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remains open, allowing liquid water passage for germination. Physiologically, the inner and outer epidermides have independent hilar valve control. The outer epidermis has columnar-shaped cells, annularly arranged about the hilum. These counter palisade cells, being hygroscopic, respond to external humidity by swelling and closing the hilar valve during high humidity, preventing water absorption into the seed. Reversibly, they shrivel, opening the valve during low humidity, allowing the seed to expel excess moisture. The inner epidermis, inside the seed's impermeable integument, has palisade epidermis cells, a second annularly arranged hygroscopic layer attuned to the embryo's moisture level. There exists a moisture tension between inner and outer palisade cells. For the hilum to close, this moisture needs to exceed some minimum level (14–25% for these species). While the hilar valve is open (i.e., low outer humidity) if the humidity suddenly increases, the moisture tension reaches that protective threshold and the hilum closes, preventing moisture (liquid water) from entering. If, however, the outer humidity rises gradually, implying suitable growing conditions, the moisture tension level doesn't immediately exceed the threshold, keeping the hilum open and enabling the gradual moisture entry necessary for
1007:) employ a hygromorphic hinge for their seed release. Physiology involves a bi-layered structure of closely packed long parallel thick-walled cells. Fiber alignments within layers are non-uniform, varying longitudinally, producing different microfibril angles (MFAs) of 30° and 74° between layers over the span of the scale. The region of greatest MFA, the hinge knuckle, is a small region near the scale and midrib (central stem) union. In mature pine cones the outer scale layer is the controlling tissue, its long thick-walled cells responding longitudinally to environmental humidity. Distortion occurs in the knuckle region as movement of the outer layer overtakes that of the more passive inner scale layer, forcing the scale to bend or flex. The remainder of the scale is hygroscopically passive, though amplifies apex displacement via length and geometrically; e.g. bending the scale closed with hydration or flexing it open with dehydration- releasing seed.
966:
805:
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1167:, all resting upon the capsule floor. Seeds are visible, but restrained by the cup-like ring created by the encircling keels. The final requirement for dispersal is rainfall, or sufficient moisture, to flush seed from this barrier, colloquially termed the splash cup. Seed that overflows or splashes from the cup is dispersed to the nearby ground. Any remaining seed will be preserved when keels desiccate, hygroscopically shrink, and restore to their natural folded, closed state. The hygromorphic process is reversible, repeatable; neglected seed having subsequent dispersal opportunity via future rainfalls.
270:
1117:
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tri-layered) and the effects of the opposite-surface's cell orientation control the hygroscopic reaction. Moisture responsive seed encapsulations rely on valves opening when exposed to wetting or drying; discontinuous tissue structures provide such predetermined breaking points (sutures), often implemented via reduced cell wall thickness or seams within bi- or tri-layered structures. Graded distributions varying in density and/or cell orientation focus hygroscopic movement, frequently observed as biological actuators (a hinge function); e.g. pinecones (
1082:
864:(inner petal) tissue, parenchyma and adaxial epidermis (outer petal tissue). Bract cell wall composition is rather uniform but its cells gradually change in orientation. The bract's hygroscopic bending is due to the differing cell orientations of its inner and outer epidermides, causing adaxial–abaxial force gradients between opposing sides that change with moisture; thus, the aggregate hygrometric force, in whorl unison, controls the capitulum's repetitive opening and closing.
601:
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1244:). All rely upon a bi-layered parallel fiber hygroscopic cell physiology to control the awn's movement for dispersal and self-burial of seeds. Alignment of cellulose fibrils in the awn's controlling cell wall determines direction of movement. If fiber alignments are tilted, non-parallel venation, a helix develops and awn movement becomes twisting (coiling) instead of bending; e.g. coiling occurs in awns of
1276:
1163:) is composed of cellulosic lattice tissue that swells with hydration, opening within minutes. The enlarged cells force straightening of an inherent desiccated fold in the keel, the hygroscopic hinge, near the keel's union with the capsule perimeter. Fully opened, the keel pivots over 150°, upward then backward, exposing seed compartments, one beneath each valve, separated by
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pappus to close, contracting its radially patterned structure, reducing its area and the likelihood of wind current dispersal. For any achene that become released, flight dynamics of the reduced pappus dramatically limit dispersal range. The hygroscopic actuator's responsiveness to changes in relative humidity (RH) is predictable, repeatable; e.g. the pappi of
391:. The volume of a particular material or compound is affected by ambient moisture and may be considered its coefficient of hygroscopic expansion (CHE) (also referred to as CME, or coefficient of moisture expansion) or the coefficient of hygroscopic contraction (CHC)—the difference between the two terms being a difference in sign convention.
557:. Movement occurs when plant tissue matures, dies and desiccates, cell walls drying, shrinking; and also when humidity re-hydrates plant tissue, cell walls enlarging, expanding. The direction of the resulting force depends upon the architecture of the tissue and is capable of producing bending, twisting or coiling movements.
690:) benefit from two hygroscopically-enabled hydration processes; transcutaneous uptake of condensation on their skin and reduced evaporative water loss due to the condensed water film barrier covering their skin. Condensation volume is enhanced by the hygroscopic secretions they wipe across their granular skin.
