Spring peeper - Knowledge (XXG)

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louder calls that are preferred by the females. A segment of the male population, known as 'satellite males' do not make these calls, but instead position themselves near loud males and attempt to intercept females drawn in by these calls. Males can switch between satellite-ing and calling. The satellite tactic is not associated with size or inferiority. Males normally call between 15 and 25 times per minute to attract mates starting in the evening and continuing through the night. Though only weighing a few grams, the Spring Peeper can produce a call as loud as songbirds that weigh 10-100 times as much. Male spring peepers have also been found to increase the duration and frequency of aggressive calls in response to increased calling intensity from others. These satellite males are also known to circumvent female choice and increase rates of hybridization between spring peeper lineages. Males produce both advertisement calls, long-range calls that signal a male's position to other males and to attract females, and courtship calls, short-range calls that are directed toward nearby females to inform them that the male is ready to mate.

586:; both the large ventricle size and blood hemoglobin concentrations play a significant role in the speed of oxygen consumption, which is intensely linked to the calling rate. When a male spring peeper calls, the sound is made by the contraction of external and internal oblique muscles which subsequently force air out of the lungs, then move through the larynx to the vocal sac. Of the total body weight of male spring peepers, 15% is made up of the trunk muscles – which contain 2% of lipids in the body by volume – and showcase enzymes with mitochondrial markers. Calls that occur at rapid rates result in prominent energetic costs, which is why stored lipids are the source of 90% of energy applied to calling. 796: 657:. During the breeding season, the spring peeper will be found near bodies of water that are free of fish and pollutants. During actual breeding, their choruses form near where trees hang by bushy plants or secondary forests. Their choruses can also be located within ponds, marshes, or swamps. They will usually resume call activity during warm rain, and are not commonly seen outside of their breeding choruses. During the non-breeding season, they will inhabit dead plant material from trees, shrubs, and other plants in the woods. 808:

and rapid growth. These lines allow it to be determined that spring peepers begin to breed, going into their third spring when they are two years old. Male spring peepers have reached sexual maturity at this time yet are smaller in size than females. Between spring peepers' second and third years, their body size increases significantly, then subsequently plateaus. During the first season of breeding, the two-year-old males produce higher frequency calls than males in their third and fourth seasons do

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greater extents compared to those in environments of lower temperatures. When comparing the improvement of mating calls in males, calls from above ground compared to those near the ground showcased better results. Local vegetation may also play a role in the betterment of arboreal calling compared to calling from lower levels due to the spatial aspects interrupting the call.

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spring peeper tadpoles. Each type of pond typically hosts different predators: temporary ponds host beetle larvae and dragonflies, intermediate ponds host salamanders and beetle larvae, and permanent ponds host fishes and dragonfly larvae. Each predator plays a role as a potential predator to the spring peeper, depending on which type of pond they inhabit.

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efficiencies in calling. More reserves of glycogen and lipids are required to maintain calling during the season and require additional rationing of reserves to prepare themselves for courtship. In females, there is a positive correlation between their snout length and wet ovary mass, which also correlates to an increase in body size.

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Females choose mates based on the speed and volume of these male calls. Interestingly, females also discriminate between distinct genetic lineages, with females preferring males of their own lineage, possibly due to the detrimental effects of hybridization. Older, larger males tend to have faster and

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widespread throughout the eastern United States and Canada. It prefers permanent ponds due to its advantage in avoiding predation; however, it is very adaptable with respect to the habitat it can live in. In northern regions, the frog is able to endure below freezing temperatures due to the capacity

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By looking at the different shading/coloring of concentric rings in the skeletons of spring peepers, age can be determined regarding the way of bone growth. Darker lines coincide with periods of higher survival rates during winter months. Lighter lines and areas represent periods of bone deposition

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Climate plays a major role in the timing of spring peeper breeding: studies have shown a correlation between temperature and the date of first call (when spring peepers start to breed). Though the precise factors affecting breeding timing are complex, there has been a trend towards earlier breeding

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which gives them the name "peeper", but it is often hard to pinpoint the source of the sound, especially when many are peeping at once. The peepers generally breed close to dusk and throughout the evening and early morning hours. Their calls can be heard from as far as one to two and a half miles,

