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469:(the government body that looks after historical sites) allows entry to only 80 people per day, while the site's microclimate is strictly regulated. In 2011, a more intensive program was launched to monitor the decay of the site. Scientific research on the Hypogeum is ongoing, and in 2014, an international team of scientists visited to study acoustics.
492:
that marked the entrance to the
Hypogeum, with its subsequent destruction likely shielding the lower structure from discovery for thousands of years. Nothing remains of any potential enclosure that would have marked the entry to the Hypogeum. The underground structure may have originated from a
464:
The four contemporary houses built on the site of the hypogeum were demolished to build a museum. Further excavations took place between 1990 and 1993 by
Anthony Pace, Nathaniel Cutajar and Reuben Grima. The Hypogeum was then closed to visitors between 1991 and 2000 for restoration works and to
684:: This is roughly rectangular and one of the smallest side chambers. It has the peculiarity of producing a powerful acoustic resonance from any vocalization made inside it. This room has an elaborately painted ceiling, consisting of spirals in red ochre with circular spots and spirals.
433:
The
Hypogeum was discovered by accident in 1902 when workers cutting cisterns for a new housing development broke through its roof. The workers tried to hide the temple at first, but eventually it was found. The study of the structure was first conducted by
619:
series of steps, lintels and doorways. The upper level is thought to have been occupied first, with the middle and lower levels expanded and excavated later. Some of the middle chambers appear to share stylistic characteristics with the contemporaneous
3190:
752:. The renovated museum was inaugurated by Minister for Culture on 28 April 2017 and includes a new climate control system for the Hypogeum as well as an expanded visitor centre. The site reopened to visitors on 15 May 2017.
513:, with lower chambers dating from later. The site may have first been used as early as 4000 BC, and was likely used until around 2500 BC, based on pottery sample analysis and examination of human remains.
737:
The
Hypogeum and its museum are a popular attraction in Malta. The museum is open at 9am, but queuing for tickets starts around 8am. "Last minute" 20 tickets for next day are always available from the
690:: Near the Oracle Room is another spacious hall, circular, with inward slanting smooth walls, richly decorated in a geometrical pattern of spirals. On the right side wall of the entrance is a
580:
It is estimated that the remains of 7,000 individuals were found in the
Hypogeum, and though many of the bones were lost early in excavation, most of the skulls were deposited at the
704:, which would have illuminated its facade from the original surface opening. No bones were recovered from this room during excavations. The focal point is a porthole within a
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The temple structure uses a careful direction of light from the surface to penetrate into the lower chambers, with intricate patterns painted on portions of the ceiling with
438:, who directed the excavations on behalf of the Museums Committee, starting from November 1903. During the excavations, a portion of the contents of the Hypogeum, including
326:
781:
453:, who attempted to salvage what he could. Zammit began publishing a series of reports in 1910 and continued excavating until 1911, depositing his findings at the
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themes, with one side realistically depicting bovines, pigs and goats, and the other side representing hatched animals hidden within complex geometric patterns.
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520:, following motifs of spots, spirals and honeycombs. One of the main chambers, called "The Holy of Holies", appears to be oriented such that light from the
557:, axe-heads, and carved figures depicting humans and animals. The most notable discovery was the Sleeping Lady, a clay figure thought to represent a
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708:, or structure consisting of two large vertical stones, which is in turn framed within a larger trilithon and yet another large trilithon. The
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and human remains, were emptied out and discarded without being properly catalogued. Magri's death in 1907 while conducting missionary work in
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A broad range of objects were recovered from the site, including intricately decorated pottery vessels, stone and clay beads, shell buttons,
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397:, with the estimated remains of more than 7,000 people documented by archeologists, and is among the best preserved examples of the
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entrances are represented, some blind, and others leading to another chamber. Most of the wall surface has received a red wash of
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640:. Some rooms are natural caves which were later extended. This level contains many rooms, some of which were used for burial.
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This hypogeum, discovered accidentally in 1902, takes its name from the locality under which it lies, called Hal-Saflieni.
