104:
31:
85:
54:
96:
77:
911:
744:
Therefore, depending on how the fuel is metered, the maximum output for a hydrogen engine can be either 15% higher or 15% less than that of gasoline if a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio is used. However, at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, the combustion temperature is very high and as a result it will
521:. In this respect, the combustion process is much like other high temperature combustion fuels, such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel or natural gas. This problem is exascerbated by the very high temperatures generated by the combustion of hydrogen. As such hydrogen combustion engines are not considered
473:
at the best operating point (3000 rpm, 14 NLM (normal liters per minute), 2.5 times stoichiometric air/fuel ratio) achieved 520 W and 21% efficiency. In order to measure the vehicular efficiency an also converted similar 107 ml engine (Honda GX110 with best gasoline efficiency 26%) was installed in a
214:
was converted to hydrogen using a 107 ml 4-stroke engine. It was used in a research project examining and measuring losses from the power conversions sun -> electricity -> electrolysis -> storage -> motor -> transmission -> wheels. Compared to its previous battery-electric mode, the
206:
that burn hydrogen. The advantage of using ICE (internal combustion engine) such as Wankel and piston engines is that the cost of retooling for production is much lower. Existing-technology ICE can still be used to solve those problems where fuel cells are not a viable solution as yet, for example in
589:
As with any internal combustion engine, small amounts of the engine oil needed for lubrication can enter the combustion chamber, and take part in the combustion process. The exhaust gases can therefore contain small amounts of the products of combustion of this oil. Typically very minute quantities
369:
In June 2022, Toyota revealed the progress of its efforts in the Super Taikyu Series at the ENEOS Super Taikyu Series 2022. They say cruising range was improved by approximately 20%, power output was improved by approx. 20% and torque was improved by approx. 30%. Also, Hydrogen suppliers are added
465:
The efficiency of a hydrogen combustion engine can be similar to that of a traditional combustion engine. If well optimized, slightly higher efficiencies can be achieved. The comparison with a hydrogen fuel cell is interesting. The fuel cell has a high efficiency peak at low load, while at high
774:
is reduced to near zero. Unfortunately, this also reduces the power output to about half that of a similarly sized gasoline engine. To make up for the power loss, hydrogen engines are usually larger than gasoline engines, and/or are equipped with turbochargers or superchargers. A small amount of
382:, and Commercial Japan Partnership Technologies Corporation (CJPT) announced that they have started planning and foundational research on hydrogen engines for heavy-duty commercial vehicles with the aim of further utilizing internal combustion engines as one option to achieve carbon neutrality.
474:
lightweight vehicle and driven up known gradients while measuring speed and hydrogen flow. Calculations gave as results 3.5% to 5.9% average efficiencies and 7.5% peak efficiency. The consumption measured on a level road was 24 NLM/km at a speed of 25 km/h and 31 NLM/km at 43 km/h.
540:
in air) in comparison with other fuels. As a result, it can be combusted in an internal combustion engine over a wide range of fuel-air mixtures. An advantage of this is the engine can be run using a lean fuel-air mixture. Such a mixture is one in which the amount of fuel is less than the
466:
load the efficiency drops. The hydrogen combustion engine has a peak at high load and can achieve similar efficiency levels as a hydrogen fuel cell. From this, one can deduce that hydrogen combustion engines are a match in terms of efficiency for fuel cells for heavy duty applications.
545:
or chemically ideal amount needed for combustion with a given amount of air. Fuel economy is then greater and the combustion reaction is more complete. Also, the combustion temperature is usually lower, which reduces the amount of pollutants (e.g. nitrogen oxides) emitted.
971:
1902:
727:
for hydrogen is 34:1. At this air/fuel ratio, hydrogen will displace 29% of the combustion chamber leaving only 71% for the air. As a result, the energy content of this mixture will be less than it would be if the fuel were gasoline. Since both the
437:
depends on the compression ratio and improves from 47% to 56% when this is raised from 8 to 15. Engines in practical vehicles achieve 50-75% of this, with about 60% is suggested as an unlimited-cost limit. However, a conference presentation by
532:
was from natural gas (47%), coal (27%) and oil (22%) and only around 4% came from electrolysis. Emissions from burning hydrogen can be negligible but emissions from producing hydrogen are currently higher than direct combustion of the source.
