1247:
1465:
1294:
1481:
1330:
1232:
1348:
1310:
1447:
1213:, some of the coins and seals of the Arsacid period (mid-3rd-century BCE to early 3rd century CE) also include inscriptions in the Parthian language. The script of these inscriptions is called inscriptional Parthian. Numerous clay fragments from Arsacid-era Parthia proper, in particular a large collection of fragments from Nisa that date to the reign of Mithridates I (
48:
1413:
followed by an additional digit, they lose their tail, which is visually evident in their isolated forms. There are 12 encoded punctuation characters, and many are similar to those found in Syriac. The section marks are written in half-red and half-black, and several documents have entire sections in both black and red, as a means of distinction.
1217:
171–138 BEC), are likewise inscribed in inscriptional
Parthian. The bilingual and trilingual inscriptions of the 3rd-century Sasanian Empire include Parthian texts, which were then also rendered in inscriptional Parthian. The Parthian language was a Middle Iranian language of Parthia proper, a region
1029:
Such fragments, as well as the rock inscriptions of
Sasanian emperors, which are datable to the 3rd and 4th centuries, do not qualify as a significant literary corpus. Although in theory Pahlavi could have been used to render any Middle Iranian language and hence may have been in use as early as 300
1708:
From a formal historical and linguistic point of view, the
Pahlavi script does not have a one-to-one correspondence with any Middle Iranian language: none was written in Pahlavi exclusively, and inversely, the Pahlavi script was used for more than one language. Still, the vast majority of surviving
1625:
As pointed out above, the convergence in form of many of the characters of Book
Pahlavi causes a high degree of ambiguity in most Pahlavi writing and it needs to be resolved by the context. Some mergers are restricted to particular groups of words or individual spellings. Further ambiguity is added
1412:
Of the 18 characters, 9 connect in all four traditional abjad positions, while 9 connect only on their right or are isolated. Numbers are built from units of 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 20, and 100. The numbers 10 and 20 join on both sides, but the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 only join on the right, and if they are
1151:
derived from
Aramaic words, the Pahlavi script is far from always phonetic; and even when it is phonetic, it may have more than one transliterational symbol per sign, because certain originally different Aramaic letters have merged into identical graphic forms – especially in the Book Pahlavi
928:
Pahlavi may thus be defined as a system of writing applied to (but not unique for) a specific language group, but with critical features alien to that language group. It has the characteristics of a distinct language, but is not one. It is an exclusively written system, but much
Pahlavi literature
1856:
As the language and script of religious and semi-religious commentaries, Pahlavi remained in use long after that language had been superseded (in general use) by Modern
Persian and Arabic script had been adopted as the means to render it. As late as the 17th century, Zoroastrian priests in Iran
1246:
1404:
The script of the psalms has altogether 18 graphemes, 5 more than Book
Pahlavi and one less than Inscriptional Pahlavi. As in Book Pahlavi, letters are connected to each other. The only other surviving source of Psalter Pahlavi are the inscriptions on a bronze processional cross found at
1464:
1385:
in northwest China, is the earliest evidence of literary composition in
Pahlavi, dating to the 6th or 7th century AD. The extant manuscript dates no earlier than the mid-6th century since the translation reflects liturgical additions to the Syriac original by
1433:. The formal coalescence of originally different letters caused ambiguity, and the letters became even less distinct when they formed part of a ligature. In its later forms, attempts were made to improve the consonantary and reduce ambiguity through
1852:
came to refer to the (written) "language" of the southwest (i.e. Pārsi). How this came to pass remains unclear, but it has been assumed that this was simply because it was the dialect that the conquerors would have been most familiar with.
1283:
and other notables. Genuine Middle
Persian, as it appears in these inscriptions, was the Middle Iranian language of Persia proper, the region in the south-western corner of the Iranian plateau where the Sasanians had their power base.
1798:
From a linguistic point of view, there was probably only little disruption. Since the Sasanian had inherited the bureaucracy, in the beginning the affairs of government went on as before, with the use of dictionaries such as the
1156:.) In addition to this, during much of its later history, Pahlavi orthography was characterized by historical or archaizing spellings. Most notably, it continued to reflect the pronunciation that preceded the widespread Iranian
1765:. Propagated by the priesthood, who were not only considered to be transmitters of all knowledge but were also instrumental in government, the use of Pahlavi eventually reached all corners of the Parthian Arsacid empire.
2674:. "Pahlavi alphabet, Pahlavi also spelled Pehlevi, writing system of the Persian people that dates from as early as the 2nd century BCE, some scholars believe, and was in use until the advent of Islam (7th century CE). "
1826:. Furthermore, the archaic orthography of Sasanian Pahlavi continued to reflect, in many respects, pronunciations that had been used in Arsacid times (in Parthia as well as Fars) and not its contemporary pronunciation.
1768:
Arsacid Pahlavi is also called Parthian Pahlavi (or just Parthian), Chaldeo-Pahlavi, or Northwest Pahlavi, the latter reflecting its apparent development from a dialect that was almost identical to that of the Medes.
1626:
by the fact that even outside of ligatures, the boundaries between letters are not clear, and many letters look identical to combinations of other letters. As an example, one may take the fact that the name of God,
1480:
1293:
1897:
Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2. Psalter Pahlavi was added in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0. There have been three main proposals for encoding Book Pahlavi.
1231:
1818:
Arsacid Pahlavi did not die out with the Arsacids. It is represented in some bilingual inscriptions alongside the Sasanian Pahlavi; by the parchment manuscripts of Auroman; and by certain
1692:(among many other possible readings). The logograms could also pose problems. For this reason, important religious texts were sometimes transcribed into the phonetically unambiguous
1542:"father". The grammatical endings were usually written phonetically. A logogram did not necessarily originate from the lexical form of the word in Aramaic, it could also come from a
1309:
1238:
3584:
1347:
1123:
The Pahlavi script is one of the two essential characteristics of the Pahlavi system (see above). Its origin and development occurred independently of the various
6226:
1329:
1391:
3659:
1502:
In both Inscriptional and Book Pahlavi, many common words, including even pronouns, particles, numerals, and auxiliaries, were spelled according to their
1787:), the latter inherited the empire and its institutions, and with it the use of the Aramaic-derived language and script. Like the Parthians before him,
6258:
1191:
The Pahlavi script consisted of two widely used forms: Inscriptional Pahlavi and Book Pahlavi. A third form, Psalter Pahlavi, is not widely attested.
1738:—adopted the manner, customs and government of the Persian court of two centuries previously. Among the many practices so adopted was the use of the
910:
for which the Pahlavi system was used, the written form of that language only qualifies as Pahlavi when it has the characteristics noted above.
7465:
3322:
2107:
1881:
1222:
3247:
7328:
3577:
3006:
2979:
2877:
2837:
2810:
2703:
1907:
1877:
1221:
Inscriptional Parthian script had 22 letters for sounds and 8 letters for numerals. The letters were not joined. Inscriptional Parthian has
1474:(r. 740–760) with Book Pahlavi writings. Book Pahlavi, instead of Inscriptional Pahlavi, was used in late Middle Persian inscriptions.
1030:
BC, no manuscripts that can be dated to before the 6th century have yet been found. Thus, when used for the name of a literary genre, i.e.
1446:
5334:
3646:
1440:
Book Pahlavi continued to be in common use until about AD 900. After that date, Pahlavi was preserved only by the Zoroastrian clergy.
7096:
7052:
3480:"N3286R2: Proposal for encoding the Inscriptional Parthian, Inscriptional Pahlavi, and Psalter Pahlavi scripts in the SMP of the UCS"
1791:, the founder of the Sasanian empire, projected himself as a successor to the regnal traditions of the first, in particular those of
7450:
7082:
6191:
1409:, in present-day Afghanistan. Due to the dearth of comparable material, some words and phrases in both sources remain undeciphered.
5428:
7314:
6031:
3570:
1750:
served as the language of the chancellery. By the end of the Arsacid era, the written Aramaic words had come to be understood as
687:
5754:
5015:
2310:
1885:
1833:
7435:
7321:
5887:
5526:
929:
remains essentially an oral literature committed to writing and so retains many of the characteristics of oral composition.
2872:, Multiple history, vol. 3. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 89,
7440:
5996:
5897:
5521:
4579:
533:
7307:
7286:
4574:
4349:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3641:
3453:
3037:
2868:
Livinsky, BA; Guang-Da, Zhang; Samghabadi, R Shabani; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (March 1999), Dani, Ahmad Hasan (ed.),
371:
3960:
7187:
7166:
5846:
5841:
5536:
5438:
3651:
1010:(250 BCE) in early Parthian coin in Pahlavi scripts. There are also several Pahlavi texts written during the reign of
7254:
5851:
5418:
3354:
5504:
5226:
4779:
4366:
4025:
1275:
Inscriptional Pahlavi is the name given to a variant of the Pahlavi script as used to render the 3rd–6th-century
1077:
1069:
1031:
757:
7460:
7445:
7004:
6990:
6295:
4878:
4681:
3287:
Mirza, Hormazdyar Kayoji (2002), "Literary treasures of the Zoroastrian priests", in Godrej, Pheroza J. (ed.),
2640:
1709:
Pahlavi texts are in Middle Persian, hence the occasional use of the term "Pahlavi" to refer to that language.
