old Persian 9058:Jemdet Nasr 8253:Wegner 2000 8218:Pullum 1977 8154:Wegner 2000 8139:Wegner 2000 8127:Wegner 2000 8115:Wegner 2000 8064:Wegner 2000 8018:Kupper 1973 7904:Asia portal 7745:anti=lla=an 7654:katōšāššena 7642:brother-my- 7560:iya=llē=nīn 7537:Sample text 5295:tānōšāššena 5261:brother-my- 5228:iya=llā=nīn 5048:brother-my- 4976:unattested 4963:unattested 4935:unattested 4922:unattested 4894:unattested 4881:unattested 4851:unattested 4778:unattested 4676:mānnattamān 4608:(like) and 4592:(when) and 4574:ištaniffaša 4554:N-fa furīta 4515:adpositions 4509:Adpositions 4303:his/her/its 4178:Equative II 3675:participles 3545:say-OPT.1SG 3318:know-TRANS- 3087:3rd person 3024:"you will ( 3006:2nd person 3001:unattested 2956:1st person 2917:Other moods 2871:instead of 2315:antipassive 2143:applicative 1946:brother-my- 1860:ḫurwoḫḫeneš 1812:(another), 1722:The article 1712:antipassive 1704:essive case 1630:Equative II 1598:-(a)šunn(i) 1578:Associative 1301:as for the 1007:(son) from 654:Approximant 463:Old Hurrian 419:Sea Peoples 306:Louvre lion 232:Mesopotamia 174:instead of 9497:Categories 9431:Divination 9141:Achaemenid 9106:Isin-Larsa 8999:Trialetian 8994:Mousterian 8981:Prehistory 8039:urkesh.org 8020:, p. 8004:, p. 7988:, p. 7971:2 December 7918:References 7700:ūriāššena, 7639:šēn-iffu-š 5463:Indo-Aryan 5427:Vocabulary 5258:šēn-iffu-š 5016:word order 4657:(truly!). 4562:N-fa āpita 4542:N-fa etīfa 4538:N-fa etīta 4530:N-fenē āyē 4526:N-fa āyita 4479:akki...aki 4326:3rd Plural 4317:2nd Plural 4308:1st Plural 4146:Comitative 3924:Absolutive 3877:Absolutive 3865:3rd Plural 3856:2nd Plural 3847:1st Plural 3754:šuḫni-ne-š 3679:infinitive 3509:itt-ōš-t-a 3491:itt-ōš-t-a 3391:the.things 3026:imperative 2739:(negated) 2680:3rd person 2675:2nd person 2670:2nd person 2665:1st person 2660:1st person 2581:transitive 2500:transitive 2406:Preterite 2360:suffixes. 2323:indicative 2087:ašti-i=nna 2072:ruler-its- 1977:ōmīni-i-fe 1836:(heaven). 1778:tiwē-na-še 1741:Absolutive 1693:šēna-nn-ae 1657:not found 1624:not found 1553:Comitative 1515:not found 1426:in, at ... 1332:Absolutive 1307:absolutive 1124:Case (SA) 1027:Morphology 1003:(father), 790:...V-CV... 786:...VC-CV.. 725:allophones 511:Consonants 272:(e.g. the 9304:Cuneiform 9180:Languages 8989:Acheulean 8876:Babylonia 8813:Euphrates 8763:Geography 8476:"Hurrian" 8296:1998-6769 7986:Owen 2000 7870:Sargon II 7840:Tushratta 7778:tān-ōš-au 7764:ēman-āmḫa 7609:šūallamān 7590:tiwē-na-Ø 7557:iyallēnīn 5499:logograms 5494:cuneiform 5433:loanwords 5361:ola-Ø=ffa 5276:tiwē-na-Ø 5225:iyallānīn 5141:zalamši-Ø 5125:Immuriya- 5045:šen-iff-Ø 5032:specifier 5002:(twice), 4972:kike nupi 4940:18 or 80 4931:šintimani 4927:17 or 70 4914:13 or 30 4586:particles 4536:"face"). 