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means "low"; as both words are of Arabo-Berber origin, the name "Ħal
Saflieni" must appear after Muslims came to Malta.
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569:. Complex artistic techniques are also represented, as in the case of a single large pottery bowl which utilized both
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This hypogeum is named for the locality under which it lies, namely Ħal
Saflieni, a village that no longer exists.
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ceiling has been taken as a hint that Malta's surface temples, now uncovered, could have been roofed similarly.
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The
Hypogeum reopened in May 2017 after closing for a year to improve its environmental management system.
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The
Hypogeum is constructed entirely underground and consists of three superimposed levels hewn into soft
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https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/45738/1/Il-Għerien%20ta%27%20Ħal%20Saflieni.pdf
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561:. The figures range from abstract to realistic in style, with major themes thought to be related to
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The first level is only one meter below the surface, and it is very different from tombs hidden in
592:, fueling speculation about the people who occupied the Hypogeum, and their practices and beliefs.
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393:), literally meaning "underground" in Greek. The Hypogeum is thought to have been a sanctuary and
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509:. Burial chambers in the upper level of the Hypogeum date from the early phases of the Maltese
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natural cave, expanded over time by cutting directly into the rock with crude tools including
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700:: Perhaps the central structure of the Hypogeum, this room appears to be oriented toward the
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Malta’s
Hypogeum, One of the World’s Best Preserved Prehistoric Sites, Reopens to the Public
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niche cut in the middle chamber, called the Oracle Room, was possibly designed to project
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745:. Visitors are recommended to book months before, as limited people are allowed per day.
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461:. The Hypogeum was first opened to visitors in 1908 while the excavations were ongoing.
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The Memory Code: The Secrets of Stonehenge, Easter Island and Other Ancient Monuments
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The site closed in September 2016 for a €1.1 million renovation partly financed by a
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The second level is a later expansion, with the rock hoisted up to the surface by
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Mysteries and Discoveries of Archaeoastronomy: From Giza to Easter Island
840:
The Hal-Saflieni Prehistoric Hypogeum at Casal Paula, Malta: First Report
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667:: This chamber is roughly circular and carved out from rock. A number of
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https://culture.gov.mt/en/culturalheritage/Documents/form/MAR1991.pdf
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The Archaeology of Malta: From the Neolithic through the Roman Period
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further complicated matters and his report on the Hypogeum was lost.
316:
3191:
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
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1970:
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National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
1348:"Hypogeum skulls on display at the National Museum of Archaeology"
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Later archeological excavations indicate there was once a surface
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1190:"International team of scientists to study hypogeum acoustics"
675:. It was from this room that the Sleeping Lady was recovered.
1310:
Mysterious Ancient Temples Resonate at the 'Holy Frequency'
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illuminated its facade from the original opening above.
615:, with its halls and chambers interconnected through a
1360:
UNESCO World Heritage List. "Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum."
1330:"The Mysterious Disappearance of the Maltese Skulls"
584:. A small percentage of the skulls have an abnormal
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2015:
1994:
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Medieval Malta: Studies on Malta before the Knights
371:(3300 – 3000 BC) in Maltese prehistory, located in
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733:The facade of the museum after restoration in 2017
721:The lower storey contained no bones or offerings.
652:rigging. This level features several noted rooms:
535:or drumming throughout the rest of the Hypogeum.
86:Ħal Saflieni Prehistoric Hypogeum (official name)
859:Place-names of the Maltese Islands ca. 1300-1800
465:arrange it for visits; and since its reopening,
915:. London: British School at Rome. p. 202.
401:temple building culture that also produced the
782:List of World Heritage Sites in Western Europe
1504:
694:of a human hand carved into the rock (Agius).
484:Site map of the Hypogeum made in October 1907
66:
8:
1402:"Hal Saflieni Hypogeum to re-open on 15 May"
1374:"Revamped Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum inaugurated"
750:grant from Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein
30:
1037:
1035:
1033:
861:. San Gwann: Publishers Enterprises Group.
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36:
29:
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1215:
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27:Neolithic subterranean structure in Malta
1251:
1249:
909:"The Lost Villages and Hamlets of Malta"
843:. Valletta: Valletta Museum. p. 3.