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undergoes binary morphing (opened or closed) of its whisker-like filaments, in unison with chorused responses of the remaining achenes. Pappus movement is controlled via a hygroscopic actuator in the apical plate, at the beak's top, the locus for all the achene's filaments. High humidity causes each
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Differences in hygroscopy can be observed in plastic-laminated paperback book covers—often, in a suddenly moist environment, the book cover will curl away from the rest of the book. The unlaminated side of the cover absorbs more moisture than the laminated side and increases in area, causing a stress
224:
viewed hygroscopicity from the physical side, a physico-chemical process. Berthelot's principle of reversibility, briefly- that water dried from plant tissue could be restored hygroscopically, was published in "Recherches sur la desiccation des plantes et des tissues végétaux; conditions d'équilibre
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Some plants synchronize the opening of their mature seed capsule with active rainfall- hygrochasy. This dispersal technique is frequently observed in the arid regions of southern and eastern Africa, the
Israeli desert, parts of North America and Somalia, and believed evolved to offer higher survival
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Typical of hygroscopic movement are plant tissues with "closely packed long (columnar) parallel thick-walled cells (that) respond by expanding longitudinally when exposed to humidity and shrinking when dried (Reyssat et al., 2009)". Cell orientation, pattern structure (annular, planar, bi-layered or
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Hygroscopy appears in both plant and animal kingdoms, the latter benefiting via hydration and nutrition. Some amphibian species secrete a hygroscopic mucus that harvests moisture from the air. Orb web building spiders produce hygroscopic secretions that preserve the stickiness and adhesion force of
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are sealed by a wax (resin) layer, released by high ambient temperatures (fire), "thereby facilitating opening (e.g. Huss et al., 2018)." The follicle mesocarp consists of high density branched fiber bundles; the endocarp, low density parallel fibers. A suture is caused by differential hygroscopic
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Another approach performs at lower 15–30% RHs but also has environs limitations; a sustainable biomass source is necessary. Super hygroscopic polymer films composed of biomass and hygroscopic salts are able to condense moisture from atmospheric humidity. By implementing rapid sorption-desorption
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Hygroscopic glues are candidates for commercial development. The most common cause of synthetic glue failure at high humidity is attributed to water lubricating the contact area, impacting bond quality. Hygroscopic glues may allow more durable adhesive bonds by absorbing (pulling) inter-facial
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Integrating hygroscopic movement into smart building designs and systems is frequently mentioned, e.g. self-opening windows. Such movement is appealing, an adaptive, self-shaping response that requires no external force or energy. However, capabilities of current material choices are limited.
860:, the hinge and blade composed exclusively of dead cells (Nishikawa et al., 2008), allowing the hygroscopically activated bracts to function from flowering through achene dispersal. Physiologically, the bract's lower section is source to the hinge-like function, consisting of sclerenchyma-like
774:
species, also has hygroscopic seeds shown to imbibe up to 20% atmospheric moisture, by weight. Functionally, the hilar valve allows water vapor to enter or exit to ensure viability, while blocking liquid water. If however, humidity levels gradually rise to a high enough level, the hilar valve
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Hygroscopicity is a general term used to describe a material's ability to absorb moisture from the environment. There is no standard quantitative definition of hygroscopicity, so generally the qualification of hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic is determined on a case-by-case basis. For example,
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Hygrometric response time, precise shape changes and durability are lacking. Most currently available hygro-actuated composites are inferior and exhibit fatigue failure well before that seen in nature, e.g. in pine cone scales, indicating that a better understanding of the plants' biological
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composed of a bi-layer hygroscopic cell network. The woody follicle is thermo-sensitive, then hygroresponsive; serotinous humidity opening the ventral suture and exposing seed when germination conditions are favorable. Physiologically, the heat-sensitive follicle valves of
218:, October 1897) focused on the biological properties of hygroscopicity. He noted pea seeds, both living and dead (without germinative capacity), responded similarly to atmospheric humidity, their weight increasing or decreasing in relation to hygrometric variation.
642:
that use their degenerated, non-nutritive roots to anchor upon rocks or other plants. Hygroscopic leaves absorb their necessary moisture from humidity in the air. The collected water molecules are transported from leaf surfaces to an internal storage network via
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of New
Zealand, evolving in the last 9Myr. Common to all seed capsules are triangular circumferentially-arranged hygroscopic keels (valves) covering its seeds. These protective valves mechanically open only when hydrated with liquid water. Each keel (five for
550:, Oxford, 1907). When movement becomes larger scale, affected plant tissues are colloquially termed hygromorphs. Hygromorphy is a common mechanism of seed dispersal as the movement of dead tissues respond to hygrometric variation, e.g. spore release from the
673:, an aggregate blend of glycoproteins, low molecular mass organic and inorganic compounds (LMMCs), and water. The LMMCs are hygroscopic, thus is the glue, its moisture absorbing properties using environmental humidity to keep the capture silk soft and tacky.
354:
hygroscopic in concentrated form but its solutions are hygroscopic down to concentrations of 10% v/v or below. A hygroscopic material will tend to become damp and cakey when exposed to moist air (such as the salt inside salt shakers during humid weather).