3927:(enclit.) 3842:he/she/it 3717:pailianeš 3612:pal-lae=n 3594:pal-lae=n 3362:šeniffuta 3262:restrain- 3135:negative 3106:negative 3090:singular 3070:negative 3033:negative 3009:singular 2983:negative 2959:singular 2945:Negation 2800:-...-aššu 2795:-...-aššo 2785:-...-auša 2748:-uffuš(a) 2672:singular 2662:singular 2618:negative 2543:negative 2480:negative 2437:negative 2295:preterite 2135:causative 2069:efri-i-fe 1980:land-his- 1893:ōmīn-ne-š 1732:Singular 1697:ass-instr 1695:(brother- 1640:-(a)šunna 1594:not found 1322:Singular 1286:meaning. 1204:(field). 1117:Anaphoric 721:voiceless 624:Fricative 602:Affricate 506:Phonology 415:Assyrians 354:Tushratta 314:Tish-atal 145:Glottolog 113:ISO 639-3 47:Ethnicity 41:Near East 9450:Academia 9404:Religion 9273:Urartian 9268:Sumerian 9253:Parthian 9188:Akkadian 9161:Sasanian 9151:Parthian 9146:Seleucid 9096:Simurrum 9086:Akkadian 9019:Khiamian 9009:Natufian 8921:Simurrum 8906:Kassites 8901:Hittites 8856:Adiabene 8601:Language 7876:See also 7859:Sapinuwa 7832:Sapinuwa 7775:tānōšau. 7761:ēmanāmḫa 7742:antillān 7636:šēniffuš 7549:unto=mān 5467:Sanskrit 5451:Akkadian 5387:katul-le 5255:šēniffuš 5155:tan-oš-a 5004:ēmanāmha 4949:kirmanze 4865:šintišše 4822:tumnušše 4756:Cardinal 4671:so=truly 4632:(very). 4604:(when), 4477:(that), 4475:anti/ani 4473:(this), 4223:(when), 4219:(when), 4124:Ablative 4098:Allative 4075:Locative 4012:Genitive 3975:Ergative 3954:-til(la) 3880:(indep.) 3801:Pronouns 3795:fahrumme 3751:šuḫnineš 3723:build-I. 3619:-3SG.ABS 3575:pašš-ien 3561:pašš-ien 3273:koz-ōš-o 3259:koz-ōš-o 2951:Meaning 2927:optative 2881:tun-it-o 2840:, (like- 2682:sing/pl 2642:Mitanni 2631:Mitanni 2610:Mitanni 2599:Mitanni 2573:Mitanni 2562:Mitanni 2551:Mitanni 2535:Mitanni 2524:Mitanni 2513:Mitanni 2451:-ēttokko 2446:-ōštokko 2403:Present 2389:1.pl.abs 2301:and the 2226:Negation 2131:-an(n)-- 1866:Hurrian- 1824:(heaven- 1780:(object. 1689:Hepat-te 1685:Teššuppe 1614:like ... 1607:Equative 1570:-(a)šura 1545:-(a)šane 1541:-(a)šani 1505:with ... 1491:-(a)štan 1480:from ... 