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of the inner ear is responsible for decoding and detecting mating calls. The basilar papilla units within the female ear are tuned between 2100 and 3700 Hz and are dependent on intensity. Females tend to select low-frequency calls over high-frequency ones because the calls at the lower end of

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behavior and nature of spring peepers during mating. At sites with higher humidity and air temperature, there is increased dominance of arboreal behavior, which showcases that latitude may play a role. Spring peepers which reside in areas of warmer temperatures tend to exhibit arboreal behavior to

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Another impact of temperature is the duration of mating calls. There is a negative relationship between the length of mating calls and throat temperature. However, male spring peepers with superior calling frequencies are positively related to throat temperature. The temperature of the surrounding

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and glycogen contents of the female spring peeper's liver increased significantly slower than in males as body mass increased. At the beginning of the breeding season, male spring peepers have more significant amounts of bodily lipid content. Therefore, those that are larger are experiencing lower

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pads located on the tips of their non-webbed fingers, spring peepers can stick to particular materials. Males and females are differentiated from one another through the darkening of the skin beneath the jaw in males. Males have a body length ranging from 18–30 millimetres (0.71–1.18 in), and

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These chirping calls are significant for communication in mating as females choose their mates based on the frequency and volume associated with them. Satellite males who do not make any calls also strategically place themselves near those that make louder calls in an attempt to intercept females.

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Spring peeper larvae are thought to be poor competitors in environments where other anurans are present. This is typically due to the larval spring peepers' small size and lower levels of activity. The small size of the larval allows them to be able to deal with their depressed resource density.

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Drying periods of ponds typically align before or during the metamorphic larval stage of spring peepers due to their slower growth rates. This suggests that higher mortality rates may be an effect. Salamanders and particular kinds of fish are seen to have profound impacts on the survivorship of

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contents can be measured early in the reproductive process to determine the amount used in spring peepers and their correlation to body size. Nonpolar lipid and glycogen content in male spring peepers increased with body mass, whereas in females, it decreased or had minimal variation. The fiber

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call is explained by temperature. Calling rate can be modified by interactions among neighboring males, which tend to alternate calls with one another. The mating calls of the spring peeper consist of a sound very similar to a "peep" and are repeated by males up to 13,500 times per night. As a

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are mostly tan, brown, yellow, pink, olive green, and gray. All have a slightly pale yellow coloration on the inside of the thighs. Females are lighter-colored, while males are slightly smaller and usually have dark throats. Females have a bulkier abdomen. Skin color of Spring Peepers is also

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In very cold weather, they hibernate under logs and loose bark. Spring peepers often call day and night as long as the temperature is above freezing, but they are mostly heard and usually not seen because they hide in dense plants. They are especially easy to hear due to their extremely loud

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In the northern reaches of their range, spring peepers must endure occasional periods of subfreezing temperatures during the breeding season. The species can tolerate the freezing of some of its body fluids, and undergoes hibernation under logs or behind loose bark on trees. It is capable of

932:. They are heard early in spring not long after the ice melts on the wetlands. The males usually call from the edges of the bodies of water in which they breed, hidden near the bases of shrubs or grasses. Even when calling, they may be difficult to locate and are most easily seen when in 803:

After they hatch, they remain tadpoles for two to three months before transforming into frogs and are ready to leave the water. Following breeding in the spring, the spring peepers' larval stage lasts two to three months. The spring peeper can live an estimated three years in the wild.

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isolating mechanism. As a potential agent of sexual selection, the mating call has many variations that may come into play as a major factor in mate choice by females. During mating, females monitor body size in correlation to the frequency of calls in an inverse matter. The

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The species has large toe pads for climbing, although it is more at home amid the loose debris of the forest floor. Because of its toepads, the spring peeper was once thought to be more closely related to treefrogs than chorus frogs and was placed in the genus

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environment of spring peepers also plays a role in the rate of calls, which is positively associated with the success of males during the mating and breeding period, showing that increasing site and throat temperatures result in increasing dominant frequency.

