253:
651:, and reduced slow-wave sleep and a withdrawal period typified by rebound insomnia and a prolonged period of anxiety and agitation. The list of benzodiazepines approved for the treatment of insomnia is fairly similar among most countries, but which benzodiazepines are officially designated as first-line hypnotics prescribed for the treatment of insomnia can vary distinctly between countries. Longer-acting benzodiazepines such as
6582:
674:(NICE) did not find any convincing evidence in favor of Z-drugs. A NICE review pointed out that short-acting Z-drugs were inappropriately compared in clinical trials with long-acting benzodiazepines. There have been no trials comparing short-acting Z-drugs with appropriate doses of short-acting benzodiazepines. Based on this, NICE recommended choosing the hypnotic based on cost and the patient's preference.
6603:
2707:
performed, but safety over the longer term has been demonstrated in open-label studies, with minimal evidence of rebound phenomena. By comparison with benzodiazepines, there has been less evidence of subjective and objective next-day residual effects associated with zolpidem or subjective next-day impairment with zaleplon, even when the latter has been delivered in the middle of the night.
1021:
1113:
108:
60:
626:
Benzodiazepines can be useful for short-term treatment of insomnia. Their use beyond 2 to 4 weeks is not recommended due to the risk of dependence. It is preferred that benzodiazepines be taken intermittently—and at the lowest effective dose. They improve sleep-related problems by shortening the time
750:
Research on nonbenzodiazepines is new and conflicting. A review by a team of researchers suggests the use of these drugs for people that have trouble falling asleep (but not staying asleep), as next-day impairments were minimal. The team noted that the safety of these drugs had been established, but
2753:
New developments in benzodiazepine receptor pharmacology have introduced novel nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics that provide comparable efficacy to benzodiazepines. Although they may possess theoretical advantages over benzodiazepines based on their unique pharmacologic profiles, they offer few, if any,
941:
While some of these drugs are frequently prescribed for insomnia, such use is not recommended unless the insomnia is due to an underlying mental health condition treatable by antipsychotics as the risks frequently outweigh the benefits. Some of the more serious adverse effects have been observed to
1419:
they are metabolized more quickly: nonbenzodiazepines zaleplon and zolpidem have a half life of 1 and 2 hours (respectively); for comparison the benzodiazepine clonazepam has a half life of about 30 hours. This makes the drug suitable for sleep-onset difficulty, but the team noted sustained sleep
181:
Hypnotic drugs are regularly prescribed for insomnia and other sleep disorders, with over 95% of insomnia patients being prescribed hypnotics in some countries. Many hypnotic drugs are habit-forming and—due to many factors known to disturb the human sleep pattern—a physician may instead recommend
2706:
Evidence for the utility of currently available nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics points to their primary efficacy as sleep-onset, rather than as sleep-maintenance, agents. Once again, longer-term randomized, double-blind, controlled studies that demonstrate efficacy of these agents have not been
677:
Older adults should not use benzodiazepines to treat insomnia—unless other treatments have failed to be effective. When benzodiazepines are used, patients, their caretakers, and their physician should discuss the increased risk of harms, including evidence which shows twice the incidence of
1364:
670:, indirect comparison indicates that side-effects from benzodiazepines may be about twice as frequent as from nonbenzodiazepines. Some experts suggest using nonbenzodiazepines preferentially as a first-line long-term treatment of insomnia. However, the UK
635:
are commonly used to treat insomnia in the short-term (both prescribed and self-medicated), but worsen sleep in the long-term. While benzodiazepines can put people to sleep (i.e., inhibit NREM stage 1 and 2 sleep), while asleep, the drugs disrupt
370:
are the most recent development (1990s–present). Although it is clear that they are less toxic than barbiturates, their predecessors, comparative efficacy over benzodiazepines have not been established. Such efficacy is hard to determine without
166:, the term hypnotic generally describes drugs whose main purpose is to initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep. Because these two functions frequently overlap, and because drugs in this class generally produce dose-dependent effects (ranging from
333:
emerged as the first class of drugs in the early 1900s, after which chemical substitution allowed derivative compounds. Although they were the best drug family at the time (with less toxicity and fewer side effects), they were dangerous in
950:, and a recent network meta-analysis of 154 double-blind, randomized controlled trials of drug therapies vs. placebo for insomnia in adults found that quetiapine had not demonstrated any short-term benefits in sleep quality. Examples of
2465:
Finkle WD, Der JS, Greenland S, Adams JL, Ridgeway G, Blaschke T, et al. (October 2011). "Risk of fractures requiring hospitalization after an initial prescription for zolpidem, alprazolam, lorazepam, or diazepam in older adults".
723:
drugs, and therefore entail similar benefits, side-effects and risks. Nonbenzodiazepines, however, have dissimilar or entirely different chemical structures, and therefore are unrelated to benzodiazepines on a molecular level.
3912:"Zolpidem-induced sleepwalking, sleep related eating disorder, and sleep-driving: fluorine-18-flourodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography analysis, and a literature review of other unexpected clinical effects of zolpidem"
3195:"Comparative effects of 18 antipsychotics on metabolic function in patients with schizophrenia, predictors of metabolic dysregulation, and association with psychopathology: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
3350:
Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, et al. (September 2013). "Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis".
1463:
2870:
Hajak G, Rodenbeck A, Voderholzer U, Riemann D, Cohrs S, Hohagen F, et al. (June 2001). "Doxepin in the treatment of primary insomnia: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, polysomnographic study".
857:
to a much lower degree than the first ones. This results in their primarily affecting peripheral histamine receptors, and therefore having a much lower sedative effect. High doses can still induce the
233:
and accidents, and that optimal treatment uses the lowest effective dose for the shortest therapeutic time period, with gradual discontinuation in order to improve health without worsening of sleep.
2503:
Allain H, Bentué-Ferrer D, Polard E, Akwa Y, Patat A (2005). "Postural instability and consequent falls and hip fractures associated with use of hypnotics in the elderly: a comparative review".
6534:
5614:
671:
1031:
3405:"Comparative effects of pharmacological interventions for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
3293:"Comparative effects of pharmacological interventions for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
3987:
2284:
Morin CM, Bélanger L, Bastien C, Vallières A (January 2005). "Long-term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia: a survival analysis of relapse".
571:
Quinazolinones are also a class of drugs which function as hypnotic/sedatives that contain a 4-quinazolinone core. Their use has also been proposed in the treatment of
325:
Research about using medications to treat insomnia evolved throughout the last half of the 20th century. Treatment for insomnia in psychiatry dates back to 1869, when
209:, have fallen out of use in most practices but are still prescribed for some patients. In children, prescribing hypnotics is not yet acceptable—unless used to treat
6591:
2589:
2801:
Haria M, Fitton A, McTavish D (April 1994). "Trazodone. A review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use in depression and therapeutic potential in other disorders".
2128:"In silico design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of radioiodinated quinazolinone derivatives for alkaline phosphatase-mediated cancer diagnosis and therapy"
6640:
1524:
5009:
494:
in routine medical practice – such as in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia – mainly because benzodiazepines are significantly less dangerous in
6657:
225:
found that the risks generally outweigh any marginal benefits of hypnotics in the elderly. A review of the literature regarding benzodiazepine hypnotics and
2670:
Ryba, N.; Rainess, R. Z-drugs and Falls: A Focused Review of the
Literature. The Senior Care Pharmacist 2020, 35 (12), 549-554. DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2020.549.
5604:
3146:"Use of low-dose quetiapine increases the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events: results from a nationwide active comparator-controlled cohort study"
1367:. The use of these medications can further impede cognitive function for people with dementia, who are also more sensitive to side effects of medications.
880:
1471:
6385:
667:
666:
hypnotics (Z-drugs) are better than the short-acting benzodiazepines. The efficacy of these two groups of medications is similar. According to the US
252:
191:
1356:
The use of sedative medications in older people generally should be avoided. These medications are associated with poorer health outcomes, including
5582:
3573:"Effectiveness of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in treatment of adult insomnia: meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration"
194:(CBT-I), before prescribing medication for sleep. When prescribed, hypnotic medication should be used for the shortest period of time necessary.