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
379:. It is often simply referred to as the
1324:
1322:
793:
1012:"The Death Cults of Prehistoric Malta"
1006:
1004:
952:Malta & Gozo A Megalithic Journey
367:subterranean structure dating to the
358:
321:
311:
296:
288:
280:
272:
263:
7:
1744:Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1453:. Malta: Freedom Press. p. 19.
542:The Sleeping Lady of Ħal Saflieni,
1362:https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/130
588:, similar to priestly skulls from
25:
2281:Great Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja
911:. In Luttrell, Anthony T. (ed.).
196:1903–1908, 1990–1993
65:
58:
3196:Sites managed by Heritage Malta
3186:1902 archaeological discoveries
2768:List of recumbent stone circles
1162:The Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum Paola
978:"Hypogeum skulls to be studied"
449:Excavation continued under Sir
1846:List of multiple-stone circles
816:. Cambridge University Press.
544:National Museum of Archaeology
455:National Museum of Archaeology
218:Preserved and restored in 2017
1:
3176:World Heritage Sites in Malta
1046:Haunted Spaces, Sacred Places
976:Vella, Fiona (23 July 2019).
837:Zammit, Themistocles (1910).
3145:Photographs of stone circles
1451:The Hypogeum at Hal-Saflieni
165:c.4000 BC (earliest remains)
43:The Hypogeum, photograph by
3171:Megalithic Temples of Malta
2296:Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech
2266:Barreira Megalithic Complex
1764:Route of Megalithic Culture
1136:"The Hal Saflieni Hypogeum"
907:Wettinger, Godfrey (1975).
857:Wettinger, Godfrey (2000).
3217:
2616:Long Meg and Her Daughters
2414:Dolmen del prado de Lácara
2261:Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro
1841:List of five-stone circles
1815:La Gran'mère du Chimquière
1479:Unesco World Heritage Site
1314:Interestingengineering.com
1050:. New Page Books. p.
267:UNESCO World Heritage Site
3201:Neolithic sites of Europe
3034:St Lythans burial chamber
2317:Dolmens of North Caucasus
2211:Anta do Alto da Toupeira
1861:Ardristan standing stones
336:
332:
53:
35:
3150:Middle Eastern megaliths
3049:Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber
2246:Anta da Pedra dos Mouros
1976:Templebryan Stone Circle
1876:Brennanstown Portal Tomb
1628:Broken Menhir of Er Grah
1042:Haughton, Brian (2008).
884:"Lost villages in Malta"
810:Sagona, Claudia (2015).
567:spiritual transformation
344:Hypogeum of Ħal Saflieni
327:Europe and North America
31:Hypogeum of Ħal Saflieni
18:Hypogeum of Ħal Saflieni
3100:Concentric stone circle
2384:Chabola de la Hechicera
2251:Anta das Pedras Grandes
2241:Antas do Olival da Pêga
1901:Castlenalacht Stone Row
1734:Lancken-Granitz dolmens
1633:Dolmen de Mané-Kerioned
1229:"Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum"
1076:"Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum"
949:McDonald, Neil (2016).
352:Ipoġew ta' Ħal Saflieni
123:35.869583°N 14.506806°E
3140:Recumbent stone circle
2536:Burnmoor stone circles
2379:Antequera Dolmens Site
2327:Megaliths in the Urals
1754:Oldendorfer Totenstatt
1668:Locmariaquer megaliths
1618:Menhir de Champ-Dolent
1256:Magli, Giulio (2009).
1160:Pace, Anthony (2004).
882:Cilia La Corte, John.
734:
660:
605:
563:veneration of the dead
550:
485:
390:
356:Maltese pronunciation:
351:
2994:Lligwy Burial Chamber
2646:Nine Stones, Altarnun
2450:Obelisk of Theodosius
2399:Dolmen of Guadalperal
2271:Dolmen of Cunha Baixa
2128:Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum
1921:Gaulstown Portal Tomb
1911:Creevykeel Court Tomb
1283:Kelly, Lynne (2017).