604:
Tuning a hydrogen engine in 1976 to produce the greatest amount of emissions possible resulted in emissions comparable with consumer operated gasoline engines from that period. More modern engines however often come equipped with
362:. Their common view is that the enemy is not internal combustion engines, and we need diverse solutions toward challenging carbon neutrality. At the event, Yamaha Motor unveiled 5.0-liter V8 Hydrogen engine which is based on
264:
Hydrogen internal combustion engine development has been receiving more interest recently, particularly for heavy duty commercial vehicles. Part of the motivation for this is as a bridging technology to meet future climate
740:
systems, which mix the fuel with the air after the intake valve has closed (and thus the combustion chamber has 100% air), the maximum output of the engine can be approximately 15% higher than that for gasoline engines.
660:, it is attractive to consider hydrogen internal combustion engines as part of a hybrid powertrain. In this configuration, the vehicle is able to offer short-term zero emission capabilities such as operating in city
1894:
1819:
162:. In this way, the combustion process is much like other high temperature combustion fuels, such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel or natural gas. Therefore, hydrogen combustion engines are not considered
330:
race round 3 "NAPAC Fuji Super TEC 24 Hours", and completed the 24 hours race. Toyota intends to apply its safety technologies and know-how that it has accumulated through the development of
1746:
L. M. DAS, EXHAUST EMISSION CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROGEN OPERATED ENGINE SYSTEM: NATURE OF POLLUTANTS AND THEIR CONTROL TECHNIQUES Int. J. Hydrogen Energy Vol. 16, No. 11, pp. 765-775, 1991
736:
methods mix the fuel and air prior to it entering the combustion chamber, these systems limit the maximum theoretical power obtainable to approximately 85% of that of gasoline engines. For
408:
race round 2 "NNAPAC Fuji SUPER TEC 24 Hours Race", and completed the 24 hours race. It was the first time that a car running on liquid hydrogen has entered a race anywhere in the world.
716:. All modifications would amount to about one point five times (1.5) the current cost of a gasoline engine. These hydrogen engines burn fuel in the same manner that gasoline engines do.
779:
1240:
601:, HC and particulates can be found in the exhaust gases. These are several orders of magnitude lower than what would be seen in the exhaust gases of a gasoline or diesel engine.
1288:"Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Subaru, Toyota, Mazda, and Yamaha Take on Challenge to Expand Options for Producing, Transporting, and Using Fuel Toward Achieving Carbon Neutrality"
838:
2272:
299:(METI) to form a technological research association called HySE (Hydrogen Small mobility & Engine technology) for developing hydrogen-powered engines for small mobility.
1646:
1880:
1998:
510:
However, air is a mixture of gases, and the most abundant gas in air is nitrogen. Therefore, the combustion of hydrogen in air produces oxides of nitrogen, known as
765:
Typically hydrogen engines are designed to use about twice as much air as theoretically required for complete combustion. At this air/fuel ratio, the formation of
1844:
1804:
762:. Since one of the reasons for using hydrogen is low exhaust emissions, hydrogen engines are not normally designed to run at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio.
2203:
1109:
458:, which is typically higher than that of Carnot. The determination of a fuel cell's performance depends on the thermodynamic evaluation. Using hydrogen's
153:) in the exhaust. As hydrogen combustion occurs in an atmosphere containing nitrogen and oxygen, however, it can produce oxides of nitrogen known as
1310:
319:
for hydrogen powered vehicles. It achieved a respectable 108.16 mph, missing the world record for hydrogen powered vehicles by 0.1 mph.
296:
1511:
103:
354:) jointly announced that they will take on the challenge of expanding fuel options through the use of internal combustion engines to achieve
2089:
1991:
1712:
230:, powered by a hydrogen ICE, which achieved 301 km/h (187 mph) in tests. At least two of these concepts have been manufactured.
219:
too large to be carried on board. It was powered by a stationary solar installation and the produced hydrogen stored in pressure bottles.
1386:"Isuzu, DENSO, Toyota, Hino, and CJPT to Start Planning and Foundational Research on Hydrogen Engines for Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles"
2638:
775:
hydrogen can be burned outside the combustion chamber and reach into the air/fuel mixture in the chamber to ignite the main combustion.
312:
193:
in 1863. In 1970, Paul Dieges patented a modified internal combustion engine which allow a gasoline-powered engine to run on hydrogen.
