1944:
374:
technology of the hypodermic needle has stayed largely unchanged since the 19th century, but as the years progressed and medical and chemical knowledge improved, small refinements have been made to increase safety and efficacy, with needles being designed and tailored for very particular uses. Hypodermic needles remain essential to large volume administration or exchange in settings of trauma or dialysis. The trend of needle specification for use began in the 1920s, particularly for the administration of insulin to diabetics.
1578:
130:
2051:
435:
2291:
148:
1572:
362:, "skin". Furthermore, Hunter is credited with acknowledging the systemic effects of injection after noticing that a patient's pain was alleviated regardless of the injection's proximity to the pained area. Hunter and Wood were involved in a lengthy dispute over not only the origin of the modern hypodermic needle, but also because of their disagreement as to the medicine's effect once administered.
448:
310:
56:
2113:
340:'s main contribution was the all-glass syringe in 1851, which allowed the user to estimate dosage based on the levels of liquid observed through the glass. Wood used hypodermic needles and syringes primarily for the application of localized, subcutaneous injection (localized anesthesia) and therefore was not as interested in precise dosages.
1817:
576:
Although reusable needles remain useful for some scientific applications, disposable needles are far more common in medicine. Disposable needles are embedded in a plastic or aluminium hub that attaches to the syringe barrel by means of a press-fit or twist-on fitting. These are sometimes referred to
385:
The 1950s also saw the rise and recognition of cross-contamination from used needles. This led to the development of the first fully disposable plastic syringe by New
Zealand pharmacist Colin Murdoch in 1956. This period also marked a shift in interest from needle specifications to general sterility
706:
of needles (trypanophobia), and it is much more common in children, ages 5–17. Topical anesthetics can be used to desensitize the area where the injection will take place to reduce pain and discomfort. For children various techniques may be effective at reducing distress or pain related to needles.
572:
is used mainly for catheters. Various needle lengths are available for any given gauge. Needles in common medical use range from 7 gauge (the largest) to 34 (the smallest). 21-gauge needles are most commonly used for drawing blood for testing purposes, and 16- or 17-gauge needles are most commonly
389:
The 1980s saw the rise of the HIV epidemic and with it renewed concern over the safety of cross-contamination from used needles. New safety controls were designed on disposable needles to ensure the safety of medical workers in particular. These controls were implemented on the needles themselves,
381:
hypodermic needle was spurred on in the 1950s for several reasons. The Korean War created blood shortages and in response disposable, sterile syringes were developed for collecting blood. The widespread immunization against polio during the period required the development of a fully disposable
373:
used the first "Hollow Needle" as a hypodermic syringe on Ms. Margaret Cox in
Ireland on June 3rd, 1844. Dr. Wood can be largely credited with the popularization and acceptance of injection as a medical technique, as well as the widespread use and acceptance of the hypodermic needle. The basic
317:
The 19th century saw the development of medicines that were effective in small doses, such as opiates and strychnine. This spurred a renewed interest in direct, controlled application of medicine. "Some controversy surrounds the question of priority in hypodermic medication." Irish physician
280:
performed the earliest confirmed experiments with crude hypodermic needles, performing intravenous injection into dogs in 1656. These experiments consisted of using animal bladders (as the syringe) and goose quills (as the needle) to administer drugs such as
245:) as contaminants; second, the needle's surface is extremely sharp, which significantly reduces the diameter of the hole remaining after puncturing the membrane and consequently prevents microbes larger than this hole from contaminating the substrate.
347:
of Lyon also experimented with sub-dermal injections in sheep using a syringe of his own design. Pravaz designed a hypodermic needle measuring 3 cm (1.18 in) long and 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter; it was made entirely of silver.
1489:
226:) being the most common. A hypodermic syringe has the ability to retain liquid and blood in it up to years after the last use and a great deal of caution should be taken to use a new syringe every time.
187:, solutions containing various drugs or liquid medicines) or extract fluids from the body (e.g., blood). Large-bore hypodermic intervention is especially useful in catastrophic blood loss or treating
573:
used for blood donation, as the larger luminal cross-sectional area results in lower fluid shear, reducing harm to red blood cells while also allowing more blood to be collected in a shorter time.
633:
injections or they may need to carry injectable medicines to use for first aid in case of a severe allergic reaction. In the latter case, such patients often carry a syringe loaded with
229:
The hypodermic needle also serves an important role in research environments where sterile conditions are required. The hypodermic needle significantly reduces contamination during
756:
Elsheikh, HA; Ali, BH; Homeida, AM; Lutfi, AA; Hapke, HJ (May–June 1992). "The effects of fascioliasis on the activities of some drug-metabolizing enzymes in desert sheep liver".
