Hydrogen economy - Knowledge

1634: 1780:'s Department of Planning and Infrastructure operated three Daimler Chrysler Citaro fuel cell buses as part of its Sustainable Transport Energy for Perth Fuel Cells Bus Trial in Perth. The buses were operated by Path Transit on regular Transperth public bus routes. The trial began in September 2004 and concluded in September 2007. The buses' fuel cells used a proton exchange membrane system and were supplied with raw hydrogen from a BP refinery in Kwinana, south of Perth. The hydrogen was a byproduct of the refinery's industrial process. The buses were refueled at a station in the northern Perth suburb of Malaga. 1099: 31: 242: 1020: 1603: 1198: 605: 940: 4394: 4362: 4071: 2179: 993: 2167: 6922: 1142:, as a gas at ambient conditions it has very low energy density by volume. If it is to be used as fuel stored on board a vehicle, pure hydrogen gas must be stored in an energy-dense form to provide sufficient driving range. Because hydrogen is the smallest molecule, it easily escapes from containers. Considering leakages, transport and production costs, hydrogen could have a 167:, the geography and geopolitics of energy, energy prices, technology choices, and their raw material requirements. It is likely that green hydrogen will see the greatest reductions in production cost over time. The U.S. Department of Energy's Hydrogen Hotshot Initiative seeks to reduce the cost of green hydrogen drop to $ 1 a kilogram during the 2030s. 717:'s 2022 Net Zero Emissions Scenario (NZE), hydrogen is forecast to account for 2% of rail energy demand in 2050, while 90% of rail travel is expected to be electrified by then (up from 45% today). Hydrogen's role in rail would likely be focused on lines that prove difficult or costly to electrify. The NZE foresees hydrogen meeting approximately 30% of 123:, it is generally envisaged that the future hydrogen economy replaces gray hydrogen with low-carbon hydrogen. As of 2024 it is unclear when enough low-carbon hydrogen could be produced to phase-out all the gray hydrogen. The future end-uses are likely in heavy industry (e.g. high-temperature processes alongside electricity, feedstock for production of 613: 893:, while using green hydrogen would need two to three times as much electricity as heat pumps. Hybrid heat pumps, which combine the use of an electric heat pump with a hydrogen boiler, may play a role in residential heating in areas where upgrading networks to meet peak electrical demand would otherwise be costly. 1999:

until December 2005, and switched to route RV1 until January 2007. The Hydrogen Expedition is currently working to create a hydrogen fuel cell-powered ship and using it to circumnavigate the globe, as a way to demonstrate the capability of hydrogen fuel cells. In August 2021 the UK Government claimed

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Green hydrogen has become more common in France. A €150 million Green Hydrogen Plan was established in 2019, and it calls for building the infrastructure necessary to create, store, and distribute hydrogen as well as using the fuel to power local transportation systems like buses and trains. Corridor

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has invested $ 55 million in 28 hydrogen projects, from early stage research and development to early stage trials and deployments. The agency's stated goal is to produce hydrogen by electrolysis for $ 2 per kilogram, announced by Minister for Energy and Emissions Angus Taylor in a 2021 Low Emissions

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analysis anticipates that globally green hydrogen will achieve cost parity with grey hydrogen by 2030, earlier if a global carbon tax is placed on gray hydrogen. In terms of cost per unit of energy, blue and gray hydrogen will always cost more than the fossil fuels used in its production, while green

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In 2006, Florida’s infrastructure project was commissioned. First opened Orlando as public bus transportation, Ford Motor Company announced putting a fleet of hydrogen-fueled Ford E-450. Liquidated hydrogen mobile system was constructed at Titusville. An FPL’s pilot clean hydrogen facility operated

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and heavy goods vehicles), and long-term energy storage. Other applications, such as light duty vehicles and heating in buildings, are no longer part of the future hydrogen economy, primarily for economic and environmental reasons. Hydrogen is challenging to store, to transport in pipelines, and to

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More widespread use of hydrogen in economies entails the need for investment and costs in its production, storage, distribution and use. Estimates of hydrogen's cost are therefore complex and need to make assumptions about the cost of energy inputs (typically gas and electricity), production plant

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of the University of Michigan, in which he echoed Bockris' dual rationale of addressing energy security and environmental challenges. Unlike Haldane and Bockris, Jones only focused on nuclear power as the energy source for electrolysis, and principally on the use of hydrogen in transport, where he

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The widespread use of hydrogen for heating buildings would entail higher energy system costs, higher heating costs and higher environmental impacts than the alternatives, although a niche role may be appropriate in specific contexts and geographies. If deployed, using hydrogen in buildings would

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The imperative to use low-carbon hydrogen to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has the potential to reshape the geography of industrial activities, as locations with appropriate hydrogen production potential in different regions will interact in new ways with logistics infrastructure, raw material

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processes. Most hydrogen comes from dedicated production facilities, over 99% of which is from fossil fuels, mainly via steam reforming of natural gas (70%) and coal gasification (30%, almost all of which in China). Less than 1% of dedicated hydrogen production is low carbon: steam fossil fuel

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is said to adopt hydrogen and H-CNG, due to several reasons, amongst which the fact that a national rollout of natural gas networks is already taking place and natural gas is already a major vehicle fuel. In addition, India suffers from extreme air pollution in urban areas. According to some

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electrolysers), storage and distribution methods, and how different cost elements might change over time. These factors are incorporated into calculations of the levelized costs of hydrogen (LCOH). The following table shows a range of estimates of the levelized costs of gray, blue, and green

163:. The cost of low- and zero-carbon hydrogen is likely to influence the degree to which it will be used in chemical feedstocks, long haul aviation and shipping, and long-term energy storage. Production costs of low- and zero-carbon hydrogen are evolving. Future costs may be influenced by 1906:

The Reykjavík buses are part of a larger program, HyFLEET:CUTE, operating hydrogen fueled buses in eight European cities. HyFLEET:CUTE buses were also operated in Beijing, China and Perth, Australia (see below). A pilot project demonstrating a hydrogen economy is operational on the

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has been working with hydrogen for years.. The German government has announced plans to hold tenders for 5.5 GW of new hydrogen-ready gas-fired power plants and 2 GW of "comprehensive H2-ready modernisations" of existing gas power stations at the end of 2024 or beginning of 2025

645:) is likely to play an important role in decarbonizing industry. Hydrogen fuel can produce the intense heat required for industrial production of steel, cement, glass, and chemicals, thus contributing to the decarbonization of industry alongside other technologies, such as 2075:, to generate electricity. When excess electricity is available after the batteries are fully charged, hydrogen is generated by electrolysis and stored for later production of electricity by fuel cell. The US also have a large natural gas pipeline system already in place. 2003:

In August 2021, Chris Jackson quit as chair of the UK Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association, a leading hydrogen industry association, claiming that UK and Norwegian oil companies had intentionally inflated their cost projections for blue hydrogen in order to maximize future

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An indicator of the presence of large natural gas infrastructures already in place in countries and in use by citizens is the number of natural gas vehicles present in the country. The countries with the largest amount of natural gas vehicles are (in order of magnitude):

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Hydrogen is flammable when mixed even in small amounts with ordinary air. Ignition can occur at a volumetric ratio of hydrogen to air as low as 4%. Moreover, hydrogen fire, while being extremely hot, is almost invisible, and thus can lead to accidental burns.

1570:. Their cost is projected to fall significantly to 2030 and 2050, driving down the cost of green hydrogen alongside the falling cost of renewable power generation. It is cheapest to produce green hydrogen with surplus renewable power that would otherwise be 4660:, p. 33: production of biofuels, even with CCS, is only one of the best uses of the finite sustainable bio-resource if the fossil fuels it displaces cannot otherwise feasibly be displaced (e.g. use of biomass to produce aviation biofuels with CCS)." 269:

in 2017. Several manufacturers released hydrogen fuel cell cars commercially, with manufacturers such as Toyota, Hyundai, and industry groups in China having planned to increase numbers of the cars into the hundreds of thousands over the next decade.

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A review of 32 studies on the question of hydrogen for heating buildings, independent of commercial interests, found that the economics and climate benefits of hydrogen for heating and cooking generally compare very poorly with the deployment of

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The hydrogen infrastructure would consist mainly of industrial hydrogen pipeline transport and hydrogen-equipped filling stations. Hydrogen stations which were not situated near a hydrogen pipeline would get supply via hydrogen tanks,

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Early 2020s takes on the hydrogen economy share earlier perspectives' emphasis on the complementarity of electricity and hydrogen, and the use of electrolysis as the mainstay of hydrogen production. They focus on the need to limit

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which produce electricity, and via combustion to generate heat. When hydrogen is consumed in fuel cells, the only emission at the point of use is water vapor. Combustion of hydrogen can lead to the thermal formation of harmful

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It planning open first hydrogen publication stations, The Ministry of Climate and Environment (MKiŚ) will soon schan competitions for 2-3 hydrogen refueling stations, Polish Deputy Minister in this ministry Krzysztof Bolesta.