1203:
2232:
950:
848:
843:
1052:
1767:
P.C.T. De Boera, W.J. McLeana and H.S. Homana (1976). "Performance and emissions of hydrogen fueled internal combustion engines".
246:
developed a hybrid hydrogen systems that allows vehicle to use petrol and hydrogen fuels individually or at the same time with an
1088:
940:
1984:
199:
have been developing hydrogen internal combustion engines since 1970. They recently developed a hydrogen fueled bus and truck.
1860:
2161:
1916:
1820:
NOx emission and performance data for a hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine at 1500rpm using exhaust gas recirculation
579:
469:
Efficiency decreases for small internal combustion engines. A 67 ml 4-stroke engine converted to hydrogen and tested with a
2551:
1338:
2262:
1000:
828:
439:
359:
2347:
1944:
969:, Dieges, Paul Bertrand, "Vaporization of exhaust products in hydrogen-oxygen engine", published 1974-10-29
2643:
2565:
2074:
550:
216:
1735:
893:
2558:
1841:
1801:
2633:
2314:
1971:
247:
120:
2405:
1755:
823:
606:
339:
273:
2267:
2225:
2007:
1429:
868:
813:
653:
390:
30:
1664:
276:
unveiled a hydrogen combustion engine developed using the same injector as the hydrogen
Corolla, based on the
1830:
311:
was converted to run on hydrogen in a project led by James W. Heffel (principal engineer at the time for the
2487:
2446:
2252:
2215:
833:
759:
562:
258:
174:
315:
CE-CERT). The hydrogen conversion was done with the aim of making a vehicle capable of beating the current
2612:
2451:
2289:
2128:
2069:
88:
2482:
2410:
2362:
2247:
2237:
1591:
1076:
385:
In August 2022, Toyota conducted demonstration run of GR Yaris H2, a special hydrogen-engine version of
323:
269:
emission goals, and as technology more compatible with existing automotive knowledge and manufacturing.
254:
196:
782:
has been working with industrial partners for the development of hydrogen internal combustion engines.
1930:
1455:
966:
2607:
2191:
1776:
351:
284:
135:
of the traditional gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. The absence of carbon means that no
2456:
2156:
529:
412:
405:
327:
233:
142:
is produced, which eliminates the main greenhouse gas emission of a conventional petroleum engine.
84:
17:
720:
2123:
733:
459:
430:
2529:
2395:
2242:
2166:
2098:
2023:
1688:
1127:
946:
661:
455:
447:
424:
355:
331:
316:
277:
190:
186:
131:
rather than through combustion). Instead, the hydrogen internal combustion engine is simply a
124:
62:
39:
1565:
1287:
2420:
2400:
2367:
2220:
2171:
2143:
2041:
1784:
1484:
1385:
1363:
1265:
1162:
363:
116:
2597:
2587:
2477:
2113:
1848:
1808:
1461:
1315:
1207:
798:
697:
672:
The differences between a hydrogen ICE and a traditional gasoline engine include hardened
583:
566:
554:
401:
386:
178:
146:
128:
1538:
1407:
1128:"Yamaha, Honda, Kawasaki and Suzuki partner on hydrogen engines for small mobility; HySE"
927:
1780:
1056:
145:
As pure hydrogen does not contain carbon, there are no carbon-based pollutants, such as
2507:
2497:
2415:
2279:
2210:
2148:
1485:"Liquid Hydrogen-Powered Corolla to Participate in the Super Taikyu Fuji 24 Hours Race"
746:
737:
709:
693:
681:
237:
227:
136:
261:
race. The Rapide S was the first vehicle to finish the race with hydrogen technology.
