216:
33:
58:
243:, located well back on the garfish helps it make sharp turns and stabilise rolling. Unlike most fishes, the dorsal fin of the garfish lacks spines. Rather than having multiple spines running top to bottom, the dorsal fin is soft and veins of cartilage give rigidity to it when needed. The pelvic fin aids the fish with stopping quickly and general stability, as well as diving into deeper waters and rising to the surface. The
387:. However, it is unlikely that garfish would be predated on by all three seabird species at once. The species of seabird that the garfish is subject to predation from is heavily dependent on whereabouts in the marine environment they are. Garfish schooling in shallow harbor areas are likely to be predated upon by shags, while garfish schooling in more open, deeper waters will more likely become prey for gannets/penguins.
293:
or shallow waters, and over shallow reefs. Although garfish are widespread, it is rare and uncommon to estimate garfish abundance. This is due to their localised schooling behaviour, which makes it difficult to estimate abundance. The fish are typically found in the open ocean during the daytime,
227:
The garfish is an unusual looking fish with many distinct features such as its elongated slender body, as well as its long lower jaw. The garfish typically grows to about 22 centimeters. The colouring of the fish allows it to appear somewhat camouflaged due to it having a greenish blue upper body
309:
The New
Zealand garfish is known to spawn at the end of spring to around the beginning summer. This is done in shallow bays, allowing the eggs to sink to the seafloor and adhere to vegetation. After the eggs adhere to the vegetation the larvae may be taken in coastal plankton surveys. It is also
254:
Their most distinctive feature is their long lower jaw with an orange tip. Their upper jaw is usually longer than wide and their lower jaw is usually longer than the head length, which allows them to detect vibrations caused by prey. Due to their mouth posted far back from the front end of their
407:
was used where one end of the net was fixed to the shore while the other end was dragged out and around in a large arc and pulled back to shore. The same technique is still used by modern fishermen by where a fine mesh net is dragged around shallow harbors. The garfish are often kept alive and
228:
with brown flecks and a silver-white belly and underbody. According to
Montgomery and Saunders, "the fish can control its coloration by expanding or reducing the pigment in the dorsal melanophores". They also have a long silver strip running from the top of the pectoral fin base to the tail.
358:
was absent. This means that the amount of light that can pass through the retina was not as strong as nocturnal fish that obtain this feature. Their pupils are small and are fully occupied by the lens. The garfish swims with a nearly rigid body, which has been related to its use of the
363:
in feeding. Due to the presence of the lateral line system and the absence of the tapetum lucidum it indicated that the beak may have had a sensory function. This led to the hypothesis that the garfish use their anterior lateral line system to detect prey.
281:
a similar species can be identified in
Australia. The garfish occurs all around New Zealand. They are also found in the southwest Pacific and the Chatham Islands. However, they are most common in northern and central inshore areas of New Zealand.
427:
Garfish are considered easy to fish in New
Zealand. They are often eaten by battering and frying in a doughnut shape, created by rolling a fish around a bottle as a way to more easily break and remove the spine.
395:
Garfish were once a staple resource for early Maori and were of high cultural significance. They were a source of food as well as an important source of bait when fishing for larger species such as
557:
Saunders, A. J.; Montgomery, J. C. (1985). "Field and laboratory studies of the feeding behaviour of the piper
Hyporhamphus ihi with reference to the role of the lateral line in feeding".
258:
Another feature they obtain is the two to three rows of teeth that they have in both the upper and lower jaw. These type of teeth are called tricuspid, there are teeth are on both the
302:
The lifestyle patterns of the garfish are unknown to New
Zealand in great detail; however, they may be similar to closely related species from Australia such as the southern garfish (
310:
suspected that the garfish are less variable in comparison to other small pelagic eggs. This feature however allows localized populations, which are susceptible to local depletion.
503:. Volume 1: A field guide to common species caught by bottom and midwater fishing. NZ Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report, No. 68. Wellington. Ministry of Fisheries.