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Larval spring peepers harvest smaller amounts of resources, resulting in them having lower metabolic costs and a maintained growth rate. Spring peepers are said to occupy locations where predators have previously gotten ridden of bigger competitors.

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The spring peeper has no special status in most areas. It is common and widespread in the eastern regions. However, its habitats change quickly due to loss of wetlands. In some areas, its populations have decreased significantly.

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the spectrum are easier to detect. The calls of spring peepers are often repeated, which has been deemed essential concerning the evolution of the mate choice of females reacting to particular mating and courtship behavior.

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Lovett, Gary M. “When Do Peepers Peep? Climate and the Date of First Calling in the Spring Peeper (Pseudacris Crucifer) in Southeastern New York State.” Northeastern Naturalist, vol. 20, no. 2, 2013, pp. 333–40. JSTOR,

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Although they are able to inhabit multiple types of ponds, spring peepers have been seen to be superior competitors in permanent ponds due to their higher caliber of predation resistance within the environment. This

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which acts both as an anti-freeze in its blood, and allows organs like the heart to enter into a state of protected dormancy. The peeper earned its name from its chirping call, which marks the beginning of spring.

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of the spring peeper, mature and remain there until the spring for breeding. After the seminiferous tubules are emptied, during mating season, the pigmentation of the testis changes from black to a dull grey.

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typically lays around 900 eggs per clutch, but up to 1000 are possible. Females will lay eggs singularly or in groups of two or three. Egg clusters are hidden under vegetation or debris at the water base.

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This frog has a vocal sac that expands and deflates like a balloon to create a short and distinct peeping sound. Only males can make this loud high-pitched noise, and they use it to attract mates.

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Cairns, N.A.; Cicchino, A.S.; Stewart, K.A.; Austin, J.D.; Lougheed, S.C. (March 2021). "Cytonuclear discordance, reticulation and cryptic diversity in one of North America's most common frogs".

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Rashleigh, Karen R., & Michael Crowell. “Spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) in Labrador, Canada: An update.” The Canadian Field-Naturalist, vol. 132, no. 2, 1 Jan. 2019, pp. 163–167,

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affected by temperature and light. Coloration is dynamic and adaptable in this species. It can be altered quickly, in 15 to 45 minutes, in order to better camouflage from predators.

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Spring peepers breed in southern areas from October to March, depending on the local temperature. In northern areas, they breed between March and June, when the warm rains start.

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The mating displays of male spring peepers vary with different environmental factors: humidity and vegetation density. These factors play a significant role in the

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Temperature plays a large role in when the spring peeper begins breeding as well as the duration of mating. Warm spells result in a massive increased calling rate.

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Zimmitti, Salvatore J. (November 1999). "Individual Variation in Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Features Associated with Calling in Spring Peepers (

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in the shallows. As in other frogs, an aggressive call is made when densities are high. This call is a rising trill closely resembling the breeding call of the

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There are currently two subspecies recognized, although detailed genetic and behavioral analysis demonstrates they likely are not taxonomically accurate:

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Spring peepers are known to tolerate freezing temperatures by producing a glucose-based cryoprotectant to limit cell shrinkage and prevent cell freezing.

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edges restrict most hunting and other activity to night. The spring peeper's diet involves the filtering of particles from water columns and scouring

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Skelly, David K. (1997). "Tadpole Communities: Pond permanence and predation are powerful forces shaping the structure of tadpole communities".

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in their muscles at greater levels. Males with higher calling rates also tend to inhibit larger ventricles and greater concentrations of blood

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Sullivan, Brian K.; Hinshaw, Steven H. (1990-12-31). "Variation in Advertisement Calls and Male Calling Behavior in the Spring Peeper (

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In the spring peeper, most of its energy is used during courtship. Higher energetic costs in female spring peepers are associated with

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Blaustein, Andrew R.; Belden, Lisa K.; Olson, Deanna H.; Green, David M.; Root, Terry L.; Kiesecker, Joseph M. (14 December 2001).

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Gibbs, James P.; Breisch, Alvin R. (2001). "Climate Warming and Calling Phenology of Frogs near Ithaca, New York, 1900–1999".