53:
2627:
2602:
2534:
2512:
2372:
2284:
2181:
2133:
2103:
2064:
1788:
1181:
915:
786:
724:
689:
649:
542:
522:
211:
203:
163:
132:
66:
43:
2492:
2357:
2337:
2322:
2257:
2198:
2186:
705:
411:
In June 2023, Toyota unveiled a hydrogen race car "GR H2 Racing
Concept" built for
335:
308:
251:
236:
have been demonstrated based on converted diesel internal combustion engines with
1647:"How hydrogen combustion engines can contribute to zero emissions | McKinsey"
2342:
2056:
2033:
1931:"Diesel Engine for Clean Hydrogen Combustion Retrofitted by Engineers - H2 News"
818:
808:
701:
558:
487:
470:
379:
182:
1035:
1007:
95:
729:
685:
677:
483:
434:
370:
and its transporting became more efficient to support the race. In July 2022,
243:
987:
International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy Volume 3, Issue 1, 1978, Pages 61–81
2522:
2517:
2502:
2327:
2299:
2294:
2084:
2079:
2015:
1976:
1621:
713:
451:
1408:"'Morizo' Puts Hydrogen-Engine GR Yaris Through Its Paces on Belgian Roads"
719:
The theoretical maximum power output from a hydrogen engine depends on the
442:
claims that the theoretical efficiency limit is 100%, based on it being an
123:. Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles are different from hydrogen
76:
636:
This technology potentially benefits hydrogen combustion also in terms of
2592:
2387:
2377:
1516:
1456:"Toyota Make History By Entering Liquid Hydrogen-Powered Vehicle in Race"
1166:
58:
1627:. Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, SA
1539:"TOYOTA GAZOO Racing Unveils "GR H2 Racing Concept" at Le Mans 24 Hours"
1311:"In defense of combustion engines, Toyota CEO says'the enemy is carbon'"
2461:
2441:
2311:
2176:
2046:
1512:"Toyota unveils a hydrogen race car concept built for Le Mans 24 Hours"
1154:
70:
47:
1241:"Toyota successfully completes Fuji 24-hour race with hydrogen engine"
1182:"The Design and Testing of Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engine"
215:
range proved higher but the system efficiency lower and the available
2582:
2332:
1542:
1488:
343:
292:
1917:"New System Retrofits Diesel Engines to Run on 90 per Cent Hydrogen"
1266:"Toyota Developing Hydrogen Engine Technologies Through Motorsports"
872:
673:
394:
375:
371:
347:
288:
102:
94:
83:
75:
52:
29:
1364:"Toyota Announces Progress of Efforts in the Super Taikyu Series"
914:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1980:
1227:
1153:
Heffel, James W.; Johnson, Douglas C.; Shelby, Carroll (2001).
2352:
511:
223:
149:(CO) or hydrocarbons (HC), nor is there any carbon dioxide (CO
35:
1895:"Hydrogen for internal combustion engines in heavy equipment"
1110:"Aston Martin Favors Hydrogen Over Hybrids, At Least For Now"
1089:"Hydrogen-powered Aston Martin - the story behind the racer"
338:. In November 2021, five automotive manufacturers in Japan (
1945:"MINI Hydrogen Concept Car Shown At The 2001 IAA Frankfurt"
928:
Hydrogen-Fueled
Internal Combustion Engines; see section 5
326:
Sport, which is equipped with hydrogen engine entered the
1186:
International
Academy of Engineering and Medical Research
400:
In May 2023, Toyota
Corolla Sport which is equipped with
1713:"Estimating The Carbon Footprint Of Hydrogen Production"
358:, at the (three-hour) Super Taikyu race Round 6 held at
1756:
Hydrogen vehicles and refueling infrastructure in India
712:, positive pressure supercharger, and high temperature
181:, the first internal combustion engine, which ran on a
1228:
UCR Runs
Hydrogen Powered Shelby Cobra in Speed Trial
839:
List of hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles
2575:
2543:
2470:
2434:
2386:
2310:
2142:
2112:
2055:
2032:
2014:
1430:"Hydrogen Oowered Toyota GR Yaris Debuts in Europe"
1204:"Hydrogen Powered Shelby Cobra: Vehicle Conversion"
1155:"Hydrogen Powered Shelby Cobra: Vehicle Conversion"
945:. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
462:, the maximum fuel cell efficiency would be 94.5%.
869:"INL-Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles"
1972:EERE-Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
27:Vehicle with hydrogen internal combustion engine
801:: a possible solution to overcome the lack of H
785:In Australia, The engineers further insert fit
696:designed for a gas instead of a liquid, larger
536:Hydrogen has a wide flammability range (3–70% H
1992:
1029:
1027:
894:"Hydrogen Use in Internal Combustion Engines"
528:At the end of 2021, almost 96% of the global
8:
1309:River Davis; Tsuyoshi Inajima (2021-11-14).
1245:Engine + Powertrain Technology International
1041:. Metkon SA, Swiss Federal Office of Energy.