732:
658:
603:
541:
483:
277:Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum
193:Excavation dates
83:Alternative name
2969:Carreg Coetan Arthur
2409:Dolmen de la Pastora
2276:Dolmen of Carapito I
2236:Anta do Monte Abraão
1866:Beltany stone circle
1698:Verziau of Gargantua
1334:Hera Magazine, Italy
1168:: Midsea Books Ltd.
777:World Heritage Sites
624:found across Malta.
421:means "village" and
360:[safˈlɪː.nɪ]
128:35.869583; 14.506806
3019:Parc Cwm long cairn
2929:Barclodiad y Gawres
2133:Xagħra Stone Circle
1931:Grange stone circle
1906:Castlestrange Stone
1350:. 21 December 2020.
1016:Scientific American
762:Xagħra Stone Circle
739:National War Museum
451:Themistocles Zammit
407:Xagħra Stone Circle
227:Government of Malta
209:Themistocles Zammit
119: /
32:
3090:Axial stone circle
2858:Loanhead of Daviot
2853:Kirkton of Bourtie
2848:Easter Aquhorthies
2526:Brown Willy Cairns
2429:La Torre–La Janera
2256:Anta da Vidigueira
2221:Anta de Carcavelos
2196:Almendres Cromlech
2023:Megalithic Temples
1986:Uragh Stone Circle
1966:Poulnabrone dolmen
1769:Sieben Steinhäuser
1123:Smithsonianmag.com
735:
661:
659:The Holy of Holies
622:Megalithic Temples
606:
604:Limestone doorways
586:cranial elongation
551:
486:
403:Megalithic Temples
313:Reference no.
241:Public access
74:Shown within Malta
3158:
3157:
3078:
3077:
2773:Auld Bourtreebush
2651:Nine Stones Close
2394:Dolmen de Axeitos
2286:Menhir of Outeiro
2216:Antas do Barrocal
2201:Anta de Adrenunes
2072:Qortin l-Imdawwar
1881:Brownshill dolmen
1800:Le Creux ès Faïes
1688:Tombeau de Merlin
1623:Dolmen de Bagneux
1603:Tumulus of Bougon
1316:, 1 December 2016
1289:. Pegasus Books.
1198:. 21 January 2014
922:978-0-904152-02-9
888:Digital Genealogy
340:
339:
308:
16:(Redirected from
3208:
2959:Bryn Gwyn stones
2949:Bryn Cader Faner
2828:Clach an Trushal
2715:Northern Ireland
2666:Rudston Monolith
2481:
2332:Russian geoglyph
2291:Menhir of Bulhoa
2231:Antas da Valeira
1951:Meehambee Dolmen
1749:Niedertiefenbach
1724:Fraubillen cross
1658:Hotié de Viviane
1643:Gallardet Dolmen
1608:Caixa de Rotllan
1513:
1506:
1499:
1490:
1475:
1474:
1472:Official website
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1117:Stacey McKenna,
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772:Petrosomatoglyph
692:petrosomatoglyph
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3095:Chambered cairn
3074:
3070:Manx runestones
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2917:
2873:Ring of Brodgar
2863:Lochmaben Stone
2756:
2710:
2631:Mitchell's Fold
2476:
2470:
2466:Boundary Stones
2454:
2438:
2424:Dolmen de Viera
2404:Dolmen of Menga
2389:Cova d'en Daina
2367:
2336:
2305:
2206:Anta de Agualva
2184:
2153:
2137:
2011:
1990:
1829:
1783:
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1582:Tatul Sanctuary
1560:
1544:
1523:
1517:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1435:"Malta Temples"
1432:
1429:
1427:Further reading
1424:
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1413:
1411:
1410:. 29 March 2017
1400:
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1385:
1383:
1382:. 28 April 2017
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727:
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702:winter solstice
646:
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582:National Museum
522:winter solstice
478:
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269:
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49:
28:
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5:
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3125:Standing stone
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2996:
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2986:
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2954:Bryn Celli Ddu
2951:
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2701:Trethevy Quoit
2698:
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2673:
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2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
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2551:Devil's Arrows
2548:
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2419:Dolmen de Soto
2416:
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2396:
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2386:
2381:
2375:
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2369:
2368:
2366:
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2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Picture stones
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
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2301:Xerez Cromlech
2298:
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2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
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2248:
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2223:
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2182:
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2125:
2122:Xrobb l-Għaġin
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
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2079:
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2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Borġ l-Imramma
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2002:Jersey dolmens
1998:
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1848:
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1810:Les Fouillages
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1464:External links
1462:
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1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1393:
1379:Times of Malta
1365:
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1302:
1296:978-1681773254
1295:
1275:
1269:978-0387765648
1268:
1262:. Copernicus.