1497:
1011:
865:
850:
31:
6609:
4794:
3552:
924:
spoken Middle Iranian, from which Pahlavi derives its terminations, symbol rules, and most of its vocabulary.
7455:
7293:
6321:
4934:
4814:
4297:
4201:
3678:
3636:
3593:
3165:
Andreas, Friedrich Carl (1910), "Bruchstücke einer Pehlewi-Übersetzung der Psalmen aus der Sassanidenzeit",
2670:
1547:
1534:. Such a logogram could also be followed by letters expressing parts of the Persian word phonetically, e.g.
1276:
1143:(although short /i/ and /u/ are sometimes expressed so as well), and vowel-initial words are marked with an
295:
4383:
6011:
5448:
4950:
4940:
4873:
3816:
1471:
1200:
171:
7395:
7300:
7089:
7038:
6498:
6420:
6184:
6123:
5677:
5556:
5258:
4990:
4666:
3850:
3838:
3811:
3796:
3167:
Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaft, Philosophisch-historische Klasse.
1757:
The use of Pahlavi gained popularity following its adoption as the language/script of the commentaries (
1270:
907:
830:
176:
3415:
Manuel du Pehlevi des livres religieux et historiques de la Perse : Grammaire, anthologie, lexique
1421:
Book Pahlavi is a smoother script in which letters are joined to each other and often form complicated
1252:
Parthian (above), along with Greek (below) and Middle Persian was being used in inscriptions of early
1042:
and (with exceptions) extending to about 900, after which Iranian languages enter the "modern" stage.
7159:
6910:
6587:
6083:
5986:
5738:
5702:
5107:
5030:
4611:
4440:
4423:
4100:
3739:
1614:
1422:
1153:
1007:
625:
306:
130:
4530:
4520:
4095:
1135:, with modifications to support the phonology of the Iranian languages. It is essentially a typical
5882:
5604:
5127:
4510:
4500:
4149:
4090:
4085:
4080:
3833:
3513:
3435:
3329:
3255:
2916:
2645:
1602:
638:
551:
440:
390:
140:
4159:
4060:
1589:. The practice of using these logograms appears to have originated from the use of Aramaic in the
7145:
7122:
6756:
6645:
6635:
6527:
6470:
6456:
6413:
6118:
6001:
5836:
5728:
5687:
5641:
5636:
5531:
5513:
5181:
5112:
5077:
5025:
4858:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4584:
4515:
4237:
3615:
1800:
1585:
1019:
899:
870:
693:
669:
579:
334:
6378:
1454:
1807:, Parthian was closely related to the dialect of the southwest (which was more properly called
7268:
7261:
7233:
6997:
6983:
6895:
6784:
6694:
6673:
6652:
6580:
6512:
6371:
6329:
6281:
6016:
6006:
5651:
5646:
5551:
5546:
5453:
5408:
5308:
5231:
5211:
5201:
5191:
5186:
5122:
5117:
5045:
4980:
4965:
4915:
4910:
4853:
4789:
4747:
4589:
4475:
4398:
3914:
3909:
3786:
3002:
2975:
2873:
2833:
2827:
2806:
2800:
1804:
1718:
1594:
1124:
887:
751:
619:
365:
112:
2996:
2969:
1218:
in the north-western segment of the Iranian plateau where the Arsacids had their power base.
976:, a common occurrence in language evolution (e.g. sāl < sard, zāl < zard, gul < vard
53:
7402:
7340:
7240:
7194:
7180:
7138:
7013:
6959:
6940:
6874:
6866:
6852:
6845:
6770:
6566:
6541:
6477:
6449:
6435:
6364:
6350:
6267:
6240:
6177:
6088:
5991:
5813:
5656:
5283:
5263:
5253:
5248:
5132:
4888:
4821:
4809:
4774:
4769:
4752:
4691:
4656:
4616:
4418:
4413:
4361:
4312:
4196:
4130:
4070:
4020:
3965:
3882:
3860:
3845:
3791:
3781:
3715:
3400:
3305:
2635:
1837:
1743:
1739:
1693:
1503:
1140:
1108:
1104:
1092:
918:
895:
858:
770:
681:
655:
643:
613:
585:
571:
460:
452:
189:
145:
6061:
3533:"L2/13-141: Preliminary proposal to encode the Book Pahlavi script in the Unicode Standard"
3225:(in German), vol. Band IV: Iranistik. Erster Abschnitt. Linguistik, Leiden-Köln: Brill
3112:
2941:
1506:
equivalents, which were used as logograms. For example, the word for "dog" was written as
1045:
The oldest surviving example of the Pahlavi literature is from fragments of the so-called "
7226:
6918:
6859:
6805:
6798:
6777:
6763:
6747:
6725:
6680:
6573:
6548:
6520:
6505:
6428:
6406:
6399:
6357:
6317:
6288:
5976:
5946:
5769:
5692:
5458:
5388:
5298:
5293:
5278:
5241:
5221:
5157:
5147:
5137:
5102:
5067:
5062:
5057:
4970:
4955:
4925:
4920:
4804:
4799:
4646:
4636:
4626:
4490:
4455:
4450:
4430:
4324:
4282:
4222:
4105:
4075:
3985:
3945:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3821:
3749:
3732:
3720:
3532:
3509:
3498:
3475:
3427:
3137:
3087:
1610:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1280:
1253:
1206:
1181:
1088:
1046:
1039:
745:
739:
733:
705:
607:
591:
545:
343:
181:
5423:
4606:
1829:
Sasanian Pahlavi is also called Sassanid Pahlavi, Persian Pahlavi, or Southwest Pahlavi.
377:
5573:
3413:
3405:
3387:
7363:
7247:
7131:
7111:
7020:
6888:
6819:
6718:
6666:
6659:
6491:
6484:
6463:
6442:
6343:
6336:
6098:
6026:
6021:
5872:
5856:
5831:
5774:
5764:
5759:
5599:
5473:
5433:
5403:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5313:
5288:
5236:
5176:
5142:
5092:
5040:
5005:
4960:
4930:
4883:
4843:
4742:
4696:
4651:
4569:
4505:
4460:
4445:
4408:
4388:
4356:
4344:
4292:
4287:
4277:
4267:
4262:
4179:
4164:
4154:
4120:
4110:
4055:
4040:
4005:
3855:
3759:
3707:
3597:
3375:
3230:
1778:
1747:
1731:
1606:
1161:
1128:
1115:. This practice can be dated to the period immediately following the Islamic conquest.
1035:
891:
675:
663:
597:
513:
487:
480:
356:
135:
3420:
Manual of Pahlavi of Persian religious and historical books: grammar, anthology, lexic
1486:
Stone cross with Book Pahlavi writings. Valiyapalli Church in Kottayam, Kerala, India.
953:
suffix denoting the language and people of that region. If this etymology is correct,
7429:
7370:
7219:
7152:
7075:
7045:
6903:
6881:
6812:
6708:
6687:
6534:
6392:
6310:
6303:
6274:
6233:
6148:
6138:
6133:
6108:
6103:
6036:
5920:
5614:
5273:
5216:
4868:
4641:
4525:
4480:
4435:
4403:
4252:
4189:
4169:
4142:
4115:
4045:
4030:
4015:
3970:
3727:
1819:
1812:
1792:
1672:
had been reduced, in the spelling of certain words, to a form whose combination with
1339:
1257:
1210:
1112:
1084:
1073:
1026:
that are fully dated bear references to members of the immediate family of the king.
903:
808:
699:
251:
2665:
980:
sālār < sardar, mīlād < mihrdāt, etc.). The term has also been traced back to
6826:
6791:
6732:
6219:
5981:
5877:
5790:
5682:
5583:
5393:
5206:
5171:
5152:
5087:
5082:
4975:
4863:
4737:
4661:
4601:
4470:
4465:
4376:
4371:
4307:
4247:
4227:
4184:
4174:
4125:
4010:
3990:
3980:
3828:
3806:
3764:
1890:
Tables showing the letters and their names or pronunciations are available online.