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The amount of moisture held by hygroscopic materials is usually proportional to the relative humidity. Tables containing this information can be found in many engineering handbooks and is also available from suppliers of various materials and chemicals.
1864:"Close observation of a common fern challenges long-held notions of how plants move. A commentary on 'Fern fronds that move like pine cones: humidity-driven motion of fertile leaflets governs the timing of spore dispersal in a widespread fern species'"
833:
being examples. The hygroscopic bending of involucral bracts surrounding a capitulum contributes to flower protection and pollination and assists dispersion by protecting delicate pappi filaments from entanglement or destruction by precipitation, e.g.
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are often used to achieve differences in moisture content and, hence, crispiness. Different varieties of sugars are used in different quantities to produce a crunchy, crisp cookie (British
English: biscuit) versus a soft, chewy cake. Sugars such as
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pharmaceuticals that pick up more than 5% by mass, between 40 and 90% relative humidity at 25 °C, are described as hygroscopic, while materials that pick up less than 1%, under the same conditions are regarded as non-hygroscopic.
1750:
Wells, Mickey; Wood, Daniel; Sanftleben, Ronald; Shaw, Kelley; Hottovy, Jeff; Weber, Thomas; Geoffroy, Jean-Marie; Alkire, Todd; Emptage; Sarabia, Rafael (June 1997). "Potassium carbonate as a desiccant in effervescent tablets".
403:
make use of this principle using a coiled strip. Deliquescence is the process by which a substance absorbs moisture from the atmosphere until it dissolves in the absorbed water and forms a solution. Deliquescence occurs when the
71:
or some other physical characteristic or property of the substance. For example, a finely dispersed hygroscopic powder, such as a salt, may become clumpy over time due to collection of moisture from the surrounding environment.
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referring in the 1790s to measuring devices for humidity level. These hygroscopes used materials, such as certain animal hairs, that appreciably changed shape and size when they became damp. Such materials were then said to be
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Sloane, T. O'Conor. Facts Worth
Knowing Selected Mainly from the Scientific American for Household, Workshop, and Farm Embracing Practical and Useful Information for Every Branch of Industry. Hartford: S. S. Scranton and Co.
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kinetics and operating 14–24 cycles per day, this technique produced an equivalent water yield of 5.8–13.3 L kg of sustainable raw materials, demonstrating the potential for low-cost, scalable atmospheric water harvesting.
1206:. The awn will thrust (or twist) when the seed is released, its motion dependent upon plant physiology. Subsequent hygrometric changes cause movements to repeat, thrusting (or twisting), pushing the seed into the ground.
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examples. Hygroscopic movement (hygrometrically activated movement) is integral in fertilization, seed/spore release, dispersal and germination. The phrase "hygroscopic movement" originated in 1904's "
63:, which is usually at normal or room temperature. If water molecules become suspended among the substance's molecules, adsorbing substances can become physically changed, e.g. changing in volume,
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Harrington, Matthew J.; Razghandi, Khashayar; Ditsch, Friedrich; Guiducci, Lorenzo; Rueggeberg, Markus; Dunlop, John W.C.; Fratzl, Peter; Neinhuis, Christoph; Burgert, Ingo (7 June 2011).
1260:(self-dispersal), active ballists forcibly ejecting their seeds; e.g. species of geranium, violet, wood sorrel, witch hazel, touch-me-not (Impatiens), and acanthus. Rupturing of the
369:, cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs). Being hygroscopic, their microscopic particles provide an attractive surface for moisture vapour to condense and form droplets. Modern-day human
365:, desirable hygroscopic materials might require storage in sealed containers. Some hygroscopic materials, e.g., sea salt and sulfates, occur naturally in the atmosphere and serve as
951:, desiccation, and fire (Moya et al., 2008; Talluto & Benkman, 2014; Lamont et al., 2016, 2020)." The similarity of dual-stage dispersal techniques between different clades,
415:, a process where glass or other solid substances attract water, but are not changed in the process (e.g., water molecules do not become suspended between the glass molecules).
89:. Biological evolution created hygroscopic solutions for water harvesting, filament tensile strength, bonding and passive motion – natural solutions being considered in future
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Current composites require undesirable trade-offs between hygromorphic response time and mechanical stability that must also be balanced with changing environmental stimuli.
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layers, combined with dual sided shrinkage, results in opposing helical torques that force a suture at the weakest point, the seed case valves; their opening releases seed.
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Several hygroscopic approaches to harvest atmospheric moisture have been demonstrated and require further development to assess their potentials as a viable water source.
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remain closed at ≥ 78% RH and open completely at ≤ 75% RH. During more favorable lower humidity conditions, pappi fully expand and wind current allochory is re-enabled.
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705:. When the toad wipes this protective secretion on its body its skin becomes moistened by the surrounding environmental humidity, considered an aid in water balance.
235:
viewed hygroscopicity from perspectives of the physicist and the chemist. His memoir "Sur l'Hygroscopicité comme cause de l'action physiologique à distance" (
656:), from a family known as completely aquatic, has hygroscopic skin that serves as a water reservoir, retarding desiccation, allowing it to travel out of water.
