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temperatures, Cope's gray treefrog can have a call rate approximating that of the gray treefrog. This difference in calling can be heard, but it is best quantified by counting the number of pulses per second in their whistled trills. At usual temperatures, the gray treefrog has a pulse rate of 16 to 34 pulses per second, while Cope's gray treefrog has a pulse rate of 34 to 60 pulses per second. Even though there is potential for overlap, because of the temperature dependence of the pulse frequency the two species are easily distinguished where they occur together. At a given temperature, the pulse frequency for the gray treefrog is approximately one-half that of Cope's gray treefrog.
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between aggressive call intensity in environments with an intruder versus and environment with other surrounding male competitors. With that being said, the effect of the social environment is more complex and requires further research. There are effects of other male competition on a male's advertisement call timing in the gray tree frog. As males get closer to another males calling space, they become more aggravated by another male infiltrating their calling space. This results in males engaging in conflict with one another through aggressive calls and the timing of these calls changes when the intended recipient is within close range.
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is necessary during male-male conflict. The energetic cost of producing vocalizations increases if there is any shift from a male's individual natural frequency. That being said, there is more of an energetic cost for low frequency and frequency decreasing calls than higher frequency ones, so this could be an explanation for why these types of calls are usually reserved for the most intense conflict.
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342:. The female does not call; however, the male does call. Female gray treefrogs are usually larger than their male counterparts. They are relatively small compared to other North American frog species, typically attaining no more than 1.5 to 2 in (3.8 to 5.1 cm) in length. Their skin has a lumpy texture to it, giving them a warty appearance.
437:
The gray treefrog is most common in forested areas, as it is highly arboreal. Its calls are often heard in rural residential areas of the East Coast and the
Midwest. It prefers to breed in semipermanent woodland ponds without fish, but it also lays eggs in swamps, vernal pools, man-made fountains and
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males specifically do this by increasing the length of their calls to several lengths of a normal advertisement call. Males will also lengthen the duration of their calls when they see a female or sense them through touch. Females will initiate the mating position by touching the male frog resulting
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females are not usually attracted to aggressive calls no matter the range of aggressive frequency it is produced in, but may occasionally still be attracted to aggressive calls. Females also exhibit no preference within the range of advertisement call frequencies, they generally prefer advertisement
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When males get closer and there is infiltration of each others territories, there are increased chances of aggressive encounters. This results in males engaging in conflict with one another through aggressive calls. The timing of these aggressive calls changes as distance from the intended recipient
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males. In particular, the social environment surrounding a male responding to an intruder will affect the intensity of the responding aggressive calls produced. This idea of a social environment affecting aggressive call output arose in this frog species from research that examined the relationship
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Male aggressive calling not only is affected by mating and their need to defend their calling space but is also affected by social communication with other aggressive males. The social environment can change as male callers move around and as females arrive to assess their potential mates producing
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male aggressive calls are a lower frequency than advertisement calls. However, they decrease the frequency of their aggressive calls as the aggressiveness with another male rises. This gradient in frequencies allows their calls to efficiently balance energy costs of calling and when intense calling
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males will begin with trading advertisement calls between each other. Even though advertisement calls are primarily used to attract females, they still play a role in male-male interactions. Rarely the conflict escalates from this point and transitions into the exchange of aggressive calls and only
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males to use advertisement call-overlap to signal the beginning of rising levels of aggressiveness between two males. Increasing overlapping calls can also be a response to an increase in the level of male competition or might simply be because call overlap increases as males communicate with each
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is opportunistic and may also eat smaller frogs, including other treefrogs. During the day, they often rest on horizontal tree branches or leaves out in the open. Gray treefrogs have also been observed to lay out in the direct sun. Gray tree frogs are less prone to overheating and desiccation than
376:
Tadpoles have rounded bodies (as opposed to the more elongated bodies of stream species) with high, wide tails that can be colored red if predators are in the system. Metamorphosis can occur as quickly as two months with optimal conditions. During metamorphosis, the new froglets will almost always
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females do not prefer leading calls, but do prefer leading pulses if there is call overlap between male calls. Overall, females prefer the lack of call overlap. However, increasing the distance between males producing overlapping calls may reduce the cost that usually causes females to not choose
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This species is virtually indistinguishable from Cope's gray treefrog, the only readily noticeable difference being that Cope's Gray treefrog has a shorter, faster call. This varies depending on the temperature, however, as the call rates of both gray treefrogs are temperature dependent. At lower
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males will avoid call overlap when paired with only one other male, but will not actively avoid overlap with adjacent frogs in a group nearly as much as other frog species do. In response to increased competition, males can change the timing of their calls, but also change the characteristics of
684:, females more strongly weight a species-specific cue (call rate) than a more general cue (call duration) when choosing mates. This appears to be an example of reproductive character displacement to keep the species separate. In addition, to enforce speciation there may be unknown mechanisms of
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Male gray treefrogs rarely have large choruses, as they are mostly solitary animals, but might vocalize competitively at the height of breeding periods. Gray treefrogs have been observed to congregate around windows and porch lights to eat insects that are attracted to the light. Insect larvae,
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does not exhibit selective attention. Selective attention is the phenomenon observed in many chorusing male frog species to change the timing of their calls to reduce overlap based on their loudest one or two neighboring male competitors, while ignoring the timing of other calls farther away.