3120:
414:. Off-label sleep remedies are particularly useful when first-line treatment is unsuccessful or deemed unsafe (as in patients with a history of
1328:
varied and ranged from high to very low depending on the medication. Certain medications often used as hypnotics, including the antihistamines
1815:
7430:
7376:
5958:
3980:
2918:
2614:
2365:
1793:
1498:
1406:
or cyclical natural states; patients rarely recover from anesthesia feeling refreshed and with renewed energy. The word is also used in art.
6245:
6238:
6345:
2174:
1953:
Voegtle MM, Marzinzik AL (July 2004). "Synthetic
Approaches Towards Quinazolines, Quinazolinones and Quinazolinediones on Solid Phase".
5988:
375:. However, some psychiatrists recommend these drugs, citing research suggesting they are equally potent with less potential for abuse.
6633:
5851:
2719:
Wagner J, Wagner ML, Hening WA (June 1998). "Beyond benzodiazepines: alternative pharmacologic agents for the treatment of insomnia".
2034:
Wagner J, Wagner ML, Hening WA (June 1998). "Beyond benzodiazepines: alternative pharmacologic agents for the treatment of insomnia".
2175:"Technology Appraisal Guidance 77. Guidance on the use of zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone for the short-term management of insomnia"
4714:
3973:
2319:
Poyares D, Guilleminault C, Ohayon MM, Tufik S (2004-06-01). "Chronic benzodiazepine usage and withdrawal in insomnia patients".
1363:
Therefore, sedatives and hypnotics should be avoided in people with dementia, according to the clinical guidelines known as the
6141:
5597:
3464:"Sedative-hypnotics and osteoporotic fractures: A systematic review of observational studies with over six million individuals"
972:
850:
2632:"GPs' attitudes to benzodiazepine and 'Z-drug' prescribing: a barrier to implementation of evidence and guidance on hypnotics"
958:
349:
were introduced as safer alternatives to replace barbiturates; by the late 1970s, benzodiazepines emerged as the safer drug.
6626:
518:
5840:
378:
Other sleep remedies that may be considered "sedative–hypnotics" exist; psychiatrists will sometimes prescribe medicines
5622:
1226:
2357:
Handbook of
Integrative Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Medicine: Perspectives, Practices, and Research
1528:
1092:
1039:
7425:
7393:
6451:
5485:
5135:
2434:
1486:
1064:
7352:
7114:
7076:
7056:
6101:
5590:
5240:
5054:
1313:
1293:
1161:
918:
2438:
1050:
1035:
6892:
4891:
2542:"American Geriatrics Society updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults"
1402:
When used in anesthesia to produce and maintain unconsciousness, "sleep" is metaphorical as there are no regular
35:
3010:
Jindal RD (2009). "Insomnia in patients with depression: some pathophysiological and treatment considerations".
1071:
7334:
7038:
5217:
5031:
1123:
894:
751:
called for more research into their long-term effectiveness in treating insomnia. Other evidence suggests that
487:
854:
7381:
6156:
5834:
5685:
621:
5463:
627:
spent in bed before falling asleep, prolonging the sleep time, and, in general, reducing wakefulness. Like
7122:
6193:
5948:
5350:
5289:
5103:
4063:
3462:
Xu, Chong; Leung, Janice Ching Nam; Shi, Jiaying; Lum, Dawn Hei; Lai, Francisco Tsz Tsun (February 2024).
1317:
1078:
858:
772:
456:
237:
2844:
282:
was a class of somniferous drugs and substances tested in medicine of the 1890s and later. These include
5878:
5814:
5659:
5271:
5085:
3403:
De
Crescenzo F, D'Alò GL, Ostinelli EG, Ciabattini M, Di Franco V, Watanabe N, et al. (July 2022).
3291:
De
Crescenzo F, D'Alò GL, Ostinelli EG, Ciabattini M, Di Franco V, Watanabe N, et al. (July 2022).
2583:
1416:
1325:
1218:
391:
218:
171:
42:
319:
5953:
5933:
5802:
5420:
4938:
1550:
Mendels J (September 1991). "Criteria for selection of appropriate benzodiazepine hypnotic therapy".
1154:
1060:
372:
353:
230:
4797:
3057:. Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 43. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
69:
7286:
7240:
6809:
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6298:
6084:
5863:
5690:
4906:
4901:
4468:
4025:
1819:
744:
686:
514:
483:
263:
6602:
779:
in the brain and secreted in dim light and darkness, among its other functions, promotes sleep in
647:
Other drawbacks of hypnotics, including benzodiazepines, are possible tolerance to their effects,
7420:
7170:
6596:
6461:
6320:
5774:
5337:
4767:
4683:
4048:
3463:
3444:
3376:
3332:
3273:
3193:
Pillinger T, McCutcheon RA, Vano L, Mizuno Y, Arumuham A, Hindley G, et al. (January 2020).
3101:
3053:
Maglione M, Maher AR, Hu J, Wang Z, Shanman R, Shekelle PG, Roth B, Hilton L, Suttorp MJ (2011).
3035:
2826:
2744:
2528:
2491:
2266:
2108:
2059:
2013:
1988:
Barbera J, Shapiro C (2005). "Benefit-risk assessment of zaleplon in the treatment of insomnia".
1908:
1865:
1715:
792:
706:
679:
637:
475:
315:
311:
287:
275:(A corrupt old man tries to seduce a woman by urging her to take a hypnotic draught in her drink)
2605:
Olsen RW, Betz H (2006). "GABA and glycine". In Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Brady S, Price DD (eds.).
4458:
659:
have residual effects that may persist into the next day and are, in general, not recommended.
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6817:
6775:
6557:
6340:
6330:
6233:
6063:
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6003:
5807:
5797:
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5730:
4730:
4688:
4521:
4448:
4196:
4191:
3941:
3898:
3863:
3838:
3803:
3760:
3731:
3688:
3645:
3602:
3559:
3483:
3436:
3368:
3324:
3265:
3224:
3175:
3093:
3058:
3027:
2992:
2965:
2914:
2887:
2818:
2783:
2736:
2697:
2653:
2610:
2571:
2520:
2483:
2413:
2361:
2336:
2301:
2258:
2223:
2149:
2100:
2051:
2005:
1970:
1935:
1900:
1857:
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1750:
1707:
1672:
1608:
1559:
1494:
1357:
1214:
795:
712:
663:
548:
478:
effects; however, these effects are somewhat weak, preventing barbiturates from being used in
439:
367:
303:
198:
137:
111:
88:
76:
2181:
2126:
Chen K, Wang K, Kirichian AM, Al Aowad AF, Iyer LK, Adelstein SJ, Kassis AI (December 2006).
1781:
1221:
of medications for the treatment of insomnia was published in 2022. It found a wide range of
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6390:
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6303:
6228:
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4871:
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3828:
3793:
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3713:
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3304:
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3019:
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2775:
2728:
2689:
2643:
2561:
2553:
2512:
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2403:
2395:
2328:
2293:
2250:
2139:
2090:
2043:
1997:
1962:
1892:
1849:
1742:
1699:
1662:
1654:
1598:
1590:
716:
648:
503:
399:
3789:
3244:"Dose-dependent effects of antipsychotics on efficacy and adverse effects in schizophrenia"
7184:
6978:
6954:
6932:
6907:
6873:
6607:
6552:
6421:
6416:
6255:
6188:
6183:
6069:
6015:
5856:
5747:
5700:
5504:
5456:
5370:
5192:
5157:
4956:
4834:
4752:
4747:
4725:
4607:
4116:
2447:
2443:
2386:
Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Friesen C, Bialy L, Tubman M, Ospina M, et al. (June 2005).
1379:
1329:
840:
756:
641:
628:
507:
415:
411:
326:
283:
141:
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Coe HV, Hong IS (May 2012). "Safety of low doses of quetiapine when used for insomnia".