1474:Ablative 1449:Allative 1374:Genitive 1355:Ergative 1291:ergative 1284:allative 1280:genitive 993:suffixes 794:mānnatta 782:geminate 530:Alveolar 491:dialects 456:Dialects 442:Boğazköy 435:Akkadian 425:and the 366:Hurrians 326:Hattusha 258:Urartian 228:Hurrians 180:Help:IPA 152:hurr1240 51:Hurrians 9436:Prayers 9421:Deities 9385:Looting 9228:Kassite 9223:Hurrian 9218:Hittite 9208:Elamite 9203:Eblaite 9198:Aramaic 9193:Amorite 9116:Kassite 9091:Gutians 9073:History 9038:Samarra 9034:Hassuna 9004:Zarzian 8926:Subartu 8916:Mitanni 8881:Chaldea 8871:Assyria 8844:Ancient 8592:3515927 7866:Savuska 7855:Ortaköy 7848:Hittite 7824:Hattusa 7552:now=but 7546:Untomān 5446:Mizraim 5384:katulle 5279:object- 5196:Within 5144:statue- 5138:zalamši 5028:English 5000:šināmha 4992:tumnate 4986:, e.g. 4944:kirmani 4918:kikmani 4837:narišše 4763:number 4761:Ordinal 4758:number 4716:Numbers 4668:atī=nīn 4651:=mmaman 4649:(but), 4645:(and), 4616:(now), 4443:šeniffe 4430:n. bel. 4231:(who), 4190:manunna 4171:manšora 4167:manšura 4133:manutan 3917:manella 3793:, e.g. 3703:hušaure 3689:, e.g. 3224:-itanni 3220:-ilanni 3139:-itfaen 3119:plural 3078:-efa(š) 3074:-ifa(š) 3050:plural 2996:plural 2987:-ifalli 2948:Ending 2942:Number 2939:Person 2913:above. 2904:below. 2780:-...-au 2775:-...-af 2677:plural 2667:plural 2657: 2494:-ētikki 2489:-ōšikki 2409:Future 2400: 2221:Valency 2127:valency 2114:clitics 2084:aštīnna 2019:country 1974:ōmīnīfe 1890:ōmīnneš 1834:hafurni 1822:n-ne-ta 1808:(god), 1802:awar-ra 1770:article 1735:Plural 1675:giving 1648:e-Case' 1466:-(a)šta 1366:-(a)šuš 1325:Plural 1295:subject 1235:), and 1196:(cup), 1186:article 1097:Article 1021:valency 1013:aštohhe 997:attardi 982:Grammar 944:CV-V-VC 858:Central 825:tānōšau 695:Lateral 572:Plosive 535:Palatal 521: 500:Arrapha 401:Shamash 338:Babylon 296:History 286:Georgia 236:Mitanni 220:Hurrian 176:Unicode 81:Hurrian 31:Mitanni 22:Hurrian 9263:Sutean 9238:Median 9233:Luwian 9213:Gutian 9101:Ur III 9014:Nemrik 8951:Cities 8946:Urartu 8896:Hamazi 8891:Gutium 8866:Armani 8818:Tigris 8771:Modern 8701: 8636: 8621:408947 8619: 8590: 8559: 8494: 8463: 8440: 8412: 8361: 8340: 8319: 8294: 7828:Ugarit 7748:those= 7615:every- 7593:thing- 7587:tiwēna 7582:=truly 5532:, and 5478:hāpiri 5474:hāpiru 5435:(e.g. 5364:other- 5358:olaffa 5273:tiwēna 5250:=truly 5152:tanoša 5077:tat-au 5042:šeniff 5010:Syntax 4988:kikate 4968:30000 4955:10000 4908:ēmanze 4832:nariya 4772:šukko, 4734:-(š)še 4665:atīnīn 4630:tiššan 4600:(if), 4594:anammi 4570:ištani 4487:antufa 4451:attaif 4426:-iffaš 4391:-iffaš 4356:-iffaš 4158:manura 4112:šašuta 4040:Dative 4005:manšoš 3964:-l(la) 3959:-f(fa) 3941:-n(na) 3936:-m(ma) 3931:-t(ta) 3903:šattil 3695:hapiri 3542:kul-le 3528:kul-le 3388:tiwēna 3213:-allet 3209:-illet 3193:-ilefa 3110:-ifaen 2877:uv-o-m 2869:before 2861:plural 2805:-...-a 2790:-...-o 2723:-*aššu 2718:-*aššo 2644:-ētiwa 2639:-ētowa 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