353:
in scientific literature. Cope's gray treefrog, or diploid gray treefrog, retained its 2n (24) original chromosome count. Hybridization between these species results in early mortality of many larvae, some individuals survive to adulthood, but these individuals suffer from reduced fertility.
338:. A unique aspect of the appearance of gray treefrogs is that its legs feature a dark band-like pattern which then contrast sharply with the black-marked bright yellow or orange under the sides of its legs and arms. Dead gray treefrogs and ones in unnatural surroundings are predominantly
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Females are more attracted to longer male calls, which is also supported by their preference for advertisement calls over any aggressive call. Aggressive calls from nearby males do not reduce the attractiveness of advertisement calls from a given other male.
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other for a longer period of time. For the same reason why males respond with call overlap in areas with the most acoustic competition, males in high density call choruses also produce the highest levels of overlapping calls with male frogs closest to them.
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Male frogs will change their vocalizations when female frogs move closer to them. They do this in order to increase the likelihood that their advertisement call is received by a female over the other noise and vocalizations that could obscure it.
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Since females do not prefer call overlap between males in a close range of each other, this can cause a change in call-timing as well as a change in the characteristics of the calls these males produce. When there are other male frogs calling,
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is able to lead females to their calling space. As male density increases, a male's advertisement call is confused with the other calls. This confusion leads to the inability of females to accurately locate the origin of the call. The lowest
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males increase in aggressive intensity more quickly than with male interactions with their own species. Once the aggression levels intensified between these species, the weaker frog was more likely to retreat from the winner. In general,
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of a neighbor's call that a male frog is tolerant of is known as the aggressive threshold. When this threshold is reached, a male frog will use a different call known as an aggressive call to initiate male-male conflict or intolerance.
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those potential mates. The distance between the males allows the female to distinguish calls opposed to overlapping calls produced from very close points that make two individual males harder to distinguish by sound. This means that
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species since most species with graded aggressive calls have advertisement and aggressive calls with very similar structures. They are similar in that they both have two peak frequencies, but the aggressive call peak
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their calls. As surrounding competition increases, males will increase the length of their advertisement calls, but produce those calls less often since each call requires more energy to produce. But call
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turn green for a day or two before changing to the more common gray. Young frogs will also sometimes maintain a light green color, only turning gray or darker green once adulthood is reached.
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mites, spiders, plant lice, harvestmen, and snails also contribute towards the diet of the gray treefrog. Some populations have a diet high in ants and beetles. However, like most frogs,
396:
2053:
901:
H. Carl
Gerhardt; Margaret B. Ptacek; Louise Barnett; Kenneth G. Torke (1994). "Hybridization in the Diploid-Tetraploid Treefrogs Hyla chrysoscelis and Hyla versicolor".
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call next to each other ponds resulting in interference of their vocalizations because their calls are so similar acoustically. In response to male advertisement calls,
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males are not as forced to make specific timed-call responses and initiations to increase mate attractiveness compared to other chorus anurans and insects. Instead,
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Research on anuran communication reveals that groups of male frog chorus attract female frogs to mate. The relative success of these male frogs, including
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males also do not show much variation in amplitude throughout the call, unlike advertisement calls which contain many pulses. This is very unique to the
1394:
Narins, Peter M.; Feng, Albert S.; Fay, Richard R.; Popper, Arthur N. (2006). Narins, Peter M; Feng, Albert S; Fay, Richard R; Popper, Arthur N (eds.).
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Carl
Gerhardt; John A. Doherty (1988). "Acoustic communication in the gray treefrog, 'Hyla versicolor': evolutionary and neurobiological implications".