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Currently however, hydrogen energy is just at the Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) stage. As a result, the number of hydrogen stations may still be low, although much more are expected to be introduced soon.

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Việt Nam Energy Association have included green hydrogenation support. Australian clean energy company Pure Hydrogen Corporation Limited announced on July 22 that it has signed an MoU with Vietnam public transportation.

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In the light road vehicle segment including passenger cars, by the end of 2022, 70,200 fuel cell electric vehicles had been sold worldwide, compared with 26 million plug-in electric vehicles. With the rapid rise of

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fuels where the carbon is released to the atmosphere (as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, etc.). Modern interest in the hydrogen economy can generally be traced to a 1970 technical report by

6185: 732:, have an efficiency advantage over heat engines. Fuel cells are more expensive to produce than common internal combustion engines but also require higher purity hydrogen fuel than internal combustion engines. 108:), accounted for less than 1% of production. Virtually all of the 100 million tonnes of hydrogen produced each year is used in oil refining (43% in 2021) and industry (57%), principally in the manufacture of 5023:

Sand, Maria; Skeie, Ragnhild Bieltvedt; Sandstad, Marit; Krishnan, Srinath; Myhre, Gunnar; Bryant, Hannah; Derwent, Richard; Hauglustaine, Didier; Paulot, Fabien; Prather, Michael; Stevenson, David (2023).

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Iceland already converts its surplus electricity into exportable goods and hydrocarbon replacements. In 2002, it produced 2,000 tons of hydrogen gas by electrolysis, primarily for the production of

4916: 683:. Hydrogen vehicles produce significantly less local air pollution than conventional vehicles. By 2050, the energy requirement for transportation might be between 20% and 30% fulfilled by hydrogen and 1872:

has committed to becoming the world's first hydrogen economy by the year 2050. Iceland is in a unique position. Presently, it imports all the petroleum products necessary to power its automobiles and

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emissions, followed by blue and green hydrogen. Blue hydrogen production costs are not anticipated to fall substantially by 2050, can be expected to fluctuate with natural gas prices and could face

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in 1923. Anticipating the exhaustion of Britain's coal reserves for power generation, Haldane proposed a network of wind turbines to produce hydrogen and oxygen for long-term energy storage through

5561: 1899:, Iceland, had a small pilot fleet of city buses running on compressed hydrogen, and research on powering the nation's fishing fleet with hydrogen is under way (for example by companies as 1128:

liquid, and transported as such in cylinders, tubes, and cryogenic tanks for use in industry or as propellant in space programs. The overarching challenge is the very low boiling point of H

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fuels from crude oil. The IEA recommends existing industrial ports be used for production and existing natural gas pipelines for transport: also international co-operation and shipping.

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manufacturers) across the natural gas supply chain are promoting hydrogen combustion boilers for space and water heating, and hydrogen appliances for cooking, to reduce energy-related CO

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Rizzi, Francesco Annunziata, Eleonora Liberati, Guglielmo Frey, Marco (2014). "Technological trajectories in the automotive industry: are hydrogen technologies still a possibility?".

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have developed vehicles using hydrogen, such as GM and Toyota. However, as of February 2020, infrastructure for hydrogen was underdeveloped except in some parts of California. The

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Pipelines are the cheapest way to move hydrogen over long distances compared to other options. Hydrogen gas piping is routine in large oil-refineries, because hydrogen is used to

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emissions from residential and commercial buildings. The proposition is that current end-users of piped natural gas can await the conversion of and supply of hydrogen to existing

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measures to reduce energy demand for heat. Due to inefficiencies in hydrogen production, using blue hydrogen to replace natural gas for heating could require three times as much

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Cordero-Lanzac, Tomas; Ramirez, Adrian; Navajas, Alberto; Gevers, Lieven; Brunialti, Sirio; Gandía, Luis M.; Aguayo, Andrés T.; Mani Sarathy, S.; Gascon, Jorge (2022-05-01).

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facility. Five pump station hubs being delivered to heavy-duty H2 trucks in Texas. Hydrogen City built Green by Hydrogen International (GHI), to planning open in 2026.

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for steelmaking. However, it is likely to play a larger role in providing industrial feedstock for cleaner production of ammonia and organic chemicals. For example, in

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The range of cost estimates for commercially available hydrogen production methods is broad, As of 2022, gray hydrogen is cheapest to produce without a tax on its CO

6693: 5058: 6059:"Independent Mid-Term Review of the UNIDO Project: Establishment and operation of the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (ICHET), TF/INT/03/002" 6339: 468:. Producing green hydrogen is currently more expensive than producing gray hydrogen, and the efficiency of energy conversion is inherently low. Other methods of 5886: 3058: 4908: 3551: 1120:

upon demand. While large amounts of hydrogen are produced by various industries, it is mostly consumed at the site of production, notably for the synthesis of

5927: 4271: 3093: 7165: 6459: 6118: 5586: 1915:. The installation combines wind power and hydrogen power. In periods when there is surplus wind energy, the excess power is used for generating hydrogen by 152:. Since relatively small amounts of low-carbon hydrogen are available, climate benefits can be maximized by using it in harder-to-decarbonize applications. 6210: 2940: 7387: 6293: 4171:

Yusaf, Talal; Faisal Mahamude, Abu Shadate; Kadirgama, Kumaran; Ramasamy, Devarajan; Farhana, Kaniz; A. Dhahad, Hayder; Abu Talib, ABD Rahim (2024-01-02).

2119: 1892:) for fertilizer. Ammonia is produced, transported, and used throughout the world, and 90% of the cost of ammonia is the cost of the energy to produce it. 1758: 1355: 725: 3883: 910: 5984: 5786: 6570: 6437: 4946: 4709: 6046: 4648:, p. 79: The potential for bio-gasification with CCS to be deployed at scale is limited by the amount of sustainable bioenergy available. .... " 5660: 5295: 3524: 2017: 1069: 4684: 3639: 3292: 1633: 1184:

is being retrofitted to a natural gas/hydrogen power plant that can run on 30% hydrogen as well, and is scheduled to run on pure hydrogen by 2045.

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gas is produced by several industrial methods. Nearly all of the world's current supply of hydrogen is created from fossil fuels. Most hydrogen is

6408: 5703: 5553: 6519: 4856: 4139: 967:) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals and in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as 5503: 4220: 489:

As of 2023, less than 1% of dedicated hydrogen production is low-carbon, i.e. blue hydrogen, green hydrogen, and hydrogen produced from biomass.

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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press (In Press). pp. 91–92.

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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press (In Press). p. 1184.

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Das, L (1991). "Exhaust emission characterization of hydrogen-operated engine system: Nature of pollutants and their control techniques".

5845: 5466: 5172: 1242:(where data provided in other currencies or units, the average exchange rate to US dollars in the given year are used, and 1 kg of H 6686: 5729: 3025: 2099: 1173: 6496: 5531: 4999: 4565: 3552:"Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options" 1116:. These include mechanical approaches such as using high pressures and low temperatures, or employing chemical compounds that release H 943:

A NASA engineer sweeps an area with a corn broom to find the location of a hydrogen fire. Hydrogen burns with a nearly-invisible flame.

434:, the main component of natural gas. Producing one tonne of hydrogen through this process emits 6.6–9.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide. When 4976: 2053: 1799: 1169: 585: 577: 5902: 1903:). For more practical purposes, Iceland might process imported oil with hydrogen to extend it, rather than to replace it altogether. 7194: 6848: 4123: 3386: 2464: 549: 5754: 4595:"Even the European gas lobby can't make a case for hydrogen boilers — so why does it say gases are needed to decarbonise heating?" 4514: 4455:"A Green Hydrogen Energy System: Optimal control strategies for integrated hydrogen storage and power generation with wind energy" 3836:"A comparative study on energy efficiency of the maritime supply chains for liquefied hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and natural gas" 6143: 5366: 4875: 4777: 2651: 2045: 1156: 1040: 6069: 5082: 3909: 2862: 1098: 6946: 3702: 3516: 2037: 573: 6278:"The plug-in electric car is having its moment. But despite false starts, Toyota is still trying to make the fuel cell happen" 6022: 795:

from the air to produce ammonia, which can be easily liquefied, transported, and used (directly or indirectly) as a clean and

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estimates, nearly 80% of India's hydrogen is projected to be green, driven by cost declines and new production technologies.

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As of 2023 there are no real alternatives to hydrogen for several chemical processes in which it is currently used, such as

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Song, Qianqian; Tinoco, Rodrigo Rivera; Yang, Haiping; Yang, Qing; Jiang, Hao; Chen, Yingquan; Chen, Hanping (2022-09-01).