255:
body, "this places the mouth in a superior position making the garfish 'well adapted 'for surface feeding". The elongated jaw is a sensory organ, used to detect prey.
1372:
306:). It is known that the New Zealand garfish matures at 22 cm and had a maximum of 40 cm, however, the maximum age may be slightly lower than 10 years.
1398:
838:
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375:(Morrison, Lowe, Spong & Rush, 2007) and dolphins. The schooling behavior of garfish also exposes them to heavy predation from sea birds such as
1346:
1385:
693:
247:
is the main propulsion fin, also known as the tail. Garfish have a forked caudal fin with a large lower lobe, called the hypocercal tail. The
1421:
668:
497:
McMillan, P.J., Francis, M.P., James, G.D., Paul, L.J., Marriott, P.J., Mackay, E., Wood, B.A., Griggs, L.H., Sui, H. and Wei, F. (2011)
794:, (2008) "The New Zealand common dolphin (Delphinus sp.): Identity, ecology and conservation." Doctoral dissertation, Massey University.
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staying close to the surface of the water to avoid detection. They migrate to harbours and estuaries in the evening.
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on the garfish, which allows it to have further stability in the water, is located at the back of the body.
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The pectoral, dorsal, pelvic and caudal fins are dusky, and the anal fin are pale. As is usual with
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Garfish occupy inshore waters to depths of a few meters, in sheltered gulfs, bays, and larger
274:
The garfish is endemic to New
Zealand and this particular species is only found here, however
192:
1126:
674:
574:
45:
32:
916:
644:
Te Ara - the
Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated: 12 Jun 2006. Accessed:28 November 2020.
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allows the fish to turn left or right and also support the stability of the fish. The
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266:(which is an anterior bone of the lower jaw which is an area that bears teeth.
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244:
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678:
286:
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69:
578:
399:. Garfish were generally caught by dragging a finely woven flax net across
586:
16:
Species of halfbeak found all around New
Zealand in shallow inshore waters
1333:
1305:
866:
559:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences
472:
323:
248:
232:
200:
119:
89:
1338:
262:(which is small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw, and the
1460:
1351:
661:
Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures
384:
327:
1364:
376:
79:
1282:
518:
Allan Burgess, New Zealand Online Fishing Magazine, 24 October 2020.
808:
New Zealand fishes: Identification, natural history & fisheries
1434:
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however, does not rely on sight to catch prey. It was seen that a
343:
339:
214:
1426:
408:
transported to other fishing grounds where they are deployed as
1286:
820:
371:, they attract bigger species of fish and mammals such as the
722:
Morphology, Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Osteolepiform Fish
692:
Berkovitz, Barry K. B.; p Shellis, R. (10 August 2018).
782:
Fisheries summary 2017, Fisheries New Zealand Infosit.
762:
Fisheries summary 2013, Fisheries New Zealand Infosit.
1295:
719:Borgen, Ulf J.; Nakrem, Hans A. (4 January 2017).
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663:. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 68ā71.
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614:Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand
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454:
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31:
20:
654:
652:
650:
642:Coastal fish - Shallow-water fish: Piper
611:Ayling, Tony; Cox, Geoffrey K. (1987).
437:
7:
1466:3ECFE262-302A-45D4-BBCE-2E00B3E5903E
1440:BAB39BD7-C4E1-134F-90C0-D6737F9A19F0
1414:4c777c7c-b381-49d4-8f06-16661b1290a8
350:larvae. The garfish is a nocturnal
1494:Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
847:Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
695:The Teeth of Mammalian Vertebrates
659:Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022).
445:Hyporhamphus ihi - The Taxonomicon
14:
56:
367:Due to the garfish's localised
1:
1131:Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae
1107:New Zealand slender clingfish
1247:Spotted estuary smooth-hound
1177:New Zealand urchin clingfish
901:Fiordichthys slartibartfasti
977:New Zealand black angelfish
207:in shallow inshore waters.