377:
The onset of World War II spurred the early development of partially disposable syringes for the administration of morphine and penicillin on the battlefield. Development of the
1482:
853:
Leuchtmann, Adrian; Clay, Keith (1988). "Experimental
Infection of Host Grasses and Sedges with Atkinsonella hypoxylon and Balansia cyperi (Balansiae, Clavicipitaceae)".
390:
such as retractable needles, but also in the handling of used needles, particularly in the use of hard-surface disposal receptacles found in every medical office today.
266:
knew injection as a method of medicinal delivery from observations of snakebites and poisoned weapons. There are also references to "anointing" and "inunction" in the
1561:
1475:
285:
intravenously to dogs. Wren and others' main interest was to learn if medicines traditionally administered orally would be effective intravenously. In the 1660s,
581:. The male and female luer lock and hub—produced by pharmaceutical equipment manufacturers—are two of the most critical parts of disposable hypodermic needles.
354:, a London surgeon, is credited with the coining of the term "hypodermic" to describe subcutaneous injection in 1858. The name originates from two Greek words:
1106:
451:
Six hypodermic needles on Luer connectors. These needles are normally used with other medical devices, such as a syringe; from top to bottom:
194:
A hypodermic needle is used for rapid delivery of liquids, or when the injected substance cannot be ingested, either because it would not be
826:
Scott, Gene E.; Zummo, Natale (January 1, 1988). "Sources of
Resistance in Maize to Kernel Infection by Aspergillus flavus in the Field".
1846:
1094:
1310:
Buhrich, Neil (April 1983). "The association of erotic piercing with homosexuality, sadomasochism, bondage, fetishism, and tattoos".
241:
from becoming trapped between irregularities on the needle's surface, which would subsequently be transferred into the media (e.g.
403:
tapered from 1.2 mm at the hub to 0.72 mm at the tip (equivalent to 22 gauge metal needle), with an ID/OD ratio of 70%.
1158:
237:. The hypodermic needle reduces contamination for two reasons: First, its surface is extremely smooth, which prevents airborne
2429:
1927:
1032:
Kotwal, Atul. "Innovation, diffusion and safety of a medical technology: a review of the literature on injection practices".
38:
922:
Kotwal, Atul. "Innovation, diffusion and safety of a medical technology: a review of the literature on injection practice".
206:. It is also useful to deliver certain medications that cannot be delivered orally due to vomiting. There are many possible
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Birnie, Kathryn A.; Noel, Melanie; Chambers, Christine T.; Uman, Lindsay S.; Parker, Jennifer A. (October 4, 2018).
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1180:"How syringe is made - material, production process, manufacture, making, history, used, processing, parts"
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1400:"Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents"
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2018:
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Syringe made entirely of glass, similar to the Wood design, except it is etched with volume marks.
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preparations, are designed to be self-administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.
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By 2008, all-plastic needles were in production and in limited use. One version was made of
277:
274:, but injection as a legitimate medical tool was not truly explored until the 17th century.
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It is estimated that anywhere from nearly 3.5 to 10% of the world's population may have a
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patients may also treat themselves by injection; several MS therapies, including various
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Beckton
Dickinson and Company, "Four Major Phases of Injection Device Development",
17:
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2008:
1728:
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594:
420:
370:
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103:
1288:
1048:"A Question of Priority: Alexander Wood, Charles Hunter and the Hypodermic Method"
791:
Korenman, SG (September 1975). "Estrogen receptor assay in human breast cancer".
2368:
2256:
2129:
2085:
2063:
1981:
1951:
1885:
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634:
613:), but they are sometimes used by patients themselves. This is most common with
447:
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147:
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959:
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1423:
653:. Rapid injection of one of these drugs may stop a severe allergic reaction.
431:
to create a sharp pointed tip, letting the needle easily penetrate the skin.
175:, is a very thin, hollow tube with one sharp tip. It is commonly used with a
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is generally credited with the first successful injection in 1844, in the
171:= skin)), one of a category of medical tools which enter the skin, called
55:
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The main system for measuring the diameter of a hypodermic needle is the
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1998:
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61:
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Norn S, Kruse PR, Kruse E (2006). "On the history of injection".