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along the route between the Mediterranean and the North Sea. The Corridor H2 project will get a €40 million loan from the

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The distribution of hydrogen for the purpose of transportation is being tested around the world, particularly in the US (

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was opened in Japan, claiming to be the world's largest hydrogen production facility. Much of the site is occupied by a

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The global scope for hydrogen's role in cars is shrinking relative to earlier expectations. By the end of 2022, 70,200

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energy demand in 2050, mainly for long-distance heavy freight (with battery electric power accounting for around 60%).

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in the midwest are a good place for pure carbon capture to combine with hydrogen to make green methanol, with abundant

369:, to convert heavy petroleum sources into lighter fractions suitable for use as fuels. Industrial uses mainly comprise 7527: 7036: 6636: 6618: 6346: 5437: 2915: 1666: 1654: 1286: 714: 4038:"Optimising air quality co-benefits in a hydrogen economy: a case for hydrogen-specific standards for NO x emissions" 7520: 6340:"Hydrogen Engine Center Receives Order for Hydrogen Power Generator 250kW Generator for Wind/Hydrogen Demonstration" 2843: 2205: 694:, aviation and to a lesser extent heavy goods vehicles, through the use of hydrogen-derived synthetic fuels such as 7276: 5923: 5631: 3089: 2157: 2139: 2064: 612: 435: 328: 93: 6451: 6122: 6047:

https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/saudi-firm-plans-hydrogen-powered-skyscraper-egypts-new-capital-2024-08-14/

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Using otherwise curtailed renewable electricity, UK specific; range dependent on electrolyser technology and cost

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power, would help address growing concern about fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution, by serving as

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Using grid electricity, UK specific; range dependent on electricity price, and electrolyser technology and cost

30: 7615: 7595: 7229: 7187: 6969: 6884: 6879: 6750: 6318: 3288: 2484: 1845: 1177: 1164: 1143: 1136:(−252.882 °C or −423.188 °F). Achieving such low temperatures requires expending significant energy. 1061: 278: 180:

The concept of a society that uses hydrogen as the primary means of energy storage was theorized by geneticist

35: 6853: 6828: 5268: 4803: 241: 4414:"A Comprehensive Overview of Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines: Achievements and Future Challenges" 3786: 2702: 653:, hydrogen could function as a clean energy carrier and also as a low-carbon catalyst replacing coal-derived 7449: 7408: 7214: 7177: 6899: 6889: 6818: 6790: 6429: 5201: 3333: 2402: 2183: 1044: 1001: 985: 865:, and then swap heating and cooking appliances, and that there is no need for consumers to do anything now. 638: 427: 258: 4938: 4716: 4453:

Schrotenboer, Albert H.; Veenstra, Arjen A.T.; uit het Broek, Michiel A.J.; Ursavas, Evrim (October 2022).

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started a fuel cell pilot program in January 2004, the program ran two Fuel cell buses on route 25 in

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globally was valued at over US$ 155 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow over 9% annually through 2030.

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Hydrogen fuel requires the development of a specific infrastructure for processing, transport and storage.

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Griffiths, Steve; Sovacool, Benjamin K.; Kim, Jinsoo; Bazilian, Morgan; Uratani, Joao M. (October 2021).

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in 2004 and it ran to 2012. In 2023 the ministry published a Hydrogen Technologies Strategy and Roadmap.

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for heavy industry (e.g. high-temperature processes alongside electricity, feedstock for production of

3934: 1919:. The hydrogen is stored, and is available for power generation in periods when there is little wind. 7569: 7153: 5819: 5495: 4479: 4308: 4184: 3847: 3673: 3602: 3563: 3478: 2982: 2899: 2773: 2586: 1900: 1106: 878: 646: 120: 6371: 5862: 1138:

Although molecular hydrogen has very high energy density on a mass basis, partly because of its low

799:. Among disadvantages of ammonia as an energy carrier are its high toxicity, energy efficiency of 604: 7418: 7118: 6838: 6823: 6775: 6745: 5733: 4544: 2735: 1662: 1073: 1005: 565: 469: 412: 392: 309: 6390: 1876:. Iceland has large geothermal resources, so much that the local price of electricity actually is 1336:

2022 costs estimated for June, when gas prices peaked in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine

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2022 costs estimated for June, when gas prices peaked in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine

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production of 70% efficiency and a 70% efficiency of methanol production from that would be a 49%

7085: 5682:"Germany to tender for 5.5GW of new hydrogen-ready gas-fired power plants and 2GW of conversions" 4758: 4495: 4469: 4334: 4059: 3496: 3147: 2604: 2538: 2292: 2235:"A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020" 2104: 786: 780: 581: 156: 4821: 3809: 3357: 2349: 2324: 897:

drive up the cost of hydrogen for harder-to-decarbonize applications in industry and transport.

5202:"Hydrogen Production Costs 2021 annex: Key assumptions and outputs for production technologies" 7491: 7357: 7204: 7128: 7060: 6985: 6549: 6285: 6218: 5441: 4829: 4435: 4326: 4202: 4147: 4119: 3964: 3865: 3791: 3139: 3033: 2866: 2797: 2789: 2530: 2460: 2266: 2144: 1885: 914: 796: 480: 229: 128: 4247: 3170:"'Hydrogen unlikely to play major role in road transport, even for heavy trucks': Fraunhofer" 7382: 7329: 7182: 7133: 7105: 7003: 6843: 6780: 6770: 5827: 5527: 5339:"India to offer green hydrogen production subsidy of up to $ 0.60/kg — for three years only" 5256:

Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction: Scaling up Electrolysers to Meet the 1.5 °C Climate Goal

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and associated battery technology and infrastructure, hydrogen's role in cars is minuscule.

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Making the Hydrogen Economy Possible: Accelerating Clean Hydrogen in an Electrified Economy

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plants can be found, which can operate on hydrogen, or other fuels as natural gas or LPG.

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Hydrogen used to decarbonize transportation is likely to find its largest applications in

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in 2021) and industry (54 MtH2). In oil refining, hydrogen is used, in a process known as

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encompasses the production of hydrogen and the use of hydrogen in ways that contribute to

5949:"Shell plans to open 1200 fuel stations in India, some of which may include H2 refilling" 5467:"'Green industrial revolution': Queensland announces plans to mass produce green ammonia" 5059:"Xcel Energy wants to extend life of Prairie Island nuclear facility, add two gas plants" 200:(GM) Technical Center. Bockris viewed it as an economy in which hydrogen, underpinned by 5823: 5758: 5083:"Chevron joins Mitsubishi in 300 GWh hydrogen storage project as construction continues" 4483: 4397: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 4365: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 4352: 4312: 4188: 4074: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 3851: 3677: 3606: 3567: 3515:

Bonheure, Mike; Vandewalle, Laurien A.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. (March 2021).

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Subsidies for clean hydrogen production are much higher in the US and EU than in India.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

265:. Interest in the energy carrier resurged in the 2010s, notably with the forming of the 7469: 7459: 7377: 7241: 7172: 7110: 6863: 6805: 6760: 3417: 2134: 1992: 1840:

H2, a similar initiative, will create a network of hydrogen distribution facilities in

1792: 1646: 952: 764: 748: 699: 684: 680: 642: 589: 513: 448: 332: 290: 286: 209: 197: 104: 70: 58: 6150: 6094: 5362: 4781: 3059:"Japan's top auto and energy firms tie up to promote development of hydrogen stations" 2676: 7589: 7564: 7496: 7474: 7334: 7246: 7143: 7095: 7065: 7026: 6795: 6629: 6023:"Saudi Arabia's $ 5bn green hydrogen-based ammonia plant to begin production in 2025" 5831: 5319: 4871: 4499: 4338: 4297:"Preface to special issue on hybrid and hydrogen technologies for railway operations" 4063: 3500: 3226: 3151: 3119: 2608: 2542: 2510: 2171: 2021: 1873: 1754: 1582: 1055: 1009: 703: 695: 505: 440: 366: 294: 201: 98: 5607: 3120:"Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport" 2511:"Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport" 1418:

2030 and 2050 estimates are using solar power in regions with good solar conditions

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Technology leadership opportunities in green hydrogen value chains according to the

7454: 7319: 7299: 7284: 7219: 7160: 7148: 6755: 4197: 4172: 3707: 2699:, A paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on February 4th, 1923 – Transcript 1993" 1959:

In Cairo, Egypt, Saudi real estate funding skyscraper project powered by hydrogen.

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than the price of the hydrocarbons that could be used to produce that electricity.