1245:
1209:
1195:Times of Malta
1181:
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1152:
1140:maltassist.com
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1103:
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1080:Heritage Malta
1067:
1061:978-1601630001
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1018:. January 2005
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983:Times of Malta
968:
962:978-1326598358
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559:mother goddess
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467:Heritage Malta
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3035:
3032:
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3024:Penrhos Feilw
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Moel Tŷ Uchaf
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
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2979:Coetan Arthur
2977:
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2974:Carreg Samson
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
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2939:Bedd Taliesin
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2913:Yonder Bognie
2911:
2909:
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2904:
2901:
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2896:
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2891:
2889:
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2627:
2626:Merry Maidens
2624:
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2619:
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2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
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2581:Gardom's Edge
2579:
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2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
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2546:Craddock Moor
2544:
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2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
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2358:Stone circles
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2032:Borġ in-Nadur
2030:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2007:La Hougue Bie
2005:
2003:
2000:
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1926:Glantane East
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1886:Brú na Bóinne
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1449:Agius, A. J.
1447:
1436:
1433:Jim Diamond.
1431:
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1125:, 23 May 2017
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1038:
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986:. p. 13.
985:
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741:, located in
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590:Ancient Egypt
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511:Temple Period
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47:, before 1910
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45:Richard Ellis
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19:
3181:Paola, Malta
3130:Stone circle
3009:Meini Hirion
2964:Capel Garmon
2752:Giant's Ring
2681:Stanton Drew
2636:Mulfra Quoit
2601:Hordron Edge
2591:Grey Wethers
2561:Drizzlecombe
2501:Barbrook One
2127:
2097:Ta' Raddiena
2092:Ta' Marżiena
1946:Knocknakilla
1891:Carrigagulla
1805:Déhus Dolmen
1540:Zorats Karer
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1412:. Retrieved
1405:
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1200:. Retrieved
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1166:Santa Venera
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665:Main Chamber
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644:Middle level
631:
617:labyrinthine
