51:
435:
487:. Hypoxia in diving can result from sudden surfacing. The partial pressures of gases increases when diving by one ATM every ten metres. This means that a partial pressure of oxygen sufficient to maintain good carriage by hemoglobin is possible at depth, even if it is insufficient at the surface. A diver that remains underwater will slowly consume their oxygen, and when surfacing, the partial pressure of oxygen may be insufficient (
321:, which influence the rate of breathing and the depth of each breath. This is influenced by the blood level of carbon dioxide, as determined by central and peripheral chemoreceptors located in the central nervous system and carotid and aortic bodies, respectively. Hypoxia occurs when the breathing center doesn't function correctly or when the signal is not appropriate:
698:
out of the circulation. After training, the capillary volume is still the same however cardiac output is increased, resulting in a decreased capillary transit time, reducing to around 0.16s in trained individuals at maximal work rates. This does not give sufficient time for gas diffusion and results
669:
Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia occurs during exercise when a trained individual exhibits an arterial oxygen saturation below 93%. It occurs in fit, healthy individuals of varying ages and genders. Adaptations due to training include an increased cardiac output from cardiac hypertrophy, improved
543:
This refers to a disruption in the ventilation/perfusion equilibrium. Oxygen entering the lungs typically diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane into blood. However this equilibration does not occur when the alveolus is insufficiently ventilated, and as a consequence the blood exiting that
544:
alveolus is relatively hypoxemic. When such blood is added to blood from well ventilated alveoli, the mix has a lower oxygen partial pressure than the alveolar air, and so the A-a difference develops. Examples of states that can cause a ventilation-perfusion mismatch include:
605:
refers to blood that bypasses the pulmonary circulation, meaning that the blood does not receive oxygen from the alveoli. In general, a shunt may be within the heart or lungs, and cannot be corrected by administering oxygen alone. Shunting may occur in normal states:
548:
Exercise. Whilst modest activity and exercise improves ventilation-perfusion matching, hypoxemia may develop during intense exercise as a result of preexisting lung diseases. During exercise, almost half of the hypoxemia is due to diffusion limitations (again, on
367:
followed by prolonged breath-holding. This hyperventilation, attempted by some swimmers, reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the lungs. This reduces the urge to breathe. However, it also means that falling blood oxygen levels are not sensed, and can result in
305:
ventilation is low, there will not be enough oxygen delivered to the alveoli for the body's use. This can cause hypoxemia even if the lungs are normal, as the cause is in the brainstem's control of ventilation or in the body's inability to breathe effectively.
155:
measurement which shows that the partial pressure of oxygen is lower than normal constitutes hypoxemia, there is less agreement concerning whether the oxygen content of blood is relevant in determining hypoxemia. This definition would include oxygen carried by
705:
are dormant capillaries within the lungs that become recruited when venous pressures become too high. They are normally located within deadspace area where gas diffusion does not occur, thus the blood passing through does not become oxygenated resulting in a
1817:
621:
Physiological shunts, occur due to the effect of gravity. The highest concentration of blood in the pulmonary circulation occurs in the bases of the pulmonary tree compared to the highest pressure of gas in the apexes of the lungs.
693:
due to an increased blood flow within the pulmonary capillary. Capillary transit time (tc), at rest is around 0.8s, allowing plenty of time for the diffusion of oxygen into the circulation and the diffusion of
637:(ARDS). Alveolar collapse, which can increase the amount of physiological shunting, may be managed through a combination of increasing oxygenation as well as positive pressure to recruit collapsed alveoli.
733:. The oxygen contained in the alveolar air can be calculated because it will be directly proportional to its fractional composition in air. Since the airways humidify (and so dilute) the inhaled air, the
1860:
477:
and other peaks of extreme altitude. For example, at the peak of Mount
Everest, the partial pressure of oxygen is just 43 mmHg, whereas at sea level the partial pressure is 150 mmHg. For this reason,
1736:
200:, to redirect the blood to areas of the lungs which are better ventilated. However, in a chronic context, and if the lungs are not well ventilated generally, this mechanism can result in
216:
can also occur. In children, chronic hypoxemia may manifest as delayed growth, neurological development and motor development and decreased sleep quality with frequent sleep arousals.