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which have a relatively large natural gas pipeline system already in place include

1563: 569: 561: 476: 457: 430:. In this process, hydrogen is produced from a chemical reaction between steam and 355: 193: 164: 88:(SMR). This process accounted for 1.8% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2021. 5696: 4097:(2022). Shukla, P.R.; Skea, J.; Slade, R.; Al Khourdajie, A.; et al. (eds.). 3310:"Hydrogen Generation Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report, 2023 – 2030" 2994: 2785: 2438:(2022). Shukla, P.R.; Skea, J.; Slade, R.; Al Khourdajie, A.; et al. (eds.). 1896: 992: 6520:"FPL announces completion of Florida's first ever clean hydrogen hub of its kind" 3950: 3686: 3661: 3615: 3590: 3387:"Global CO2 emissions rebounded to their highest level in history in 2021 – News" 2251: 2234: 7304: 7018: 6995: 5554:"AExplainer: Why is the EU Commission betting on hydrogen for a greener future?" 5387: 3491: 3466: 2911: 2599: 2574: 2178: 2068: 2033: 1828: 1048: 862: 718: 654: 650: 509: 298: 224: 205: 148:

concerns since it is highly explosive, and it is inefficient compared to direct

136: 132: 81: 39: 17: 5042: 5025: 4491: 4321: 4296: 3860: 3835: 3575: 3431: 3412: 3135: 2526: 1586:

hydrogen will always cost more than the renewable electricity used to make it.

438:

is used to remove a large fraction of these emissions, the product is known as

6894: 2072: 1795:

announced that Queensland will be home to the world's largest hydrogen plant.

1784: 1738: 1726: 1559: 1209:. The reason given is: current prices need updating and white hydrogen adding. 948: 882: 854: 759:

output. Producing green hydrogen can both reduce the need for renewable power

621: 322:) was produced. Of this total, approximately one sixth was as a by-product of 160: 6497:"GENH2 Partners with H2 GENESIS to Provide Small-Scale Hydrogen Liquefaction" 6372:"Texas Hydrogen Stations Infrastructure Gets Boost From Biden Administration" 6289: 6222: 6095:"Announcement – Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources" 4439: 4330: 4206: 4151: 3968: 3869: 3143: 3037: 2793: 2534: 2270: 7484: 7479: 7464: 7289: 7261: 7256: 7046: 7041: 6977: 6938: 5000:"Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field Demonstrates Hydrogen Integration" 3910:"Green methanol: A carbon dioxide pipeline alternative? • Nebraska Examiner" 3758:

Hassanpouryouzband, Aliakbar; Wilkinson, Mark; Haszeldine, R Stuart (2024).

2166: 1841: 1777: 1702: 1125: 1013: 964: 874: 821: 261:

and proponents of alternative technologies, and investors lost money in the

6314: 5445: 4295:

Spiryagin, Maksym; Dixon, Roger; Oldknow, Kevin; Cole, Colin (2021-09-01).

3795: 2884: 2801: 2293:"Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2020 and Preliminary 2021 Estimates" 1566:

fell by 60% from 2010 to 2022, before rising slightly due to an increasing

1012:, and thus a crucial prerequisite before a successful commercialization of 917:

is limited by the amount of sustainable bioenergy available: therefore any

791:

An alternative to gaseous hydrogen as an energy carrier is to bond it with

76:

Hydrogen can be produced by several means. Most hydrogen produced today is

6571:"Hydrogen production project promotes green energy transition in Việt Nam" 6211:"Oil firms made 'false claims' on blue hydrogen costs, says ex-lobby boss" 4909:"Japan's Hydrogen Strategy and Its Economic and Geopolitical Implications" 4221:"This company may have solved one of the hardest problems in clean energy" 4115: 2456: 38:

when used in chemical production, refineries, international shipping, and

7554: 7349: 7339: 5522: 5520: 4623:"California declared war on natural gas. Now the fight is going national" 3703:"In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change?" 3467:"Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review" 2575:"Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review" 1980: 1722: 1718: 1698: 1670: 1113: 792: 517: 419: 381: 113: 50: 6671: 5297:

Cost-competitive green hydrogen: how to lower the cost of electrolysers?

3959: 2828: 2403:"Hydrogen could be used for nearly everything. It probably shouldn't be" 2036:

is combining wind power and hydrogen power in the same way in Colorado.

1831:. In 2020, The EU launched its European Clean Hydrogen Alliance (ECHA). 767:

long-term to provide for power generation during periods of low output.

289:

to 1.5 °C and prioritize the production, transportation and use of

7423: 7403: 7273: 7138: 7008: 6740: 6655: 6594:

https://news.finclear.tradecentre.io/asx/document/20240722/02830030.pdf

6391:"World's largest green H2 hub, Hydrogen City, to open in Texas in 2026" 5700: 4762: 4430: 4413: 4054: 4037: 3776: 3759: 3448:"Hydrogen Is One Answer to Climate Change. Getting It Is the Hard Part" 3090:"Prospects of fuel-cell electric vehicles boosted with Chinese backing" 2261: 1869: 1820: 1816: 1750: 1734: 1730: 1682: 1678: 1121: 1029: 960: 918: 890: 776: 557: 473: 431: 370: 124: 109: 5608:"French port bets big on floating wind farms planned in Mediterranean" 5026:"A multi-model assessment of the Global Warming Potential of hydrogen" 4872:"Fuel cell electric vehicles and hydrogen infrastructure: status 2012" 3660:

Squadrito, Gaetano; Maggio, Gaetano; Nicita, Agatino (November 2023).

3589:

Squadrito, Gaetano; Maggio, Gaetano; Nicita, Agatino (November 2023).

3517:"Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries" 2000:

it was the first to have a Hydrogen Strategy and produced a document.

7544: 7294: 4272:"Sustainable fuels and their role in decarbonizing energy | McKinsey" 3413:"Recent development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies: A review" 1996: 1912: 1908: 1824: 1710: 1505: 1133: 956: 906: 4754: 3735:"Natural Hydrogen: A Potential Clean Energy Source Beneath Our Feet" 2150:

Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present#Hydrogen energy

6667:

Online calculator for green hydrogen production and transport costs

4975:. Toshiba Energy Systems and Solutions Corporations. 7 March 2020. 4474: 2723:

National Hydrogen Association; United States Department of Energy.

947:

Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential

675:

Much of the interest in the hydrogen economy concept is focused on

233:

regarded aviation and heavy goods transport as the top priorities.

6065: 6009:"ORLEN will Build the First Hydrogen Refueling Stations in Poland" 2694: 2049: 1972: 1927: 1742: 1714: 1706: 1694: 1674: 1632: 1229:

and method (e.g. green or blue hydrogen), technologies used (e.g.

1097: 1018: 991: 938: 611: 603: 464:

include hydrogen produced from other low-emission sources such as

354:

Virtually all hydrogen produced for the current market is used in

257:

concept during the 2000s was repeatedly described as hype by some

240: 29: 6666: 3199:

Annual update on the global transition to electric vehicles: 2022

4679: 4094: 2435: 2029: 1953: 1746: 1690: 1642: 1103: 1004:

is the infrastructure of hydrogen pipeline transport, points of

6942: 6675: 1124:. For many years hydrogen has been stored as compressed gas or 297:

and organic chemicals, as alternative to coal-derived coke for

7314: 4173:"Sustainable hydrogen energy in aviation – A narrative review" 1857: 1596: 1574:, which favors electrolyzers capable of responding to low and 1310: 1191: 1008:

and hydrogen stations for distribution as well as the sale of

626: 139:), long-haul transport (e.g. shipping, and to a lesser extent 3205:. International Council on Clean Transportation. pp. 2–3 2863:

Geopolitics of the Energy Transformation: The Hydrogen Factor

2645: 2643: 608:

Some projected uses in the medium term, but analysts disagree

5632:"Green Hydrogen: A key investment for the energy transition" 5440:. Department for Planning and Infrastructure, Government of 5173:"Green hydrogen economy – predicted development of tomorrow" 4357:. International Energy Agency. 27 October 2022. p. 150. 3884:"World's 'first green container ship' christened in Denmark" 3334:"Executive summary – Global Hydrogen Review 2022 – Analysis" 2206:"World Energy Transitions Outlook 1-5C Pathway 2022 edition" 1068:, are investing in the hydrogen economy. In March 2020, the 620:

Hydrogen can be deployed as a fuel in two distinct ways: in

6345:. Hydrogen Engine Center, Inc. May 16, 2006. Archived from 1812: 102:), or through electrolysis of water using renewable power ( 5258:, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, p. 91. 3026:"Can a viable industry emerge from the hydrogen shakeout?" 2734:. National Hydrogen Association. p. 1. Archived from 873:

networks, electrification of heating (principally through

6661: 5978:"Hydrogen Vehicles and Refueling Infrastructure in India" 5780:"Hydrogen vehicles and refueling infrastructure in India" 4820:

Walker, James L.; Waltrip, John S.; Zanker, Adam (1988).