1853:
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7297:
7164:
6973:
6857:
6672:
6586:
6486:
6481:
6335:
6325:
6275:
6260:
6250:
6151:
6146:
6136:
6074:
6046:
5998:
5993:
5725:
5680:
5676:
5276:
5204:
5090:
5001:
4951:
4895:
4866:
4855:
4839:
4735:
4216:
4161:
4058:
4043:
4013:
3936:
3911:
3893:
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3798:
3773:
3726:
3701:
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3640:
3615:
3597:
3572:
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Huedo-Medina TB, Kirsch I, Middlemass J, Klonizakis M, Siriwardena AN (December 2012).
3554:
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2960:
2935:
2907:
2648:
2631:
2566:
2541:
2408:
2387:
2254:
1840:
Whitlock FA (June 1975). "Suicide in
Brisbane, 1956 to 1973: the drug-death epidemic".
1667:
1643:"Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits"
1642:
1603:
1578:
1262:
1230:
965:
870:
752:
720:
690:
632:
615:
491:
435:
357:
356:
is possible, and deaths from overdoses sometimes occur, especially in combination with
346:
202:
187:
3421:
3404:
3364:
3309:
3292:
3210:
2845:"Levate (amitriptyline), dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more"
1439:
1085:
30:
This article is about the class of prescription medicines. For the state of mind, see
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4279:
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4254:
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2001:
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1185:
951:
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807:
560:
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536:
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431:
342:
335:
222:
217:. Elderly people are more sensitive to potential side effects of daytime fatigue and
183:
122:
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3816:
3380:
3039:
2748:
2495:
2063:
2017:
1912:
1869:
1719:
1365:
Medication
Appropriateness Tool for Comorbid Health Conditions in Dementia (MATCH-D)
759:. A different team was more skeptical, finding little benefit over benzodiazepines.
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7175:
7084:
7066:
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7023:
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307:
268:
214:
210:
84:
80:
6034:
2540:
American
Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel (April 2012).
2241:
Ashton H (May 2005). "The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence".
2144:
2127:
682:
among driving patients, as well as falls and hip fracture for all older patients.
2355:
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7273:
7254:
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7180:
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6993:
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4244:
4229:
4201:
4166:
4151:
4086:
4073:
4038:
3515:
2680:
Benca RM (March 2005). "Diagnosis and treatment of chronic insomnia: a review".
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532:
450:
427:
383:
361:
330:
299:
206:
3479:
2779:
2297:
1746:
747:
of all drugs of this type start with Z, they are often referred to as Z-drugs.
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4314:
4309:
4284:
4269:
4239:
4234:
4224:
4206:
3717:
3631:
3260:
3243:
2211:
1579:"Trends in prescribing of sedative-hypnotic medications in the USA: 1993-2010"
1309:
1289:
1274:
1197:
1192:
1168:
1135:
989:
984:
844:
780:
652:
587:
471:
467:
459:
407:
403:
395:
167:
163:
145:
3965:
2693:
1974:
83:
was found. You can help implement the merge by following the instructions at
7329:
7310:
7258:
7235:
7202:
7127:
6998:
6863:
6799:
6767:
6762:
6742:
6702:
6446:
6426:
6400:
6375:
6310:
6288:
6116:
6029:
5903:
5561:
5355:
5245:
5212:
5147:
5059:
5024:
4976:
4819:
4772:
4579:
4564:
4554:
4544:
4453:
4415:
4405:
4397:
4382:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4294:
4249:
4186:
4121:
2951:
1703:
1321:
1278:
1258:
1238:
1234:
1229:(SMD)) in terms of efficacy for insomnia. The assessed medications included
1130:
979:
925:
887:
784:
728:
387:
379:
364:. Questions have been raised as to whether they disturb sleep architecture.
241:
3945:
3902:
3877:"Diagnosis, prevalence, pathways, consequences & treatment of insomnia"
3867:
3842:
3807:
3764:
3735:
3692:
3649:
3606:
3563:
3487:
3440:
3372:
3328:
3269:
3228:
3179:
3097:
3062:
3031:
2891:
2787:
2701:
2657:
2575:
2524:
2487:
2417:
2399:
2340:
2305:
2262:
2227:
2153:
2104:
2009:
1966:
1939:
1754:
1711:
1676:
1612:
3756:
3545:
2996:
2969:
2822:
2740:
2630:
Siriwardena AN, Qureshi Z, Gibson S, Collier S, Latham M (December 2006).
2055:
1563:
640:
by decreasing sleep time, delaying time to REM sleep, and decreasing deep
7324:
7318:
7262:
7224:
7196:
6794:
6789:
6757:
6707:
6547:
6411:
6380:
5819:
5752:
5671:
5545:
5536:
5430:
5182:
4911:
4881:
4807:
4742:
4597:
4574:
4569:
4534:
4387:
4319:
4181:
4096:
4000:
3431:
3319:
2883:
2079:"How theories evolved concerning the mechanism of action of barbiturates"
1904:
1861:
1254:
1250:
1202:
999:
740:
736:
656:
499:
482:
in the absence of other analgesics. They have dependence liability, both
463:
295:
291:
156:
149:
49:
31:
17:
2180:. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. April 2004. Archived from
954:
with sedation as a side effect that are occasionally used for insomnia:
7342:
7046:
6849:
6821:
6618:
6523:
6441:
6106:
5873:
5695:
5645:
5490:
5227:
5041:
4916:
4812:
4719:
4438:
4171:
3927:
3130:
1641:
Glass J, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N, Sproule BA, Busto UE (November 2005).
1577:
Kaufmann CN, Spira AP, Alexander GC, Rutkow L, Mojtabai R (June 2016).
1270:
1049:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
906:
832:
479:
258:
197:
Among individuals with sleep disorders, 13.7% are taking or prescribed
114:, a common but potent sedative–hypnotic drug. Used for severe insomnia.
3588:
3161:
3144:
Højlund M, Andersen K, Ernst MT, Correll CU, Hallas J (October 2022).
3089:
2936:"Efficacy and side effects of mianserin, a tetracyclic antidepressant"
2732:
2095:
2078:
2047:
107:
59:
7250:
6779:
6205:
5868:
5541:
4693:
4589:
1594:
1242:
572:
226:
190:
or other stimulating substances, or behavioral interventions such as
3522:(The Fourth Generation of Progress ed.). New York: Raven Press.
942:
occur at the low doses used for this off-label prescribing, such as
2983:
Hartmann PM (January 1999). "Mirtazapine: a newer antidepressant".
2766:
Arendt J, Skene DJ (February 2005). "Melatonin as a chronobiotic".
6505:
6215:
5710:
5566:
4886:
3815:
Sukys-Claudino L, Moraes WA, Tufik S, Poyares D (September 2010).
522:
498:. However, barbiturates are still used in general anesthesia, for
462:, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild
251:
106:
715:
that are very "benzodiazepine-like" in nature. Nonbenzodiazepine
236:
Falling outside the above-mentioned categories, the neurohormone
7230:
6883:
6209:
4033:
1767:
Pacific Record of
Medicine and Surgery - Volume 5 - Page 36 1890
1525:"NPS News 67: Addressing hypnotic medicines use in primary care"
1491:
798:
of melatonin which are also used for sleep-related indications.
162:
Whereas the term sedative describes drugs that serve to calm or
6622:
5586:
3969:
3702:"Pharmacodynamic considerations for moderate and deep sedation"
644:(the most restorative part of sleep for both energy and mood).
3774:"Orexin receptors: pharmacology and therapeutic opportunities"
1485:
Brunton LL, Parker K, Lazo KL, Buxton I, Blumenthal D (2006).
1014:
53:
3851:
3657:
Passos GS, Poyares DL, Santana MG, Tufik S, Mello MT (2012).
2607:
Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects
2388:"Manifestations and management of chronic insomnia in adults"
1733:
Zhdanova IV (February 2005). "Melatonin as a hypnotic: pro".