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Some trees and shrubs in fire-prone regions evolved a dual-stage hygroscopic dispersal; an initial thermo-sensitive enabling (extreme heat or fire), then a
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Experiments with fog collection, in select environs, duplicated the hydrophilic surfaces and hygroscopic surface wetting observed in tree frog hydration (
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239:, tome vi., 1906) provided a hygroscopy definition that remains valid to this day. Hygroscopy is "exhibited in the most comprehensive sense, as displayed
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structures is needed. Materials composed of fluid-responsive active bilayer systems that can direct planned conformational hygromorphing are necessary.
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Materials and compounds exhibit different hygroscopic properties, and this difference can lead to detrimental effects, such as stress concentration in
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Seale, Madeleine; Kiss, Annamaria; Bovio, Simone; Viola, Ignazio Maria; Mastropaolo, Enrico; Boudaoud, Arezki; Nakayama, Naomi (May 6, 2022).
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Borowska-Wykręt, Dorota; Rypień, Aleksandra; Dulski, Mateusz; Grelowski, Michał; Wrzalik, Roman; Kwiatkowska, Dorota (June 2017).
1350:, do not normally absorb much moisture, but are able to carry significant moisture on their surface when exposed to liquid water.
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Ni, Feng; Qiu, Nianxiang; Xiao, Peng; Zhang, Chang Wei; Jian, Yukun; Liang, Yun; Xie, Weiping; Yan, Luke; Chen, Tao (July 2020).
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Elbaum, Rivka; Abraham, Yael (June 2014). "Insights into the microstructures of hygroscopic movement in plant seed dispersal".
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during the day, then inward, closing it at night, as the relative humidity shifts in response to the daily temperature change.
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2351:"Gradient of structural traits drives hygroscopic movements of scarious bracts surrounding Helichrysum bracteatum capitulum"
2240:"The Function of the Hilum in Some Papilionaceae in Relation to the Ripening of the Seed and the Permeability of the Testa"
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movements between layers, their microfibril structures having a large angle disparity (microfibril angle (MFA) γ = 75–90°).
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O/(cm h), more than twice the collection rate of tree frogs under comparable conditions, i.e. 100% RH (relative humidity).
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Biomimetic design of hygromorphic wood composites and hygro-actuated building systems have been modeled and evaluated.
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their webs. One aquatic reptile species is able to travel beyond aquatic limitations, onto land, due to its hygroscopic
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1401:). Subsequent material optimizations developed artificial hydrophilic surfaces with collection rates of 25 mg H
514:. Some deliquescent compounds are used in the chemical industry to remove water produced by chemical reactions (see
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Hygroscopy is essential for many plant and animal species' attainment of hydration, nutrition, reproduction and/or
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2015:"Hygroscopic compounds in spider aggregate glue remove interfacial water to maintain adhesion in humid conditions"
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Apparatus for the determination of the hygroscopicity of fertilizer, Fixed
Nitrogen Research Laboratory, c. 1930
2629:"Hygrochastic capsule dehiscence supports safe site strategies in New Zealand alpine Veronica (Plantaginaceae)"
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2410:"The Dispersal Effectiveness of the Achene-Pappus Units of Selected Compositae in Steady Winds with Convection"
2293:"Three-dimensional functional gradients direct stem curling in the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla"
925:
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Singla, Saranshu; Amarpuri, Gaurav; Dhopatkar, Nishad; Blackledge, Todd A.; Dhinojwala, Ali (May 22, 2018).
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if exposed to it. Unlike hygroscopy, however, deliquescence involves absorbing sufficient water to form an
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Brulé, Véronique; Rafsanjani, Ahmad; Asgari, Meisam; Western, Tamara L.; Pasini, Damiano (October 2019).
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Hygroscopy also plays an important role in the engineering of plastic materials. Some plastics, e. g.
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1488:"Tillandsia-Inspired Hygroscopic Photothermal Organogels for Efficient Atmospheric Water Harvesting"
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2885:"Scalable super hygroscopic polymer films for sustainable moisture harvesting in arid environments"
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1102:) depends upon hygro-responsive twisting for its dispersal. Its seed pod contains two hygroscopic
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346:), are so hygroscopic that they readily dissolve in the water they absorb: this property is called
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60:
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James L. Ford, Richard Wilson, in
Handbook of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 1999, Section 2.13
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families have similar methods of dispersal, though method of implementation varies within family:
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that curls the cover toward the laminated side. This is similar to the function of a thermostat's
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are resin-sealed seed encapsulations that require the heat of fire to physically melt the resin,
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1963:"Cutaneous water collection by a moisture-harvesting lizard, the thorny devil (Moloch horridus)"
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materials are sufficiently hygroscopic that they dissolve in the water they absorb, forming an
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of the solution that is formed is less than the partial pressure of water vapour in the air.
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word, it no longer refers to a viewing or imaging mode. It did begin that way, with the word
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Comanns, Philipp; Withers, Philip C.; Esser, Falk J.; Baumgartner, Werner (November 2016).