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Rugh, Roberts (1941). "Experimental Studies on the Reproductive Physiology of the Male Spring Peeper, Hyla Crucifer".

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Ethier, Jeffrey P.; Fayard, Aurore; Soroye, Peter; Choi, Daeun; Mazerolle, Marc J.; Trudeau, Vance L. (2021-08-27).

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Cicchino, Amanda S; Cairns, Nicholas A; Bulté, Grégory; Lougheed, Stephen C (2019-10-07). Taborsky, Michael (ed.).

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Contact zone dynamics and the evolution of reproductive isolation in a North American treefrog, the spring peeper (

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The bigger, older, and more fit male spring peepers are typically superior callers. These types of males utilize

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Lykens, David V.; Forester, Don C. (1987). "Age Structure in the Spring Peeper: Do Males Advertise Longevity?".

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Lovett, Gary M. (June 2013). "When Do Peepers Peep? Climate and the Date of First Calling in the Spring Peeper (

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Duffitt, Ashley D.; Finkler, Michael S. (2011). "Sex-Related Differences in Somatic Stored Energy Reserves of

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Kats, Lee B.; van Dragt, Randall G. (1986). "Background Color-Matching in the Spring Peeper, Hyla crucifer".

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Tipton, Bob L., and Bob L. Tipton. Texas Amphibians a Field Guide. 1st ed., University of Texas Press, 2012,

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In the female spring peeper, protruding beyond the lower jaw of the frog sits its snout. Through the use of

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Tadpoles are suspension feeders, therefore they graze on inorganic and organic matter. They also feed on

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surviving the freezing of its internal body fluids to temperatures as low as −8 °C (17.6 °F).

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root meaning "cross-bearing", a reference to the cross-like pattern on the spring peeper's dorsal side.

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Skelly, David K. (1996-08-01). "Pond Drying, Predators, and the Distribution of Pseudacris Tadpoles".

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Spring peepers almost always migrate at night. This is most likely to prevent drying out.

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Skelly, David K. (1995). "Competition and the Distribution of Spring Peeper Larvae".

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Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America

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A male, spring peeper with its vocal sac inflated as it performs its mating call.

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does not have white lines on its lips, but its lips may be lighter than its head.

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Stewart, K. A.; Austin, J. D.; Zamudio, K. R.; Lougheed, S. C. (February 2016).

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It has been established that the mating call of male spring peepers acts as an

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The southern spring peeper's habitat includes the Gulf Coast from southeastern

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females have a body length ranging from 20–35 millimetres (0.79–1.38 in).

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and ranges to the Atlantic provinces in Canada as far west as Saskatchewan.

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Wells, Kentwood D.; Taigen, Theodore L.; O'Brien, Jennifer A. (1996-01-01).

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Schwartz, Joshua J. (1989). "Graded Aggressive Calls of the Spring Peeper,

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Spring peepers are distinguished by a dark X-shaped marking on their back.

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regions to support the aquatic environment the eggs and tadpoles need.

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as average temperatures have increased since the early 20th century.

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whose call activity is dependent on seasonality, 63% of variance in

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The spring peeper is a tan or brown frog with a dark cross on its

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of its liver to exude and flush the bloodstream with a glucose

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and Pseudacris triseriata during the Early Breeding Season".

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males, the blackened pigmentation of the testis affects the

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10.1656/1528-7092(2005)004[0015:IEOUAC]2.0.CO;2

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tadpoles, about 4–5 wk old and 24 hours away from complete

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Spring peepers live primarily in forests and regenerating

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is found along the southern Gulf Coast from southeastern

2527:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 133. 2247: 2245: 1176:(Integrated Taxonomic Information System). www.itis.gov. 2593:

Stewart, K. A.; Hudson, C. M.; Lougheed, S. C. (2017).