229:
concluded that these drugs can have adverse effects, such as
3659:"Is exercise an alternative treatment for chronic insomnia?"
338:
and tended to cause physical and psychological dependence.
182:
changes in the environment before and during sleep, better
3850:
Uzun S, Kozumplik O, Jakovljević M, Sedić B (March 2010).
1348:, were not included in analyses due to insufficient data.
205:, as of 2010, in the USA. Early classes of drugs, such as
3122:
Low-dose Quetiapine: Utilization and Cardiometabolic Risk
2394:(125). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: 1–10.
755:
to nonbenzodiazepines may be slower to develop than with
382:
if they have sedating effects. Examples of these include
41:"Sleeping pills" redirects here. For the 2003 film, see
1046:
5615:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
5406:
2439:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
816:
refers only to compounds that inhibit action at the H
672:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
3745:
Psychologie & Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement
1775:
1773:
7141:
7113:
7075:
6941:
6656:
6532:
6504:
6460:
6269:
6204:
6167:
6115:
6028:
5972:
5932:
5889:
5773:
5709:
5621:
5444:
5397:
5369:
5336:
5316:
5262:
5203:
5191:
5134:
5076:
5000:
4937:
4925:
4854:
4702:
4639:
4606:
4588:
4520:
4467:
4424:
4396:
4338:
4215:
4072:
4024:
4012:
3055:
Off-Label Use of Atypical Antipsychotics: An Update
2754:
significant advantages in terms of adverse effects.
2906:
3743:Godard M, Barrou Z, Verny M (December 2010). "".
2913:(65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press.
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
1493:(11th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
490:. Barbiturates have now largely been replaced by
352:Benzodiazepines are not without their drawbacks;
79:, consensus to merge this with content from
3852:"Side effects of treatment with benzodiazepines"
3125:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Southern Denmark.
2360:. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 128–30.
1523:National Prescribing Service (2 February 2010).
3500:Citation error. See inline comment how to fix.
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2029:
2027:
1630:(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford. p. 238.
1045:Please review the contents of the section and
835:. Sedation is a common side-effect, and some H
174:), they are often referred to collectively as
6634:
5598:
5010:Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors
3981:
1883:Johns MW (1975). "Sleep and hypnotic drugs".
881:Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors
8:
7190:
5613:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
3778:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
2609:(7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302.
1690:"What's wrong with prescribing hypnotics?".
7299:
7287:
5399:
3514:Harrison N, Mendelson WB, de Wit H (2000).
2588:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6641:
6627:
6619:
5605:
5591:
5583:
5200:
4934:
4021:
3988:
3974:
3966:
2546:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
2468:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
2429:
2427:
1788:. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–2.
668:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
3935:
3892:
3832:
3797:
3725:
3682:
3639:
3596:
3553:
3430:
3420:
3318:
3308:
3259:
3218:
3169:
2959:
2647:
2565:
2407:
2210:Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (August 2007).
2143:
2094:
1666:
1602:
1518:
1516:
192:cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
136:, are a class of (and umbrella term for)
3817:"[The newer sedative-hypnotics]"
2077:Löscher W, Rogawski MA (December 2012).
743:(Ambien, Stilnox, Stilnoct). Since the
2636:The British Journal of General Practice
2381:
2379:
2377:
1431:
1395:
6592:Pharmacological classification systems
5959:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
3881:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
3790:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100528
2581:
1464:"Dorlands Medical Dictionary:hypnotic"
831:antagonists are used to treat certain
662:It is not clear as to whether the new
6239:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2392:Evidence Report/Technology Assessment
1786:A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry
7:
3910:Hoque R, Chesson AL (October 2009).
3242:Yoshida K, Takeuchi H (March 2021).
1626:Gelder M, Mayou R, Geddes J (2005).
1583:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
1241:, many others) (SMDs 0.58 to 0.83),
5852:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
1854:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1975.tb111781.x
847:, are also used to treat insomnia.
578:Examples of quinazolinones include
455:Barbiturates are drugs that act as
3916:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
2905:Joint Formulary Committee (2013).
2872:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
2255:10.1097/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84
1552:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
711:Nonbenzodiazepines are a class of
517:of barbiturates is believed to be
506:. Barbiturates are derivatives of
155:This group of drugs is related to
25:
4715:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
3821:Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
3614:Roehrs T, Roth T (October 2012).
3518:. In Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (eds.).
1415:Because the drugs have a shorter
590:(Aolan, Athinazone, Ethinazone),
6601:
6581:
6580:
3024:10.2165/00023210-200923040-00004
2909:British National Formulary (BNF)
2815:10.2165/00002512-199404040-00006
2558:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x
2517:10.2165/00002512-200522090-00004
2480:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03591.x
2333:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2003.10.003
2212:"Treatment options for insomnia"
2002:10.2165/00002018-200528040-00003
1955:QSAR & Combinatorial Science
1926:Jufe GS (July–August 2007). "".
1897:10.2165/00003495-197509060-00004
1842:The Medical Journal of Australia
1261:) (SMDs 0.03 to 0.63), sedative
1111:
1019:
851:Second-generation antihistamines
719:are almost entirely the same as
186:, the avoidance of caffeine and
58:
5989:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
3834:10.1590/S1516-44462010000300014
3772:Scammell TE, Winrow CJ (2011).
2321:Journal of Psychiatric Research
329:was first used as a soporific.
2354:Maiuro RD (13 December 2009).
2286:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1692:Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin
1047:add the appropriate references
775:, the hormone produced in the
616:Benzodiazepine § Insomnia
519:positive allosteric modulation
1:
5741:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
3422:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00878-9
3365:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3
3310:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00878-9
3211:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30416-x
3078:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
2721:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
2451:. American Geriatrics Society
2243:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
2145:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0465
2132:Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
2036:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
1487:"17: Hypnotics and Sedatives"
470:. They are also effective as
244:) serve a hypnotic function.
140:whose primary function is to
7431:Treatment of sleep disorders
6452:Wakefulness-promoting agents
2940:Postgraduate Medical Journal
1698:(12): 89–93. December 2004.
1227:standardized mean difference
398:(an antipsychotic), and the
27:Drug whose use induces sleep
7353:Tetracyclic antidepressants
7292:Tooltip 5-hydroxytryptophan
7115:Melatonin receptor agonists
7077:Orexin receptor antagonists
7057:Tetracyclic antidepressants
5241:Tetracyclic antidepressants
5055:Tetracyclic antidepressants
3875:Pigeon WR (February 2010).
3528:Buysse DJ (February 2013).
2435:American Geriatrics Society
1659:10.1136/bmj.38623.768588.47
1324:) (SMDs 0.00 to 0.13). The
1314:melatonin receptor agonists
1312:) (SMDs 0.23 to 0.44), and
1294:orexin receptor antagonists
1285:) (SMDs 0.30 to 0.55), the
1032:reliable medical references
919:Tetracyclic antidepressants
240:and its analogues (such as
7447:
6102:Intravenous immunoglobulin
3675:10.6061/clinics/2012(06)17
3616:"Insomnia pharmacotherapy"
3524:discusses Barbs vs. benzos
3480:10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101866
3248:Behavioural Brain Research
2780:10.1016/j.smrv.2004.05.002
2298:10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.002
1747:10.1016/j.smrv.2004.04.003
1162:Orexin receptor antagonist
805:
704:
619:
613:
564:
558:
448:
425:
47:
40:
29:
7371:
7335:Tricyclic antidepressants
7039:Tricyclic antidepressants
6576:
5218:Tricyclic antidepressants
5032:Tricyclic antidepressants
3718:10.2344/0003-3006-59.1.28
3700:Becker DE (Spring 2012).
3632:10.1007/s13311-012-0148-3
3261:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113098
2985:American Family Physician
2934:Wakeling A (April 1983).