2426:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
1842:Hydrogen use in internal combustion engines
1802:Hydrogen use in internal combustion engines
1736:Hydrogen use in internal combustion engines
1339:"Yamaha Unveils Hydrogen-Powered Toyota V8"
113:hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
1999:
1985:
1977:
1831:Converting of gasoline ICE to hydrogen ICE
789:into run hydrogen fuel for car and truck.
778:In the Netherlands, research organisation
1861:"Liebherr & Mahle develop heavy-duty
1290:(Press release). Toyota. 13 November 2021
1769:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
1001:"Hydrogen Fuel ICE Bus developed by TCU"
899:. US Department of Energy. December 2001
768:
752:
639:
597:
572:
514:
156:
1905:from the original on 28 September 2020.
1410:(Press release). Toyota. 21 August 2022
860:
297:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
1883:from the original on 14 October 2021.
1658:
1656:
450:. In comparison, the efficiency of a
7:
1388:(Press release). Toyota. 8 July 2022
1366:(Press release). Toyota. 3 June 2022
723:and fuel injection method used. The
446:engine and therefore not limited by
1592:"Defining Engine Efficiency Limits"
1268:(Press release). Toyota. 2021-04-22
1034:Schmidt, Theodor (September 1991).
609:(EGR). Equation when ignoring EGR:
313:University of California, Riverside
18:Hydrogen internal combustion engine
25:
2233:Electric motorcycles and scooters
849:Timeline of hydrogen technologies
844:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
648:Since hydrogen combustion is not
486:of hydrogen with oxygen produces
334:and the commercialization of the
1665:"Hydrogen: The Burning Question"
1239:Lawrence Butcher (28 May 2021).
1180:Bulla, Evangeline (April 2017).
1036:"Solar-Hydrogen-Powered Vehicle"
909:
389:, during the ninth round of the
250:. This technology was used with
2280:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
942:World History of the Automobile
295:received approval from Japan's
107:Musashi 9 Liquid hydrogen truck
2162:Battery electric multiple unit
668:Adaptation of existing engines
580:atmospheric particulate matter
226:tested a luxury car named the
34:Filler neck for hydrogen of a
1:
2263:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
1566:"Advanced Combustion Engines"
829:Home hydrogen fueling station
725:stoichiometric air/fuel ratio
360:Okayama International Circuit
2552:Who Killed the Electric Car?
2348:Common ethanol fuel mixtures
1789:10.1016/0360-3199(76)90068-9
1337:Andrew Nabors (2021-11-25).
809:Classic car fuel conversions
80:A BMW Hydrogen 7 concept car
2566:Revenge of the Electric Car
2157:Battery-electric locomotive
1669:www.thechemicalengineer.com
985:Furuhama, Shouichi (1978).
551:European emission standards
217:alkaline hydrogen generator
207:cold-weather applications.
2660:
2639:Internal combustion engine
1622:"Fuel Cell Thermodynamics"
1564:Goldenstein, Christopher.
1510:Jon Fingas (9 June 2023).
1159:SAE Technical Paper Series
422:
248:internal combustion engine
121:internal combustion engine
57:A liquid hydrogen tank by
2559:What Is the Electric Car?
2406:Hydrogen-powered aircraft
2008:Alternative fuel vehicles
824:Hydrogen fuel enhancement
607:exhaust gas recirculation
340:Kawasaki Heavy Industries
2268:Plug-in electric vehicle
2248:Gyro flywheel locomotive
2226:Battery electric vehicle
939:Eckermann, Erik (2001).
814:Fuel gas-powered scooter
704:material, modified (for
563:non-methane hydrocarbons
391:World Rally Championship
127:(which utilize hydrogen
2488:Hybrid electric vehicle
2452:Liquid nitrogen vehicle
2447:Hybrid electric vehicle
2253:Hybrid electric vehicle
2216:Electric platform truck
834:Liquid nitrogen vehicle
745:form a large amount of
303:Records and motor sport
175:Francois Isaac de Rivaz
2613:Zero-emissions vehicle
2129:Compressed-air vehicle
2070:Solar-powered aircraft
1599:Oak Ridge National Lab
684:, non-platinum tipped
108:
100:
92:
89:Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE
81:
73:
50:
2483:Flexible-fuel vehicle
2411:Hydrogen-powered ship
2363:Flexible-fuel vehicle
2238:Electric kick scooter
553:measure emissions of
490:as its only product:
222:Between 2005 - 2007,
197:Tokyo City University
177:designed in 1806 the
115:(HICEV) is a type of
106:
98:
87:
79:
56:
33:
2608:Wind-powered vehicle
2192:Battery electric bus
1167:10.4271/2001-01-2530
307:In the year 2000, a
259:24 Hours NĂĽrburgring
234:HICE forklift trucks
210:In 1990 an electric
202:Mazda has developed
2457:Natural gas vehicle
1879:. 14 October 2021.