4008:"What's New On The Rungs Of Liebreich's Hydrogen Ladder?" 2624:"What's New On The Rungs Of Liebreich's Hydrogen Ladder?" 5496:"Australia's pathway to $ 2 per kg hydrogen – ARENAWIRE" 2885:"The car industry and the blow-out of the hydrogen hype" 335:

produced using electrolysis, and hydrogen produced from

6650: 6315:"Experimental 'wind to hydrogen' system up and running" 4824:. In John J. McKetta; William Aaron Cunningham (eds.). 2485:"World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5 °C Pathway" 702:, and fuel cell technology. Hydrogen has been used in 560:

that need to use a lot of energy to stay cold in their

351:

emissions and 1.8% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

315:

In 2021, 94 million tonnes (Mt) of molecular hydrogen (

6541: 6248:"Are hydrogen fuel cell vehicles the future of autos?" 5730:"Iceland's hydrogen buses zip toward oil-free economy" 4870:

Eberle, Ulrich; Mueller, Bernd; von Helmolt, Rittmar.

4822:"Lactic acid to magnesium supply-demand relationships" 3983:"Green Methanol Production-A Techno-Economic Analysis" 568:

was the first container ship to run on methanol fuel.

4140:"Is the time now ripe for planes to run on hydrogen?" 3163: 3161: 2155: 1977:

International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies

907:

production of syngas from hydrogen and carbon-dioxide

5294:

Patonia, Aliaksei; Poudineh, Rahmat (January 2022).

3380:

Energy-related emissions totalled 36.3 Gigatonnes CO

2865:, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. 2286:

Greenhouse gas emissions totalled 49.3 Gigatonnes CO

2204:

International Renewable Energy Agency (2022-03-29).