1627:
Henry Power and
Leonard W. Sedgwick (1888) New Sydenham Society's Lexicon of Medicine and the Allied Sciences (Based on Maye's Lexicon). Vol III. London: New Sydenham Society.
1853:
880:
Del Sorbo L, Martin EL, Ranieri VM (2010). "Hypoxemic
Respiratory Failure". In Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin TR, King TE, Schraufnagel D, Murray JF, Nadel JA (eds.).
238:
Serious hypoxemia typically occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen in blood is less than 60 mmHg (8.0 kPa), the beginning of the steep portion of the
192:
Chronic hypoxemia may be compensated or uncompensated. The compensation may cause symptoms to be overlooked initially, however, further disease or a stress such as
1846:
806:
749:
The term hypoxemia was originally used to describe low blood oxygen occurring at high altitudes and was defined generally as defective oxygenation of the blood.
529:
Hypoxic or anoxic breathing gas mixtures, and exposure to a vacuum or other extreme low pressure environment will remove oxygen from the blood in the alveoli.
1422:
AgustĂ AG, Roca J, Gea J, Wagner PD, Xaubet A, Rodriguez-Roisin R (February 1991). "Mechanisms of gas-exchange impairment in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis".
656:. These states are when blood from the right side of the heart moves straight to the left side, without first passing through the lungs. This is known as a
1152:
West JB, Boyer SJ, Graber DJ, Hackett PH, Maret KH, Milledge JS, et al. (September 1983). "Maximal exercise at extreme altitudes on Mount
Everest".
361:. During sleep, the breathing centers of the brain can pause their activity, leading to prolonged periods of apnea with potentially serious consequences.
242:, where a small decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen results in a large decrease in the oxygen content of the blood. Severe hypoxia can lead to
239:
1756:
Hess D, MacIntyre N, Mishoe S (2012). "Respiratory Care: Principles and
Practice". In Hess DR, MacIntyre NR, Mishoe SC, Galvin WF, Adams AB (eds.).
1507:
Huang YC, Fracica PJ, Simonson SG, Crapo JD, Young SL, Welty-Wolf KE, et al. (August 1996). "VA/Q abnormalities during gram negative sepsis".
555:. An increasingly poor match between ventilation and perfusion is seen with age, as well as a decreased ability to compensate for hypoxic states.
2222:
1784:
1765:
1746:
1725:
1395:
1068:
1035:
969:
935:
889:
578:
1378:
Hopkins SR (2007). "Exercise
Induced Arterial Hypoxemia: The role of Ventilation-Perfusion Inequality and Pulmonary Diffusion Limitation".
587:
can be complicated by refractory hypoxemia due to high rates of blood flow through the lung, resulting in ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
258:) or any cause that influences the transfer of air from the lungs to the blood may cause hypoxemia. As well as these respiratory causes,
136:
of oxygen (mm Hg) in arterial blood, but also in terms of reduced content of oxygen (ml oxygen per dl blood) or percentage saturation of
634:
859:
834:
1290:
790:
1639:"Commercial smartwatch with pulse oximeter detects short-time hypoxemia as well as standard medical-grade device: Validation study"
254:
Hypoxemia refers to insufficient oxygen in the blood. Thus any cause that influences the rate or volume of air entering the lungs (
196:
may finally unmask the existing hypoxemia. In a compensated state, blood vessels supplying less-ventilated areas of the lung may
522:
have malfunctioned, delivering low-oxygen gas mixtures to patients. Additionally, oxygen in a confined space can be consumed if
1457:
Agusti AG, Roca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R (March 1996). "Mechanisms of gas exchange impairment in patients with liver cirrhosis".
722:
290:
274:
2064:
1687:
562:
can also result in hypoxia, by affecting the ability of oxygen to diffuse into arteries. An example of these diseases is
2228:
389:
2247:
1318:
1198:
1126:
1688:"Commercial smartwatch provides reliable blood oxygen saturation values as compared to a medical-grade pulse oximeter"
446:
of oxygen has decreased, less oxygen is present in the alveoli of the lungs. The alveolar oxygen is transferred to
2164:
756:. In 2022 a research has shown smartwatches can detect short-time hypoxemia as well as standard medical devices.