2216:American Family Physician
1380:Sleep induction § Alcohol
1038:or relies too heavily on
895:Tricyclic antidepressants
201:, while 10.8% are taking
132:drugs, commonly known as
68:This is currently being
36:Hypnotic (disambiguation)
6157:Topoisomerase inhibitors
5841:renin–angiotensin system
5835:Calcium channel blockers
4803:Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
3119:Højlund M (2022-09-12).
2694:10.1176/appi.ps.56.3.332
1440:"Definition of HYPNOTIC"
1340:and the antidepressants
1124:Alpha-adrenergic agonist
812:In common use, the term
602:(Nubarene, Casfen), and
5290:Atypical antipsychotics
5104:Atypical antipsychotics
3961:Sleeping pills overview
2952:10.1136/pgmj.59.690.229
2446:: an initiative of the
1704:10.1136/dtb.2004.421289
1444:www.merriam-webster.com
1420:efficacy was not clear.
873:have sedating effects.
622:List of benzodiazepines
5949:Hormonal contraception
5879:Bile acid sequestrants
5660:Proton-pump inhibitors
5623:gastrointestinal tract
5464:Chlorophenylalkyldiols
5272:Typical antipsychotics
5086:Typical antipsychotics
3468:Sleep Medicine Reviews
3199:The Lancet. Psychiatry
2768:Sleep Medicine Reviews
2400:10.1037/e439752005-001
1967:10.1002/qsar.200420018
1735:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1360:, and bone fractures.
861:effect of drowsiness.
859:central nervous system
457:central nervous system
276:
115:
87:and the resolution on
34:. For other uses, see
3757:10.1684/pnv.2010.0232
3546:10.1001/jama.2013.193
1417:elimination half life
1326:certainty of evidence
1219:network meta-analysis
839:antagonists, such as
731:(Imovane, Zimovane),
392:antihypertensive drug
386:(an antidepressant),
255:
219:cognitive impairments
172:loss of consciousness
110:
43:Sleeping Pills (film)
7279:Serotonin precursors
6650:Insomnia medications
6558:Radiopharmaceuticals
6346:Antiparkinson agents
5421:Gabapentin enacarbil
4469:Neuroactive steroids
4439:Apronal (apronalide)
3856:Psychiatria Danubina
2884:10.4088/JCP.v62n0609
2682:Psychiatric Services
1155:Tetrahydrocannabinol
373:longitudinal studies
354:substance dependence
7241:Menthyl isovalerate
6664:positive modulators
6341:Antimigraine agents
6331:Antidementia agents
6234:Anti-inflammatories
5924:Medicated dressings
5864:Antihyperlipidemics
5691:Diabetes medication
3706:Anesthesia Progress
1531:on 22 February 2011
1011:Miscellaneous drugs
855:blood–brain barrier
820:receptor (and not H
687:mechanism of action
515:mechanism of action
94:Process started in
7426:Psychoactive drugs
7398:Never to phase III
6776:Nonbenzodiazepines
6194:Immunosuppressants
6064:Antimycobacterials
6020:Antithyroid agents
6004:Mineralocorticoids
5808:Cardiac stimulants
5798:Cardiac glycosides
5790:cardiac therapy /
5686:Anti-obesity drugs
5486:Diethylpropanediol
4768:Dichloralphenazone
4684:Methylmethaqualone
4522:Nonbenzodiazepines
4049:Diethylpropanediol
3928:10.5664/jcsm.27605
3520:Psychopharmacology
3415:(10347): 170–184.
3303:(10347): 170–184.
3131:10.21996/mr3m-1783
2849:Medscape Reference
2089:(Suppl 8): 12–25.
1780:Shorter E (2005).
876:Examples include:
713:psychoactive drugs
707:Nonbenzodiazepines
701:Nonbenzodiazepines
680:traffic collisions
638:sleep architecture
476:anticonvulsalgesic
368:Nonbenzodiazepines
341:During the 1970s,
277:
199:nonbenzodiazepines
138:psychoactive drugs
116:
7408:
7407:
6854:potassium bromide
6616:
6615:
6519:Ophthalmologicals
6229:Anabolic steroids
6132:Anticancer agents
6095:Ectoparasiticides
5815:Antihypertensives
5763:Antifibrinolytics
5580:
5579:
5332:
5331:
5130:
5129:
4850:
4849:
4731:Potassium bromide
4689:Nitromethaqualone
4197:Thiotetrabarbital
4044:Ethanol (alcohol)
3620:Neurotherapeutics
3589:10.1136/bmj.e8343
3359:(9896): 951–962.
3162:10.1002/wps.21010
3090:10.1345/aph.1Q697
2920:978-0-85711-084-8
2803:Drugs & Aging
2733:10.1345/aph.17111
2616:978-0-12-088397-4
2505:Drugs & Aging
2474:(10): 1883–1890.
2367:978-0-8261-1094-7
2138:(12): 3001–3013.
2096:10.1111/epi.12025
2048:10.1345/aph.17111
1795:978-0-19-517668-1
1782:"Benzodiazepines"
1500:978-0-07-146804-6
1358:cognitive decline
1215:systematic review
1120:
1119:
1096:
973:Second-generation
727:Examples include
664:nonbenzodiazepine
549:sodium thiopental
531:Examples include
474:, hypnotics, and
440:Nonbenzodiazepine
176:sedative–hypnotic
152:(sleeplessness).
112:Zolpidem tartrate
105:
104:
100:
16:(Redirected from
7438:
7301:
7298:Sodium oxybate (
7293:
7289:
7192:
7014:Phenyltoloxamine
6955:inverse agonists
6908:Piperidinediones
6643:
6636:
6629:
6620:
6605:
6584:
6583:
6568:Senotherapeutics
6422:Neuroprotectives
6417:Mood stabilizers
6316:Anti-ADHD agents
6256:Muscle relaxants
6189:Immunostimulants
6184:Immunomodulators
6016:Thyroid hormones
5954:Fertility agents
5857:Renin inhibitors
5748:Antihemorrhagics
5715:forming organs (
5701:Dietary minerals
5607:
5600:
5593:
5584:
5505:muscle relaxants
5408:
5405:
5201:
4935:
4872:4-Fluorophenibut
4608:Piperidinediones
4482:Allopregnanolone
4064:Trichloroethanol
4022:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3967:
3949:
3939:
3906:
3896:
3871:
3846:
3836:
3811:
3801:
3768:
3739:
3729:
3696:
3686:
3653:
3643:
3610:
3600:
3567:
3557:
3523:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3434:
3424:
3400:
3385:
3384:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3322:
3312:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3263:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3222:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3150:World Psychiatry
3141:
3135:
3134:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2946:(690): 229–231.
2931:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2642:(533): 964–967.
2627:
2621:
2620:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2569:
2536:
2499:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2383:
2372:
2371:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2098:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2031:
2022:
2021:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1818:. Archived from
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1777:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1595:10.1002/pds.3951
1574:
1568:
1567:
1558:(Suppl): 42–46.