1633:
1320:
711:
505:
499:
446:
429:
5035:
3479:
519:
7409:
7173:
7104:
6385:
6076:
5936:
5697:
5541:
5398:
5303:
5072:
5000:
4985:
4893:
4686:
4596:
4495:
4485:
4339:
4302:
4257:
4242:
4217:
4137:
4065:
4050:
3754:
3088:"Preliminary proposal to encode the Book Pahlavi script in the Unicode Standard"
3070:
3063:
3056:
2315:
2112:
1912:
1628:
946:
493:
276:
268:
260:
3514:"N4040: Proposal for encoding the Psalter Pahlavi script in the SMP of the UCS"
921:, from which Pahlavi derives its script, logograms, and some of its vocabulary.
6066:
6041:
5609:
5052:
4542:
4537:
4393:
4334:
3975:
3234:
3187:
1788:
1735:
1598:
1590:
1543:
1316:
1300:
1050:
798:
781:
527:
3459:
3043:
1562:). A word could be written phonetically even when a logogram for it existed (
7377:
7356:
7349:
6143:
6128:
5965:
5712:
5661:
5628:
5463:
5354:
4903:
4631:
4547:
4272:
3178:——— (2002), "The Parthians", in Godrej, Pheroza J. (ed.),
1434:
1387:
1169:
1165:
1054:
962:
883:
466:
209:
6071:
3562:
3308:(2005), "Pahlavi Crosses of Kerala in Granite Objects in Kerala Churches",
17:
6113:
6093:
6056:
6051:
5931:
5892:
5733:
5492:
5377:
5268:
5010:
4898:
4848:
4719:
4232:
4035:
3995:
3776:
3769:
3620:
3202:
2271:
1990:
1784:
1751:
1724:
1426:
1354:
1157:
1148:
1132:
1023:
988:
820:
814:
787:
322:
71:
2268:
2068:
1783:
Following the defeat of the Parthian Arsacids by the Persian Sasanians (
6200:
5707:
5578:
5468:
5443:
5329:
5166:
5020:
4995:
4764:
4671:
4319:
3933:
3744:
3360:
2065:
1894:
1728:
1152:
variety. (For a review of the transliteration problems of Pahlavi, see
981:
942:
879:
243:
3332:(1904), "Pahlavi literature", in Geiger, Wilhelm; Kuhn, Ernst (eds.),
2917:
Proposal for encoding the Psalter Pahlavi script in the SMP of the UCS
1803:
assisting the transition. More importantly, being both Western Middle
1287:
Inscriptional Pahlavi script had 19 characters which were not joined.
47:
7201:
4945:
4757:
4676:
4621:
4329:
4000:
1823:
1762:
1697:
1382:
1335:
1058:
472:
418:
412:
2011:
1425:. Book Pahlavi was the most common form of the script, with only 13
1401:, given its use in a fragmentary manuscript of the Psalms of David.
3499:"L2/18-276: Preliminary proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in Unicode"
3138:"L2/18-276: Preliminary proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in Unicode"
2517:
2408:
2265:
2217:
2208:
2184:
1893:
Inscriptional Pahlavi and Inscriptional Parthian were added to the
5568:
5563:
5413:
5196:
5097:
4784:
3695:
2511:
2256:
2231:
2193:
2181:
2175:
2062:
2017:
2008:
1984:
1645:
1576:), but logograms were nevertheless used very frequently in texts.
1430:
1406:
1172:. Similarly, certain words continued to be spelt with postvocalic
1144:
1136:
1049:", a 6th- or 7th-century translation of a Syriac Psalter found at
725:
719:
66:
3317:
Weber, Dieter (1992), "Texts I: Ostraca, Papyri und Pergamente",
2594:
2523:
2259:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2220:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2178:
2100:
The Unicode block for Inscriptional Parthian is U+10B40–U+10B5F:
2053:
2028:
1993:
1981:
1975:
1022:
revealed thousands of pottery sherds with brief records; several
937:
The term Pahlavi is said to be derived from the Old Iranian word
6046:
5941:
2303:
The Unicode block for Psalter Pahlavi is U+10B80–U+10BAF:
2262:
2253:
2250:
2243:
2214:
2211:
2190:
2056:
2031:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1978:
1900:
The Unicode block for Inscriptional Pahlavi is U+10B60–U+10B7F:
1398:
1103:
In the present day, "Pahlavi" is frequently identified with the
1018:
171–138 BCE). The cellars of the treasury at Mithradatkird near
6173:
5963:
5918:
5811:
5490:
5375:
4717:
3931:
3693:
3676:
3566:
3319:
Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum. Part III: Pahlavi Inscriptions
2228:
2187:
2059:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2014:
3394:
2444:
2020:
1987:
1127:
for which it was used. The Pahlavi script is derived from the
3312:, Ollur: SARAS – South Asia Research Assistance Services
2802:
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
2588:
2456:
2438:
2396:
1684:. This meant that the same orthographic form that stood for
3300:, vol. Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz
2570:
2505:
2468:
2414:
2390:
2378:
1660:
had coalesced, in the spelling of certain words, with both
1381:
book of psalms. This text, which was found at Bulayiq near
1006:
The earliest attested use of Pahlavi dates to the reign of
3113:"L2/14-077R: Proposal for Encoding Book Pahlavi (revised)"
2863:
2861:
2576:
2479:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2384:
1848:
Following the Islamic conquest of the Sassanids, the term
2582:
2564:
2558:
2485:
2450:
1061:
in north-west China. It is in a more archaic script than
3223:
Altiranisch. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Erste Abteilung
3055:
gives pronunciations. The Unicode files give the names:
2462:
2402:
1860:
Post-conquest Pahlavi (or just Pahlavi) is also called
1734:—who considered themselves the legitimate heirs of the
1518:; and the word for "bread" would be written as Aramaic
3538:. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC
3519:. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC
3485:. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC
3118:. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC
2736:, p. 162, no citation, but probably referring to
1303:(r. 224–242) with Inscriptional Pahlavi writings.
1139:, where, in general, only long vowels are marked with
1087:
to write Persian was done in the ninth-century by the
1902:
1857:
admonished their Indian co-religionists to learn it.
1373:
Psalter Pahlavi derives its name from the so-called "
849:
is a particular, exclusively written form of various
3428:"Revised proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in Unicode"
2998:
The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character
7387:
7338:
7278:
7211:
7121:
7067:
7030:
6970:
6951:
6932:
6837:
6743:
6704:
6631:
6558:
6257:
6250:
6211:
5865:
5824:
5783:
5747:
5721:
5670:
5627:
5592:
5512:
5503:
5322:
4730:
4562:
4210:
3953:
3944:
3629:
3608:
1597:. Partly similar phenomena are found in the use of
1072:, the Pahlavi script was gradually replaced by the
249:
242:
208:
203:
163:
123:
118:
108:
100:
77:
61:
39:
3093:. Unicode® Technical Committee Document Registry
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2717:
2715:
2713:
1107:of southwest Iran, formerly and properly called
853:. The essential characteristics of Pahlavi are:
3192:Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism
1239:Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1168:had become voiced, and voiced stops had become
3386:Bharuchī, SD; Bharucha, ESD (1908), "Part 1",
1397:540–552. Its use is peculiar to Christians in
6185:
3578:
2832:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–.
2805:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–.
1795:, whose throne name the new emperor adopted.
1558:(Aramaic "to you", including the preposition
1083:The replacement of the Pahlavi script by the
878:Pahlavi compositions have been found for the
8:
3321:, vol. IV. Ostraca, V. Papyri, London:
2621:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
2295:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
2092:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
1147:. However, because of the high incidence of
1038:, texts dated near or after the fall of the
1034:, the term refers to Middle Iranian, mostly
3001:. University of Chicago Press. p. 12.
2694:
2692:
1836:deciphered the Pahlavi inscriptions of the
1644:, a fairly straightforward spelling for an
1353:Sasanian relief with Inscriptional Pahlavi
6555:
6254:
6192:
6178:
6170:
5960:
5915:
5821:
5808:
5509:
5500:
5487:
5372:
4727:
4714:
3950:
3941:
3928:
3690:
3686:
3673:
3605:
3585:
3571:
3563:
2702:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKent1953 (
2683:
2305:
2102:
1377:", a 6th- or 7th-century translation of a
289:
27:Script of various Middle Iranian languages
1526:) but understood as the sign for Iranian
1160:processes, whereby postvocalic voiceless
2870:History of civilizations of Central Asia
3422:] (in French), The Internet Archive
3371:. Includes extracts from West and Kent.
3207:, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute
2904:
2892:
2852:
2657:
1442:
1289:
1227:
864:the incidence of Aramaic words used as
3334:Grundriss der iranischen Philologie II
3273:, New Haven: American Oriental Society
3021:
2956:
2927:
2316:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
2113:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
1913:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
1882:Inscriptional Parthian (Unicode block)
1640:. Historically speaking, it was spelt
399:
36:
7329:American Printing House for the Blind
7105:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
6757:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
3430:by Anshuman Pandey (January 16, 2024)
3212:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1922),
2974:. Library of Alexandria. p. 84.