653:
501:. Decreased concentration of oxygen in inspired air caused by reduced replacement of oxygen in the breathing mix.
461:. The external partial pressure of oxygen decreases with altitude, for example in areas of high altitude or when
209:
641:
465:. This decrease results in decreased carriage of oxygen by hemoglobin. This is particularly seen as a cause of
160:. The oxygen content of blood is thus sometimes viewed as a measure of tissue delivery rather than hypoxemia.
2242:
1343:
Whipp BJ, Wasserman K (September 1969). "Alveolar-arterial gas tension differences during graded exercise".
573:
can result in hypoxia. These diseases can be acute in onset (such as obstruction by inhaling something or a
523:
385:
2159:
1964:
615:
559:
488:
314:
201:
1954:
1838:
590:
121:
is an abnormally low oxygen content in any tissue or organ, or the body as a whole. Hypoxemia can cause
2059:
1775:
Samuel J, Frankling C (2008). "Hypoxemia and
Hypoxia". In Myers JA, Millikan KW, Saclarides TJ (eds.).
1382:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 588. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 17–30.
434:
2124:
2090:
2001:
1929:
1247:
649:
645:
570:
478:
418:
193:
186:
178:
2341:
2008:
734:
657:
519:
492:
358:
348:
333:
278:
243:
729:
and is normally small. The arterial oxygen partial pressure is obtained directly from an arterial
2283:
2095:
2074:
2069:
2054:
1894:
1873:
1869:
1610:
1567:
1314:
1271:
1238:
West JB (2000). "Human limits for hypoxia. The physiological challenge of climbing Mt. Everest".
800:
683:
623:
563:
410:
341:
302:
152:
77:
782:
1780:
1761:
1742:
1721:
1668:
1602:
1559:
1524:
1474:
1439:
1401:
1391:
1360:
1263:
1220:
1179:
1107:
1064:
1041:
1031:
1008:
965:
931:
885:
855:
830:
786:
716:
574:
484:
470:
318:
172:
122:
103:
63:
854:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 208.
2315:
2013:
1658:
1650:
1594:
1551:
1516:
1466:
1431:
1383:
1352:
1255:
1210:
1169:
1161:
1097:
998:
774:
611:
466:
443:
413:, the primary muscle for drawing new air into lungs, to function. This may be a result of a
364:
293:(A-a gradient) whereas the other categories are associated with an increased A-a gradient.
224:
197:
133:
721:
Key to understanding whether the lung is involved in a particular case of hypoxemia is the
566:, where even at rest a fifth of the hypoxemia is due to diffusion limitations (on average).
50:
2302:
2294:
2211:
2206:
2129:
2018:
1826:
602:
526:
are used without sufficient attention to supplementing the oxygen which has been consumed.
270:
263:
185:, an increased rate of breathing, use of the chest and abdominal muscles to breathe, and
1251:
163:
Just as extreme hypoxia can be called anoxia, extreme hypoxemia can be called anoxemia.
1924:
1663:
1638:
1542:
Thompson BT, Chambers RC, Liu KD (August 2017). "Acute
Respiratory Distress Syndrome".
1291:"Airlines are cutting costs – Are patients with respiratory diseases paying the price?"
1259:
1197:
Grocott MP, Martin DS, Levett DZ, McMorrow R, Windsor J, Montgomery HE (January 2009).
686:. Hypoxemia occurs in these individuals due to increased pulmonary blood flow causing:
451:
352:
259:
145:
1470:
2335:
2320:
2176:
1520:
1102:
1085:
775:
474:
454:, with an efficiency that decreases with the partial pressure of oxygen in the air.
337:
205:
1275:
1086:"Summary of 58 cases of loss of consciousness during underwater swimming and diving"
2308:
2289:
1959:
1944:
1939:
1881:
1614:
1571:
414:
213:
1598:
2269:
1889:
1387:
1356:
1165:
512:
504:
498:
68:
1435:
1003:
987:"Recommendations for long-term home oxygen therapy in children and adolescents"
986:
829:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. xxvi.