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1527:. Archived from
1520:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1470:. Archived from
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1436:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1054:
1023:
1022:
1015:
959:First-generation
717:pharmacodynamics
689:is primarily at
649:rebound insomnia
504:assisted suicide
400:over-the-counter
272:
97:
92:
62:
54:
21:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7403:
7388:Clinical trials
7367:
7291:
7137:
7109:
7071:
6979:Diphenhydramine
6953:
6950:
6937:
6874:Chloral hydrate
6818:amylene hydrate
6673:Benzodiazepines
6663:
6661:
6652:
6647:
6617:
6612:
6608:Medicine portal
6572:
6528:
6500:
6495:
6487:Cough medicines
6482:Bronchodilators
6463:
6456:
6336:Antidepressants
6326:Anticonvulsants
6274:
6265:
6261:Bisphosphonates
6251:Corticosteroids
6213:
6200:
6172:
6163:
6147:Spindle poisons
6137:Antimetabolites
6120:
6111:
6033:
6024:
5999:Glucocorticoids
5994:Corticosteroids
5975:
5968:
5935:
5928:
5885:
5803:Antiarrhythmics
5776:
5769:
5726:Antithrombotics
5714:
5705:
5681:Antipropulsives
5677:Antidiarrhoeals
5654:
5625:
5617:
5611:
5581:
5576:
5440:
5403:
5393:
5365:
5328:
5312:
5258:
5205:Antidepressants
5196:
5187:
5158:Dexmedetomidine
5139:
5126:
5072:
5002:Antidepressants
4996:
4957:Diphenhydramine
4930:
4921:
4859:
4846:
4835:Isovaleric acid
4798:Sulfonylalkanes
4753:Chloral hydrate
4748:Chloral betaine
4726:Lithium bromide
4698:
4635:
4602:
4584:
4516:
4463:
4420:
4392:
4334:
4217:Benzodiazepines
4211:
4117:Ethallobarbital
4068:
4017:
4008:
3994:
3957:
3952:
3909:
3874:
3849:
3814:
3771:
3742:
3699:
3656:
3613:
3570:
3527:
3513:
3509:
3507:Further reading
3504:
3499:
3495:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3402:
3401:
3388:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2580:
2539:
2502:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2448:ABIM Foundation
2444:Choosing Wisely
2433:
2432:
2425:
2385:
2384:
2375:
2368:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2209:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2161:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2033:
2032:
2025:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1934:(74): 294–299.
1925:
1924:
1920:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1848:(24): 737–743.
1839:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1468:Mercksource.com
1462:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1376:
1370:
1354:
1330:diphenhydramine
1263:antidepressants
1231:benzodiazepines
1211:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1055:
1044:
1040:primary sources
1024:
1020:
1013:
939:
871:antidepressants
867:
865:Antidepressants
843:(Benadryl) and
841:diphenhydramine
838:
830:
823:
819:
810:
804:
770:
765:
757:benzodiazepines
709:
703:
694:
642:slow-wave sleep
633:benzodiazepines
624:
618:
612:
610:Benzodiazepines
569:
563:
557:
526:
508:barbituric acid
492:benzodiazepines
453:
447:
442:
426:Main articles:
424:
416:substance abuse
412:diphenhydramine
347:benzodiazepines
327:chloral hydrate
274:
266:
250:
203:benzodiazepines
164:relieve anxiety
148:) and to treat
101:
95:
74:
63:
52:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7444:
7442:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7413:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7385:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7365:
7360:
7350:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7307:Sympatholytics
7304:
7295:
7276:
7271:
7269:Passion flower
7266:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7213:Gabapentinoids
7210:
7205:
7200:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7165:chlorpromazine
7149:Antipsychotics
7145:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7119:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7081:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7054:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6974:Dimenhydrinate
6971:
6966:
6960:
6958:
6948:
6943:Antihistamines
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6918:Quinazolinones
6915:
6905:
6900:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6861:
6858:sodium bromide
6847:
6825:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6668:
6666:
6659:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6623:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6553:Contrast media
6550:
6544:
6542:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6506:sensory organs
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6473:
6471:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6351:Antipsychotics
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6321:Antiaddictives
6318:
6313:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6291:
6285:
6283:
6276:nervous system
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6246:Antirheumatics
6243:
6242:
6241:
6231:
6225:
6223:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6180:
6178:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6152:Antineoplastic
6149:
6144:
6139:
6128:
6126:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6085:Antiprotozoals
6080:Antiparasitics
6077:
6072:
6067:
6060:Antibacterials
6056:Antimicrobials
6052:
6050:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6013:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5919:Antipsoriatics
5916:
5911:
5906:
5900:
5898:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5847:ACE inhibitors
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5786:
5784:
5775:cardiovascular
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5736:Anticoagulants
5733:
5722:
5720:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5648:
5637:
5635:
5619:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5587:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5552:Passion flower
5549:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5410:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5302:
5297:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5279:
5277:Chlorpromazine
5268:
5266:
5264:Antipsychotics
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5248:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5230:
5225:
5215:
5209:
5207:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5116:
5111:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5093:
5091:Chlorpromazine
5082:
5080:
5078:Antipsychotics
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5062:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5044:
5039:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4952:Cyproheptadine
4949:
4943:
4941:
4939:Antihistamines
4932:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4896:sodium oxybate
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:1,4-Butanediol
4863:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4840:Valerenic acid
4837:
4832:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4736:Sodium bromide
4733:
4728:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4641:Quinazolinones
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4162:Propylbarbital
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4059:Methylpentynol
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4009:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3956:
3955:External links
3953:
3951:
3950:
3922:(5): 471–476.
3907:
3872:
3847:
3827:(3): 288–293.
3812:
3769:
3751:(4): 235–241.
3740:
3697:
3669:(6): 653–660.
3654:
3626:(4): 728–738.
3611:
3568:
3540:(7): 706–716.
3525:
3516:"Barbiturates"
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3493:
3454:
3386:
3342:
3283:
3234:
3185:
3156:(3): 444–451.
3136:
3111:
3084:(5): 718–722.
3068:
3045:
3018:(4): 309–329.
3002:
2991:(1): 159–161.
2975:
2926:
2919:
2897:
2878:(6): 453–463.
2862:
2836:
2809:(4): 331–355.
2793:
2758:
2727:(6): 680–691.
2711:
2688:(3): 332–343.
2672:
2663:
2622:
2615:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2552:(4): 616–631.
2537:
2511:(9): 749–765.
2500:
2461:, which cites
2423:
2373:
2366:
2346:
2327:(3): 327–334.
2311:
2276:
2249:(3): 249–255.
2233:
2222:(4): 517–526.
2197:
2159:
2118:
2069:
2042:(6): 680–691.
2023:
1996:(4): 301–318.
1980:
1961:(6): 440–459.
1945:
1918:
1891:(6): 448–478.
1875:
1832:
1816:"Barbiturates"
1807:
1794:
1769:
1760:
1725:
1682:
1653:(7526): 1169.
1633:
1618:
1589:(6): 637–645.
1569:
1542:
1512:
1499:
1477:
1474:on 2008-12-11.