290:
242:
223:
37:"Hypodermic" redirects here. For the song by The Offspring, see
1471:
732:"Handling sharps and needles: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
1932:
1877:
589:
Hypodermic needles are usually used by medical professionals (
2111:
2049:
1942:
1052:
Proceedings of the Royal
College of Physicians of Edinburgh
1266:
301:
were the first to experiment with injections in humans.
621:
injections a day. It also occurs with patients who have
577:
as "Luer Lock" connections, referring to the trademark
27:
Device to inject substances into the circulatory system
423:
where the tube is drawn through progressively smaller
1156:
How do they get the hole through a hypodermic needle?
2354:
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2298:
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2218:
2099:
2037:
1990:
1926:
1876:
1832:
1792:
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109:
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89:
79:
69:
48:
1220:"Medical Industry Cycle Times | Davenport Machine"
943:"The early development of intravenous apparatus"
568:(also known as the Stubs Iron Wire Gauge); the
1139:Characterization of Plastic Hypodermic Needles
1483:
1036:Volume 60, Issue 5, March 2005, pp. 1133–1147
926:Volume 60, Issue 5, March 2005, pp. 1133–1147
427:to make the needle. The end of the needle is
8:
936:
934:
932:
886:
884:
411:Hypodermic needles are normally made from a
179:, a hand-operated device with a plunger, to
1404:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1009:"The Irish doctor who invented the syringe"
996:The History and Conquest of Common Diseases
2248:
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1529:
1515:
1490:
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1145:(Thesis). Georgia Institute of Technology.
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343:Simultaneous to Wood's work in Edinburgh,
54:
30:For the theory on mass media effects, see
1431:
1063:
958:
840:10.2135/cropsci1988.0011183X002800030016x
136:on left, hypodermic needle with attached
1348:"Fear of Needles Phobia – Trypanophobia"
793:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
438:A hypodermic needle tip under microscope
723:
1291:. mult-sclerosis.org. January 21, 2008
45:
1393:
1391:
684:Hypodermic needles are also used for
7:
1847:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
1463:Needle Phobia and Dental Injections
1201:Blood Transfusions and Angio Size?
25:
707:Techniques include: distraction,
669:people may also inject their own
629:. Such patients may need to take
2289:
1815:
1576:
1570:
1267:"How to Stop Allergic Reactions"
419:tube through a process known as
202:), or because it would harm the
183:substances into the body (e.g.,
1289:"Multiple Sclerosis Treatments"
1416:10.1002/14651858.CD005179.pub4
1136:Busillo, Eric (July 9, 2008).
983:Source Book of Medical History
947:Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
758:The British Veterinary Journal
39:Ignition (The Offspring album)
1:
1615:Effervescent powder or tablet
1245:"Giving an Insulin Injection"
1034:Social Science & Medicine
924:Social Science & Medicine
254:Early use and experimentation
2399:Patient-controlled analgesia
1704:Orally disintegrating tablet
770:10.1016/0007-1935(92)90048-6
715:, and breathing techniques.
713:cognitive behavioral therapy
1313:Archives of Sexual Behavior
671:hormone replacement therapy
2451:
1910:Relative analgesia machine
1095:Syringe and Needle History
1065:10.1177/147827150003000414
960:10.1177/0310057X0603401S02
695:
617:, who may require several
557:
151:Hypodermic needle features
36:
29:
2287:
1813:
1568:
295:Johann Sigismund Elsholtz
115: (180 years ago)
53:
1499:Routes of administration
1374:"The Needle Phobia Page"
1111:www.sciencemuseum.org.uk
529:″ (0.9 × 40 mm) (yellow)
478:″ (0.5 × 16 mm) (orange)
465:″ (0.45 × 12 mm) (brown)
305:19th-century development
270:as well as the works of
2025:Extra-amniotic infusion
1630:Molecular encapsulation
1562:Osmotic delivery system
1557:Time release technology
1182:. How Products Are Made
675:intramuscular injection
546:″ (1.1 × 40 mm) (cream)
512:″ (0.8 × 40 mm) (green)
495:″ (0.7 × 30 mm) (black)
210:for an injection, with
32:Hypodermic needle model
2328:Central nervous system
2116:
2054:
1982:Mucoadhesive microdisc
1947:
1458:The Needle Phobia Page
994:Walter Reginald Bett,
679:subcutaneous injection
585:Use by non-specialists
555:
439:
401:liquid crystal polymer
314:
152:
144:
2430:Drug delivery devices
2171:Transfersome vesicles
2115:
2053:
2030:Intravesical infusion
1946:
1161:May 13, 2008, at the
893:Dan Medicinhist Arbog
805:10.1093/jnci/55.3.543
558:Further information:
450:
437:
312:
167:= under), and δέρμα (
150:
132:
64:on hypodermic needles
1857:Metered-dose inhaler
1842:Anesthetic vaporizer
1107:"Hypodermic syringe"
1046:Brunton, D. (2000).