2786:
2774:
2767:
2755:
2733:
2721:
1878:Inscriptional Pahlavi (Unicode block)
1458:, spelled ʾylʾnštr', in Book Pahlavi.
7:
3271:Old Persian: Grammar, texts, lexicon
3199:Dhabar, Bamanji Nusserwanji (1932),
2737:
2698:
3512:; Pournader, Roozbeh (2011-05-06).
3478:; Pournader, Roozbeh (2007-09-18).
3291:, New York: Mapin, pp. 162–163
3254:, Costa Mesa: Mazda, archived from
3239:Grundriss der iranischen Philologie
1680:, which in turn had coalesced with
1392:Patriarch of the Church of the East
1180:even after the consonants had been
218: (Inscriptional Parthian)
2799:Ira M. Lapidus (29 October 2012).
225: (Inscriptional Pahlavi)
25:
3531:Pournader, Roozbeh (2013-07-24).
3086:Pournader, Roozbeh (2013-07-24).
2826:Ira M. Lapidus (22 August 2002).
1832:It is between 1787 and 1791 that
1632:, could equally be read (and, by
1062:
913:Pahlavi is then an admixture of:
3554:The Ancient Iranian Font Project
3434:"Middle Persian Pahlavi texts",
3241:, vol. I.1, Boston: Adamant
1621:Problems in reading Book Pahlavi
1479:
1463:
1445:
1346:
1328:
1315:Inscriptional Pahlavi text from
1308:
1292:
1245:
1230:
46:
3497:Pandey, Anshuman (2018-08-26).
3205:of Hormazyar Framarz and others
3136:Pandey, Anshuman (2018-08-26).
1886:Psalter Pahlavi (Unicode block)
1834:Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy
1723:Following the overthrow of the
1696:. This latter system is called
313:
3658:Languages by writing system /
3296:Nyberg, Henrik Samuel (1974),
2829:A History of Islamic Societies
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2248:
2246:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
1:
7466:Right-to-left writing systems
7097:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
7053:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
3310:Glimpses of Nazraney Heritage
1688:could also be interpreted as
1676:was indistinguishable from a
1530:. These words were known as
1078:Zoroastrian sacred literature
790:
773:
760:
628:
421:
380:
90:
83:
7308:National Braille Association
7287:Braille Institute of America
7005:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
3382:: classification of Pahlavi.
3280:A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary
2995:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1971).
945:, a region just east of the
231: (Psalter Pahlavi)
7188:Refreshable braille display
7167:Optical braille recognition
6764:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
6296:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
5439:New Epoch Notation Painting
3412:de Harlez, Charles (1880),
3359:, Farvardyn, archived from
3221:Henning, Walter B. (1958),
1811:, that is, the language of
1609:, and in the adaptation of
1599:Sumerograms and Akkadograms
1554:"you" (singular) was spelt
1550:Aramaic form. For example,
397:
7482:
7255:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
3246:Gignoux, Philippe (2002),
3111:Meyers, Abe (2014-05-09).
2613:As of Unicode version 16.0
2602:
2308:
2287:As of Unicode version 16.0
2276:
2105:
2084:As of Unicode version 16.0
2073:
1905:
1875:
1866:Zoroastrian Middle Persian
1776:
1716:
1583:are listed in the lexicon
1495:
1366:
1268:
1198:
987:"broad ", also evident in
29:
6991:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
6169:
5972:
5959:
5927:
5914:
5820:
5807:
5505:Chinese family of scripts
5499:
5486:
5384:
5371:
4726:
4713:
4575:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
3940:
3927:
3702:
3689:
3685:
3672:
3660:by first written accounts
3604:
3557:, St Catherine University
3389:Lessons in Pahlavi-Pazend
3278:MacKenzie, D. N. (1971),
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2486:
2480:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
1131:as it was used under the
1070:Muslim conquest of Persia
1032:Middle Persian literature
238: (Book Pahlavi)
45:
7451:Obsolete writing systems
6978:Chinese semi-syllabaries
6241:Unicode braille patterns
6227:International uniformity
4682:Thomas Natural Shorthand
3269:Kent, Roland G. (1950),
3214:Zoroastrian Civilization
3173:(4), Berlin: PAW: 869–72
2971:Sacred Books of the East
2641:Middle Iranian languages
1498:Heterogram (linguistics)
1256:. Shapur inscription in
1188:in the living language.
1125:Middle Iranian languages
851:Middle Iranian languages
113:Middle Iranian languages
32:Pahlavi (disambiguation)
7315:Blindness organizations
7294:Braille Without Borders
7083:Canadian currency marks
6705:Egyptian lineage family
5888:Southwest Paleohispanic
3348:Language and literature
3306:Menachery, Prof. George
2671:Encyclopedia Britannica
1686:⟨ʼwhrmzd⟩
1642:⟨ʼwhrmzd⟩
1277:Middle Persian language
296:History of the alphabet
6632:Russian lineage family
6032:Great Lakes Algonquian
4941:Greco-Iberian alphabet
4874:Gabelsberger shorthand
3817:Inscriptional Parthian
3289:A Zoroastrian Tapestry
3282:, London: Curzon Press
3180:A Zoroastrian Tapestry
3067:Inscriptional Parthian
2940:"Frahang-i Pahlavig",
2684:Geiger & Kuhn 2002
2108:Inscriptional Parthian
1754:, as explained above.
1746:") that together with
1690:⟨ʼnhwmh⟩
1201:Inscriptional Parthian
1195:Inscriptional Parthian
859:Aramaic-derived script
857:the use of a specific
688:Great Lakes Algonquian
272:Inscriptional Parthian
172:Inscriptional Parthian
7436:Abjad writing systems
7396:Accessible publishing
7322:Schools for the blind
7301:Japan Braille Library
7090:Computer Braille Code
6744:Indian lineage family
6124:Old Persian cuneiform
4991:Carolingian minuscule
3797:Ancient North Arabian
3060:Inscriptional Pahlavi
1908:Inscriptional Pahlavi
1844:Post-conquest Pahlavi
1568:⟨ʼB-tr⟩
1536:⟨ʼB-tr⟩
1271:Inscriptional Pahlavi
1265:Inscriptional Pahlavi
1223:its own Unicode block
906:. Independent of the
372:Ancient South Arabian
264:Inscriptional Pahlavi
177:Inscriptional Pahlavi
7441:Iranian inscriptions
7160:Mountbatten Brailler
6515:(largely reassigned)
6298:(largely reassigned)
5847:Southeastern Iberian
5842:Northeastern Iberian
3740:Egyptian hieroglyphs
3336:, Stuttgart: Trübner
3330:West, Edward William
3252:Encyclopedia Iranica
2943:Encyclopedia Iranica
1574:⟨pytr⟩
1520:⟨LḤMʼ⟩
1508:⟨KLBʼ⟩
1279:inscriptions of the
1237:Parthian version of
1008:Arsaces I of Parthia
307:Egyptian hieroglyphs
131:Egyptian hieroglyphs
30:For other uses, see
7112:Nemeth braille code
6898:(reassigned vowels)
6423:(extended to 8-dot)
5997:Canadian Aboriginal
5883:Khitan small script
5605:Khitan large script
4795:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
3462:on December 4, 2016
3298:A Manual of Pahlavi
3194:, Chicago: UC Press
3046:on December 4, 2016
2907:, pp. 869–872.
2646:Manichaean alphabet
1862:Zoroastrian Pahlavi
1652:had coalesced with
1603:ancient Mesopotamia
1209:generally wrote in
1091:, the governors of
968:(or in other cases
534:Canadian Aboriginal
141:Phoenician alphabet
7146:Braille translator
7123:Braille technology
7099:(science; GS8/GS6)
7068:Symbols in braille
6998:Taiwanese Mandarin
6513:Taiwanese Mandarin
6119:Nwagu Aneke script
5671:Other logosyllabic
5593:Chinese-influenced
5532:Oracle bone script
5514:Chinese characters
5449:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
4839:Eclectic shorthand
4827:Duployan shorthand
4780:Caucasian Albanian
4580:Canadian syllabics
3616:History of writing
3424:(partly outdated).
3408:(partly outdated).
2855:, pp. 126–29.
1815:, Persia proper).
1801:Frahang ī Pahlavīg
1636:, often was read)
1586:Frahang ī Pahlavīg
1556:⟨LK⟩
1338:'s inscription at
1020:Nisa, Turkmenistan
957:presumably became
758:Caucasian Albanian
94: 7th century
87: 2nd century
7423:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7341:tactile alphabets
7269:William Bell Wait
7262:Sabriye Tenberken
7063:
7062:
6928:
6927:
6913:(Japanese vowels)
6711:-mediated scripts
6638:-mediated scripts
6165:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6017:Ditema tsa Dinoko
5955:
5954:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5623:
5622:
5482:
5481:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4558:
4557:
3923:
3922:
3910:Teeline Shorthand
3668:
3667:
3551:"Pahlavi fonts",
3248:"Pahlavi Psalter"
3182:, New York: Mapin
3008:978-0-226-45238-8
2981:978-1-4655-1068-6
2879:978-81-208-1540-7
2839:978-0-521-77933-3
2812:978-0-521-51441-5
2789:, pp. 32–33.