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males will adjust the timing of their calls; however, this is done in a much less strict fashion than most frog species. Compared to other species,
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Gray treefrogs inhabit a wide geographic range, and can be found in most of the eastern half of the United States and as far west as central
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1954:
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Bernard S. Martof et al. (1980). "Amphibians and
Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia". Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
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males are known to follow a similar pattern that is seen in other species termed graded aggressive calling. Compared to aggressive calls,
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Aggressive calls are usually much shorter in length and have lower frequencies than advertisement calls. Aggressive calls specifically in
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As the scientific name implies, gray treefrogs are variable in color. This ability to vary their color provides them with the ability to
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Both of these similar species have bright-yellow patches on their hind legs, which distinguishes them from other treefrogs, such as the
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The gray treefrog is capable of surviving freezing of its internal body fluids to temperatures as low as −8 °C (18 °F).
39:
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1933:
1842:
1336:"Trade-Offs and Upper Limits to Signal Performance during Close-Range Vocal Competition in Gray Tree Frogs Hyla versicolor"
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McCollum, S. (12 May 2017). "Costs and benefits of a predator-induced polyphenism in the gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis".
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1431:"Taxis bold as love: the influence of aggressive calls on acoustic attraction of female gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor"
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361:. The bright patches are normally only visible while the frog is jumping. Both species of gray treefrogs are slightly
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males can allow call-timing to be more dependent on other things, like the social environment and male competition.
111:
1700:
685:
1802:
1227:"The role of body size on the outcome, escalation and duration of contests in the grey treefrog, Hyla versicolor"
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males are capable of producing certain frequencies based on their size and properties of their vocal structures.
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New Jersey
Pinelands flora, fauna, and landscapes photo galleries link to northern gray treefrog photograph
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1119:"Aggressive thresholds in Dendropsophus ebraccatus: habituation and sensitization to different call types"
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calls over aggressive ones. There is a range in the advertisement and aggressive call frequencies because
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males to have more freedom in the types of calls they produce. More freedom in call-timing also allows
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males initiate physical attacks during intense vocal conflict between the two species more often than
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1173:"Gray tree frogs, Hyla versicolor, give lower-frequency aggressive calls in more escalated contests"
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1528:"Reproductive character displacement of female mate choice in the grey treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis"
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has more to lose from the call overlap continuing to take place. While the advertisement calls of
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This article is about the amphibian. "Gray tree frog" may also refer to the Cope's gray treefrog (
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1652:"Behavioral strategies and signaling in interspecific aggressive interactions in gray tree frogs"
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holarctic tree frog native to much of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada.
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can change from nearly black to nearly white. They change color at a slower rate than a
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male answers with the same level of aggressiveness to males of the same species and to
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in the male frog vocalizing one or two especially long calls, known as courting calls.
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2012:
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1481:"Vocal communication in a neotropical treefrog, Hyla ebraccata: Advertisement calls"
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The gray treefrog also has 48 chromosomes (4n), and is sometimes referred to as the
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1072:"Diet of the Gray Treefrog (Hyla Versicolor) in Relation to Foraging Site Location"
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and call frequency do not change as the amount of surrounding competition changes.
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other amphibians and rely on their superb camouflage to hide them from predators.
365:. Males have black or gray throats, while the throats of the females are lighter.
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themselves from gray to green or brown, depending on the environment around them.
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are distinguishable, the aggressive calls between these two species are similar.
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to distinguish it from its more southern, genetically distinct relative,
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Graded aggressive calling and a lower need to avoid call overlap allows
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Excerpt from: "Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of New Jersey"
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deployed between these species and further research may be fruitful.
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1285:"Socially mediated plasticity in call timing in the gray tree frog,
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male tends to initiate aggressive physical contact more often: the
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1400:. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. Vol. 28. Springer.
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water gardens, and even in rainwater-filled swimming pool covers.
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391:
384:
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888:"Frog Blog: Gray TreefrogsHyla versicolor vs. Hyla chrysoscelis"
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https://www.nj.gov/dep/fgw/ensp/pdf/species/no_gray_treefrog.pdf
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males, at attracting females depends on how their advertisement
339:
163:
1881:
1762:
1724:
Species account from the Iowa
Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide
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mate attractiveness decreases when there is call overlap with
1429:
Schwartz, Joshua J.; Mazie, Alena Al-Bochi (21 April 2020).
1283:
Reichert, Michael S.; Gerhardt, H. Carl (March–April 2013).
1334:
Reichert, Michael S.; Gerhardt, H. Carl (October 2012).
1088:
10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[16:DOTGTH]2.0.CO;2
642:
different levels of perceived male competition heard by
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in few cases will conflict result in physical contact.
1479:
Wells, Kentwood D.; Schwartz, Joshua J. (1 May 1984).
1171:
Reichert, Michael S.; Gerhardt, H. Carl (1 May 2013).
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when there is call overlap, which can explain why the
1749:, Images and explanation of tadpole tail coloration.
