42:
624:
280:
Joseph
Hurtado discovered that his wife, Susie, was having an affair with their friend, José Antonio Estuardo. After measures that Hurtado took to put an end to the affair, such as temporarily sending his wife away to live with her parents and then assaulting Estuardo in a bar after his wife returned
348:
says: 'But to find a bill there must be at least twelve of the jury agree; for, so tender is the law of
England of the lives of the subjects, that no man can be convicted at the suit of the king of any capital offense, unless by a unanimous voice of twenty-four of his equals and neighbors; that is,
369:
It has been on the basis of the decision that many states have abandoned the requirement for grand juries, usually replacing them with informations and a preliminary hearing before a judge or the discretion of the prosecutor. However, as
Justice Harlan had written, "one of the peculiar benefits of
357:'But these informations (of every kind) are confined by the constitutional law to mere misdemeanors only; for, wherever any capital offense is charged, the same law requires that the accusation be warranted by the oath of twelve men before the party shall be put to answer it.' Id. 309." He cited
335:
Writing for the majority, Justice
Matthews stated that the states should be free to construct their own laws without infringement and that the Fourteenth Amendment was not intended to guarantee the right of a grand jury because it would then have been specifically referenced. His opinion also
331:
The
Supreme Court ruled 7-1 that Hurtado's due process right was not violated by denial of a grand jury hearing and that the Fourteenth Amendment was not intended to work retroactively to apply the Fifth Amendment to state criminal trials.
388:
The decision was "reaffirmed in numerous cases" in the early 20th century. Even during the
Supreme Court's drastic modification of its incorporation doctrine in the 1950s and '60s, there was no serious movement to overrule
336:
concluded that
Hurtado's due process right was not violated, as an information is "merely a preliminary proceeding and can result in no final judgment." He further concluded that Hurtado still received a fair trial.
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judge examined the information and determined that
Hurtado should be brought to trial. Hurtado was tried, convicted of murder, and sentenced to death. At issue was whether or not the Fourteenth Amendment's
562:
1507:
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the grand-jury system, as it exists in this country, is that it is composed, as a general rule, of private persons who do not hold office at the will of the government, or at the will of voters."
235:
639:
431:
406:
124:
The words "due process of law" in the
Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution do not necessarily require an indictment by a grand jury in a prosecution by a state for murder.
83:
296:, or by indictment, with or without such examination and commitment, as may be prescribed by law. A grand jury shall be drawn and summoned at least once a year in each county."
344:
However, Justice Harlan presented a lone dissent, a learned disquisition on the history and meaning of "due process of law" that included quotes of many of the great jurists. "
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by twelve at least of the grand jury, in the first place, assenting to the accusation, and afterwards by the whole petit jury of twelve more finding him guilty upon his trial.
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734:
566:
231:
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Does a state criminal proceeding based on an information rather than a grand jury indictment violate the
Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause?
1512:
265:
373:
Critics contend that by abandoning the grand jury as originally conceived, the rights of the accused are less well-protected, resulting in more
281:
and the affair resumed, proved futile, Hurtado fatally shot Estuardo. Hurtado was arrested for the crime but was not indicted by a grand jury.
261:
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Is a grand jury indictment required by the Fifth Amendment applicable to state criminal trials via the Fourteenth Amendment?
1018:
285:
243:
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377:. The grand jury has been criticized, however, as ineffective in protecting the rights of the accused. In the words of
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Landmark Supreme Court Cases: The Most Influential Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States
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at the time, "Offenses heretofore required to be prosecuted by indictment, shall be prosecuted by
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563:"Sol Wachtler: The Judge Who Coined "Indict a Ham Sandwich" Was Himself Indicted"
520:
385:, a grand jury would indict a ham sandwich if the prosecutor asked it to do so.
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183:
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269:
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Matthews, joined by Waite, Miller, Bradley, Woods, Gray, Blatchford
488:
The Greatest Criminal Cases: Changing the Course of American Law
221:
Field took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
1253:
831:
749:
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41:
547:, a person could be condemned to death without trial by a
256:, 110 U.S. 516 (1884), was a landmark case decided by the
524:, The Oyez Project (last visited August 5, 2018).
451:
Hartman, Gary; Mersky, Roy M.; Tate, Cindy L. (2004).
397:
guarantee that appeared unlikely to be incorporated."
407:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 110
1508:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court
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312:requiring indictment by grand jury to the states.
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31:
423:
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1543:History of Sacramento County, California
457:. New York: Facts on File. p. 180.
315:The following questions were presented:
292:, after examination and commitment by a
417:
491:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 1.
65:Joseph Hurtado v. People of California
1207:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
610:Israel 1982, p. 297 (emphasis added).
29:1884 United States Supreme Court case
7:
590:"Selective Incorporation Revisited"
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
1538:Criminal cases in the Waite Court
1503:United States Supreme Court cases
646:516 (1884) is available from:
561:Levin, Josh (November 25, 2014).
952:Bravo-Fernandez v. United States
622:
40:
308:extended the Fifth Amendment's
242:; Article I, Section 8, to the
18:Hurtado v. People of California
1513:1884 in United States case law
381:, a former Chief Judge of the
1:
735:United States Fifth Amendment
543:He failed to mention that in
485:Martinez, J. Michael (2014).
286:California State Constitution
244:California State Constitution
1156:Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle
1089:Blockburger v. United States
853:Blockburger v. United States
264:, as distinguished from the
1533:Legal history of California
896:United States v. Randenbush
258:United States Supreme Court
113:Supreme Court of California
1559:
1523:Grand Jury Clause case law
1444:J. D. B. v. North Carolina
1372:Dickerson v. United States
781:Wong Wing v. United States
588:Israel, Jerold H. (1982).