2686:, pp. 249ff.
2627:
2626:
2301:
2300:
2098:
2097:
1805:Iranian languages
1719:Parthian language
1704:Literary dialects
1682:⟨h⟩
1678:⟨ʼ⟩
1674:⟨d⟩
1670:⟨z⟩
1666:⟨w⟩
1662:⟨n⟩
1658:⟨r⟩
1654:⟨n⟩
1650:⟨w⟩
1595:Achaemenid Empire
1514:) but pronounced
1472:Ispahbod Khurshid
1281:Sasanian emperors
1254:Sasanian emperors
1186:⟨h⟩
1178:⟨t⟩
1174:⟨s⟩
998:" of the earth".
844:
843:
384: 5th c. BCE
288:
287:
16:(Redirected from
7473:
7412:
7405:
7403:Braille literacy
7398:
7380:
7373:
7366:
7359:
7352:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7271:
7264:
7257:
7250:
7243:
7236:
7229:
7222:
7204:
7197:
7195:Slate and stylus
7190:
7183:
7181:Perkins Brailler
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7139:Braille embosser
7134:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7056:
7048:
7041:
7023:
7016:
7007:
7000:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6963:
6960:American Braille
6944:
6941:Algerian Braille
6921:
6914:
6906:
6899:
6891:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6830:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6736:
6728:
6721:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6556:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6255:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6205:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6171:
5961:
5916:
5822:
5814:Semi-syllabaries
5809:
5510:
5501:
5488:
5373:
4728:
4715:
4617:Japanese Braille
4202:Zanabazar square
4071:Nepalese scripts
3961:Bengali–Assamese
3951:
3942:
3929:
3846:Pitman shorthand
3691:
3687:
3674:
3606:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3564:
3558:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3510:Everson, Michael
3505:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3476:Everson, Michael
3470:
3469:
3467:
3458:, archived from
3441:
3423:
3403:
3401:Internet Archive
3398:
3381:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3242:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3195:
3183:
3174:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3042:, archived from
3034:
3028:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2865:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2708:
2707:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2666:Pahlavi alphabet
2662:
2636:Imperial Aramaic
2620:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2488:
2482:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2306:
2294:
2286:
2103:
2091:
2083:
1903:
1773:Sasanian Pahlavi
1744:Imperial Aramaic
1740:Aramaic language
1694:Avestan alphabet
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1575:
1569:
1557:
1537:
1521:
1509:
1483:
1467:
1449:
1429:representing 24
1350:
1332:
1312:
1296:
1249:
1234:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1141:matres lectionis
1105:prestige dialect
1093:Greater Khorasan
919:Imperial Aramaic
795:
792:
778:
775:
765:
762:
633:
630:
567:
566:
426:
423:
402:
385:
382:
361:
360:
339:
338:
327:
326:
315:
311:
310:
290:
281:
273:
265:
236:
229:
223:
216:
146:Aramaic alphabet
95:
92:
88:
85:
50:
37:
21:
7481:
7480:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7461:Persian scripts
7446:Parthian Empire
7426:
7425:
7424:
7415:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7383:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7334:
7327:
7320:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7227:Charles Barbier
7225:
7218:
7207:
7200:
7193:
7186:
7179:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7130:
7117:
7110:
7103:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7074:
7059:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7026:
7019:
7012:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6977:
6966:
6958:
6952:Frequency-based
6947:
6939:
6924:
6917:
6909:
6902:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6865:
6858:
6851:
6844:
6833:
6825:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6755:
6748:Bharati Braille
6745:
6739:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6706:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6633:
6627:
6620:
6615:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6322:Unified English
6316:
6309:
6302:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6251:Braille scripts
6246:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6207:
6203:
6198:
6153:
5968:
5951:
5947:Stokoe notation
5923:
5902:
5861:
5816:
5795:
5779:
5743:
5722:Logoconsonantal
5717:
5666:
5619:
5588:
5495:
5478:
5459:Siglas poveiras
5380:
5359:
5318:
5222:Younger Futhark
4926:Gregg shorthand
4722:
4701:
4554:
4206:
3936:
3919:
3698:
3681:
3664:
3637:Writing systems
3625:
3600:
3598:writing systems
3591:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3465:
3463:
3452:
3449:
3440:, Uni Frankfurt
3433:
3411:
3392:
3385:
3374:
3366:
3364:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3245:
3237:, eds. (2002),
3231:Geiger, Wilhelm
3229:
3220:
3216:, New York: OUP
3211:
3198:
3186:
3177:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3074:Psalter Pahlavi
3073:
3071:U+10B80–U+10BAF
3066:
3064:U+10B40–U+10B5F
3059:
3057:U+10B60–U+10B7F
3049:
3047:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3020:
3016:
3009:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2743:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2711:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2632:
2617:
2609:
2314:
2311:Psalter Pahlavi
2291:
2283:
2111:
2088:
2080:
1911:
1888:
1876:Main articles:
1874:
1846:
1781:
1775:
1721:
1715:
1713:Arsacid Pahlavi
1706:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1623:
1611:Chinese writing
1573:
1567:
1555:
1535:
1519:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1475:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1419:
1375:Pahlavi Psalter
1371:
1369:Psalter Pahlavi
1365:
1363:Psalter Pahlavi
1358:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1313:
1304:
1301:Ardashir I
1297:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1207:Parthian Empire
1203:
1197:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1121:
1101:
1089:Tahirid dynasty
1047:Pahlavi Psalter
1040:Sasanian Empire
1004:
963:semivowel glide
935:
874:, "archaisms").
840:
839:
838:
793:
776:
763:
631:
560:
559:
436:
435:
424:
383:
354:
353:
332:
331:
320:
319:
304:
303:
298:
284:
280:Psalter Pahlavi
279:
277:U+10B80–U+10BAF
271:
269:U+10B40–U+10B5F
263:
261:U+10B60–U+10B7F
254:
237:
234:
232:
230:
227:
226:
224:
221:
219:
217:
214:
182:Psalter Pahlavi
166:
159:
150:Pahlavi scripts
126:
119:Related scripts
93:
86:
80:
69:
57:
56:in Book Pahlavi
41:
40:Pahlavi scripts
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7479:
7477:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7456:Middle Persian
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7428:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7391:
7389:
7388:Related topics
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7374:
7367:
7364:New York Point
7360:
7353:
7345:
7343:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7282:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7248:Harris Mowbray
7244:
7237:
7230:
7223:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7135:
7132:Braille e-book
7127:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7108:
7101:
7093:
7086:
7079:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7049:
7042:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6907:
6900:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6863:
6856:
6849:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6823:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6752:
6750:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6729:
6722:
6714:
6712:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6641:
6639:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6562:
6560:
6553:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6517:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6263:
6261:
6259:French-ordered
6252:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6174:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6099:Linear Elamite
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5921:Sign languages
5919:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5898:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5873:Espanca script
5869:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5832:Linear Elamite
5828:
5826:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5713:Yi (Classical)
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5539:
5537:Bronze scripts
5534:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5507:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5350:Flag semaphore
5347:
5345:New York Point
5342:
5340:Telegraph code
5337:
5335:Maritime flags
5332:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5289:Visible Speech
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5259:Sorang Sompeng
5256:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5143:Galik alphabet
5140:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5041:Tironian notes
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4886:
4884:Garay alphabet
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4667:Sorang Sompeng
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4590:Déné syllabics
4587:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3851:Proto-Sinaitic
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3712:
3711:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3548:
3528:
3506:
3494:
3472:
3455:Pahlavi script
3448:
3447:Writing system
3445:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3425:
3409:
3383:
3372:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:External links
3341:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3275:
3266:
3243:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3196:
3184:
3175:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3128:
3103:
3078:
3039:Pahlavi script
3029:
3014:
3007:
2987:
2980:
2961:
2959:, p. 269.
2949:
2932:
2920:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2878:
2857:
2845:
2838:
2818:
2811:
2791:
2779:
2770:, p. 106
2760:
2758:, p. 106.
2741:
2726:
2724:, p. 162.