1225:
Reichert, M. S.; Gerhardt, H. C. (1 December 2011).
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Mahan, Rachel D.; Johnson, Jarrett R. (March 2007).
1771:
1578:"Reinforcement and other consequences of sympatry"
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1274:
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415:. They also range into Canada in the provinces of
1650:Reichert, Michael S.; Gerhardt, H. Carl (2014).
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738:mate attractiveness decreases even more so than
403:Video of gray treefrogs breeding and laying eggs
808:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T55687A112715618.en
1389:
1387:
1385:
1474:
1472:
1397:Hearing and Sound Communication in Amphibians
8:
783:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2017).
2054:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
273:Gray tree frog on an apple tree, central US
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232:
85:
63:
54:
45:
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1603:
1304:
806:
1036:Adaptations of Frogs to Survive Freezing
2049:Fauna of the Northeastern United States
1747:Gray Treefrog Tadpole Tail Polymorphism
775:
1117:Reichert, Michael S. (1 March 2010).
668:but there may be a limited amount of
7:
2059:Extant Pleistocene first appearances
372:Yellow hind legs of a gray tree frog
2019:IUCN Red List least concern species
1435:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1177:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1123:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
956:Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
954:A Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles.
794:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
298:It is sometimes referred to as the
34:) or the gray foam nest tree frog (
2069:Taxa named by John Eatton Le Conte
2044:Fauna of the Eastern United States
1526:Gerhardt, H. Carl (1 April 1994).
706:males producing the initial call.
25:
1051:"Hyla versicolor (Gray Treefrog)"
427:, with an isolated population in
1706:
1694:
110:
2039:Amphibians of the United States
40:Gray tree frog (disambiguation)
765:Gray treefrog, Missouri Ozarks
1:
1497:10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80277-8
1243:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.09.019
1026:, Quebec Biodiversity website
829:NatureServe 'Hyla versicolor'
2064:Amphibians described in 1825
2085:
1743:, Natural Resources Canada
1737:Tetraploid Gray Treefrog (
1447:10.1007/s00265-020-02836-x
651:Inter-species interactions
38:). For these species, see
29:
1732:– audio recording of call
1406:10.1007/978-0-387-47796-1
1189:10.1007/s00265-013-1503-z
1135:10.1007/s00265-009-0868-5
952:Thomas F. Tyning (1990).
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107:Scientific classification
105:
83:
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538:Female/male interactions
381:Distribution and habitat
351:tetraploid gray treefrog
312:tetraploid gray treefrog
1340:The American Naturalist
710:male interactions with
696:Dryophytes chrysoscelis
658:is known to be largely
461:Mate searching behavior
36:Chiromantis xerampelina
1753:Northern gray treefrog
1605:10.1038/sj.hdy.6886320
1544:10.1006/anbe.1994.1127
1076:Journal of Herpetology
1022:7 October 2016 at the
801:: e.T55687A112715618.
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555:
499:Male/male interactions
404:
389:
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304:northern gray treefrog
274:
1981:Paleobiology Database
1803:Dryophytes versicolor
1669:10.1093/beheco/aru016
1306:10.1093/beheco/ars176
787:Dryophytes versicolor
764:
726:In previous studies,
692:Dryophytes versicolor
656:Dryophytes versicolor
558:Unlike most species,
550:
529:Conflict between two
402:
388:
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359:bird-voiced tree frog
300:eastern gray treefrog
284:Dryophytes versicolor
272:
216:Dryophytes versicolor
2034:Amphibians of Canada
1703:at Wikimedia Commons
1592:The Genetics Society
1056:Animal Diversity Web
756:D. chrysoscelis
740:D. chrysoscelis
732:D. chrysoscelis
721:D. chrysoscelis
712:D. chrysoscelis
704:D. chrysoscelis
682:D. chrysoscelis
665:D. chrysoscelis
316:Cope's gray treefrog
308:common gray treefrog
27:Species of amphibian
1630:0000-0002-5400-4408
1574:Noor, Mohamed A. F.
854:J. Comp. Physiol. A
495:are usually lower.