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Guo, Youhong; Guan, Weixin; Lei, Chuxin; Lu, Hengyi; Shi, Wen; Yu, Guihua (19 May 2022).
2131:"Passive water collection with the integument: mechanisms and their biomimetic potential"
2075:"Passive water collection with the integument: mechanisms and their biomimetic potential"
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2947:"From adaptive plant materials toward hygro-actuated wooden building systems: A review"
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that bend with changes in humidity, enabling them to disperse over the ground, termed
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in the condensation of the water-vapour of the air on the cold surface of a glass;
194:(the ability to do so). Nowadays an instrument for measuring humidity is called a
30:
This article is about a chemical property. For the underwater optical device, see
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Zhan, Tianyi; Li, Rui; Liu, Zhiting; Peng, Hui; Lyu, Jianxiong (10 March 2023).
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Plants benefit from hygroscopy via hydration and reproduction – demonstrated by
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2531:"Dandelion pappus morphing is actuated by radially patterned material swelling"
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When added to foods or other materials for the express purpose of maintaining
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1698:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
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Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders : technologies and applications
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because they were suitable for making a hygroscope. Eventually, the word
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Some toads use hygroscopic secretions to reduce evaporative water loss,
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in the absorption of water from the air by concentrated sulphuric acid;
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Early hygroscopy literature began circa 1880. Studies by Victor Jodin (
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Hygroscopic qualities of various materials illustrated in graph form;
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rates in arid environs. Hygrochasy is commonly associated with family
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are examples of sweeteners used to create moister and chewier cakes.
1369:
1164:
1069:
753:
2499:"Playing with Wildfire: 5 Amazing Adaptations of Pyrophytic Plants"
2219:. National Park Service Scientific Monograph Series. pp. 69–73
237:
Recueil de l'lnstitut
Botanique Léo Errera, Université de Bruxelles
2681:"Origami-like unfolding of hydro-actuated ice plant seed capsules"
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Deliquescence, like hygroscopy, is also characterized by a strong
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1142:, the ice plant, as > 98% of its species utilize post-wetting
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While some similar forces are at work here, it is different from
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family have hygroscopically-influenced dispersion, coordinating
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947:. Such seed encapsulations may "reduce seed loss or damage from
913:
861:
757:
302:
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fibre layers, nearly orthogonal, joining at the valves. During
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hygroresponsive seed release. Examples are the woody fruits of
669:). This spider, as typical, coats its threads with a self-made
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environmental moisture away from the glue-substrate boundary.
1266:
seed pod reportedly propels its seed up to 15 metres distance.
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with capacity sufficient for the plant's growing requirements.
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If a compound dissolves in water, then it is considered to be
247:
in the capillarity of hair, wool, cotton, wood shavings, etc.;
2994:
423:"Deliquescence" redirects here. For the album by Swans, see
1368:
The use of different substances' hygroscopic properties in
141:
135:
114:
126:
1641:. London, England: Williams and Norgate. pp. 147–150
542:", translated in 1907 as "Lectures on Plant Physiology" (
120:
2454:
New
Phytologist: International Journal of Plant Science
1862:
Watkins, Jr, James E; Testo, Weston L (11 April 2022).
1567:
New
Phytologist: International Journal of Plant Science
663:
found in spider webs, e.g. from the orb-weaver spider (
2627:
Pufal, Gesine; Garnock-Jones, Phil (September 2010).
1812:"Hygromorphs: from pine cones to biomimetic bilayers"
1307:
Many engineering polymers are hygroscopic, including
190:(tending to retain moisture) lived on, and thus also
132:
129:
2448:
Huss, Jessica C.; Gierlinger, Notburga (June 2021).
1612:
Hygroscopic: Webster's
Timeline History, 1880 - 2007
1561:
Huss, Jessica C.; Gierlinger, Notburga (June 2021).
729:) fruit bearing hygroscopic, humidity absorbing seed
250:
in the imbibition of water from the air by gelatine;
182:
ceased to be used for any such instrument in modern
138:
123:
27:
Phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules
1360:) can absorb up to 9.5% of its weight in moisture.
1198:The seeds of some flowering herbs and grasses have
1033:with favorable environmental conditions, common in
117:
111:
2753:"Seed-Plant-Reproductive-Part: Dispersal by water"
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
1283:on the X-axis and moisture content on the Y-axis.
697:being an example. The venomous secretion from its
2759:. Britannica. 2023. pp. Seed: Self-dispersal
2564:20.500.11820/b89b6b81-c97c-4145-a0a7-253119cd0c66
34:. For modern humidity-measuring instruments, see
2210:Steenbergh, Warren F.; Lowe, Charles H. (1977).
2185:"Valve Regulates Water Permeability: Tree lupin"
852:of hygroscopic bracts bend outward exposing the
506:, which is also an application for concentrated
760:that controls seed embryo moisture levels. The
2995:Video on the deliquescense of calcium chloride
502:for water, these substances are often used as
2741:U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service
2674:
2672:
1822:(39). The Royal Society Publishing: 951–957.
1218:family examples are the common stork's-bill (
8:
2778:Neĭkov, Oleg Domianovich (7 December 2018).