614:, which provides blood to the tissues of the lung. Shunting also occurs by the
2275:
2261:
2255:
2196:
2154:
2114:
1654:
1585:
Dempsey JA, Wagner PD (December 1999). "Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia".
910:
Clinical
Pulmonary Function Testing. A manual of uniform laboratory procedures
753:
738:
508:
447:
232:
157:
137:
125:(hypoxemic hypoxia), but hypoxia can also occur via other mechanisms, such as
388:, or bedclothes may interfere with breathing in infants, a putative cause of
377:
A variety of conditions that physically limit airflow can lead to hypoxemia.
2201:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2038:
2028:
2023:
1981:
1821:
1322:
1130:
1045:
730:
584:
442:
In conditions where the proportion of oxygen in the air is low, or when the
396:
1672:
1606:
1563:
1405:
1267:
1224:
1012:
1555:
1528:
1478:
1443:
1364:
1215:
1183:
507:. Low partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs when switching from inhaled
17:
2181:
2169:
2119:
2033:
1969:
1934:
1909:
1111:
462:
458:
406:
400:
381:
329:
220:
182:
81:
1809:
752:
In modern times there are a lot of tools to detects hypoxemia including
227:, and symptoms that may relate to the cause of the hypoxemia, including
106:
as the blood is not supplying enough oxygen to the tissues of the body.
2134:
1919:
1914:
1899:
1174:
671:
670:
venous return, and metabolic vasodilation of muscles, and an increased
141:
1199:"Arterial blood gases and oxygen content in climbers on Mount Everest"
117:
refers to the low level of oxygen in blood, and the more general term
2236:
2216:
2191:
1904:
593:, in which fat droplets are deposited in the pulmonary capillary bed.
325:
126:
99:
91:
384:, including temporary interruption or cessation of breathing as in
177:
In an acute context, hypoxemia can cause symptoms such as those in
2186:
1996:
552:
433:
228:
95:
1637:
Rafl J, Bachman TE, Rafl-Huttova V, Walzel S, Rozanek M (2022).
422:
1842:
985:
Adde FV, Alvarez AE, Barbisan BN, Guimarães BR (Jan–Feb 2013).
421:, or an acquired condition, such as fatigue in severe cases of
148:) with oxygen, which is either found singly or in combination.
723:
difference between the alveolar and the arterial oxygen levels
827:
All you really need to know to interpret arterial blood gases
336:
that generates rhythmic impulses and transmit them along the
964:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
518:
Air depleted of oxygen has also proven fatal. In the past,
204:, overloading the right ventricle of the heart and causing
682:
thus a necessity to clear the carbon dioxide to prevent a
332:
and cervical neck fractures can all damage the medullary
1129:. Apex (Altitude Physiology Expeditions). Archived from
347:
A decreased respiratory drive can also be the result of
1738:
Mosby's
Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary
1492:
Adeyinka A, Pierre L (September 2022). "Fat Embolism".
481:
is maintained at 5,000 to 6,000 feet (1500 to 1800 m).
269:
Hypoxemia is caused by five categories of etiologies:
903:
901:
882:
Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine
1799:
2147:
2083:
2047:
1989:
1980:
1880:
1803:
1720:(8th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1030:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
717:
Hypoxia (medical) § Physiological compensation
403:, which can restrict breathing and lead to hypoxia.
102:blood. Hypoxemia has many causes, and often causes
62:
58:
Blood with higher oxygen content appears bright red
40:
35:
960:Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, eds. (2010).
884:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
875:
873:
871:
289:and hypoventilation are associated with a normal
132:Hypoxemia is usually defined in terms of reduced
1417:
1415:
1142:– Online interactive oxygen delivery calculator.
1063:(17th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
98:. More specifically, it is oxygen deficiency in
1760:(2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
908:Morris A, Kanner R, Crapo R, Gardner R (1984).
678:. There must be a corresponding increase in VCO
618:, which empty directly into the left ventricle.