7537: 7505: 7432: 7396: 7348: 7272: 7104: 7074: 7017: 6994: 6976: 6872: 6804: 6723: 6716: 6709: 4809:. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. 4672:"Safety Standard for Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems" 3254:"Steel decarbonisation gathers speed | Argus Media" 3247: 3245: 2233:Yap, Jiazhen; McLellan, Benjamin (6 January 2023). 192:. The term "hydrogen economy" itself was coined by 6651:International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy 6628: 3701:Evans, Simon; Gabbatiss, Josh (30 November 2020). 1973:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 1246:is assumed to have a calorific value of 33.3kWh). 277:had been sold worldwide, compared with 26 million 5343:Hydrogen news and intelligence | Hydrogen Insight 4857:"Hydrogen infrastructure project launches in USA" 4100:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 3787:20.500.11820/b23e204c-744e-44f6-8cf5-b6761775260d 3411:Fan, Lixin; Tu, Zhengkai; Chan, Siew Hwa (2021). 2441:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 1895:Neither industry directly replaces hydrocarbons. 3760:"Hydrogen energy futures – foraging or farming?" 3282:"Hydrogen's Decarbonization Impact for Industry" 1969:Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources 1238:hydrogen, expressed in terms of US$ per kg of H 1180:that can mix 30% hydrogen with the natural gas. 763:during periods of high renewables output and be 4828:. Vol. 28. New York: Dekker. p. 186. 2478: 2476: 661:availability, human and technological capital. 223:to solve some of the negative effects of using 6475:"Liquid hydrogen system is compact and mobile" 4826:Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design 4715:. Praxair, Inc. September 2004. Archived from 3280:Blank, Thomas; Molly, Patrick (January 2020). 3221: 3219: 959:-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a 706:for many years. It is also used as a fuel for 548:. Methanol can store hydrogen economically at 6954: 6687: 5320:"Why did renewables become so cheap so fast?" 4515:"Hydrogen is key to sustainable green energy" 1493:production cost has fallen by 60% since 2010 8: 3174:Recharge | Latest Renewable Energy News 3007:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2652:"Carbonomics: The Clean Hydrogen Revolution" 7388:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle 5122:. Energy Transitions Commission. April 2021 4389:. International Energy Agency. p. 148. 4106:. Contribution of Working Group III to the 3446:Reed, Stanley; Ewing, Jack (13 July 2021). 2447:. Contribution of Working Group III to the 2120:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle 550:standard outdoor temperatures and pressures 343:emissions from 2021 production, at 915 MtCO 6961: 6947: 6939: 6921: 6720: 6713: 6694: 6680: 6672: 6518:Kurzner, Jeff; Cabus, Nikki (2024-02-28). 4939:"South Korea's Hydrogen Economy Ambitions" 1800:Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) 1280:Gray hydrogen (not including a carbon tax) 951:and fires when mixed with air to being an 911:bio-energy with carbon capture and storage 460:of water. Less frequently, definitions of 452:is usually understood to be produced from 34:Hydrogen has the most potential to reduce 27:Using hydrogen to decarbonize more sectors 5041: 4473: 4429: 4320: 4196: 4053: 3958: 3859: 3785: 3775: 3685: 3614: 3490: 3430: 3168:Collins (l_collins), Leigh (2022-02-02). 2598: 2260: 2250: 905:As of 2019 although technically possible 724:Although hydrogen can be used in adapted 5812:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 4657: 4645: 4462:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4177:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 3525:American Institute of Chemical Engineers 3252:Kjellberg-Motton, Brendan (2022-02-07). 3191: 3189: 3113: 3111: 1070:Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field 853:Numerous industry groups (gas networks, 841: 834: 827: 816: 809: 802: 535: 531: 527: 523: 398: 387: 376: 361: 318: 5846:"UK-India Energy Collaborations report" 5528:"Hydrogen transport & distribution" 4599:Recharge | Latest renewable energy news 4089: 4087: 4085: 3840:Carbon Capture Science & Technology 3298:from the original on 22 September 2020. 3275: 3273: 2282: 2280: 2196: 2162: 1076:; power from the grid is also used for 921:made may be reserved for production of 347:, amounted to 2.5% of energy-related CO 219:A hydrogen economy was proposed by the 6121:. Transport for London. Archived from 5697:"Climate change as a global challenge" 5657:"E3B1C256-BFCB-4CEF-88A6-1DCCD7666635" 5289: 5287: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5166: 5164: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5030:Communications Earth & Environment 4895: 4031: 4029: 4027: 3000: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 1562:for uncaptured emissions. The cost of 1064:, which as of 2019 lack international 5887:Overview of Indian Hydrogen Programme 5300:. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 5225: 5223: 5221: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 4919:from the original on 10 February 2019 4741:"'Bugs' and hydrogen embrittlement". 4616: 4614: 4588: 4586: 3632:"So, What Exactly Is Green Hydrogen?" 3020: 3018: 2845:Toward a Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Economy 2842:Jones, Lawrence W. (March 13, 1970). 2817:Toward a liquid hydrogen fuel economy 2489:International Renewable Energy Agency 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 971:, leading to cracks and explosions. 373:production to make fertilizers (34 Mt 247:International Renewable Energy Agency 7: 6473:Himmelstein, S. (January 18, 2023). 6452:"Florida gets hydrogen-fueled buses" 5695:Hannesson, Hjálmar W. (2007-08-02). 5273:. Lazard. April 12, 2023. p. 27 5230:Saini, Anshuman (January 12, 2023). 5150:. IEA. 22 September 2022. p. 93 4949:from the original on 9 February 2019 4568:. Iowa Energy Center. Archived from 3715:from the original on 1 December 2020 3556:Energy Research & Social Science 3231:. IEA. 26 April 2023. pp. 14–24 2228: 2226: 641:, low-carbon hydrogen (particularly 188:, to help address renewable power's 6658:. International Energy Agency. 2022 6209:Ambrose, Jillian (20 August 2021). 5924:"India working on more H2 stations" 5728:Doyle, Alister (January 14, 2005). 4036:Lewis, Alastair C. (10 June 2021). 2815:Jones, Lawrence W (13 March 1970). 2100:Combined cycle hydrogen power plant 1757:. Natural gas vehicles can also be 1641:powered by hydrogen fuel cells, in 755:, has the potential to address the 744:Energy system balancing and storage 5500:Australian Renewable Energy Agency 4979:from the original on 22 April 2020 4876:Energy & Environmental Science 4670:Brown, W. J.; et al. (1997). 4412:Stępień, Zbigniew (January 2021). 4042:Environmental Science: Atmospheres 3465:Rosenow, Jan (27 September 2022). 2697:Daedalus or Science and the Future 2054:Wind-Hydrogen Hybrid Power Systems 1112:Several methods exist for storing 49:is an umbrella term for the roles 25: 7195:Electric motorcycles and scooters 6849:Research in lithium-ion batteries 6542:"Stuart Island Energy Initiative" 6409:"The Florida Hydrogen Initiative" 4513:Lipták, Béla (January 24, 2022). 3531:from the original on 17 July 2021 1041:compressed hydrogen tube trailers 196:during a talk he gave in 1970 at 131:, as alternative to coal-derived 6920: 6611:Hydrogen in a low-carbon economy 6530:from the original on 2024-07-09. 6507:from the original on 2024-07-09. 6485:from the original on 2024-07-09. 6462:from the original on 2024-07-09. 6440:from the original on 2024-07-09. 6317:. Physorg.com. January 8, 2007. 6068:. 31 August 2009. Archived from 5057:Orenstein, Walker (2024-02-01). 4778:"Union Oil Amine Absorber Tower" 4392: 4360: 4069: 3816:. 10 July 2023. "Energy" section 2331:. 10 July 2023. "Energy" section 2177: 2165: 1601: 1196: 1157:Hydrogen fuel cell power station 1146:over 100 years (GWP100) of 11.6. 1090:This section is an excerpt from 1051:or dedicated onsite production. 1023:Hydrogen gasification plant for 984:This section is an excerpt from 512:that is produced from combining 411:This section is an excerpt from 7242:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 6552:from the original on 2013-06-18 6321:from the original on 2013-01-26 6296:from the original on 2021-01-19 6258:from the original on 2021-01-17 6229:from the original on 2021-08-24 6191:from the original on 2021-08-19 5990:from the original on 2017-06-12 5959:from the original on 2019-09-22 5930:from the original on 2019-09-21 5905:from the original on 2019-09-21 5869:from the original on 2019-09-21 5792:from the original on 2017-06-12 5710:from the original on 2014-01-07 5663:from the original on 2021-10-29 5589:from the original on 2020-08-12 5564:from the original on 2020-08-07 5534:from the original on 2019-09-29 5506:from the original on 2020-12-15 5477:from the original on 2021-10-12 5444:. 13 April 2007. Archived from 5419:from the original on 2019-10-23 5394:from the original on 2019-11-06 5369:from the original on 2015-02-06 4690:from the original on 1 May 2017 4227:from the original on 2019-11-12 4006:Barnard, Michael (2023-10-22). 3662:"The green hydrogen revolution" 3642:from the original on 2022-03-23 3591:"The green hydrogen revolution" 3118:Plötz, Patrick (January 2022). 3096:from the original on 2018-04-17 3069:from the original on 2018-04-17 2955:from the original on 2021-02-08 2921:from the original on 2018-11-03 2760:Bockris, J. O'M. (1972-06-23). 2705:from the original on 2017-11-15 2622:Barnard, Michael (2023-10-22). 2573:Rosenow, Jan (September 2022). 757:variability of renewable energy 540:) under pressure and heat with 92:, which is made using SMR with 7124:Battery electric multiple unit 6834:Lithium iron phosphate battery 6430:"First Hydrogen Station Opens" 6149:. January 2005. Archived from 5413:"Fuel cell micro Cogeneration" 5270:2023 Levelized Cost Of Energy+ 4539:Agosta, Vito (July 10, 2003). 4198:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.02.086 2115:Hydrogen fuel cell power plant 1952:Saudi Arabia as a part of the 1764:Also, in a few private homes, 1537:Energy Transitions Commission 963:and presents dangers (such as 1: 7225:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 6814:Compressed-air energy storage 6662:European Hydrogen Association 4973:Toshiba Energy Press Releases 4593:Collins, Leigh (2021-12-10). 3057:Murai, Shusuke (2018-03-05). 2995:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.069 2975:Journal of Cleaner Production 2786:10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 2677:"Hydrogen Hotshot Initiative" 2509:Plötz, Patrick (2022-01-31). 2384:. International Energy Agency 1391:Energy Transitions Commission 1360:Range dependent on gas price 253:A spike in attention for the 7514:Who Killed the Electric Car? 7310:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 6370:Kilgore, Erin (2024-01-12). 5832:10.1016/0360-3199(91)90075-T 5704:Ministry for Foreign Affairs 5337:Martin, Polly (2023-06-29). 3951:10.1016/j.jechem.2021.09.045 3908:Strong, Jared (2024-02-17). 3687:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041 3616:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041 3088:Mishra, Ankit (2018-03-29). 2252:10.3390/environments10010011 1759:converted to run on hydrogen 1415:International Energy Agency 1333:International Energy Agency 824:by traces of non-decomposed 594:energy conversion efficiency 546:carbon capture for recycling 7528:Revenge of the Electric Car 7119:Battery-electric locomotive 6637:International Energy Agency 6619:Committee on Climate Change 5484:– via www.abc.net.au. 5438:"Perth Fuel Cell Bus Trial" 5147:Global Hydrogen Review 2022 4998:Patel, Sonal (2022-07-01). 4301:Railway Engineering Science 3939:Journal of Energy Chemistry 3630:Deign, Jason (2020-06-29). 3492:10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015 3196:Chu, Yidan; Cui, Hongyang. 2912:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.019 2600:10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015 2381:Global Hydrogen Review 2022 2063:A similar pilot project on 2044:are converting the current 2006:technology support payments 1593:Examples and pilot programs 1287:International Energy Agency 1174:combined cycle power plants 726:internal combustion engines 715:International Energy Agency 7632: 6217:. London, United Kingdom. 5363:"Worldwide NGV statistics" 5043:10.1038/s43247-023-00857-8 4621:Roth, Sammy (2023-02-09). 4492:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112744 4380:Cozzi, Laura; Gould, Tim. 4322:10.1007/s40534-021-00254-x 3861:10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100056 3576:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208 3432:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.003 3136:10.1038/s41928-021-00706-6 2941:"Reactions: Hydrogen hype" 2527:10.1038/s41928-021-00706-6 2140:Lolland Hydrogen Community 2028:. A joint venture between 1154: 1089: 1066:electrical interconnectors 983: 932: 877:) and cooking, the use of 784: 774: 668: 497: 436:carbon capture and storage 410: 329:carbon capture and storage 94:carbon capture and storage 7521:What Is the Electric Car? 7368:Hydrogen-powered aircraft 6970:Alternative fuel vehicles 6916: 6736:Artificial photosynthesis 6389:Blain, Loz (2022-03-08). 6144:"The Hydrogen Expedition" 5732:. Reuters. Archived from 5318:Roser, Max (2023-09-01). 