2709:
2688:
2676:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1873:
1870:
1845:
1842:
1779:Middle Persian
1777:Main article:
1774:
1771:
1748:Aramaic script
1717:Main article:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1622:
1619:
1607:Hittite empire
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1418:
1415:
1367:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1269:Main article:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1199:Main article:
1196:
1193:
1129:Aramaic script
1120:
1117:
1100:
1097:
1036:Middle Persian
1003:
1000:
934:
931:
926:
925:
922:
876:
875:
862:
842:
841:
837:
836:
835:
834:
828:
827:
826:
825:
824:
806:
805:
804:
803:
802:
785:
779:
768:
767:
766:
749:
743:
737:
731:
730:
729:
723:
717:
716:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
661:
660:
659:
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
648:
647:
636:
635:
634:
605:
604:
603:
602:
601:
583:
577:
576:
575:
557:
556:
555:
552:Square Aramaic
543:
542:
541:
540:
539:
538:
537:
525:
524:
523:
511:
510:
509:
503:
497:
470:
458:
457:
456:
437:
434:
433:
427:
416:
410:
409:
408:
407:
406:
405:
404:
388:
387:
386:
369:
357:Proto-Sinaitic
351:
350:
349:
348:
347:
300:
299:
294:
293:
286:
285:
283:
282:
274:
266:
257:
255:
250:
247:
246:
240:
239:
212:
206:
205:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
184:
167:
164:
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
136:Proto-Sinaitic
129:
127:
125:Parent systems
124:
121:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
81:
78:
75:
74:
65:
63:
59:
58:
51:
43:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7478:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7379:
7375:
7372:
7371:Night writing
7368:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7337:
7330:
7326:
7323:
7319:
7316:
7312:
7309:
7305:
7302:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7279:Organisations
7277:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7241:Valentin Haüy
7238:
7235:
7231:
7228:
7224:
7221:
7220:Louis Braille
7217:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7192:
7189:
7185:
7182:
7178:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7164:
7161:
7157:
7154:
7153:Braille watch
7150:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7091:
7087:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7076:Braille music
7073:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7054:
7050:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7039:Luxembourgish
7036:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6942:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:Other scripts
6836:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6817:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6803:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6630:
6619:
6614:
6611:
6610:Northern Sámi
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6559:Nordic family
6557:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6499:South African
6496:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6421:Luxembourgish
6418:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6234:ASCII braille
6231:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6202:
6195:
6190:
6188:
6183:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6168:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5806:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5765:Attic (Greek)
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5703:Proto-Elamite
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5374:
5370:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:Elder Futhark
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Old Hungarian
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4642:Masaram Gondi
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:Gunjala Gondi
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4424:Old Sundanese
4422:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4367:Old Maldivian
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4350:Bilang-bilang
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:Sylheti Nagri
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:Brahmi script
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3866:South Arabian
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:Inscriptional
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3534:
3529:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3363:on 2007-01-26
3362:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3258:on 2009-02-27
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3169:(in German),
3168:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2537:
2536:
2476:
2475:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2225:
2224:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2025:
2024:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1793:Artaxerxes II
1790:
1786:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:chancelleries
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1340:Naqsh-e Rajab
1337:
1331:
1326:
1323:, 4th century
1322:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1258:Naqsh-e Rajab
1255:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:ancient Greek
1208:
1205:Although the
1202:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1113:Fars province
1110:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Arabic script
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:Arabic script
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Mithridates I
1009:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
990:
986:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
932:
930:
923:
920:
916:
915:
914:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
873:
872:
867:
863:
860:
856:
855:
854:
852:
848:
832:
831:Paleohispanic
829:
822:
819:
818:
816:
813:
812:
810:
809:Libyco-Berber
807:
800:
797:
796:
789:
786:
783:
780:
772:
769:
759:
756:
755:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
727:
724:
721:
718:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
679:
677:
674:
673:
671:
668:
667:
665:
662:
657:
654:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
627:
626:Old Hungarian
624:
623:
621:
618:
617:
615:
612:
611:
609:
606:
599:
596:
595:
593:
590:
589:
587:
584:
581:
578:
573:
570:
569:
565:
564:
558:
553:
550:
549:
547:
544:
535:
532:
531:
530:10th century
529:
526:
521:
518:
517:
515:
512:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
491:
489:
486:
485:
483:
482:
477:
476:
474:
471:
468:
465:
464:
462:
459:
454:
451:
450:
448:
445:
444:
442:
439:
438:
431:
428:
420:
417:
414:
411:
401:
395:
394:
392:
389:
379:
376:
375:
373:
370:
367:
364:
363:
359:
358:
352:
345:
342:
341:
337:
336:
330:
329:
325:
324:
318:
317:
309:
308:
302:
301:
297:
292:
291:
278:
275:
270:
267:
262:
259:
258:
256:
253:
252:Unicode range
248:
245:
241:
233:
213:
211:
207:
202:
191:
188:
187:
186:Book Pahlavi
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:Child systems
162:
149:
148:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
128:
122:
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
82:
76:
73:
68:
64:
60:
55:
49:
44:
38:
33:
19:
6911:Thai and Lao
6588:Scandinavian
6220:1829 braille
6212:Braille cell
6012:Cypro-Minoan
5878:Pahawh Hmong
5791:Sitelen Pona
5755:Hindu-Arabic
5088:Mundari Bani
4662:Pahawh Hmong
4471:Tamil-Brahmi
4377:Eveyla Akuru
4372:Dhives Akuru
3839:Paleo-Hebrew
3801:
3706:
3642:undeciphered
3553:
3540:. Retrieved
3521:. Retrieved
3487:. Retrieved
3464:, retrieved
3460:the original
3454:
3436:
3419:
3414:
3388:
3376:
3365:, retrieved
3361:the original
3355:
3333:
3318:
3309:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3260:, retrieved
3256:the original
3251:
3238:
3222:
3213:
3201:The Persian
3200:
3191:
3179:
3170:
3166:
3158:Bibliography
3144:. Retrieved
3131:
3120:. Retrieved
3106:
3095:. Retrieved
3081:
3048:, retrieved
3044:the original
3038:
3032:
3024:
3017:
2997:
2990:
2970:
2964:
2952:
2942:
2935:
2923:
2912:
2905:Andreas 1910
2900:
2893:Gignoux 2002
2888:
2869:
2853:Henning 1958
2848:
2828:
2821:
2801:
2794:
2782:
2771:
2763:
2729:
2679:
2669:
2660:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2309:
2302:
2292:
2284:
2277:
2106:
2099:
2089:
2081:
2074:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1831:
1828:
1817:
1808:
1797:
1782:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1722:
1707:
1648:. However,
1637:
1627:
1624:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1453:
1439:
1420:
1417:Book Pahlavi
1411:
1403:
1394:
1372:
1321:Taq-e Bostan
1286:
1274:
1220:
1214:
1204:
1190:
1182:debuccalized
1122:
1102:
1099:Modern times
1082:
1067:
1063:Book Pahlavi
1044:
1028:
1015:
1005:
995:
994:"earth" and
991:
984:
977:
973:
972:) change to
969:
965:
958:
954:
950:
938:
936:
927:
912:
877:
869:
846:
845:
821:Neo-Tifinagh
817:4th century
811:10th c. BCE
690:19th century
622:6th century
594:4th century
562:
561:
516:7th century
500:Dhives Akuru
490:4th century
479:
449:10th c. BCE
447:Paleo-Hebrew
443:12th c. BCE
393:12th c. BCE
362:19th c. BCE
355:
333:
328:32nd c. BCE
321:
305:
220:
7410:RoboBraille
7234:Róża Czacka
7174:Perforation
6971:Independent
6869:(Bhutanese)
6604:Greenlandic
6275:Azerbaijani
6077:Jindai moji
5966:Syllabaries
5937:SignWriting
5837:Celtiberian
5739:Hieroglyphs
5542:Seal script
5527:Traditional
5399:Blissymbols
5304:Warang Citi
5279:Tolong Siki
5232:Marcomannic
5212:Dalecarlian
5202:Anglo-Saxon
5182:Pau Cin Hau
5073:Medefaidrin
5026:Merovingian
4986:Blackletter
4894:Asomtavruli
4687:Warang Citi
4496:Ulu scripts
4441:New Tai Lue
4384:Mon–Burmese
4238:Bhattiprolu
4066:Nandinagari
3893:ʾEsṭrangēlā
3652:constructed
3466:January 23,
3235:Kuhn, Ernst
3188:Boyce, Mary
3050:January 23,
3022:Dhabar 1932
2957:Dhalla 1922
2928:Nyberg 1974
1822:texts from
1736:Achaemenids
949:, with the
947:Caspian Sea
866:heterograms
748:3rd century
742:3rd century
728:4th century
722:2nd century
678:7th c. BCE
672:8th c. BCE
666:8th c. BCE
658:2nd century
616:2nd c. BCE
610:2nd c. BCE
588:2nd c. BCE
574:4th century
568:3rd c. BCE
548:3rd c. BCE
502:6th century
496:4th century
475:3rd c. BCE
463:8th c. BCE
425: 1601
374:9th c. BCE
368:15th c. BCE
340:7th c. BCE
79:Time period
62:Script type
7430:Categories
6962:(obsolete)
6943:(obsolete)
6735:(Pakistan)
6646:Belarusian
6528:Vietnamese
6471:Portuguese
6457:Philippine
6414:Lithuanian
6067:Hentaigana
6062:Man'yōgana
5522:Simplified
5409:Ersu Shaba
5323:Non-linear
5128:Old Uyghur
5118:Old Permic
5113:Old Italic
5046:Visigothic
4981:Beneventan
4916:Glagolitic
4879:Gadabuursi
4543:Kolezhuthu
4538:Vatteluttu
4476:Tanchangya
4399:Saurashtra
3976:Devanagari
3834:Phoenician
3787:Manichaean
3542:2014-08-19
3523:2014-08-19
3489:2014-08-19
3367:2007-01-22
3262:2007-02-20
3146:2019-06-14
3122:2014-08-20
3097:2018-06-21
2787:Weber 1992
2775:Weber 1992
2768:Boyce 2002
2756:Boyce 2002
2734:Mirza 2002
2722:Mirza 2002
2652:References
2272:𐭟
2269:𐭞
2266:𐭝
2263:𐭜
2260:𐭛
2257:𐭚
2254:𐭙
2251:𐭘
2244:𐭕
2241:𐭔
2238:𐭓
2235:𐭒
2232:𐭑
2229:𐭐
2221:𐭏
2218:𐭎
2215:𐭍
2212:𐭌
2209:𐭋
2206:𐭊
2203:𐭉
2200:𐭈
2197:𐭇
2194:𐭆
2191:𐭅
2188:𐭄
2185:𐭃
2182:𐭂
2179:𐭁
2176:𐭀
2069:𐭿
2066:𐭾
2063:𐭽
2060:𐭼
2057:𐭻
2054:𐭺
2051:𐭹
2048:𐭸
2035:𐭲
2032:𐭱
2029:𐭰
2021:𐭯
2018:𐭮
2015:𐭭
2012:𐭬
2009:𐭫
2006:𐭪
2003:𐭩
2000:𐭨
1997:𐭧
1994:𐭦
1991:𐭥
1988:𐭤
1985:𐭣
1982:𐭢
1979:𐭡
1976:𐭠
1820:Manichaean
1548:conjugated
1496:See also:
1390:, who was
1317:Shapur III
1170:semivowels
1166:affricates
1076:except in
1068:After the
961:through a
941:, meaning
884:ethnolects
833:7th c. BCE
799:Old Permic
794: 940
782:Glagolitic
777: 430
764: 420
736:5th c. BCE
639:Old Uyghur
632: 650
620:Old Turkic
582:2nd c. BCE
528:Devanagari
469:3rd c. BCE
455:6th c. BCE
441:Phoenician
391:Phoenician
346:3rd c. BCE
18:Huzvarishn
7378:Vibratese
7357:Moon type
7350:Decapoint
7031:Eight-dot
6984:Cantonese
6933:Reordered
6896:Inuktitut
6785:Malayalam
6695:Ukrainian
6674:Mongolian
6653:Bulgarian
6616:Norwegian
6581:Icelandic
6372:Hungarian
6330:Esperanto
6282:Cantonese
5866:Redundant
5678:Anatolian
5629:Cuneiform
5557:bird-worm
5493:Logograms
5464:Testerian
5378:Ideograms
5355:Moon type
5242:Staveless
5133:Mongolian
5078:Molodtsov
5036:Sütterlin
4904:Mkhedruli
4770:Bassa Vah
4720:Alphabets
4692:Mwangwego
4657:Mwangwego
4632:Kharosthi
4585:Blackfoot
4548:Malayanma
4419:Sundanese
4414:Sukhothai
4362:Malayalam
4313:Khom Thai
4273:Goykanadi
4197:Tocharian
4150:ʼPhags-pa
4021:Khudabadi
3966:Bhaiksuki
3861:Samaritan
3792:Nabataean
3647:inventors
3377:ISO 639-3
2738:West 1904
2699:Kent 1953
2596:𐮯
2590:𐮮
2584:𐮭
2578:𐮬
2572:𐮫
2566:𐮪
2560:𐮩
2525:𐮜
2519:𐮛
2513:𐮚
2507:𐮙
2487:𐮑
2481:𐮐
2470:𐮏
2464:𐮎
2458:𐮍
2452:𐮌
2446:𐮋
2440:𐮊
2434:𐮉
2428:𐮈
2422:𐮇
2416:𐮆
2410:𐮅
2404:𐮄
2398:𐮃
2392:𐮂
2386:𐮁
2380:𐮀
1785:Sassanids
1761:) on the
1752:logograms
1725:Seleucids
1566:could be
1510:(Aramaic
1492:Logograms
1455:Ērān-šahr
1452:The word
1435:diacritic
1427:graphemes
1423:ligatures
1388:Mar Aba I
1149:logograms
1133:Sasanians
1055:Silk Road
933:Etymology
694:Blackfoot
644:Mongolian
586:Nabataean
580:Palmyrene
520:ʼPhags-pa
467:Kharosthi
453:Samaritan
235:Phlv, 133
228:Phlp, 132
222:Phli, 131
215:Prti, 130
210:ISO 15924
204:ISO 15924
109:Languages
101:Direction
72:logograms
52:The word
7014:Japanese
6875:Georgian
6867:Dzongkha
6853:Armenian
6771:Gujarati
6636:Cyrillic
6567:Estonian
6542:Yugoslav
6478:Romanian
6450:Nigerian
6365:Hawaiian
6351:Ghanaian
6268:Albanian
6129:Sumerian
6094:Linear B
6057:Katakana
6052:Hiragana
6002:Cherokee
5932:ASLwrite
5893:Bopomofo
5748:Numerals
5734:Hieratic
5693:Isthmian
5662:Sumerian
5642:Assyrian
5637:Akkadian
5294:Vithkuqi
5269:Tifinagh
5237:Medieval
5192:Pisidian
5187:Phrygian
5158:Vagindra
5103:Ol Chiki
5011:Interlac
4966:Kayah Li
4956:Jenticha
4911:Veso Bey
4899:Nuskhuri
4889:Georgian
4859:Formosan
4854:Etruscan
4849:Enochian
4805:Cyrillic
4790:Coelbren
4748:Armenian
4647:Meroitic
4637:Mandombe
4627:Jenticha
4491:Tigalari
4456:Tai Viet
4451:Tai Tham
4431:Tagbanwa
4283:Javanese
4233:Baybayin
4223:Balinese
4211:Southern
4106:Pracalit
4101:Pachumol
4076:Bhujimol
4036:Mahajani
3996:Gurmukhi
3986:Gujarati
3954:Northern
3934:Abugidas
3915:Ugaritic
3903:Maḏnḥāyā
3777:Tifinagh
3770:Solitreo
3708:Numerals
3621:Grapheme
3609:Overview
3203:Rivayats
3190:(1990),
2630:See also
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2538:U+10BAx
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2489:
2483:
2477:U+10B9x
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:U+10B8x
2226:U+10B5x
2173:U+10B4x
2026:U+10B7x
1973:U+10B6x
1838:Sassanid
1732:Arsacids
1729:Parthian
1615:Japanese
1605:and the
1581:uzwārišn
1544:declined
1532:uzwārišn
1470:Coin of
1355:monogram
1299:Coin of
1158:lenition
1111:, after
996:parthivi
989:Sanskrit
985:pərəthu-
917:written
896:Sogdiana
880:dialects
871:uzwārišn
868:(called
815:Tifinagh
788:Cyrillic
771:Georgian
752:Armenian
670:Etruscan
366:Ugaritic
344:Meroitic
323:Hieratic
54:Ērānšahr
6919:Tibetan
6860:Burmese
6846:Amharic
6829:(India)
6806:Sinhala
6799:Punjabi
6778:Kannada
6726:Persian
6681:Russian
6621:Swedish
6599:Finnish
6574:Faroese
6549:Zambian
6521:Turkish
6506:Spanish
6429:Maltese
6407:Latvian
6400:Italian
6379:Iñupiaq
6358:Guarani
6318:English
6289:Catalan
6206:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
6201:Braille
6084:Kikakui
6022:Eskayan
6007:Cypriot
5857:Dunging
5729:Demotic
5708:Tenevil
5652:Hittite
5647:Elamite
5600:Jurchen
5579:Sawndip
5574:Chữ Nôm
5474:Zapotec
5469:Yerkish
5444:Nsibidi
5429:Miꞌkmaw
5419:Isotype
5389:Adinkra
5330:Braille
5314:Zaghawa
5284:Vellara
5264:Sunuwar
5254:Sidetic
5249:Shavian
5177:Osmanya
5167:Ol Onal
5021:Kurrent
5006:Insular
4996:Fraktur
4971:Klingon
4961:Kaddare
4935:Archaic
4844:Elbasan
4832:Chinook
4822:Deseret
4810:Bosnian
4765:Avoiuli
4753:Avestan
4743:Ariyaka
4672:Tengwar
4570:Bharati
4531:Serawai
4521:Pasemah
4506:Lampung
4461:Lai Tay
4446:Tai Noi
4409:Sinhala
4389:Pallava
4357:Makasar
4345:Lontara
4320:Kulitan
4293:Kannada
4288:Kadamba
4278:Hanunoo
4268:Grantha
4263:Fakkham
4180:Tibetan
4165:Soyombo
4160:Siddhaṃ
4155:Sharada
4131:Litumol
4121:Tirhuta
4111:Ranjana
4096:Kvemmol
4056:Multani
4041:Marchen
4006:Kalinga
3946:Brahmic
3883:Sogdian
3822:Psalter
3802:Pahlavi
3782:Mandaic
3760:Cursive
3745:Elymaic
3716:Aramaic
3356:Pahlavi
1895:Unicode
1872:Unicode
1850:Pahlavi
1840:kings.