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As their common name implies, the spring peeper has a

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Tadpole 2015-04-16-12.04.26 ZS PMax (16571152244) (2)

1314:"Crucifer | Search Online Etymology Dictionary" 544:. In the late fall, the spermatozoa, located in the 3135: 2874: 2462:Stewart, Kathryn A.; Lougheed, Stephen C. (2013). 2083:Todd, Brian D.; Winne, Christopher T. (May 2006). 2525:Amphibians and reptiles of the Great Lakes Region 1440:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 2857:Spring Peeper on Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa 2820:"EEK! – Critter Corner – Northern Spring Peeper" 2049: 2047: 1550: 1548: 1546: 3245:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America) 2402: 2400: 2398: 1498: 1496: 1122:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T55892A193392474.en 725:, emerging at night to feed primarily on small 2670: 2668: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2253:"BioKIDS – Kids' Inquiry of Diverse Species, 1757: 1755: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1659: 1657: 1190:"Northern Spring Peeper / Rainette Crucifère" 540:are a cluster of masses jutting out from the 8: 1097:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). 1032:The species is listed as threatened in both 2360:. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. 1433: 1431: 1429: 1269: 1267: 1265: 865:The call in relative isolation from others. 2862: 2371: 2369: 2367: 1996:"Adaptations of frogs to survive freezing" 226: 81: 59: 40: 31: 2610: 2499: 2438: 2428: 2381:The Regents of the University of Michigan 2210:Baud, Donald R.; Beck, Melvin L. (2005). 2067: 2019: 1841: 1823: 1637: 1627: 1120: 1866:https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v132i2.2051 968: 3255:Fauna of the Southeastern United States 3250:Fauna of the Northeastern United States 1604:"Amphibian Breeding and Climate Change" 1089: 460: 2216:Southeastern Naturalist (Steuben, Me.) 1216:"Survival of Frogs in Low Temperature" 893: 2738:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2127:www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1686:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.0150041175.x 1561:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 1400: 1398: 1396: 7: 3260:Ecology of the Appalachian Mountains 2550:http://www.jstor.org/stable/43287117 1907:"Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer" 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 928:chorus, they resemble the sounds of 3215:IUCN Red List least concern species 2298:"Spring Peeper National Geographic" 1724:) in Southeastern New York State". 1108:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2304:. 11 November 2010. Archived from 894:Problems playing these files? See 710:and other organisms in the water. 570:Respiratory and circulatory system 25: 2123:"Virginia Herpetological Society" 1932:Stewart, Kathryn (4 March 2013). 1214:Schmid, William D. (1982-02-05). 1000:Spring peepers predators include 872:Collective spring peepers calling 626:occurs in the entire east of the 2804: 2790: 1629:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00307.x 876: 854: 499: 487: 475: 463: 104: 3235:Amphibians of the United States 2599:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 1004:larvae (when in tadpole form), 886:A few hundred in a single pond. 580:β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase 1421:https://doi.org/10.7560/737358 622:, United States. Its northern 1: 2257:, Spring Peeper: INFORMATION" 681:Home range and territoriality 470:Spring peeper, adult, Florida 443:, but it is now in the genus 329:— Hardy & Borroughs, 1986 3265:Amphibians described in 1838 850:Single spring peeper calling 606:Geographic range and habitat 2758:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107042 2277:depending on their numbers. 2089:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1994:Layne, Jr; Lee, Re (1995). 1343:National Geographic Society 3281: 3220:NatureServe secure species 2523:Harding, James H. (1997). 1825:10.1186/s12983-021-00425-w 942:Pseudacris nigrita nigrita 907:call similar to that of a 761:Reproduction and lifecycle 249: 242: 234: 225: 206: 199: 101:Scientific classification 99: 79: 57: 48: 39: 34: 2840:Natural Resources Canada 2552:. Accessed 12 Feb. 2024. 