344:, the muscle that is responsible for breathing.
1496:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
962:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
921:
919:
725:; this A-a difference is often called the A-a
1854:
777:The encyclopedia of sleep and sleep disorders
395:Structural deformities of the chest, such as
8:
1779:(2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 391–394.
926:Wilson WC, Grande CM, Hoyt DB, eds. (2007).
820:
818:
816:
1028:Respiratory Physiology: A Clinical Approach
741:is reduced by the vapor pressure of water.
630:Shunting may also occur in disease states:
626:may not be ventilated in shallow breathing.
173:Hypoxia (medical) § Signs and symptoms
27:Abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood
1986:
1861:
1847:
1839:
1800:
1424:The American Review of Respiratory Disease
1240:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1061:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
805:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
49:
32:
1718:Pulmonary Pathophysiology: The Essentials
1662:
1214:
1173:
1101:
1002:
569:Diseases that result in acute or chronic
151:While there is general agreement that an
1321:. www.geoffreylandis.com. Archived from
438:Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissassociation Curve.
219:Other symptoms of hypoxemia may include
1686:Charles University Environment Center.
765:
798:
781:(3rd ed.). New York, NY. p.
773:Pollak CP, Thorpy MJ, Yager J (2010).
660:, which is often congenital in origin.
852:Professional guide to pathophysiology
610:Anatomic shunting, occurring via the
579:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
409:, which may limit the ability of the
7:
1059:Harrison TR, Fauci AS, eds. (2008).
240:oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
1544:The New England Journal of Medicine
1203:The New England Journal of Medicine
1026:Schwartzstein R, Parker MJ (2006).
703:Intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunts
635:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
1260:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06173.x
281:, diffusion impairment, and low PO
25:
491:). This may manifest at depth as
1103:10.1249/00005768-197600830-00007
930:. New York: Informa Healthcare.
511:to atmospheric air, due to the
1090:Medicine and Science in Sports
691:Reduced capillary transit time
539:Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
275:ventilation/perfusion mismatch
266:may also result in hypoxemia.
90:is an abnormally low level of
1:
1587:Journal of Applied Physiology
1471:10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70298-7
1345:Journal of Applied Physiology
1154:Journal of Applied Physiology
194:any increase in oxygen demand
1741:(6th ed.). C.V. Mosby.
1599:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6.1997
1521:10.1016/0034-5687(96)00039-4
1127:"Altitude oxygen calculator"
640:Pathological shunts such as
1388:10.1007/978-0-387-34817-9_3
1357:10.1152/jappl.1969.27.3.361
1166:10.1152/jappl.1983.55.3.688
450:, a carrier protein inside
2358:
1758:Jones and Bartlet Learning
1319:"Human Exposure to Vacuum"
1004:10.1016/j.jped.2013.02.003
714:
654:ventricular septal defects
479:cabin pressure in aircraft
291:alveolar–arterial gradient
170:
75:
2165:Precordial catch syndrome
2065:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
1655:10.1177/20552076221132127
1459:Clinics in Chest Medicine
558:Diseases that affect the
315:Respiration is controlled
210:right sided heart failure
57:
48:
1777:Common Surgical Diseases
1436:10.1164/ajrccm/143.2.219
642:patent ductus arteriosus
524:carbon dioxide scrubbers
76:Not to be confused with
2248:Charcot–Leyden crystals
731:blood gas determination
515:, or diffusion hypoxia.
386:obstructive sleep apnea
351:, a state of decreased
1965:Whispered pectoriloquy
1509:Respiration Physiology
1125:Baillie K, Simpson A.
1084:Craig AB (Fall 1976).
616:smallest cardiac veins
577:) or chronic (such as
560:pulmonary interstitium
489:shallow water blackout
439:
202:pulmonary hypertension
1649:: 20552076221132127.
1556:10.1056/NEJMra1608077
1216:10.1056/NEJMoa0801581
650:atrial septal defects
612:bronchial circulation
591:Fat embolism syndrome
437:
2243:Curschmann's spirals
2091:Respiratory distress
1930:Pleural friction rub
1735:Anderson KN (2002).