1781:1976IJHE....1..153D
1620:Khotseng, Lindiwe.
1570:Stanford University
1108:de Paula, Matthew.
688:, a higher voltage
662:zero emission zones
530:hydrogen production
478:Pollutant emissions
460:lower heating value
413:24 Hours of Le Mans
406:Super Taikyu Series
404:engine entered the
328:Super Taikyu Series
272:In September 2022,
2644:1807 introductions
2124:Compressed-air car
2090:List of prototypes
1949:www.autointell.com
1933:. 17 October 2022.
1919:. 10 October 2022.
1847:2011-09-05 at the
1807:2011-09-05 at the
1132:Green Car Congress
760:criteria pollutant
454:is limited by the
431:thermal efficiency
332:fuel cell vehicles
125:fuel cell vehicles
109:
101:
93:
82:
74:
51:
2634:Hydrogen vehicles
2621:
2620:
2530:Electric aircraft
2396:Fuel cell vehicle
2243:Fuel cell vehicle
2167:Electric aircraft
2099:Electric aircraft
2024:Fuel cell vehicle
1541:(Press release).
1487:(Press release).
698:crankshaft damper
456:Gibbs free energy
448:Carnot efficiency
425:Engine efficiency
356:carbon neutrality
317:land speed record
129:electrochemically
63:Museum Autovision
40:Museum Autovision
16:(Redirected from
2651:
2421:Hydrogen vehicle
2401:Hydrogen economy
2368:Methanol economy
2221:Electric vehicle
2172:Electric bicycle
2144:Electric battery
2042:Electric bicycle
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1857:
1851:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1764:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1596:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1436:. 22 August 2022
1434:Hydrogen Central
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1206:. Archived from
1200:
1194:
1193:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1055:. Archived from
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1006:. Archived from
1005:
997:
991:
990:
982:
976:
975:
974:
970:
963:
957:
956:
936:
930:
925:
919:
913:
912:
908:
906:
904:
898:
890:
884:
883:
881:
880:
871:. Archived from
865:
773:
757:
738:direct injection
644:
600:
584:particle numbers
577:
519:
364:Lexus 2UR engine
238:direct injection
161:
133:modified version
117:hydrogen vehicle
21:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2598:Wave power ship
2588:Ram air turbine
2571:
2539:
2478:Bi-fuel vehicle
2466:
2430:
2382:
2306:
2146:
2138:
2115:
2114:Compressed-air
2108:
2051:
2028:
2010:
2005:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1849:Wayback Machine
1840:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1809:Wayback Machine
1800:
1796:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1590:Edwards, Dean.
1589:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1462:Yomiuri Shimbun
1454:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1316:The Japan Times
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1161:. Vol. 1.
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1003:
999:
998:
994:
984:
983:
979:
972:
965:
964:
960:
953:
938:
937:
933:
926:
922:
910:
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:
887:
878:
876:
867:
866:
862:
857:
804:
799:Bi-fuel vehicle
795:
772:
766:
756:
750:
747:nitrogen oxides
710:intake manifold
682:connecting rods
670:
657:
643:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
599:
595:
593:
576:
570:
567:nitrogen oxides
555:carbon monoxide
539:
518:
512:
505:
501:
497:
480:
427:
421:
402:liquid hydrogen
387:Toyota GR Yaris
305:
291:, Kawasaki and
268:
183:hydrogen/oxygen
179:De Rivaz engine
172:
160:
154:
152:
147:carbon monoxide
140:
91:hydrogen rotary
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2510:
2508:Plug-in hybrid
2505:
2500:
2498:Hybrid vehicle
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:Hydrogen train
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2213:
2211:Electric truck
2208:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1966:External links
1964:
1961:
1960:
1936:
1922:
1908:
1886:
1867:
1852:
1834:
1823:
1812:
1794:
1775:(2): 153–172.