1888:. U.S. Geological Survey 1194:Opinicon Natural History 948:Female/male interactions 450:The color variations of 2651:Wildlife Journal Junior 1911:Wildlife Journal Junior 1726:Northeastern Naturalist 1405:Powell, Robert (2016). 1339:"Spring Peeper Profile" 1292:10.1163/156853896X00180 1240:10.1126/science.7058335 832:Mate searching behavior 532:, the underside of the 325:Parapseudacris crucifer 3102:northern-spring-peeper 1509:Journal of Herpetology 1115:: e.T55892A193392474. 974: 962: 843: 823: 800: 774: 434:Anatomy and physiology 2472:Ecology and Evolution 2261:www.biokids.umich.edu 2069:10.1093/beheco/arz169 1144:"Pseudacris crucifer" 972: 960: 842: 814: 798: 768: 411:(thus the Latin name 3240:Amphibians of Canada 2801:at Wikimedia Commons 1812:Frontiers in Zoology 1738:10.1656/045.020.0209 1666:Conservation Biology 1608:Conservation Biology 1012:, and larger frogs. 961:Spring Peeper mating 938:southern chorus frog 546:seminiferous tubules 530:seminiferous tubules 506:Spring peeper, adult 494:Spring peeper, adult 388:is derived from the 27:Species of amphibian 2933:Pseudacris-crucifer 2906:Pseudacris crucifer 2876:Pseudacris crucifer 2812:Pseudacris crucifer 2798:Pseudacris crucifer 2750:2021MolPE.15607042C 2713:Pseudacris crucifer 2653:. New Hampshire PBS 2645:Pseudacris crucifer 2564:Pseudacris crucifer 2484:2013EcoEv...3.4621S 2466:Pseudacris crucifer 2430:10.1038/hdy.2015.96 2411:Pseudacris crucifer 2356:Pseudacris crucifer 2286:. 11 November 2010. 2284:National Geographic 2255:Pseudacris crucifer 2238:– via BioOne. 2165:1995Oecol.103..203S 2012:1995ClRes...5...53L 1936:Pseudacris crucifer 1913:. New Hampshire PBS 1764:Pseudacris crucifer 1722:Pseudacris crucifer 1678:2001ConBi..15.1175G 1620:2001ConBi..15.1804B 1557:Pseudacris crucifer 1505:Pseudacris crucifer 1378:Pseudacris crucifer 1232:1982Sci...215..697S 1173:Pseudacris crucifer 1101:Pseudacris crucifer 1024:Conservation status 1002:great diving beetle 771:Pseudacris crucifer 718:Spring peepers are 371:Pseudacris crucifer 334:Pseudacris crucifer 290:Hyliola pickeringii 265:Hylodes pickeringii 210:Pseudacris crucifer 51:Conservation status 2173:10.1007/BF00329081 2060:Behavioral Ecology 1969:American Scientist 975: 963: 844: 824: 801: 775: 422:Unlike some other 3202: 3201: 3110:Open Tree of Life 2868:Taxon identifiers 2853:, audio recording 2822:. dnr.state.wi.us 2795:Media related to 2612:10.1111/jeb.13017 2534:978-0-472-09628-2 2478:(14): 4621–4630. 1376:"Spring Peeper – 1280:Amphibia-Reptilia 1226:(4533): 697–698. 1065:P. c. bartramiana 1061:P. c. bartramiana 881: 860: 665:species requires 641:or semipermanent 520:Glands and toxins 362: 361: 277:Acris pickeringii 94: 74: 16:(Redirected from 3272: 3195: 3194: 3182: 3181: 3169: 3168: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3128: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3105: 3104: 3092: 3091: 3079: 3078: 3066: 3065: 3053: 3052: 3040: 3039: 3027: 3026: 3014: 3013: 3001: 3000: 2988: 2987: 2975: 2974: 2962: 2961: 2949: 2948: 2936: 2935: 2923: 2922: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2863: 2847: 2842:. Archived from 2831: 2829: 2827: 2809:Data related to 2808: 2794: 2778: 2777: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2614: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2559: 2553: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2503: 2492:10.1002/ece3.851 2459: 2453: 2452: 2442: 2432: 2404: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2373: 2362: 2361: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2323: 2310: 2309: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2148: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2051: 2042: 2041: 2023: 2021:10.3354/cr005053 2000:Climate Research 1991: 1985: 1984: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1882: 1869: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1845: 1827: 1803: 1792: 1791: 1759: 1750: 1749: 1717: 1706: 1705: 1672:(4): 1175–1178. 1661: 1652: 1651: 1641: 1631: 1614:(6): 1804–1809. 