607:
579:
571:naturalistic
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436:Manuel Magri
432:
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343:
341:
205:Manuel Magri
114:14°30′24.5″E
111:35°52′10.5″N
42:
3063:Isle of Man
3044:Tinkinswood
3029:Pentre Ifan
2989:Llanfechell
2984:Foel Chwern
2934:Bedd Arthur
2888:Steinacleit
2641:Nine Ladies
2611:Leper Stone
2521:Bridestones
2511:Boscawen-Un
2363:Stone ships
2341:Scandinavia
2142:Netherlands
2077:Santa Verna
1981:Turoe Stone
1956:Mount Venus
1759:Riesenstein
1683:Peyre-Brune
1572:Beglik Tash
1440:October 22,
717:Lower level
628:Upper level
610:globigerina
476:Description
440:grave goods
126: /
102:Coordinates
3165:Categories
3054:Whetstones
3039:Trefignath
3004:Maen Madoc
2908:Tyrebagger
2903:Tomnaverie
2833:Colmeallie
2782:Callanish
2742:Drumskinny
2686:Stonehenge
2621:Mên-an-Tol
2596:Hoarstones
2576:Five Wells
2541:Castlerigg
2353:Runestones
2165:Brąchnówko
2087:Ta' Ħaġrat
1936:High cross
1896:Carrowmore
1820:Le Trépied
1774:Wotanstein
1549:Azerbaijan
1238:4 December
1202:4 December
1175:9993239933
1145:4 December
1085:4 December
893:2023-10-27
868:9990992495
788:References
395:necropolis
298:Designated
233:Management
188:Site notes
3135:Stone row
3115:Harrespil
2999:Maen Llia
2843:Drybridge
2838:Dunnideer
2823:Cat Stane
2778:Balquhain
2747:Legananny
2732:Beaghmore
2661:Rollright
2531:Bull Ring
2516:Boskednan
2491:Arbor Low
2434:Son Matge
2170:Grzybnica
2057:Ħal Ġinwi
2052:Ħaġar Qim
1714:Altendorf
1678:Paddaghju
1673:Mane Braz
1653:Harrespil
1521:megaliths
1519:European
710:corbelled
706:trilithon
669:trilithon
650:Cyclopean
613:limestone
596:Structure
529:resonance
518:red ochre
413:Etymology
365:Neolithic
223:Ownership
215:Condition
173:c.2500 BC
170:Abandoned
156:Limestone
2898:Sunhoney
2893:Strichen
2883:Stenness
2761:Scotland
2727:Ballynoe
2722:Aughlish
2696:Swinside
2691:Stripple
2671:Scorhill
2586:Goodaver
2571:Fernacre
2556:Doll Tor
2506:Birkrigg
2189:Portugal
2112:Tas-Silġ
2102:Tal-Qadi
2047:Ġgantija
2042:Debdieba
1941:Kealkill
1871:Bohonagh
1856:Ardgroom
1825:La Varde
1788:Guernsey
1719:Denghoog
1663:Kerzérho
1648:Gavrinis
1638:Filitosa
1598:Barnenez
1565:Bulgaria
1535:Metsamor
1407:TVM News
1022:10 March
767:Ġgantija
756:See also
743:Valletta
575:stylized
548:Valletta
533:chanting
507:obsidian
459:Valletta
423:saflieni
382:Hypogeum
290:Criteria
285:Cultural
152:Material
91:Location
3083:General
2944:Bodowyr
2878:Sheldon
2868:Pictish
2706:Trippet
2676:Stannon
2606:Hurlers
2496:Avebury
2484:England
2477:Kingdom
2459:Ukraine
2180:Węsiory
2149:Hunebed
2117:Xemxija
2107:Tarxien
2067:Mnajdra
2037:Buġibba
1916:Drombeg
1834:Ireland
1779:Züschen
1729:Harhoog
1707:Germany
1693:Tremeca
1528:Armenia
1458:Details
1336:. 1999.
636:, near
555:amulets
495:antlers
444:Tunisia
429:History
399:Maltese
387:Maltese
363:) is a
348:Maltese
305:session
249:Website
178:Periods
162:Founded
147:History
97:, Malta
3120:Menhir
3105:Dolmen
2818:Carlin
2737:Corick
2656:Pipers
2475:United
2443:Turkey
2310:Russia
2158:Poland
2082:Skorba
2062:Kordin
1995:Jersey
1613:Carnac
1591:France
1293:
1266:
1233:UNESCO
1172:
1058:
959:
919:
865:
820:
725:Museum
680:Oracle
490:shrine
391:Ipoġew
323:Region
3110:Henge
2922:Wales
2566:Duloe
2372:Spain
2016:Malta
1971:Reask
1739:Lohra
1577:Garlo
1414:5 May
1386:5 May
673:ochre
638:Rabat
634:Malta
503:chert
499:flint
377:Malta
373:Paola
303:(4th
301:1980
95:Paola
2806:VIII
2175:Odry
1442:2006
1416:2017
1388:2017
1291:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1240:2014
1204:2014
1170:ISBN
1147:2014
1087:2014
1056:ISBN
1024:2016
957:ISBN
917:ISBN
863:ISBN
818:ISBN
682:Room
573:and
565:and
505:and
405:and
342:The
282:Type
142:500m
139:Area
2796:III
1052:232
457:in
419:Ħal
317:130
293:iii
3167::
2801:IV
2791:II
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