1759:
1748:
1739:
1728:
1717:www.forbes.com
1704:
1680:
1652:
1638:
1612:
1582:
1556:
1530:
1502:
1476:
1447:
1421:
1399:
1377:
1355:
1329:
1301:
1279:
1257:
1231:
1220:
1195:
1172:
1145:
1119:
1100:
1080:
1069:
1044:
1023:
992:
977:
958:
951:
931:
920:
885:
859:
858:
856:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
802:
794:
791:
758:), which is a
734:port injection
721:air/fuel ratio
694:fuel injectors
669:
666:
655:
634:
633:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
591:
543:stoichiometric
537:
508:
507:
503:
499:
495:
479:
476:
423:Main article:
420:
417:
324:Toyota Corolla
304:
301:
266:
228:BMW Hydrogen 7
204:Wankel engines
187:Étienne Lenoir
171:
168:
150:
138:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2656:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Windmill ship
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:Documentaries
2542:
2536:
2535:Electric boat
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:Solar vehicle
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:Multiple-fuel
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Methanol fuel
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2285:Solar vehicle
2283:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Electric boat
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2134:Tesla turbine
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2104:Electric boat
2102:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:Solar vehicle
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1877:electrive.com
1874:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1694:
1693:www.irena.org
1690:
1684:
1681:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1545:. 9 June 2023
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1491:. 27 May 2023
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1465:. 29 May 2023
1464:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1344:
1343:autoevolution
1340:
1333:
1330:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1210:on 2019-09-28
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1134:. 18 May 2023
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1059:on 2008-10-06
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1013:on 2021-04-29
1009:
1002:
996:
993:
988:
981:
978:
968:
962:
959:
954:
952:0-7680-0800-X
948:
944:
943:
935:
932:
929:
924:
921:
917:
916:public domain
895:
889:
886:
875:on 2004-10-15
874:
870:
864:
861:
854:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
800:
797:
796:
792:
790:
788:
783:
781:
776:
771:
763:
761:
755:
748:
742:
739:
735:
731:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:ignition coil
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
665:
663:
659:
652:but has zero
651:
650:zero emission
646:
642:
612:
611:
610:
608:
602:
587:
585:
581:
575:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
544:
541:theoretical,
534:
531:
526:
524:
523:zero emission
520:
517:
493:
492:
491:
489:
485:
477:
475:
472:
467:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
426:
418:
416:
414:
409:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:In May 2021,
320:
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:In May 2023,
281:
279:
275:
270:
262:
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
239:
235:
231:
229:
225:
220:
218:
213:
212:solar vehicle
208:
205:
200:
198:
194:
192:
189:produced the
188:
184:
180:
176:
169:
167:
165:
164:zero emission
159:
148:
143:
141:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
105:
97:
90:
86:
78:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2493:Hybrid train
2425:
2358:Ethanol fuel
2338:Butanol fuel
2323:Alcohol fuel
2258:Hybrid train
2199:Electric car
2187:Electric bus
1952:. Retrieved
1948:
1939:
1925:
1911:
1898:
1889:
1876:
1855:
1837:
1826:
1815:
1797:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1751:
1742:
1731:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:
1707:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1598:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1515:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1459:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1314:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:
1234:
1223:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1198:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1158:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1131:
1122:
1113:
1103:
1092:. Retrieved
1083:
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:the original
1047:
1015:. Retrieved
1008:the original
995:
986:
980:
961:
941:
934:
923:
901:. Retrieved
888:
877:. Retrieved
873:the original
863:
784:
777:
769:
764:
753:
743:
718:
706:supercharger
671:
647:
640:
635:
603:
588:
573:
548:
535:
527:
515:
509:
481:
468:
464:
443:
433:of an ideal
428:
410:
399:
384:
368:
352:Yamaha Motor
321:
309:Shelby Cobra
306:
282:
271:
263:
252:Aston Martin
242:
232:
221:
209:
201:
195:
173:
157:
144:
112:
110:
2343:Biogasoline
2057:Solar power
2034:Human power
1631:27 December
1575:24 December
1348:12 December
1322:12 December
1294:12 December
1272:29 November
1250:29 November
1053:"Linde X39"
819:Formic acid
702:head gasket
700:, stronger
686:spark plugs
680:, stronger
678:valve seats
645:emissions.