2068:
2066:
1146:; such dispersal is also observed in family
817:Hygroscopic bi-layered cell arrays act as a
44:is the phenomenon of attracting and holding
2408:Sheldon, J. C.; Burrows, F. M. (May 1973).
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
1810:Reyssat, E.; Mahadevan, L. (July 1, 2009).
1784:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 405–417
1778:Jost, Ludwig; Gibson, R. J. Harvey (1907).
715:(red clover) next to a U.S. dime for scale.
594:) with hygroscopic skin, shown out of water
2728:Fire Effects Information System, Species:
2403:
2401:
1857:
1855:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1256:Some plants use hygroscopic movements for
3000:The movement of hygroscopic organic salts
2916:
2704:
2652:
2572:
2562:
2473:
2425:
2374:
2316:
2146:
2090:
2046:
2008:
2006:
1978:
1887:
1835:
1586:
784:Hygroscopic-assisted propagation examples
610:) with hygroscopic coated capture threads
2622:
2620:
2618:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2250:(70). Oxford University Press: 241–256.
2178:
2176:
2174:
1610:Parker, Phillip M., ed. (May 17, 2010).
1299:, are hygroscopic while others are not.
1110:the large 90° microfibril angle between
317:and a wide variety of other substances.
2940:
2938:
2936:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1556:
1492:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1473:
1129:) flowers and multi-stage seed capsules
564:
2297:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1816:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1753:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
2825:, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.
380:, hygroscopic materials are known as
7:
1481:
1479:
1477:
959:, can be interpreted as a result of
810:Xerochrysum (Helichrysum) bracteatum
540:Vorlesungen Über Pflanzenphysiologie
253:in the deliquescence of common salt;
2951:Construction and Building Materials
2596:Eastman, John (February 18, 2015).
281:fibers (such as cotton and paper),
2821:Schwartz, S., Goodman, S. (1982).
2427:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1973.tb04415.x
2256:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083393
1695:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1671:from the original on April 8, 2017
1160:Delosperma nakurense (Engl.) Herre
1061:. As example, the flight-enabling
450:. Most deliquescent materials are
347:
313:, many fertilizer chemicals, many
25:
2963:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130479
2854:from the original on May 13, 2017
2183:AskNature Team (March 23, 2020).
1721:"Does cloud seeding really work?"
2823:Plastics Materials and Processes
1614:. ICON Group International, Inc.
945:enabling serotinous seed release
615:
599:
583:
567:
227:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
107:
2450:"Functional packaging of seeds"
2135:Journal of Experimental Biology
2079:Journal of Experimental Biology
1967:Journal of Experimental Biology
1725:Chemical & Engineering News
1563:"Functional packaging of seeds"
929:)). Typical in lodgepole pine (
277:Hygroscopic substances include
259:in the behaviour of quicklime".
159:(for moisture or humidity) and
2505:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
1940:10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.014
1719:Pelley, Janet (May 30, 2016).
840:(dandelions). In nature these
561:Hygroscopic hydration examples
358:Because of their affinity for
1:
3030:Evolutionary biology concepts
2598:"Seeds that plant themselves"
2497:Petruzzello, Melissa (2023).
2238:Hyde, E. O. C. (April 1954).
2129:Comanns, Philipp (May 2018).
2073:Comanns, Philipp (May 2018).
1765:10.1016/S0378-5173(97)00093-8
1200:hygroscopic appendages (awns)
752:) and several members of the
1781:Lectures on Plant Physiology
1452:Equilibrium moisture content
854:capitulum (see illustration)
2850:. San Diego Plastics, Inc.
1635:Studies in Seeds and Fruits
1232:family, Needle-and-Thread (
1031:anemochory (wind dispersal)
963:(e.g. Clarke et al., 2013).
923:), e.g. the giant sequoia (
676:The waxy monkey tree frog (
498:. Owing to their very high
97:Etymology and pronunciation
3066:
2909:10.1038/s41467-022-30505-2
2555:10.1038/s41467-022-30245-3
2213:Ecology of the Saguaro: II
2191:. The Biomimicry Institute
2039:10.1038/s41467-018-04263-z
1442:Critical relative humidity
1179:) achenes with coiled awns
917:) and the cypress family (
701:also includes hygroscopic
684:Australian green tree frog
422:
29:
1437:Cloud condensation nuclei
1329:poly(methyl methacrylate)
905:) and the woody cones of
1632:Guppy, Henry B. (1912).
1342:Other polymers, such as
1023:Flowering plants of the
972:cone with open follicles
926:Sequoiadendron giganteum
808:Illustration botanique,
590:The aquatic file snake (
399:. Inexpensive dial-type
1708:10.1351/goldbook.H02906
1661:"Hygroscopic compounds"
1325:carboxymethyl cellulose
746:), yellow bush lupine (
659:Another example is the
622:Waxy monkey tree frog (
484:ferric ammonium citrate
438:and tendency to absorb
373:efforts began in 1946.
225:et de réversibilité," (
2895:((1):2761): Abstract.