941:Ball C (June 2006).
18:Hypodermic injection
2282:Transdermal implant
2242:(into tissue/blood)
2019:Intrauterine device
1900:Anaesthetic machine
1895:Oxygen concentrator
1376:. Futurescience.com
366:Modern improvements
287:Johann Daniel Major
2435:Drug paraphernalia
2394:Nanocell injection
2117:
2055:
1948:
1802:Dry-powder inhaler
1354:. January 23, 2014
1326:10.1007/BF01541560
1206:2016-03-03 at the
981:Logan Clendening,
657:Multiple sclerosis
615:type one diabetics
556:
440:
315:
153:
145:
143:connector on right
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2244:
2206:Transdermal spray
2201:Transdermal patch
2191:Medicated shampoo
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1905:Medical inhalants
1852:Medical inhalants
1780:Respiratory tract
1774:
1773:
1668:
1667:
1224:Davenport Machine
1167:The Straight Dope
953:(Suppl 1): 22–6.
157:hypodermic needle
127:
126:
49:Hypodermic needle
16:(Redirected from
2442:
2293:
2249:
2240:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1790:
1719:Sublingual drops
1692:
1580:
1574:
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1516:
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1435:
1410:(10): CD005179.
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1113:. Archived from
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747:
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625:or other severe
566:Birmingham gauge
560:Birmingham gauge
552:Birmingham gauge
545:
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520:
511:
510:
506:
503:
494:
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489:
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477:
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395:Vectra (plastic)
382:syringe system.
379:fully disposable
371:Dr. Francis Rynd
278:Christopher Wren
123:
121:
116:
58:
46:
21:
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2449:
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2409:
2389:Intraperitoneal
2361:musculoskeletal
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2318:Intra-articular
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1986:
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1520:Digestive tract
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1208:Wayback Machine
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1177:
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1163:Wayback Machine
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1118:
1117:on July 3, 2012
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985:, p. 419 (1960)
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867:10.2307/3807624
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790:
789:
785:
755:
754:
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740:
738:
736:medlineplus.gov
730:
729:
725:
721:
700:
698:Fear of needles
694:
686:erotic piercing
673:, using either
643:diphenhydramine
631:desensitization
587:
562:
549:
542:
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413:stainless-steel
409:
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358:, "under", and
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185:saline solution
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2308:Intracavernous
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1452:External links
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1352:www.fearof.net
1339:
1320:(2): 167–171.
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345:Charles Pravaz
338:Alexander Wood
324:Meath Hospital
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268:Old Testament
265:
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233:of a sterile
232:
227:
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212:intramuscular
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47:
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40:
33:
19:
2384:Intraosseous
2374:Intracardiac
2313:Intravitreal
2275:Injector pen
2270:Subcutaneous
2241:
2211:Jet injector
2196:Dermal patch
2009:Vaginal ring
1977:Insufflation
1729:Effervescent
1503:dosage forms
1407:
1403:
1378:. Retrieved
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1351:
1342:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1223:
1214:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1174:
1151:
1138:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1115:the original
1110:
1101:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
995:
990:
982:
977:
950:
946:
923:
896:
892:
858:
854:
848:
831:
828:Crop Science
827:
821:
799:(3): 543–5.
796:
792:
786:
761:
757:
751:
739:. Retrieved
735:
726:
701:
683:
665:
655:
588:
575:
570:French gauge
563:
421:tube drawing
410:
392:
388:
386:and safety.
384:
376:
369:
359:
355:
350:
342:
336:
320:Francis Rynd
316:
276:
258:The ancient
257:
228:
193:
172:
168:
164:
156:
154:
138:colour coded
104:Francis Rynd
43:
2369:Intravenous
2356:Circulatory
2341:Intrathecal
2265:Intradermal
2257:transdermal
2224:Parenterals
2130:Topical gel
2086:Murphy drip
2064:Suppository
1952:Nasal spray
1886:Oxygen mask
1735:Chewing gum
1674:Oral mucosa
1295:January 13,
1247:. Drugs.com
711:, combined
667:Transgender
635:epinephrine
603:pharmacists
407:Manufacture
231:inoculation
220:intravenous
90:Application
2424:Categories
2229:Injections
1992:Urogenital
1928:Ophthalmic
1784:inhalation
1758:Toothpaste
1686:sublingual
1650:Suspension
1620:Herbal tea
1380:August 19,
1358:January 3,
1273:August 19,
1251:August 19,
1229:January 3,
1186:January 3,
834:(3): 504.