1380:Hypoxia and Exercise
646:patent foramen ovale
571:respiratory distress
430:Environmental oxygen
419:motor neuron disease
198:selectively contract
179:respiratory distress
140:(the oxygen-binding
1315:Landis, Geoffrey A.
1252:2000NYASA.899...15W
991:Jornal de Pediatria
735:barometric pressure
658:right-to-left shunt
520:anesthesia machines
493:deep water blackout
359:Central sleep apnea
349:metabolic alkalosis
334:respiratory centres
279:right-to-left shunt
244:respiratory failure
2284:pulmonary embolism
2256:chronic bronchitis
2096:Respiratory arrest
2075:Ataxic respiration
2070:Kussmaul breathing
2060:Biot's respiration
2055:Agonal respiration
1951:Elicited findings
1895:Respiratory sounds
1874:respiratory system
1870:Signs and symptoms
684:metabolic acidosis
564:pulmonary fibrosis
440:
415:congenital disease
317:by centers in the
167:Signs and symptoms
153:arterial blood gas
78:Hypoxia (medicine)
2329:
2328:
2143:
2142:
1836:
1835:
1786:978-0-387-75245-7
1767:978-0-7637-6003-8
1748:978-0-323-01430-4
1727:978-1-4511-0713-5
1692:medicalxpress.com
1397:978-0-387-34816-2
1317:(7 August 2007).
1070:978-0-07-147692-8
1037:978-0-7817-5748-5
971:978-0-7020-3085-7
937:978-0-8247-2920-2
891:978-1-4160-4710-0
850:Eckman M (2010).
825:Martin L (1999).
575:pulmonary embolus
471:mountain sickness
310:Respiratory drive
74:
73:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2349:
2014:Hyperventilation
1987:
1872:relating to the
1863:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1801:
1790:
1771:
1752:
1731:
1716:West JB (2012).
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1593:(6): 1997–2006.
1582:
1576:
1575:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1515:(1–2): 109–121.
1504:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1006:
982:
976:
975:
957:
942:
941:
923:
914:
913:
905:
896:
895:
877:
866:
865:
847:
841:
840:
822:
811:
810:
804:
796:
780:
770:
467:cerebral hypoxia
444:partial pressure
365:Hyperventilation
225:digital clubbing
181:. These include
134:partial pressure
53:
33:
21:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2303:pulmonary edema
2295:Westermark sign
2212:Post-nasal drip
2207:Silhouette sign
2139:
2130:Mouth breathing
2079:
2043:
2019:Hypoventilation
1976:
1876:
1867:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1812:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1774:
1768:
1755:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1715:
1711:
1709:Further reading
1706:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1398:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1289:Administrator.
1288:
1287:
1283:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1038:
1025:
1024:
1020:
984:
983:
979:
972:
959:
958:
945:
938:
925:
924:
917:
912:(2nd ed.).
907:
906:
899:
892:
879:
878:
869:
862:
849:
848:
844:
837:
824:
823:
814:
797:
793:
772:
771:
767:
762:
747:
719:
713:
699:in a hypoxemia.
697:
681:
675:
667:
600:
541:
536:
473:in climbers of
452:red blood cells
432:
407:Muscle weakness
375:
373:Physical states
312:
299:
288:
284:
271:hypoventilation
262:causes such as
252:
175:
169:
146:red blood cells
112:
85:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2125:Breath holding
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:Classification
1797:
1796:External links
1794:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1772:
1766:
1753:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1678:
1643:Digital Health
1629:
1620:
1577:
1550:(6): 562–572.
1534:
1499:
1484:
1449:
1430:(2): 219–225.
1411:
1396:
1370:
1351:(3): 361–365.
1335:
1306:
1295:www.ersnet.org
1281:
1230:
1209:(2): 140–149.
1189:
1160:(3): 688–698.
1144:
1117:
1096:(3): 171–175.