1599: 1593: 1592: 1552: 1541: 1540: 1521:10.1670/09-263.1 1500: 1491: 1490: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1435: 1424: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1402: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1371: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1349:on June 14, 2007 1345:. Archived from 1335: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1271: 1260: 1259: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1201: 1186: 1177: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1094: 883: 882: 862: 861: 841: 773:) eggs in water. 614:to southeastern 590:Thermoregulation 576:citrate synthase 503: 491: 479: 467: 356: 343: 330: 321: 312: 303:Hyla pickeringii 299: 286: 273: 261: 230: 212: 192:P. crucifer 109: 108: 88: 85: 84: 68: 63: 62: 44: 32: 21: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3190: 3185: 3177: 3172: 3164: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3131: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3108: 3100: 3095: 3087: 3084:Observation.org 3082: 3074: 3069: 3061: 3056: 3048: 3043: 3035: 3030: 3022: 3017: 3009: 3004: 2996: 2991: 2983: 2978: 2970: 2965: 2957: 2952: 2944: 2939: 2931: 2926: 2918: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2870: 2836:"Spring peeper" 2834: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2689:10.2307/1447523 2674: 2673: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2643:"Spring Peeper 2641: 2640: 2636: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2406: 2405: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2377:"Spring Peeper" 2375: 2374: 2365: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2325: 2324: 2313: 2308:on May 7, 2017. 2296: 2295: 2291: 2280:"Spring Peeper" 2278: 2265: 2263: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2150: 2149: 2140: 2131: 2129: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2101:10.1139/z06-054 2082: 2081: 2077: 2053: 2052: 2045: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1891: 1889: 1886:"Spring Peeper" 1884: 1883: 1872: 1863: 1859: 1805: 1804: 1795: 1780:10.2307/1446500 1761: 1760: 1753: 1719: 1718: 1709: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1554: 1553: 1544: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1479:10.2307/1444895 1464: 1463: 1459: 1437: 1436: 1427: 1418: 1414: 1404: 1403: 1394: 1385: 1383: 1374:LeClere, Jeff. 1373: 1372: 1361: 1352: 1350: 1337: 1336: 1321: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1273: 1272: 1263: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1199: 1197: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1127: 1125: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1046: 1026: 998: 989:basilar papilla 980: 955: 950: 901: 900: 892: 890: 889: 888: 887: 884: 877: 874: 868: 867: 866: 863: 855: 852: 845: 839: 834: 829: 793: 780: 769:Spring peeper ( 763: 716: 704: 702:Larva (tadpole) 699: 683: 608: 592: 572: 522: 507: 504: 495: 492: 483: 480: 471: 468: 436: 405: 350: 349: 337: 336: 328: 327: 319: 318: 306: 305: 293: 292: 280: 279: 268: 267: 256: 255: 221: 214: 208: 195: 103: 95: 86: 82: 75: 64: 60: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3207: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3183: 3170: 3157: 3141: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3119: 3106: 3093: 3080: 3067: 3054: 3041: 3028: 3015: 3002: 2989: 2976: 2963: 2950: 2937: 2924: 2911: 2896: 2880: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2846:on 2008-10-26. 2832: 2816: 2815:at Wikispecies 2802: 2786: 2785:External links 2783: 2780: 2779: 2728: 2702: 2683:(3): 599–605. 2664: 2634: 2605:(2): 412–421. 2585: 2574:(2): 172–181. 2554: 2540: 2533: 2515: 2454: 2423:(2): 239–247. 2394: 2363: 2345: 2334:(2): 216–223. 2311: 2289: 2241: 2202: 2159:(2): 203–207. 2138: 2114: 2095:(5): 715–722. 2075: 2043: 1986: 1959: 1924: 1898: 1870: 1857: 1793: 1751: 1732:(2): 333–340. 1707: 1653: 1594: 1573:10.1086/316706 1567:(6): 666–676. 1542: 1515:(2): 224–229. 1492: 1473:(1): 109–115. 1457: 1446:(5): 617–632. 1425: 1412: 1392: 1359: 1319: 1305: 1286:(2): 149–158. 