4383:World Energy Outlook 2022 4354:World energy outlook 2022 3314:www.grandviewresearch.com 2725:"The History of Hydrogen" 2125:Hydrogen-powered aircraft 2042:Newfoundland and Labrador 2018:U.S. automobile companies 1639:Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaro 1610:This section needs to be 1436: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1407: 1344: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1325: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1285: 1278: 1205:This section needs to be 1182:Intermountain Power Plant 1132:: it boils around 20.268 1080:to produce hydrogen fuel. 391:) and the manufacture of 279:plug-in electric vehicles 141:hydrogen-powered aircraft 7230:Plug-in electric vehicle 7210:Gyro flywheel locomotive 7188:Battery electric vehicle 6885:Battery electric vehicle 6880:Alternative fuel vehicle 6751:Concentrated solar power 5612:European Investment Bank 5552:Pollet, Mathieu (2020). 5171:PricewaterhouseCoopers. 3764:Chemical Society Reviews 3289:Rocky Mountain Institute 2650:Goldman Sachs Research. 2048:on the remote island of 2046:wind-diesel Power System 1856:German car manufacturer 1263:Current cost (2020–2022) 1235:proton exchange membrane 1165:Midcontinent Rift System 1144:Global Warming Potential 1102:Liquid hydrogen Tank at 1045:liquid hydrogen trailers 885:and the installation of 67:phasing-out fossil fuels 36:greenhouse gas emissions 7450:Hybrid electric vehicle 7414:Liquid nitrogen vehicle 7409:Hybrid electric vehicle 7215:Hybrid electric vehicle 7178:Electric platform truck 6890:Hybrid electric vehicle 6819:Flywheel energy storage 6791:Space-based solar power 5899:"H2 stations worldwide" 5755:"What is HyFLEET:CUTE?" 4749:(3): 41. 20 July 1985. 4108:Sixth Assessment Report 2883:Bakker, Sjoerd (2010). 2732:hydrogenassociation.org 2491:. Abu Dhabi. p. 95 2449:Sixth Assessment Report 1002:hydrogen infrastructure 986:Hydrogen infrastructure 979:Hydrogen infrastructure 639:limiting global warming 544:. It is a way to reuse 428:steam methane reforming 305:Current hydrogen market 86:steam methane reforming 57:to reduce emissions of 7575:Zero-emissions vehicle 7091:Compressed-air vehicle 7032:Solar-powered aircraft 6859:Thermal energy storage 6631:The Future of Hydrogen 6524:South Florida Tech Hub 6175:"UK Hydrogen Strategy" 6027:Energy & Utilities 4710:"Liquid Hydrogen MSDS" 3228:Global EV Outlook 2023 3063:The Japan Times Online 2821:University of Michigan 2060:in Okeechobee County. 2008:by the UK government. 1803:Technology Statement. 1650: 1172:is going to build two 1109: 1035: 997: 969:hydrogen embrittlement 944: 617: 609: 324:petrochemical industry 267:World Hydrogen Council 250: 221:University of Michigan 212:for end-uses in which 171:History and objectives 55:low-carbon electricity 42: 7606:Hydrogen technologies 7445:Flexible-fuel vehicle 7373:Hydrogen-powered ship 7325:Flexible-fuel vehicle 7200:Electric kick scooter 6786:Photovoltaic pavement 6731:Airborne wind turbine 6703:Emerging technologies 5388:"Fuel Cell micro CHP" 4780:. TWI. Archived from 4541:"The Ammonia Economy" 4248:"The Hydrogen Factor" 4116:10.1017/9781009157926 2457:10.1017/9781009157926 2407:MIT Technology Review 2130:Hydrogen-powered ship 1789:Annastacia Palaszczuk 1636: 1576:variable power levels 1101: 1078:electrolysis of water 1022: 995: 942: 753:electrolysis of water 708:spacecraft propulsion 647:electric arc furnaces 615: 607: 244: 112:for fertilizers, and 33: 7570:Wind-powered vehicle 7154:Battery electric bus 5926:. 23 February 2016. 5502:. 30 November 2020. 5473:. October 11, 2021. 3291:. pp. 2, 7, 8. 2762:"A Hydrogen Economy" 1901:Icelandic New Energy 1489:Source notes green H 1107:Kennedy Space Center 728:, fuel cells, being 485:underground hydrogen 483:, and extraction of 121:limit global warming 7419:Natural gas vehicle 6854:Silicon–air battery 6839:Molten-salt battery 6829:Lithium–air battery 6824:Grid energy storage 6776:Molten salt reactor 6746:Carbon-neutral fuel 5824:1991IJHE...16..765D 5659:. 24 October 2007. 5636:blogs.worldbank.org 5063:www.startribune.com 4784:on 20 November 2008 4484:2022RSERv.16812744S 4313:2021RailE..29..211S 4223:. Vox. 2018-02-16. 4189:2024IJHE...52.1026Y 3852:2022CCST....400056S 3678:2023REne..21619041S 3607:2023REne..21619041S 3568:2021ERSS...8002208G 3483:2022Joule...6.2225R 2987:2014JCPro..66..328R 2904:2010EnPol..38.6540B 2778:1972Sci...176.1323O 2591:2022Joule...6.2225R 1766:fuel cell micro-CHP 1273:Projected 2050 cost 1268:Projected 2030 cost 1006:hydrogen production 820:, and poisoning of 470:hydrogen production 413:Hydrogen production 393:direct reduced iron 310:Hydrogen production 90:Low-carbon hydrogen 53:can play alongside 7086:Compressed-air car 7052:List of prototypes 6376:Hydrogen Fuel News 5953:The Economic Times 4566:"Renewable Energy" 4431:10.3390/en14206504 4055:10.1039/D1EA00037C 3777:10.1039/D3CS00723E 3452:The New York Times 3258:www.argusmedia.com 3124:Nature Electronics 2515:Nature Electronics 2299:. 19 December 2022 2105:Energy development 1798:In Australia, the 1651: 1110: 1047:, liquid hydrogen 1036: 998: 996:Hydrogen pipelines 945: 787:alkaline fuel cell 781:ammonia production 637:In the context of 618: 610: 251: 216:was not suitable. 157:ammonia production 150:use of electricity 43: 7583: 7582: 7492:Electric aircraft 7358:Fuel cell vehicle 7205:Fuel cell vehicle 7129:Electric aircraft 7061:Electric aircraft 6986:Fuel cell vehicle 6936: 6935: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6418:. April 12, 2007. 6125:on March 23, 2008 5442:Western Australia 5324:Our World in Data 4835:978-0-8247-2478-8 4804:"Hydrogen Safety" 4627:Los Angeles Times 3914:Nebraska Examiner 3505:Article in press. 3477:(10): 2225–2228. 2945:Chemical Engineer 2939:Harrison, James. 2898:(11): 6540–6544. 2871:978-92-9260-370-0 2585:(10): 2225–2228. 2145:Methane pyrolysis 2016:Several domestic 1979:(UNIDO-ICHET) in 1811:Countries in the 1783:In October 2021, 1631: 1630: 1552: 1551: 1253:Production method 1226: 1225: 1025:Belinka Perkemija 915:Sabatier reaction 887:energy efficiency 863:natural gas grids 738:electric vehicles 677:hydrogen vehicles 481:methane pyrolysis 384:production (15 Mt 275:hydrogen vehicles 230:Lawrence W. Jones 144:use. It presents 129:organic chemicals 16:(Redirected from 7623: 7611:Industrial gases 7601:Hydrogen economy 7383:Hydrogen vehicle 7363:Hydrogen economy 7330:Methanol economy 7183:Electric vehicle 7134:Electric bicycle 7106:Electric battery 7004:Electric bicycle 6963: 6956: 6949: 6940: 6924: 6923: 6844:Nanowire battery 6771:Methanol economy 6766:Hydrogen economy 6721: 6714: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6673: 6640: 6634: 6622: 6616: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6501:Hydrogen Central 6493: 6487: 6486: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6436:. May 24, 2007. 6426: 6420: 6419: 6416:Hydrogen Program 6413: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6351: 6344: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6276:Siddiqui, Faiz. 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6190: 6179: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6155: 6148: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6119:"Hydrogen buses" 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6074: 6063: 6055: 6049: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5989: 5982: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5895: 5889: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5791: 5784: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5757:. Archived from 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736:on July 24, 2012 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5227: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5198: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5142: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5114: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4913:Etudes de l'Ifri 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4689: 4676: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4543:. Archived from 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4477: 4459: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4433: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4324: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4276:www.mckinsey.com 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4200: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4105: 4091: 4080: 4073: 4067: 4057: 4033: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3987:www.linkedin.com 3979: 3973: 3972: 3962: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3779: 3770:(5): 2258–2263. 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3666:Renewable Energy 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3595:Renewable Energy 3586: 3580: 3579: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3512: 3506: 3504: 3494: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3006: 2998: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2889: 2880: 2874: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2740: 2729: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2647: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2602: 2570: 2547: 2546: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2446: 2432: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2375: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2321: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2284: 2275: 2274: 2264: 2254: 2230: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2201: 2184:Renewable energy 2182: 2181: 2170: 2169: 2161: 2095:Alternative fuel 1626: 1623: 1617: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1249: 1248: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1161:Natural hydrogen 1140:molecular weight 1092:Hydrogen storage 1060:South Korea and 1033: 923:aviation biofuel 913:(BECCS) via the 871:district heating 844: 837: 830: 819: 812: 806:production from 805: 671:Hydrogen vehicle 539: 500:Methanol economy 456:electricity via 401: 390: 379: 364: 321: 255:hydrogen economy 182:J. B. S. Haldane 63:hydrogen economy 59:greenhouse gases 47:hydrogen economy 21: 18:Hydrogen Economy 7631: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7616:Renewable fuels 7596:Fuel technology 7586: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7560:Wave power ship 7550:Ram air turbine 7533: 7501: 7440:Bi-fuel vehicle 7428: 7392: 7344: 7268: 7108: 7100: 7077: 7076:Compressed-air 7070: 7013: 6990: 6972: 6967: 6937: 6932: 6904: 6868: 6800: 6705: 6700: 6647: 6627: 6614: 6608: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6592: 6588: 6579: 6577: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6555: 6553: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6458:. 23 May 2007. 6450: 6449: 6445: 6434:Tampa Bay Times 6428: 6427: 6423: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6369: 6368: 6364: 6355: 6353: 6352:on May 27, 2008 6349: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6324: 6322: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6299: 6297: 6282:Washington Post 6275: 6274: 6270: 6261: 6259: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6232: 6230: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6184:. August 2021. 6177: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6128: 6126: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6103: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6041: 6032: 6030: 6029:. 21 April 2021 6021: 6020: 6016: 6007: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5962: 5960: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5933: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5908: 5906: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5881: 5872: 5870: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5818:(11): 765–775. 5809: 5808: 5804: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5764: 5762: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5739: 5737: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5713: 5711: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5666: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5641: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5616: 5614: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5592: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5567: 5565: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5537: 5535: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5509: 5507: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5480: 5478: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5451: 5449: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5422: 5420: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5397: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5372: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5347: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5292: 5285: 5276: 5274: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5253: 5249: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5219: 5210: 5208: 5200: 5199: 5190: 5181: 5179: 5170: 5169: 5162: 5153: 5151: 5144: 5143: 5134: 5125: 5123: 5116: 5115: 5100: 5091: 5089: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5008: 5006: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4755:10.2307/3970088 4740: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4683:. NSS 1740.16. 4674: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4631: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4612: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4550: 4548: 4547:on May 13, 2008 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4386: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4278: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4156: 4154: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4103: 4093: 4092: 4083: 4035: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4014: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3989: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3819: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3743: 3741: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3643: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3366: 3364: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3342: 3340: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3318: 3316: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3284: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3234: 3232: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3092:. Energy Post. 