1076:
1069:
1051:
1036:
1018:
977:
970:
943:
936:
915:
897:
890:
867:
861:978-1605477664
860:
842:
836:978-0683306040
835:
812:
791:
764:
763:
761:
758:
746:
743:
715:Main article:
712:
709:
708:
707:
700:
695:
679:
673:
666:
663:
662:
661:
638:
628:
627:
619:
599:
596:
595:
594:
588:
582:
567:
556:
550:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
516:
502:
496:
482:
431:
428:
427:
426:
404:
393:
374:
371:
370:
369:
362:
356:
353:carbon dioxide
345:
311:
308:
298:
295:
286:
282:
260:cardiovascular
251:
248:
183:breathlessness
171:Main article:
168:
165:
111:
108:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2354:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2322:
2321:Golden S sign
2319:
2317:
2316:Hamman's sign
2314:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:Hoover's sign
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Nail clubbing
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1325:on 2009-07-21
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1133:on 2017-06-11
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
978:
973:
967:
963:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
944:
939:
933:
929:
928:Critical care
922:
920:
916:
911:
904:
902:
898:
893:
887:
883:
876:
874:
872:
868:
863:
857:
853:
846:
843:
838:
832:
828:
821:
819:
817:
813:
808:
802:
794:
792:9780816068333
788:
784:
779:
778:
769:
766:
759:
757:
755:
750:
744:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
718:
710:
704:
701:
692:
689:
688:
687:
685:
677:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:
633:
632:
631:
625:
620:
617:
613:
609:
608:
607:
604:
597:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
554:
551:
547:
546:
545:
538:
533:
528:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
490:
486:
483:
480:
476:
475:Mount Everest
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:
456:
455:
453:
449:
445:
436:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
380:
379:
378:
372:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
350:
346:
343:
339:
338:phrenic nerve
335:
331:
327:
324:
323:
322:
320:
316:
309:
307:
304:
296:
294:
292:
285:. Low PO
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
249:
247:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
206:cor pulmonale
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
174:
166:
164:
161:
159:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
109:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
83:
79:
70:
67:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2309:Kerley lines
2301:
2290:Hampton hump
2282:
2268:
2254:
2235:
2221:
1960:Pectoriloquy
1945:Death rattle
1940:Bronchophony
1882:Auscultation
1816:
1776:
1757:
1737:
1717:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:
1681:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1623:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1465:(1): 49–66.
1462:
1458:
1452:
1427:
1423:
1379:
1373:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:
1284:
1246:(1): 15–27.
1243:
1239:
1233:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:the original
1120:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1060:
1054:
1027:
1021:
994:
990:
980:
961:
927:
909:
881:
851:
845:
826:
776:
768:
754:smartwatches
751:
748:
726:
720:
702:
690:
668:
629:
601:
542:
505:Anaesthetics
441:
376:
355:in the blood
313:
300:
268:
255:
253:
237:
218:
214:Polycythemia
191:
176:
162:
150:
131:
118:
114:
113:
87:
86:
2270:sarcoidosis
2160:In children
2002:Prematurity
1890:Stethoscope
1494:StatPearls
1175:2434/176393
997:(1): 6–17.
513:Fink effect
499:Suffocation
382:Suffocation
297:Ventilation
256:ventilation
187:lip pursing
69:Pulmonology
41:Other names
2342:Physiology
2276:Kveim test
2262:Reid index
2197:Hemoptysis
2155:Chest pain
2115:Aerophagia
1955:Percussion
1697:2022-11-17
1329:2012-04-25
1300:2016-06-17
1137:2006-08-10
760:References
739:atmosphere
711:Physiology
706:hypoxemia.
509:anesthesia
448:hemoglobin
417:, such as
368:hypoxemia.
233:hemoptysis
158:hemoglobin
138:hemoglobin
110:Definition
44:Hypoxaemia
18:Hypoxaemia
2202:Epistaxis
2110:Trepopnea
2105:Platypnea
2101:Orthopnea
2039:Bradypnea
2029:Tachypnea
2024:Hyperpnea
1982:Breathing
801:cite book
585:Cirrhosis
549:average).