719:References
661:interferon
611:paramedics
599:physicians
84:Healthcare
60:Different
2234:infusions
2166:Liposomes
1962:Eye drops
1957:Ear drops
1868:Vaporizer
1863:Nebulizer
1753:Mouthwash
1682:sublabial
1605:Electuary
1595:Decoction
1424:1469-493X
1074:248921807
899:: 104–1.
855:Mycologia
681:methods.
627:allergies
550:See also
239:pathogens
235:substrate
198:(as with
141:Luer-Lock
94:Injection
2405:PIC line
2346:Epidural
2186:Lip balm
2161:Hydrogel
2152:solution
2135:Liniment
2120:Ointment
2079:Hydrogel
2074:Solution
2059:Ointment
1999:Ointment
1972:Hydrogel
1967:Ointment
1763:Ointment
1724:Lozenges
1714:Lollipop
1660:Tincture
1645:Solution
1625:Hydrogel
1610:Emulsion
1552:Pastille
1442:30284240
1334:59352980
1269:. EpiPen
1204:Archived
1159:Archived
1121:April 4,
1018:April 4,
969:16800224
905:17526154
741:April 4,
709:hypnosis
647:Benadryl
591:dentists
579:Luer-Lok
429:bevelled
398:aromatic
222:(into a
214:(into a
196:absorbed
110:Invented
100:Inventor
80:Industry
2105:topical
2043:enteral
2004:Pessary
1834:Liquids
1807:Smoking
1745:Liquids
1640:Softgel
1587:Liquids
1547:Capsule
1524:enteral
1433:6517234
875:3807624
778:1617399
619:insulin
541:⁄
524:⁄
507:⁄
490:⁄
473:⁄
460:⁄
417:Niobium
332:Ireland
249:History
200:insulin
177:syringe
134:Syringe
118: (
2300:Organs
2181:Lotion
2101:Dermal
2039:Rectal
2014:Douche
1794:Solids
1731:tablet
1696:Solids
1678:buccal
1635:Powder
1600:Elixir
1542:Tablet
1534:Solids
1440:
1430:
1422:
1332:
1072:
967:
903:
873:
813:169381
811:
776:
704:phobia
692:Phobia
649:), or
645:(e.g.
639:EpiPen
637:(e.g.
623:asthma
607:nurses
532:19G ×
515:20G ×
498:21G ×
481:22G ×
468:25G ×
455:26G ×
328:Dublin
299:Berlin
264:Romans
260:Greeks
218:) and
216:muscle
208:routes
181:inject
173:sharps
163:ὑπο- (
159:(from
62:bevels
2176:Cream
2140:Paste
2069:Enema
2021:(IUD)
1937:nasal
1859:(MDI)
1767:Spray
1655:Syrup
1330:S2CID
1143:(PDF)
1070:S2CID
871:JSTOR
443:Gauge
360:derma
283:opium
272:Homer
204:liver
189:shock
169:derma
165:hypo-
161:Greek
2401:pump
2253:Skin
2150:DMSO
2145:Film
1933:otic
1888:and
1709:Film
1511:Oral
1438:PMID
1420:ISSN
1408:2020
1382:2010
1360:2018
1297:2013
1275:2010
1253:2010
1231:2018
1188:2018
1123:2018
1020:2018
965:PMID
901:PMID
809:PMID
774:PMID
743:2018
425:dies
356:hypo
293:and
291:Kiel
262:and
243:agar
224:vein
120:1844
113:1844
1878:Gas
1428:PMC
1412:doi
1322:doi
1165:at
1060:doi
955:doi
863:doi
836:doi
801:doi
766:doi
762:148
677:or
641:),
415:or
326:in
297:of
289:of
2426::
1935:,
1684:,
1680:,
1501:,
1436:.
1426:.
1418:.
1406:.
1402:.
1390:^
1350:.
1328:.
1318:12
1316:.
1222:.
1109:.
1082:^
1068:.
1056:30
1054:.
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1011:.
963:.
951:34
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945:.
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897:34
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883:^
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859:80
857:.
832:28
830:.
807:.
797:55
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760:.
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609:,
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597:,
593:,
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330:,
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155:A
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1930:,
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907:.
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865::
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838::
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543:2
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500:1
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488:1
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483:1
475:8
471:5
462:2
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122:)
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