1789:Ardašēr
1629:Ohrmazd
1593:of the
1504:Aramaic
1437:marks.
1154:Henning
1057:, near
1053:on the
1051:Bulayïq
1024:ostraca
1002:History
992:pŗthvi-
982:Avestan
955:Parθava
943:Parthia
939:Parθava
908:variant
900:Scythia
888:Parthia
847:Pahlavi
706:Saanich
682:Deseret
656:Mandaic
614:Sogdian
572:Avestan
563:Pahlavi
514:Tibetan
488:Pallava
481:Brahmic
461:Aramaic
335:Demotic
244:Unicode
190:Avestan
7339:Other
7212:People
7202:Braigo
7021:Korean
6889:Hebrew
6820:Telugu
6719:Arabic
6709:Arabic
6667:Kyrgyz
6660:Kazakh
6594:Danish
6492:Slovak
6485:Samoan
6464:Polish
6443:Navajo
6344:German
6337:French
6204:
6149:Yugtun
6139:Woleai
6089:Kpelle
6072:Sōgana
5992:Byblos
5770:Muisca
5688:Cretan
5657:Luwian
5615:Tangut
5434:Mixtec
5404:Dongba
5309:Yezidi
5299:Wancho
5274:Todhri
5227:Gothic
5207:Cipher
5148:Manchu
5138:Evenki
5123:Orkhon
5068:Manchu
5063:Lydian
5058:Lycian
5001:Gaelic
4951:Hanifi
4946:Hangul
4921:Gothic
4869:Fraser
4864:Fox II
4800:Coptic
4775:Carian
4758:Pazend
4731:Linear
4677:Thaana
4622:Sarati
4563:Others
4526:Rejang
4511:Lembak
4501:Incung
4481:Telugu
4436:Tai Le
4330:Langdi
4253:Chakma
4143:Karani
4116:Tamyig
4091:Kummol
4086:Himmol
4081:Golmol
4061:Nagari
4046:Meitei
4031:Lepcha
4016:Khojki
4001:Kaithi
3888:Syriac
3876:Musnad
3755:Ashuri
3750:Hebrew
3733:Elifba
3728:Arabic
3721:Hatran
3696:Abjads
3399:, The
3005:
2978:
2876:
2836:
2809:
2323:
2318:(PDF)
2120:
2115:(PDF)
1920:
1915:(PDF)
1884:, and
1824:Turpan
1809:Pārsīg
1763:Avesta
1727:, the
1698:Pazand
1668:; and
1638:Anhoma
1634:Parsis
1431:sounds
1383:Turpan
1379:Syriac
1336:Kartir
1119:Script
1059:Turpan
959:Pahlav
904:Khotan
902:, and
892:Persis
746:Gothic
740:Coptic
734:Lycian
700:Fraser
608:Syriac
592:Arabic
546:Hebrew
473:Brahmi
419:Thaana
413:Hangul
7055:(GS8)
7046:Kanji
6904:Khmer
6882:Greek
6813:Tamil
6746:i.e.
6707:i.e.
6688:Tatar
6634:i.e.
6535:Welsh
6436:Māori
6393:Irish
6311:Dutch
6304:Czech
6114:Nüshu
5982:Bamum
5977:Afaka
5784:Other
5775:Roman
5760:Abjad
5683:Bagam
5584:Bowen
5569:Kanji
5564:Hanja
5552:small
5547:large
5454:Olmec
5424:Kaidā
5414:Emoji
5394:Aztec
5197:Runic
5172:Osage
5153:Oirat
5098:Ogham
5031:Sigla
4976:Latin
4931:Greek
4815:Early
4785:Cirth
4738:Adlam
4607:Geʽez
4602:Fox I
4466:Tamil
4325:Lanna
4308:Khmer
4298:Karen
4248:Buhid
4228:Batak
4185:Uchen
4175:Takri
4126:Limbu
4026:Laṇḍā
4011:Khema
3991:Gupta
3981:Dogri
3898:Serṭā
3871:Zabur
3856:Punic
3829:Pegon
3765:Rashi
3679:Types
3630:Lists
3594:Types
3536:(PDF)
3517:(PDF)
3502:(PDF)
3483:(PDF)
3437:TITUS
3418:[
3380:, SIL
3141:(PDF)
3116:(PDF)
3091:(PDF)
2604:Notes
2278:Notes
2075:Notes
1813:Pārsā
1646:abjad
1579:Many
1564:pidar
1540:pidar
1524:laḥmā
1512:kalbā
1407:Herat
1162:stops
1145:aleph
1137:abjad
1109:Fārsi
726:Ogham
720:Runic
712:Osage
676:Latin
664:Greek
506:Khmer
430:Adlam
400:below
378:Geʽez
312:32nd
104:Mixed
89:BC –
70:with
67:Abjad
6827:Urdu
6792:Odia
6733:Urdu
6109:Loma
6104:Lisu
6047:Kana
6037:Iban
6027:Geba
5987:Bété
5942:si5s
5852:Khom
5825:Full
5698:Maya
5093:N'Ko
4652:Miao
4597:Dham
4516:Ogan
4486:Thai
4404:Shan
4340:Leke
4303:Kawi
4258:Cham
4243:Buda
4218:Ahom
4138:Odia
4051:Modi
3807:Book
3468:2007
3404:and
3323:SOAS
3052:2007
3003:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2704:help
1759:Zand
1664:and
1538:for
1399:Iran
1176:and
1164:and
823:1970
801:1372
754:405
714:2006
708:1978
702:1915
696:1888
684:1854
646:1204
600:1949
598:N'Ko
554:2007
536:1840
522:1269
494:Cham
432:1989
415:1443
398:see
316:BCE
6386:IPA
6134:Vai
6042:Idu
5610:Sui
5083:Mru
5053:Luo
5016:IPA
4697:Rma
4394:Pyu
4335:Lao
4190:Umê
3596:of
3395:PDF
3171:XLI
3027:382
2772:cf.
2668:."
1864:or
1613:to
1601:in
1546:or
1528:nān
1516:sag
1319:at
1184:to
886:of
784:862
508:611
7432::
6144:Yi
3250:,
3233:;
2860:^
2744:^
2712:^
2691:^
2616:2.
2608:1.
2371:F
2290:2.
2282:1.
2168:F
2087:2.
2079:1.
1968:F
1880:,
1868:.
1742:("
1700:.
1656:;
1617:.
1571:or
1560:l-
1552:tō
1395:c.
1225:.
1215:r.
1095:.
1080:.
1065:.
1016:r.
970:rd
966:rt
951:-i
898:,
894:,
890:,
791:c.
774:c.
761:c.
629:c.
484:)
422:c.
381:c.
314:c.
96:AD
91:c.
84:c.
6324:)
6320:(
6193:e
6186:t
6179:v
4937:)
4933:(
3586:e
3579:t
3572:v
3559:.
3547:.
3545:.
3526:.
3504:.
3492:.
3471:.
3442:.
3406:2
3397:)
3393:(
3149:.
3125:.
3100:.
3076:.
3069:|
3062:|
3025:R
3011:.
2984:.
2947:.
2930:.
2895:.
2883:.
2842:.
2815:.
2777:.
2706:)
2664:"
2368:E
2365:D
2362:C
2359:B
2356:A
2353:9
2350:8
2347:7
2344:6
2341:5
2338:4
2335:3
2332:2
2329:1
2326:0
2165:E
2162:D
2159:C
2156:B
2153:A
2150:9
2147:8
2144:7
2141:6
2138:5
2135:4
2132:3
2129:2
2126:1
2123:0
1965:E
1962:D
1959:C
1956:B
1953:A
1950:9
1947:8
1944:7
1941:6
1938:5
1935:4
1932:3
1929:2
1926:1
1923:0
1522:(
1357:.
1014:(
978:,
974:l
882:/
861:;
478:(
403:)
396:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