534:Perfusion
411:diaphragm
397:scoliosis
342:diaphragm
115:Hypoxemia
88:Hypoxemia
64:Specialty
36:Hypoxemia
2336:Category
2182:Cyanosis
2170:Pleurisy
2120:Asphyxia
2034:Hypopnea
1970:Egophony
1935:Fremitus
1910:Crackles
1673:36249475
1607:10601141
1564:28792873
1406:17089876
1276:21863823
1268:10863526
1225:19129527
1046:62302095
1013:23544805
727:gradient
665:Exercise
603:Shunting
598:Shunting
459:Altitude
401:kyphosis
330:epilepsy
303:alveolar
221:cyanosis
100:arterial
82:Hypopnea
2135:Snoring
2048:Pattern
2009:Dyspnea
1920:Stertor
1915:Rhonchi
1900:Stridor
1664:9554125
1615:6788078
1572:4909513
1529:8897657
1479:8665790
1444:1990931
1365:5804133
1248:Bibcode
1184:6415008
745:History
737:of the
624:Alveoli
340:to the
326:Strokes
319:medulla
301:If the
144:within
142:protein
123:hypoxia
119:hypoxia
104:hypoxia
94:in the
2237:asthma
2217:Hiccup
2192:Sputum
1925:Squawk
1905:Wheeze
1827:R09.02
1783:
1764:
1745:
1724:
1671:
1661:
1613:
1605:
1570:
1562:
1527:
1477:
1442:
1404:
1394:
1363:
1274:
1266:
1223:
1182:
1112:979564
1110:
1067:
1044:
1034:
1011:
968:
934:
888:
858:
833:
789:
648:, and
485:Diving
463:flying
264:shunts
250:Causes
127:anemia
92:oxygen
2187:Cough
2148:Other
2084:Other
1997:Apnea
1822:10-CM
1611:S2CID
1568:S2CID
1272:S2CID
553:Aging
229:cough
96:blood
2223:COPD
1990:Rate
1781:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1669:PMID
1603:PMID
1560:PMID
1525:PMID
1475:PMID
1440:PMID
1402:PMID
1392:ISBN
1361:PMID
1264:PMID
1221:PMID
1180:PMID
1108:PMID
1065:ISBN
1042:OCLC
1032:ISBN
1009:PMID
966:ISBN
932:ISBN
886:ISBN
856:ISBN
831:ISBN
807:link
787:ISBN
469:and
423:COPD
399:and
390:SIDS
231:and
208:and
1818:ICD
1659:PMC
1651:doi
1595:doi
1552:doi
1548:377
1517:doi
1513:105
1467:doi
1432:doi
1428:143
1384:doi
1353:doi
1256:doi
1244:899
1211:doi
1207:360
1170:hdl
1162:doi
1098:doi
999:doi
783:104
676:max
652:or
80:or
2338::
1825::
1690:.
1667:.
1657:.
1645:.
1641:.
1609:.
1601:.
1591:87
1589:.
1566:.
1558:.
1546:.
1523:.
1511:.
1473:.
1463:17
1461:.
1438:.
1426:.
1414:^
1400:.
1390:.
1359:.
1349:27
1347:.
1293:.
1270:.
1262:.
1254:.
1242:.
1219:.
1205:.
1201:.
1178:.
1168:.
1158:55
1156:.
1106:.
1092:.
1088:.
1040:.
1007:.
995:89
993:.
989:.
946:^
918:^
900:^
870:^
815:^
803:}}
799:{{
785:.
694:CO
672:VO
644:,
581:).
328:,
277:,
273:,
246:.
235:.
223:,
212:.
189:.
129:.
2103:/
1862:e
1855:t
1848:v
1820:-
1810:D
1789:.
1770:.
1751:.
1730:.
1700:.
1675:.
1653::
1647:8
1617:.
1597::
1574:.
1554::
1531:.
1519::
1481:.
1469::
1446:.
1434::
1408:.
1386::
1367:.
1355::
1332:.
1303:.
1278:.
1258::
1250::
1227:.
1213::
1186:.
1172::
1164::
1140:.
1114:.
1100::
1094:8
1073:.
1048:.
1015:.
1001::
974:.
940:.
894:.
864:.
839:.
809:)
795:.
696:2
680:2
674:2
495:.
425:.
392:.
287:2
283:2
84:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