2309:10.1098/rsif.2019.0454
1828:10.1098/rsif.2009.0184
1504:10.1002/anie.202007885
1364:Applications in baking
1284:
1271:Engineering properties
1194:
1180:
1130:
1092:
1017:
973:
824:Xerochrysum bracteatum
821:hinge in some plants,
813:
734:Red and white clover (
730:
716:
653:Acrochordus granulatus
606:An orb-weaver spider (
274:
2889:Nature Communications
2685:Nature Communications
2602:indefenseofplants.com
2541:(2498 (2022)): 2498.
2535:Nature Communications
2025:(1890 (2018)): 1890.
2019:Nature Communications
1278:
1186:
1173:Common stork's-bill (
1172:
1119:
1084:
1016:capitulum and achene
1012:
988:, has a seed bearing
968:
807:
797:) and the wheat awn (
724:
710:
679:Phyllomedusa sauvagii
624:Phyllomedusa sauvagii
425:Deliquescence (album)
272:
59:from the surrounding
2957:(130479): Abstract.
2784:. Elsevier Science.
1665:hygroscopiccycle.com
1076:centaurea imperialis
1014:Taraxacum officinale
961:convergent evolution
830:Syngonanthus elegans
801:), described below.
666:Larinioides cornutus
608:Larinioides cornutus
536:convergent evolution
413:capillary attraction
342:(and many different
216:Annales Agronomiques
3035:Mineralogy concepts
3025:Chemical properties
2901:2022NatCo..13.2761G
2730:Hesperostipa comata
2697:2011NatCo...2..337H
2691:(337 (2011)): 337.
2547:2022NatCo..13.2498S
2031:2018NatCo...9.1890S
1932:2014PlnSc.223..124E
1880:10.1093/aob/mcac017
1498:(43): 19237–19246.
1235:Hesperostipa comata
1190:Hesperostipa comata
1187:Needle-and Thread (
858:Bracts are scarious
758:hilar valve (hilum)
756:have a hygroscopic
661:sticky capture silk
552:fertile margins of
492:potassium hydroxide
480:potassium phosphate
476:potassium carbonate
389:composite materials
336:potassium hydroxide
222:Marcellin Berthelot
165:. Unlike any other
2757:www.britannica.com
2736:2017-05-28 at the
2706:10.1038/ncomms1336
2645:10.1093/aob/mcq136
2367:10.1093/aob/mcx015
2148:10.1242/jeb.153130
2092:10.1242/jeb.153130
1980:10.1242/jeb.148791
1285:
1224:) and geraniums (
1221:Erodium cicutarium
1195:
1181:
1176:Erodium cicutarium
1131:
1099:Bauhinia variegata
1093:
1088:Bauhinia variegata
1018:
1001:Pine cone scales (
974:
880:species plurimae,
814:
812:; No.1- Capitulum
793:), the ice plant (
766:Carnegiea gigantea
737:Trifolium pratense
731:
727:Carnegiea gigantea
717:
713:Trifolium pratense
703:glycosaminoglycans
576:Tillandsia bulbosa
554:Onoclea sensibilis
548:R.J. Harvey Gibson
460:magnesium chloride
275:
2791:978-0-08-100543-9
2466:10.1111/nph.17299
1973:(21): 3473–3479.
1579:10.1111/nph.17299
1281:relative humidity
1263:Bauhinia purpurea
1096:The orchid tree (
979:Banksia attenuata
970:Banksia Attenuata
842:involucral bracts
16:(Redirected from
3057:
3045:Plant physiology
3040:Plant morphology
2982:
2981:
2979:
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2725:
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2667:
2666:
2656:
2633:Annals of Botany
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2378:
2361:(8): 1365–1383.
2355:Annals of Botany
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2288:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2244:Annals of Botany
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2061:
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2001:
2000:
1982:
1958:
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1951:
1915:
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1908:
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1904:
1891:
1868:Annals of Botany
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1600:
1590:
1573:(6): 2154–2163.
1558:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1483:
1152:with the alpine
749:Lupinus arboreus
743:Trifolium repens
688:Litoria caerulea
650:The file snake (
645:osmotic pressure
619:
603:
587:
571:
512:phosphoric acids
496:sodium hydroxide
488:ammonium nitrate
456:calcium chloride
448:aqueous solution
397:bimetallic strip
378:moisture content
340:sodium hydroxide
332:calcium chloride
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
80:aqueous solution
21:
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3005:
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2991:
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2855:
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2746:
2738:Wayback Machine
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2414:New Phytologist
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2085:(10): Table 1.
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2071:
2064:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1960:
1959:
1955:
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1916:
1912:
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1900:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1619:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1560:
1559:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1470:
1433:
1404:
1391:
1366:
1305:
1273:
1226:Pelargonium sp.
786:
627:
620:
611:
604:
595:
588:
579:
572:
563:
524:
468:ferric chloride
428:
421:
406:vapour pressure
267:
262:
229:, April 1903).
212:
186:, but the word
151:combining forms
110:
106:
99:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3063:
3061:
3053:
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3022:
3017:
3007:
3006:
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2990:
2989:External links
2987:
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2865:
2848:sdplastics.com
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2814:
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2790:
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2503:britannica.com
2489:
2460:(6): Table 1.