1455:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1408:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1353:
1350:
1267:antihistamines
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:Gabapentinoids
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
976:
975:
969:
968:
966:Chlorpromazine
962:
961:
952:antipsychotics
938:
937:Antipsychotics
935:
934:
933:
928:
922:
921:
915:
914:
909:
904:
898:
897:
891:
890:
884:
883:
866:
863:
836:
828:
821:
817:
806:Main article:
803:
802:Antihistamines
800:
769:
766:
764:
761:
739:(Sonata), and
721:benzodiazepine
705:Main article:
702:
699:
692:
614:Main article:
611:
608:
559:Main article:
556:
555:Quinazolinones
553:
524:
513:The principal
449:Main article:
446:
443:
436:Benzodiazepine
423:
420:
343:quinazolinones
312:Chloralurethan
249:
246:
134:sleeping pills
103:
102:
89:the discussion
66:
64:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7443:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7370:
7364:
7361:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7339:amitriptyline
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7198:
7194:
7186:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:Miscellaneous
7140:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7043:amitriptyline
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7004:Methapyrilene
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6944:
6940:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6928:Sulfonmethane
6926:
6923:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6889:Neurosteroids
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6879:Clomethiazole
6877:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6840:phenobarbital
6837:
6836:pentobarbital
6833:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6814:ethchlorvynol
6811:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6723:Flutoprazepam
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6713:Flunitrazepam
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6639:
6637:
6632:
6630:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6609:
6604:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6477:Decongestants
6475:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6396:Dissociatives
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6386:Hallucinogens
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6170:
6166:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6090:Anthelmintics
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5934:genitourinary
5931:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5914:Antipruritics
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5830:Beta blockers
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5731:Antiplatelets
5729:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5596:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5530:Methocarbamol
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Mephenoxalone
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5510:Chlorphenesin
5508:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5479:Phenaglycodol
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:Amitriptyline
5221:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5133:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:Amitriptyline
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4972:Methapyrilene
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:Aceburic acid
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4853:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:Isovaleramide
4828:
4827:
4826:
4825:Sesquiterpene
4823:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4763:Clomethiazole
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Pyrithyldione
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:Phenprobamate
4376:
4374:
4373:Methocarbamol
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:Hexapropymate
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:Flutoprazepam
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:Flunitrazepam
4263:
4261:
4260:Flunitrazolam
4258:
4256:
4255:Flubromazolam
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:Phenobarbital
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Pentobarbital
4145:
4143:
4142:Narcobarbital
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:Mephobarbital
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:Cyclobarbital
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:Ethchlorvynol
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3432:11380/1288245
3428:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3320:11380/1288245
3316:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2187:on 2008-12-03
2183:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1822:on 2007-11-07
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:amitriptyline
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:antipsychotic
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:Effectiveness
1208:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063: –
1062:
1058:
1057:Find sources:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:This section
1026:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
974:
971:
970:
967:
964:
963:
960:
957:
956:
955:
953:
949:
945:
936:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
920:
917:
916:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
902:Amitriptyline
900:
899:
896:
893:
892:
889:
886:
885:
882:
879:
878:
877:
874:
872:
864:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
846:
842:
834:
827:Clinically, H
825:
815:
814:antihistamine
809:
808:H1 antagonist
801:
799:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
762:
760:
758:
754:
748:
746:
745:generic names
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
722:
718:
714:
708:
700:
698:
696:
688:
683:
681:
675:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
634:
630:
623:
617:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
568:
562:
561:Quinazolinone
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
541:phenobarbital
538:
537:pentobarbital
534:
529:
527:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:psychological
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:
452:
444:
441:
437:
433:
432:Quinazolinone
429:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
369:
365:
363:
360:and/or other
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
339:
337:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:Amylenhydrate
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
270:
265:
264:Charles Motte
261:
260:
254:
247:
245:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
223:meta-analysis
220:
216:
212:
211:night terrors
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
184:sleep hygiene
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
153:
151:
147:
144:(or surgical
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:, sleep), or
127:
124:
120:
113:
109:
99:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
65:
61:
56:
55:
51:
44:
37:
33:
19:
7363:Valnoctamide
7347:trimipramine
7189:dronabinol (
7181:Cannabinoids
7176:Benzoctamine
7085:Daridorexant
7067:Triprolidine
7051:trimipramine
7029:Propiomazine
7024:Promethazine
6989:Etodroxizine
6922:methaqualone
6912:glutethimide
6893:progesterone
6844:secobarbital
6828:Barbiturates
6806:
6774:
6738:Lormetazepam
6671:
6649:
6407:
6391:Psychedelics
6361:Aphrodisiacs
6035:infestations
6011:Sex hormones
5964:Sex hormones
5909:Cicatrizants
5839:
5825:Vasodilators
5792:antianginals
5789:
5641:stomach acid
5640:
5572:Valnoctamide
5474:Metaglycodol
5469:Fenpentadiol
5379:Daridorexant
5282:Thioridazine
5233:Trimipramine
5168:Medetomidine
5096:Thioridazine
5047:Trimipramine
4992:Propiomazine
4987:Promethazine
4793:Petrichloral
4778:Kavalactones
4710:Acetophenone
4679:Methaqualone
4674:Mecloqualone
4669:Mebroqualone
4659:Diproqualone
4654:Cloroqualone
4616:Glutethimide
4512:Progesterone
4502:Hydroxydione
4434:Acecarbromal
4348:Carisoprodol
4290:Lormetazepam
4275:Flutemazepam
4177:Secobarbital
4137:Methohexital
4127:Hexobarbital
4107:Butobarbital
4102:Butabarbital
4092:Aprobarbital
4082:Allobarbital
4074:Barbiturates
3996:
3919:
3915:
3884:
3880:
3862:(1): 90–93.
3859:
3855:
3824:
3820:
3781:
3777:
3748:
3744:
3712:(1): 28–42.
3709:
3705:
3666:
3662:
3623:
3619:
3580:
3576:
3537:
3533:
3519:
3496:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3412:
3408:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3205:(1): 64–77.
3202:
3198:
3188:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3121:
3114:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3054:
3048:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2908:
2900:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2848:
2839:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2774:(1): 25–39.
2771:
2767:
2761:
2752:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2705:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2666:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2606:
2600:
2584:cite journal
2549:
2545:
2508:
2504:
2471:
2467:
2453:. Retrieved
2442:
2391:
2356:
2349:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2219:
2215:
2189:. Retrieved
2182:the original
2135:
2131:
2121:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2039:
2035:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:the original
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1785:
1763:
1741:(1): 51–65.
1738:
1734:
1728:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1504:. Retrieved
1490:
1480:
1472:the original
1467:
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:
1434:
1411:
1404:sleep stages
1398:
1385:Somnifacient
1369:
1362:
1355:
1338:promethazine
1298:daridorexant
1292:(SMD 0.07),
1283:trimipramine
1223:effect sizes
1212:
1179:Daridorexant
1143:Cannabinoids
1099:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1056:
1036:verification
1029:
944:dyslipidemia
940:
912:Trimipramine
875:
868:
849:
826:
813:
811:
777:pineal gland
771:
749:
726:
710:
684:
676:
661:
646:
625:
606:(Quaalude).
604:methaqualone
600:mecloqualone
592:mebroqualone
584:diproqualone
580:cloroqualone
577:
570:
567:Methaqualone
545:secobarbital
530:
512:
454:
445:Barbiturates
406:medications
402:allergy and
377:
366:
351:
340:
331:Barbiturates
324:
279:
278:
256:
235:
215:sleepwalking
207:barbiturates
196:
180:
175:
159:
154:
142:induce sleep
133:
129:
125:
118:
117:
93:
85:Help:Merging
81:Somnifacient
77:a discussion
67:
7384:from market
7357:mirtazapine
7274:Scopolamine
7255:hydrocodone
7208:Fenadiazole
7171:Ashwagandha
7161:risperidone
7133:Tasimelteon
7105:Vornorexant
7095:Seltorexant
7090:Lemborexant
7061:mirtazapine
7019:Pimethixene
7009:Pheniramine
6994:Hydroxyzine
6964:Alimemazine
6903:Paraldehyde
6868:meprobamate
6832:amobarbital
6785:Eszopiclone
6748:Nimetazepam
6728:Haloxazolam
6698:Doxefazepam
6693:Clorazepate
6683:Cinolazepam
6524:Otologicals
6496:antagonists
6462:respiratory
6437:Orexigenics
6432:Neurotoxins
6381:Euphoriants
6371:Entactogens
6366:Depressants
6356:Anxiolytics
6294:Anesthetics
6070:Antifungals
5667:Antiemetics
5655:antagonists
5557:Scopolamine
5501:Guaifenesin
5496:Fenadiazole
5452:Cannabidiol
5426:Mirogabalin
5384:Lemborexant
5361:Tasimelteon
5346:Agomelatine
5305:Risperidone
5251:Mirtazapine
5140:-Adrenergic
5119:Risperidone
5065:Mirtazapine
5015:Etoperidone
4982:Pheniramine
4967:Hydroxyzine
4788:Paraldehyde
4783:Loreclezole
4649:Afloqualone
4631:Piperidione
4621:Methyprylon
4550:Pazinaclone
4530:Eszopiclone
4492:Alphaxolone
4487:Alphadolone
4426:Monoureides
4368:Meprobamate
4305:Nitemazepam
4300:Nimetazepam
4245:Doxefazepam
4230:Cinolazepam
4202:Vinbarbital
4167:Proxibarbal
4152:Phenallymal
4087:Amobarbital
4039:Chloralodol
3887:: 321–332.
3784:: 243–266.
2292:(1): 1–14.
1990:Drug Safety
1346:mirtazapine
1334:hydroxyzine
1306:seltorexant
1302:lemborexant
1247:eszopiclone
1174:Lemborexant
1150:Cannabidiol
1030:needs more
1005:Ziprasidone
995:Risperidone
948:neutropenia
931:Mirtazapine
789:tasimelteon
735:(Lunesta),
733:eszopiclone
598:(Arofuto),
596:Afloqualone
533:amobarbital
528:receptors.