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3065:. Japan Times. 3056: 3055: 3051: 3042: 3040: 3024: 3023: 3016: 2999: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2956: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2860: 2856: 2851:. pp. 2–3. 2848: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2741:on 14 July 2010 2738: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2708: 2706: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2659: 2649: 2648: 2641: 2632: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2572: 2571: 2550: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2444: 2434: 2433: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2385: 2377: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2334: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2311: 2302: 2300: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2278: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2215: 2213: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2156: 2154: 2110:Hydrogen damage 2090: 2081: 2026:hydrogen policy 2024:have their own 2014: 1989: 1965: 1950: 1941: 1925: 1891: 1867: 1854: 1837: 1809: 1774: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1568:cost of capital 1557: 1492: 1245: 1241: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1201: 1197: 1190: 1167: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1131: 1119: 1095: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1027: 989: 981: 937: 935:Hydrogen safety 931: 903: 860: 851: 843: 839: 836: 832: 829: 825: 818: 814: 811: 807: 804: 800: 789: 783: 775:Main articles: 773: 746: 730:electrochemical 704:fuel cell buses 685:synthetic fuels 679:, particularly 673: 667: 635: 627:nitrogen oxides 602: 554:liquid hydrogen 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 502: 496: 491: 490: 416: 408: 400: 396: 389: 385: 378: 374: 363: 359: 350: 346: 342: 327:reforming with 320: 316: 307: 239: 237:Later evolution 214:electrification 190:variable output 178: 173: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7629: 7627: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7588: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7472: 7470:Plug-in hybrid 7467: 7462: 7460:Hybrid vehicle 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7378:Hydrogen train 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7354: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7180: 7175: 7173:Electric truck 7170: 7169: 7168: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7115: 7113: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7082: 7080: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7023: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7000: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6982: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6943: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6900:Wireless power 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6864:Ultracapacitor 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6761:Home fuel cell 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6653: 6646: 6645:External links 6643: 6642: 6641: 6624: 6623: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6586: 6575:vietnamnews.vn 6562: 6533: 6510: 6503:. 2023-02-24. 6488: 6465: 6443: 6421: 6400: 6381: 6362: 6331: 6306: 6268: 6239: 6201: 6166: 6135: 6110: 6086: 6075:on 1 June 2010 6050: 6039: 6014: 6000: 5969: 5940: 5915: 5890: 5879: 5854: 5837: 5802: 5771: 5746: 5720: 5687: 5684:. 8 July 2024. 5673: 5648: 5638:. 23 June 2022 5623: 5599: 5574: 5544: 5516: 5487: 5458: 5448:on 7 June 2008 5429: 5404: 5379: 5354: 5329: 5310: 5283: 5260: 5254:IRENA (2020), 5247: 5217: 5188: 5160: 5132: 5098: 5074: 5049: 5015: 5004:POWER Magazine 4990: 4960: 4930: 4900: 4888: 4862: 4859:. 14 May 2013. 4848: 4834: 4812: 4795: 4768: 4733: 4722:on 27 May 2008 4701: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4610: 4582: 4557: 4531: 4505: 4445: 4404: 4372: 4344: 4287: 4263: 4238: 4212: 4163: 4131: 4124: 4081: 4048:(5): 201–207. 4023: 3998: 3974: 3925: 3900: 3875: 3826: 3801: 3750: 3726: 3693: 3652: 3636:Greentechmedia 3622: 3581: 3542: 3507: 3457: 3438: 3418:Energy Reports 3403: 3393:. 8 March 2022 3381: 3373: 3349: 3325: 3301: 3269: 3241: 3215: 3185: 3157: 3107: 3080: 3049: 3014: 2965: 2931: 2875: 2861:IRENA (2022), 2854: 2834: 2807: 2772:(4041): 1323. 2752: 2715: 2686: 2668: 2658:. pp. 4–6 2639: 2614: 2548: 2501: 2483:IRENA (2021). 2472: 2465: 2418: 2394: 2365: 2341: 2309: 2287: 2276: 2222: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2174: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2135:Hydrogen prize 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2013: 2010: 1988: 1987:United Kingdom 1985: 1964: 1961: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1924: 1921: 1889: 1866: 1863: 1853: 1850: 1836: 1833: 1808: 1807:European Union 1805: 1793:Andrew Forrest 1773: 1770: 1647:Czech Republic 1629: 1628: 1609: 1607: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1542:2020: 2.6–3.6 1540: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1526:2021: 3.5–9.5 1524: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1512:2022: 2.8–5.3 1510: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1496:2022: 3.0–6.0 1494: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1475:2020: 2.2–5.2 1473: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457:2020: 2.4–7.9 1455: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443:2020: 4.9–7.9 1441: 1438: 1437:UK government 1434: 1433: 1432:2022: 3.0-4.3 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421:2021: 4.0–9.0 1419: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1409:Green hydrogen 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397:2020: 1.5–2.4 1395: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1379:2022: 2.8–3.5 1377: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1363:2020: 1.6–2.7 1361: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1350:2022: 5.3–8.6 1347: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1339:2021: 1.5–3.0 1337: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1317:2021: 1.2–2.4 1315: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1305:2022: 4.8–7.8 1302: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1294:2021: 1.0–2.5 1292: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1243: 1239: 1224: 1223: 1204: 1202: 1195: 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In 2023 the 552:, compared to 514:carbon dioxide 495: 494:Green methanol 492: 462:green hydrogen 449:Green hydrogen 417: 409: 407: 404: 348: 344: 340: 333:green hydrogen 306: 303: 291:green hydrogen 287:global warming 238: 235: 210:energy carrier 198:General Motors 177: 174: 172: 169: 105:green hydrogen 71:climate change 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7628: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7565:Windmill ship 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506:Documentaries 7504: 7498: 7497:Electric boat 7495: 7493: 7490: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7475:Solar vehicle 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433:Multiple-fuel 7431: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7335:Methanol fuel 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7247:Solar vehicle 7245: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7144:Electric boat 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7096:Tesla turbine 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7066:Electric boat 7064: 7062: 7059: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7027:Solar vehicle 7025: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6984: 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6396: 6392: 6385: 6382: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6363: 6348: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6269: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6205: 6202: 6187: 6183: 6182:UK Government 6176: 6170: 6167: 6156:on 2008-05-27 6152: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6100: 6099:enerji.gov.tr 6096: 6090: 6087: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6043: 6040: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6011:. 6 May 2021. 6010: 6004: 6001: 5986: 5979: 5973: 5970: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5883: 5880: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5803: 5788: 5781: 5775: 5772: 5761:on 2008-02-24 5760: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5721: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5545: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5505: 5501: 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4617: 4615: 4611: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4572:on 2008-05-13 4571: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4532: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4395: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4288: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4239: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4183:: 1026–1045. 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4164: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144:The Economist 4141: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4125:9781009157926 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4013: 4012:CleanTechnica 4009: 4002: 3999: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3901: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3876: 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3030:The Economist 3027: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2932: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892:Energy Policy 2886: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2753: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2657: 2656:Goldman Sachs 2653: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2629: 2628:CleanTechnica 2625: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2502: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466:9781009157926 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2383: 2382: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2298: 2297:Rhodium Group 2294: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2212:. p. 227 2211: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2071:, instead of 2070: 2066: 2065:Stuart Island 2061: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022:United States 2019: 2012:United States 2011: 2009: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1947: 1945: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1874:fishing fleet 1871: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1755:United States 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:Massachusetts 1656: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1625: 1622:February 2019 1613: 1608: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1583:Goldman Sachs 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564:electrolysers 1561: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1420: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1356:UK government 1354: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1338: 1331: 1328: 1327:Blue hydrogen 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1236: 1232: 1220: 1217:February 2024 1208: 1203: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1127: 1123: 1115: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1093: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1010:hydrogen fuel 1007: 1003: 994: 987: 978: 976: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 955:in its pure, 954: 950: 941: 936: 928: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 900: 898: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879:solar thermal 876: 872: 866: 864: 856: 848: 846: 823: 798: 794: 788: 782: 778: 770: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 743: 741: 739: 733: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 686: 682: 678: 672: 664: 662: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 632: 630: 628: 623: 614: 606: 599: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 519: 515: 511: 507: 501: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 450: 445: 443: 442: 441:blue hydrogen 437: 433: 429: 426:made through 425: 424:gray hydrogen 421: 414: 405: 403: 394: 383: 372: 368: 367:hydrocracking 357: 352: 338: 334: 330: 325: 313: 311: 304: 302: 300: 296: 295:green ammonia 292: 288: 282: 280: 276: 271: 268: 264: 260: 256: 248: 243: 236: 234: 231: 226: 222: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 175: 170: 168: 166: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 125:green ammonia 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 106: 101: 100: 99:blue hydrogen 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 78:gray hydrogen 74: 72: 69:and limiting 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 41: 37: 32: 19: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7455:Hybrid train 7362: 7320:Ethanol fuel 7300:Butanol fuel 7285:Alcohol fuel 7220:Hybrid train 7161:Electric car 7149:Electric bus 6925: 6765: 6756:Fusion power 6630: 6610: 6589: 6578:. 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