393:, and it in fact was "the
272:in criminal prosecutions.
54:Argued January 22–23, 1884
1356:Mitchell v. United States
1262:
1256:Self-Incrimination Clause
1249:
1100:Dual sovereignty doctrine
920:Fong Foo v. United States
845:Meaning of "same offense"
840:
827:
797:United States v. Moreland
759:
745:
383:New York Court of Appeals
230:
220:
133:
123:
39:
1364:United States v. Hubbell
1223:North Carolina v. Pearce
1172:Denezpi v. United States
1132:United States v. Wheeler
519:
1412:Corley v. United States
1404:United States v. Patane
1268:Curcio v. United States
1164:Gamble v. United States
1054:United States v. Dinitz
987:Ludwig v. Massachusetts
979:United States v. Wilson
912:Burton v. United States
813:United States v. Cotton
565:. Slate. Archived from
375:miscarriages of justice
1518:Incorporation case law
1388:Yarborough v. Alvarado
1108:United States v. Lanza
1038:United States v. Perez
1019:Smith v. United States
1011:United States v. Dixon
1003:United States v. Felix
936:Burks v. United States
877:United States v. Dixon
869:United States v. Felix
834:Double Jeopardy Clause
594:Georgetown Law Journal
1436:Berghuis v. Thompkins
1276:Griffin v. California
1148:United States v. Lara
1046:United States v. Jorn
904:Ball v. United States
765:Hurtado v. California
636:Hurtado v. California
629:Hurtado v. California
569:on September 21, 2023
521:Hurtado v. California
428:Hurtado v. California
253:Hurtado v. California
56:Decided March 3, 1884
35:Hurtado v. California
1332:Doe v. United States
1199:Palko v. Connecticut
1070:Blueford v. Arkansas
1428:Maryland v. Shatzer
1396:Missouri v. Seibert
1348:McNeil v. Wisconsin
1340:Illinois v. Perkins
1300:Williams v. Florida
1116:Bartkus v. Illinois
1081:Multiple punishment
960:McElrath v. Georgia
687:Library of Congress
1528:1884 in California
1380:Chavez v. Martinez
1316:Edwards v. Arizona
1308:Michigan v. Tucker
1284:Miranda v. Arizona
1231:Benton v. Maryland
1215:Baxstrom v. Herold
805:Beck v. Washington
738:criminal procedure
340:Dissenting opinion
306:Due Process Clause
266:federal government
238:Amendments to the
144:Associate Justices
1490:
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1486:
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1420:Florida v. Powell
1292:Boulden v. Holman
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1124:Waller v. Florida
1062:Oregon v. Kennedy
944:Evans v. Michigan
823:
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627:Works related to
549:bill of attainder
310:Indictment Clause
301:Sacramento County
284:According to the
268:, to avoid using
262:state governments
249:
248:
240:U.S. Constitution
192:Samuel Blatchford
160:Joseph P. Bradley
89:4 S. Ct. 111; 28
16:(Redirected from
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1468:Salinas v. Texas
1324:Oregon v. Elstad
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1191:Ex parte Bigelow
1140:Heath v. Alabama
971:After conviction
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103:Case history
82:
64:
26:
359:Edward Coke
290:information
184:Horace Gray
1497:Categories
752:Grand Jury
696:OpenJurist
413:References
346:Blackstone
294:magistrate
276:Background
236:Fourteenth
95:U.S. LEXIS
93:232; 1884
573:August 8,
504:March 31,
470:March 31,
365:Aftermath
71:Citations
740:case law
634:Text of
401:See also
353:" Also,
327:Decision
205:Majority
660:Findlaw
545:England
391:Hurtado
213:Dissent
119:Holding
1479:(2022)
1471:(2013)
1463:(2012)
1455:(2011)
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1359:(1999)
1351:(1991)
1343:(1990)
1335:(1988)
1327:(1985)
1319:(1981)
1311:(1974)
1303:(1970)
1295:(1969)
1287:(1966)
1279:(1965)
1271:(1957)
1234:(1969)
1226:(1969)
1218:(1966)
1210:(1947)
1202:(1937)
1194:(1885)
1175:(2022)
1167:(2019)
1159:(2016)
1151:(2004)
1143:(1985)
1135:(1978)
1127:(1970)
1119:(1959)
1111:(1922)
1092:(1932)
1073:(2012)
1065:(1982)
1057:(1976)
1049:(1971)
1041:(1824)
1022:(2023)
1014:(1993)
1006:(1992)
998:(1990)
990:(1976)
982:(1833)
963:(2024)
955:(2016)
947:(2013)
939:(1978)
931:(1970)
923:(1962)
915:(1906)
907:(1896)
899:(1834)
880:(1993)
872:(1992)
864:(1990)
856:(1932)
816:(2002)
808:(1962)
800:(1922)
792:(1900)
784:(1896)
776:(1887)
768:(1884)
754:Clause
699:
693:
690:
684:
681:
678:Justia
675:
672:
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600:: 286.
495:
461:
430:,
216:Harlan
190:
188:·
186:
178:
176:·
174:
166:
164:·
162:
154:
152:·
150:
91:L. Ed.
1183:Other
642:
434:
232:Fifth
108:Prior
644:U.S.
575:2018
506:2019
493:ISBN
472:2019
459:ISBN
436:U.S.
395:only
299:The
234:and
97:1716
84:more
76:U.S.
74:110
640:110
439:516
432:110
79:516
1499::
638:,
598:71
596:.
592:.
420:^
727:e
720:t
713:v
577:.
551:.
508:.
474:.
355:"
351:'
87:)
81:(
20:)
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