472:anxiolytics
460:depressants
451:Barbiturate
428:Barbiturate
384:mirtazapine
362:depressants
320:Chloralimid
316:Ohloralamid
300:paraldehyde
267: [
7415:Categories
7315:guanfacine
7283:tryptophan
7246:Niaprazine
7221:pregabalin
7217:gabapentin
7157:olanzapine
7153:quetiapine
7100:Suvorexant
7034:Pyrilamine
6984:Doxylamine
6969:Captodiame
6897:zuranolone
6864:Carbamates
6753:Nitrazepam
6733:Loprazolam
6718:Flurazepam
6688:Climazolam
6678:Brotizolam
6447:Stimulants
6427:Nootropics
6401:Deliriants
6376:Entheogens
6311:Anorectics
6289:Analgesics
6142:Alkylating
6075:Antivirals
6030:infections
5904:Emollients
5758:Coagulants
5628:metabolism
5525:Metaxalone
5515:Mephenesin
5436:Pregabalin
5416:Gabapentin
5389:Suvorexant
5324:Niaprazine
5300:Quetiapine
5295:Olanzapine
5178:Tizanidine
5173:Romifidine
5163:Lofexidine
5153:Detomidine
5114:Quetiapine
5109:Olanzapine
5020:Nefazodone
4962:Doxylamine
4947:Captodiame
4758:Chloralose
4722:compounds
4664:Etaqualone
4560:Suproclone
4540:Lirequinil
4507:Minaxolone
4497:Eltanolone
4477:Acebrochol
4444:Bromisoval
4411:Metomidate
4398:Imidazoles
4358:Ethinamate
4353:Emylcamate
4340:Carbamates
4315:Nitrazolam
4310:Nitrazepam
4285:Loprazolam
4270:Flurazepam
4240:Clonazolam
4235:Climazolam
4225:Brotizolam
4207:Vinylbital
4192:Thiopental
3530:"Insomnia"
3474:: 101866.
3254:: 113098.
2855:1 December
2191:2009-07-26
1826:2007-10-31
1801:2014-02-06
1628:Psychiatry
1506:2014-02-06
1449:2021-09-27
1427:References
1310:suvorexant
1290:quetiapine
1275:doxylamine
1198:Pregabalin
1193:Gabapentin
1169:Suvorexant
1136:Guanfacine
1072:newspapers
1061:"Hypnotic"
990:Quetiapine
985:Olanzapine
853:cross the
845:doxylamine
653:nitrazepam
620:See also:
588:etaqualone
565:See also:
502:, and for
468:anesthesia
408:doxylamine
404:antiemetic
396:quetiapine
390:(an older
231:dependence
168:anxiolysis
146:anesthesia
48:See also:
7421:Hypnotics
7394:Phase III
7382:Withdrawn
7330:Trazodone
7311:clonidine
7259:oxycodone
7203:Chamomile
7128:Ramelteon
7123:Melatonin
6999:Meclizine
6800:Zopiclone
6768:Triazolam
6763:Temazepam
6743:Midazolam
6703:Estazolam
6597:ATC codes
6563:Dressings
6548:Antidotes
6412:Sedatives
6408:Hypnotics
6117:malignant
5974:endocrine
5820:Diuretics
5753:Platelets
5713:and blood
5672:Laxatives
5562:Trazodone
5503:-related
5356:Ramelteon
5351:Melatonin
5338:Melatonin
5246:Mianserin
5213:Trazodone
5148:Clonidine
5060:Mianserin
5025:Trazodone
4977:Perlapine
4820:Triclofos
4773:Gaboxadol
4580:Zopiclone
4565:Suriclone
4555:Saripidem
4545:Necopidem
4459:Ectylurea
4454:Carbromal
4416:Propoxate
4406:Etomidate
4383:Procymate
4330:Triazolam
4325:Temazepam
4295:Midazolam
4250:Estazolam
4187:Thiamylal
4122:Heptabarb
4001:sedatives
3997:Hypnotics
3583:: e8343.
3449:250536370
3337:250536370
3278:230507941
3012:CNS Drugs
2831:265772823
2455:August 1,
2083:Epilepsia
1975:1611-020X
1322:ramelteon
1318:melatonin
1279:trazodone
1259:zopiclone
1239:triazolam
1235:temazepam
1131:Clonidine
980:Clozapine
926:Mianserin
888:Trazodone
833:allergies
824:, etc.).
796:analogues
793:synthetic
785:Ramelteon
783:mammals.
773:Melatonin
768:Melatonin
753:tolerance
729:zopiclone
695:receptors
466:to total
388:clonidine
380:off-label
280:Hypnotica
259:Séducteur
257:Le Vieux
242:ramelteon
238:melatonin
157:sedatives
130:soporific
96:July 2023
18:Hypnotics
7325:Theanine
7319:prazosin
7263:morphine
7236:Lavender
7225:phenibut
7197:nabilone
7185:cannabis
6951:receptor
6933:Valerian
6850:Bromides
6810:Alcohols
6795:Zolpidem
6790:Zaleplon
6758:Quazepam
6708:Etizolam
6662:receptor
6442:Serenics
6107:Vaccines
5874:Fibrates
5696:Vitamins
5646:Antacids
5546:morphine
5537:Midaflur
5457:Cannabis
5431:Phenibut
5183:Xylazine
4912:Phenibut
4882:Baclofen
4808:Tetronal
4743:Centalun
4598:Propofol
4575:Zolpidem
4570:Zaleplon
4535:Indiplon
4449:Capuride
4388:Tybamate
4320:Quazepam
4182:Talbutal
4097:Barbital
4026:Alcohols
3946:19961034
3903:20308757
3868:20305598
3843:20945020
3808:21034217
3765:21147662
3736:22428972
3693:22760906
3650:22976558
3607:23248080
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3329:35843245
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3229:31860457
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2892:11465523
2788:15649736
2749:34250754
2702:15746509
2658:17132386
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2525:16156679
2496:23523742
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2418:15989374
2341:15003439
2306:15531349
2263:16639148
2228:17853625
2154:17172404
2105:23205959
2064:34250754
2018:24222535
2010:15783240
1940:18265473
1913:38775294
1870:28983030
1755:15649738
1720:40188442
1712:15587763
1677:16284208
1613:26711081
1535:19 March
1374:See also
1255:zolpidem
1251:zaleplon
1213:A major
1203:Phenibut
1102:May 2016
1000:Zotepine
741:zolpidem
737:zaleplon
657:diazepam
500:epilepsy
496:overdose
484:physical
464:sedation
336:overdose
296:Sulfonal
292:Methylal
221:, and a
150:insomnia
119:Hypnotic
50:Sedative
32:Hypnosis
7355:(e.g.,
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6780:Z-drugs
6299:General
6206:muscles
6175:L03–L04
6171:disease
6123:L01–L02
6119:disease
5869:Statins
5544:(e.g.,
5542:Opioids
5491:Evoxine
5228:Doxepin
5042:Doxepin
4917:Tolibut
4813:Trional
4720:Bromide
4590:Phenols
4172:Reposal
3937:2762721
3894:4324320
3799:3058259
3727:3309299
3684:3370319
3663:Clinics
3641:3480571
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3555:3632369
3220:7029416
3171:9453914
3106:9888209
2997:9917581
2970:6346303
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2823:8019056
2741:9640488
2649:1934058
2567:3571677
2533:9296501
2409:4781279
2271:1709063
2113:4675696
2056:9640488
1668:1285093
1604:4889508
1564:1680126
1271:doxepin
1243:Z-drugs
1233:(e.g.,
1086:scholar
1051:removed
907:Doxepin
781:diurnal
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480:surgery
358:alcohol
284:Urethan
248:History
227:Z-drugs
188:alcohol
178:drugs.
7377:WHO-EM
6606:
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2827:S2CID
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2492:S2CID
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2178:(PDF)
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