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1149:Plantaginaceae
1132:
1094:
1065:of the common
1021:
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999:
932:Pinus contorta
865:
846:diurnal rhythm
795:Aizoaceae spp.
785:
782:
781:
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699:parotoid gland
691:
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648:
632:Air plants, a
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87:seed dispersal
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18:Hygroscopicity
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1920:Plant Science
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345:
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325:
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311:sulfuric acid
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1495:
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1447:Efflorescent
1416:
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1354:Type-6 nylon
1352:
1344:polyethylene
1341:
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1250:Hesperostipa
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1212:angiospermae
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3020:Biomimetics
2509:22 February
2390:12 February
2269:11 February
2195:10 February
1926:: 124–133.
1903:23 February
1788:22 February
1700:hydrophilic
1379:brown sugar
1348:polystyrene
1216:Geraniaceae
1122:Ruschia sp.
1091:) seed pods
957:gymnosperms
953:angiosperms
768:), another
574:Air plant (
544:Ludwig Jost
516:drying tube
401:hygrometers
367:cloud seeds
360:atmospheric
322:hydrophilic
188:hygroscopic
176:hygroscopic
91:biomimetics
61:environment
51:via either
3050:Tillandsia
3009:Categories
2800:1077290174
2420:(3): 666.
2223:4 February
1735:29 January
1667:. IBERGY.
1645:5 February
1525:26 January
1468:References
1462:Hydrophobe
1457:Hydrophile
1399:biomimicry
1258:Ballochory
1204:herpochory
1193:) seedbuds
1144:dehiscence
1108:dehiscence
1026:Asteraceae
949:granivores
937:Eucalyptus
914:Pinus spp.
888:Proteaceae
878:Eucalyptus
869:serotinous
791:Pinus spp.
777:imbibition
682:) and the
635:Tillandsia
529:integument
504:desiccants
472:carnallite
444:atmosphere
382:humectants
233:Léo Errera
196:hygrometer
192:hygroscopy
180:hygroscope
171:hygroscope
103:hygroscopy
57:adsorption
53:absorption
42:Hygroscopy
36:hygrometer
32:Hydroscope
2971:256593092
1520:225188835
1358:polyamide
1333:plexiglas
1321:cellulose
1138:Aizoaceae
1127:Aizoaceae
1067:dandelion
1058:Taraxacum
1044:Leontodon
901:Xylomelum
882:Melaleuca
873:Myrtaceae
837:Taraxacum
819:capitulum
725:Saguaro (
711:Seeds of
640:epiphytes
442:from the
279:cellulose
101:The word
69:viscosity
49:molecules
2976:18 March
2927:35589809
2858:April 7,
2852:Archived
2734:Archived
2715:21654637
2663:20587583
2583:35523798
2484:33629369
2385:28334385
2327:31662070
2264:42907240
2165:46893569
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2109:46893569
2101:29789349
2057:29789602
1997:22725331
1989:27807218
1948:24767122
1898:35211726
1846:19570796
1675:April 7,
1669:Archived
1597:33629369
1512:33448559
1431:See also
1389:Research
1383:molasses
1303:Polymers
1154:Veronica
1112:endocarp
1040:Erigeron
990:follicle
908:Pinaceae
771:eudicots
671:hydrogel
508:sulfuric
500:affinity
440:moisture
432:affinity
363:moisture
307:methanol
295:glycerol
265:Overview
2918:9120194
2897:Bibcode
2844:"NYLON"
2833:, p.547
2763:5 March
2693:Bibcode
2654:2924830
2607:1 March
2574:9076835
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2027:Bibcode
1928:Bibcode
1889:9007092
1837:2838359
1588:8252473
1337:perspex
1331:(PMMA,
1246:Erodium
1230:Poaceae
1052:Sonchus
1048:Senecio
1037:genera
941:Banksia
897:Banksia
862:abaxial
844:have a
762:saguaro
740:) and (
522:Biology
299:ethanol
287:caramel
210:History
149:) uses
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1370:baking
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875:(e.g.
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494:, and
204:-meter
200:hygro-
167:-scopy
162:-scopy
156:hygro-
2967:S2CID
2873:1895.
2260:JSTOR
2217:(PDF)
2161:S2CID
2105:S2CID
1993:S2CID
1690:IUPAC
1639:(PDF)
1516:S2CID
1375:honey
1309:nylon
1297:nylon
1165:septa
893:Hakea
850:whorl
452:salts
436:water
344:salts
315:salts
291:honey
283:sugar
184:usage
46:water
2978:2023
2923:PMID
2860:2017
2827:ISBN
2796:OCLC
2786:ISBN
2765:2023
2711:PMID
2659:PMID
2609:2023
2579:PMID
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1985:PMID
1944:PMID
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1894:PMID
1842:PMID
1790:2023
1737:2023
1731:(22)
1677:2017
1647:2023
1593:PMID
1527:2023
1508:PMID
1346:and
1210:Two
1140:spp.
1055:and
955:and
903:spp.
884:spp.
827:and
546:and
510:and
434:for
338:and
330:and
303:wood
2959:doi
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