1261: 1206: 1178: 1163: 1135: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1059:The southern, 1057: 1054:P. c. crucifer 1052:The northern, 1045: 1042: 1025: 1022: 997: 994: 979: 976: 954: 951: 949: 946: 891: 885: 875: 870: 869: 864: 853: 848: 847: 846: 837: 836: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 816:P. c. crucifer 792: 789: 779: 776: 762: 759: 715: 712: 703: 700: 698: 695: 682: 679: 607: 604: 591: 588: 571: 568: 521: 518: 509: 508: 505: 498: 496: 493: 486: 484: 481: 474: 472: 469: 462: 435: 432: 404: 401: 381:cryoprotectant 360: 359: 358: 357: 344: 331: 322: 313: 300: 287: 274: 262: 247: 246: 240: 239: 232: 231: 223: 222: 215: 204: 203: 197: 196: 189: 187: 183: 182: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 97: 96: 80: 77: 76: 58: 55: 54: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 35:Spring peeper 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3277: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3137:Hyla crucifer 3134: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2851:Spring peeper 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2729: 2716: 2714: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568:Herpetologica 2565: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328:Herpetologica 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2262: 2258: 2256: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:2374.MIA/5875 2027: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1639:2027.42/75127 1635: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1598: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1381: 1379: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1207: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1164: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1093: 1090: 1083: 1078: 1075:and southern 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 995: 993: 990: 985: 977: 971: 967: 959: 952: 947: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 922: 921: 916: 915: 914:A. americanus 910: 909:young chicken 906: 899: 897: 873: 851: 831: 826: 821: 820:metamorphosis 817: 813: 809: 805: 797: 790: 788: 785: 777: 772: 767: 760: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:invertebrates 724: 721: 713: 711: 709: 701: 696: 694: 691: 688: 680: 678: 674: 672: 668: 664: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 625: 621: 618:and northern 617: 613: 605: 603: 600: 596: 589: 587: 585: 581: 577: 569: 567: 564: 559: 555: 554:gametogenesis 550: 547: 543: 539: 538:spermatogonia 535: 531: 527: 526:Hyla crucifer 519: 517: 514: 502: 497: 490: 485: 478: 473: 466: 461: 459: 456: 453: 448: 446: 442: 433: 431: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 402: 400: 397: 393: 391: 387: 382: 377: 374:) is a small 373: 372: 367: 366:spring peeper 354: 348: 347:Hyla crucifer 345: 341: 335: 332: 326: 323: 320:— Myers, 1927 317: 316:Hyla crucifer 314: 310: 304: 301: 297: 291: 288: 284: 278: 275: 271: 266: 263: 259: 254: 253:Hyla crucifer 251: 250: 248: 245: 241: 238: 233: 229: 224: 219: 213: 211: 205: 202: 201:Binomial name 198: 194: 193: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 136: 133: 132: 129: 126: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 112: 107: 102: 98: 92: 78: 72: 67: 66:Least Concern 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 18:Hyla crucifer 3225:Chorus frogs 3136: 2875: 2844:the original 2824:. Retrieved 2811: 2797: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2719:. Retrieved 2712: 2705: 2680: 2676: 2655:. Retrieved 2650: 2644: 2637: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2543: 2524: 2518: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2457: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2385:. Retrieved 2380: 2355: 2348: 2331: 2327: 2306:the original 2301: 2292: 2283: 2264:. Retrieved 2260: 2254: 2222:(1): 15–22. 2219: 2215: 2205: 2156: 2152: 2130:. Retrieved 2126: 2117: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2059: 2006:(1): 53–59. 2003: 1999: 1989: 1975:(1): 36–45. 1972: 1968: 1962: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1915:. Retrieved 1910: 1901: 1890:. Retrieved 1860: 1815: 1811: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1669: 1665: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1443: 1439: 1415: 1406: 1384:. Retrieved 1377: 1351:. Retrieved 1347:the original 1308: 1283: 1279: 1223: 1219: 1209: 1198:. Retrieved 1196:. 2009-09-17 1193: 1172: 1166: 1154:. Retrieved 1147: 1138: 1126:. 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BioKIDS 2153:Oecologia 2109:0008-4301 1946:1974/7841 1834:1742-9994 1818:(1): 40. 1382:. 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