77:Conservation status
1656:Behavioral Ecology
1293:Behavioral Ecology
866:10.1007/BF00606090
767:
752:D. versicolor
748:D. versicolor
744:D. versicolor
736:D. versicolor
728:D. versicolor
717:D. versicolor
708:D. versicolor
700:D. versicolor
680:is sympatric with
678:D. versicolor
644:D. versicolor
630:D. versicolor
626:D. versicolor
618:H. versicolor
597:D. versicolor
580:H. versicolor
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560:D. versicolor
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531:D. versicolor
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506:H. versicolor
488:D. versicolor
484:D. versicolor
467:H. versicolor
449:D. versicolor
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363:sexually dimorphic
332:D. versicolor
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198:D. versicolor
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1968:Open Tree of Life
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1699:Media related to
1415:978-0-387-32521-7
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1739:Hyla versicolor
1730:Hyla versicolor
1721:Hyla versicolor
1713:Hyla versicolor
1701:Hyla versicolor
1691:
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1287:Hyla versicolor
1282:
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1170:
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606:
604:Social behavior
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392:
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258:Hyla versicolor
227:
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18:Hyla versicolor
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1715:at Wikispecies
1704:
1690:
1689:External links
1687:
1684:
1683:
1662:(3): 520–530.
1642:
1565:
1538:(4): 959–969.
1518:
1491:(2): 405–420.
1468:
1421:
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1381:
1352:10.1086/667575
1346:(4): 425–437.
1319:
1299:(2): 393–401.
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1183:(5): 795–804.
1156:
1129:(4): 529–539.
1109:
1062:
1039:
1028:
1009:
982:(2): 583–593.
966:
945:
928:
893:
879:
860:(2): 261–278.
844:
832:
821:
774:
773:
771:
768:
670:interfertility
652:
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49:Gray treefrog
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686:reinforcement
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614:D. versicolor
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575:D. versicolor
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279:gray treefrog
271:
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261:LeConte, 1825
259:
254:
251:
247:
244:
243:D. versicolor
239:
235:
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207:Binomial name
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92:Least Concern
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1310:. Retrieved
1296:
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1079:
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906:
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660:intersterile
655:
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637:Group living
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35:
31:
1903:iNaturalist
1812:AmphibiaWeb
1797:Wikispecies
1312:24 December
814:13 November
554:in amplexus
543:Mate choice
493:frequencies
322:Description
2024:Dryophytes
2013:Categories
770:References
328:camouflage
185:Dryophytes
1678:1465-7279
1614:0018-067X
1552:0003-3472
1505:0003-3472
1463:216048800
1455:1432-0762
1441:(5): 55.
1360:0003-0147
1251:0003-3472
1205:253811020
1197:1432-0762
1143:1432-0762
1096:0022-1511
976:Evolution
520:amplitude
513:Instead,
476:intensity
336:chameleon
291:of small
241:Range of
192:Species:
130:Kingdom:
124:Eukaryota
1921:11429273
1788:Q2543130
1782:Wikidata
1622:10620021
1583:Heredity
1576:(1999).
1560:53146129
1513:53191172
1376:21863931
1368:22976007
1259:53156776
1151:12512346
1104:86039002
1020:Archived
1004:28568914
874:35561883
674:sympatry
590:Courting
526:varies.
442:Behavior
425:Manitoba
413:Oklahoma
293:arboreal
250:Synonyms
170:Family:
154:Amphibia
144:Chordata
140:Phylum:
134:Animalia
120:Domain:
97:IUCN 3.1
2029:Cryozoa
1895:2427583
996:2410833
923:1446670
676:. When
421:Ontario
289:species
287:) is a
226:, 1825)
224:LeConte
180:Genus:
174:Hylidae
160:Order:
150:Class:
95: (
1993:uBio:
1986:110939
1973:386095
1947:202879
1934:173503
1882:331209
1825:ARKive
1676:
1620:
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1596:Nature
1558:
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1002:
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960:
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872:
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456:Mating
423:, and
417:Quebec
1996:26054
1916:IRMNG
1908:23783
1869:6MLX9
1856:12824
1626:ORCID
1590:(5).
1556:S2CID
1509:S2CID
1459:S2CID
1372:S2CID
1255:S2CID
1201:S2CID
1147:S2CID
1100:S2CID
992:JSTOR
919:JSTOR
870:S2CID
662:with
409:Texas
310:, or
164:Anura
1955:ODNR
1929:ITIS
1890:GBIF
1851:BOLD
1674:ISSN
1618:PMID
1610:ISSN
1548:ISSN
1501:ISSN
1451:ISSN
1410:ISBN
1364:PMID
1356:ISSN
1314:2022
1247:ISSN
1193:ISSN
1139:ISSN
1092:ISSN
1000:PMID
958:ISBN
937:ISBN
907:1994
816:2021
799:2017
754:and
694:and
471:call
411:and
340:gray
277:The
1877:EoL
1864:CoL
1838:ASW
1817:989
1664:doi
1624:. (
1600:doi
1540:doi
1493:doi
1443:doi
1402:doi
1348:doi
1344:180
1301:doi
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911:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