559:hydrocarbon
488:water vapor
471:dynamometer
380:Hino Motors
257:during the
191:Hippomobile
2628:Categories
1954:2021-02-01
1722:2023-09-15
1698:2023-09-15
1689:"Hydrogen"
1674:2023-08-22
1214:2019-09-28
1094:2023-06-12
1063:2008-12-17
1017:2015-07-22
967:US 3844262
879:2008-12-17
855:References
787:diesel ICE
730:carbureted
714:engine oil
484:combustion
444:open cycle
435:Otto Cycle
419:Efficiency
378:, Toyota,
346:, Toyota,
244:Alset GmbH
67:AltluĂźheim
44:AltluĂźheim
2523:Solar bus
2518:Solar car
2503:Multifuel
2328:Biodiesel
2300:Solar bus
2295:Solar car
2085:Solar car
2080:Solar bus
2016:Fuel cell
1605:30 August
1440:22 August
1414:22 August
658:emissions
590:of CO, CO
452:fuel cell
440:Oak Ridge
393:(WRC) in
185:mixture.
119:using an
2593:Vactrain
2576:See also
2388:Hydrogen
2378:Wood gas
2290:aircraft
1903:Archived
1881:Archived
1873:engines"
1845:Archived
1805:Archived
1663:IChemE.
1517:engadget
805:stations
793:See also
278:Ninja H2
274:Kawasaki
255:Rapide S
2462:Propane
2442:Autogas
2312:Biofuel
2177:Pedelec
2047:Pedelec
1777:Bibcode
1601:. FEERC
1392:14 July
1138:22 June
903:25 July
170:History
99:BMW H2R
71:Germany
48:Germany
2583:Maglev
2435:Others
2333:Biogas
2116:engine
1549:9 June
1543:Toyota
1523:9 June
1495:29 May
1489:Toyota
1469:29 May
1370:1 July
1114:Forbes
973:
949:
674:valves
629:O + NO
582:, and
344:Subaru
293:Suzuki
285:Yamaha
2149:motor
2075:boats
1625:(PDF)
1595:(PDF)
1077:HyICE
1039:(PDF)
1011:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
897:(PDF)
395:Ypres
376:Denso
372:Isuzu
348:Mazda
336:Mirai
289:Honda
59:Linde
2273:List
2204:List
2147:and
1633:2022
1607:2022
1577:2022
1551:2023
1525:2023
1497:2023
1471:2023
1460:The
1442:2022
1416:2022
1394:2022
1372:2022
1350:2021
1324:2021
1296:2021
1274:2021
1252:2021
1192:(4).
1140:2023
947:ISBN
905:2017
732:and
676:and
549:The
502:→ 2H
482:The
429:The
350:and
2353:E85
2315:ICE
1899:TNO
1785:doi
1163:doi
780:TNO
625:→ H
621:+ N
617:+ O
578:),
498:+ O
224:BMW
36:BMW
2630::
1947:.
1901:.
1897:.
1875:.
1783:.
1771:.
1715:.
1691:.
1667:.
1655:^
1597:.
1568:.
1514:.
1458:.
1432:.
1341:.
1313:.
1243:.
1188:.
1184:.
1157:.
1130:.
1112:.
1026:^
767:NO
751:NO
708:)
692:,
664:.
654:CO
638:NO
596:SO
594:,
586:.
571:NO
565:,
561:,
557:,
525:.
513:NO
494:2H
415:.
397:.
374:,
366:.
342:,
287:,
280:.
265:CO
240:.
166:.
155:NO
137:CO
111:A
69:,
65:,
61:,
46:,
42:,
38:,
2000:e
1993:t
1986:v
1957:.
1868:2
1863:H
1791:.
1787::
1779::
1773:1
1725:.
1701:.
1677:.
1649:.
1635:.
1609:.
1579:.
1553:.
1527:.
1499:.
1473:.
1444:.
1418:.
1396:.
1374:.
1352:.
1326:.
1298:.
1276:.
1254:.
1217:.
1190:2
1169:.
1165::
1142:.
1116:.
1097:.
1066:.
1020:.
989:.
955:.
918:.
907:.
882:.
803:2
770:x
754:x
749:(
656:2
641:x
631:x
627:2
623:2
619:2
615:2
613:H
598:2
592:2
574:x
569:(
538:2
516:x
506:O
504:2
500:2
496:2
267:2
158:x
151:2
139:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