1515:
1267:Yellow-and-black triplefin
1221:Coelorinchus aspercephalus
1197:Oblique-swimming triplefin
1097:New Zealand sand stargazer
1051:Trachelochismus pinnulatus
997:New Zealand blueback sprat
516:How to Catch Piper/Garfish
1101:Crapatalus novaezelandiae
1087:New Zealand sand flounder
891:Cephaloscyllium isabellum
852:
158:
151:
53:Scientific classification
51:
39:
30:
23:
1271:Forsterygion flavonigrum
1117:New Zealand smooth skate
476:. December 2019 version.
462:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1191:Aplodactylus etheridgii
1067:New Zealand rough skate
1061:Acanthoclinus littoreus
1499:Fish described in 1932
1231:Crapatalus angusticeps
1207:Prickly deep-sea skate
1201:Forsterygion maryannae
1187:Notchheaded marblefish
1151:Notoclinus fenestratus
1111:Gastrocyathus gracilis
1077:New Zealand sand diver
1027:New Zealand damselfish
987:New Zealand black goby
951:Gastroscyphus hectoris
921:Kathetostoma giganteum
579:10.1098/rspb.1985.0030
403:in shallow harbors. A
224:
1251:Mustelus lenticulatus
1237:Smooth deep-sea skate
1181:Dellichthys morelandi
1161:Tetronarce fairchildi
941:Grahamichthys radiata
881:Histiobranchus bruuni
877:Bruun's cutthroat eel
218:
1261:Notolabrus celidotus
1211:Brochiraja spinifera
1171:Colistium nudipinnis
1121:Dipturus innominatus
1057:New Zealand rockfish
1047:New Zealand lumpfish
1037:New Zealand flathead
1017:New Zealand catshark
981:Parma alboscapularis
405:seine-like technique
1241:Brochiraja asperula
1217:Rough-head whiptail
1157:New Zealand torpedo
1147:New Zealand topknot
1091:Rhombosolea plebeia
1021:Bythaelurus dawsoni
887:Draughtsboard shark
861:Alertichthys blacki
571:1985RSPSB.224..209S
397:yellowtail kingfish
219:An illustration of
183:, the known as the
1167:New Zealand turbot
1041:Bembrops morelandi
1011:Colistium guntheri
1001:Sprattus antipodum
971:Pempheris adspersa
967:New Zealand bigeye
957:Longsnout pipefish
947:Hector's clingfish
931:Notolabrus cinctus
500:New Zealand fishes
391:In a human context
369:schooling behavior
314:Prey and predators
276:southern garfish,
225:
1476:
1475:
1289:Taxon identifiers
1280:
1279:
1227:Slender stargazer
1141:Sprattus muelleri
1137:New Zealand sprat
1081:Tewara cranwellae
1007:New Zealand brill
897:Fiordland brotula
871:Parapercis colias
806:Paul, L. (2000).
670:978-1-77554-179-0
565:(1235): 209ā221.
412:for fish such as
203:found all around
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1297:Hyporhamphus ihi
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1127:New Zealand sole
1071:Dipturus nasutus
1031:Chromis dispilus
991:Gobiopsis atrata
961:Leptonotus norae
937:Graham's gudgeon
911:Hyporhamphus ihi
841:
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322:as they feed on
291:seagrass meadows
289:, mainly around
221:Hyporhamphus ihi
180:Hyporhamphus ihi
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162:Hyporhamphus ihi
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917:Giant stargazer
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927:Girdled wrasse
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777:Garfish (gar)
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640:Walrond, Carl
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857:Alert pigfish
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810:. Reed Books.
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153:Binomial name
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366:
361:lateral line
330:and smaller
318:Garfish are
317:
308:
303:
301:
284:
277:
273:
270:Distribution
257:
253:
237:pectoral fin
230:
226:
220:
196:
188:
184:
179:
178:
177:
161:
159:
143:
142:
131:Hyporhamphus
130:
110:Beloniformes
41:
24:
18:
1360:iNaturalist
617:. Collins.
352:planktivore
336:zooplankton
332:crustaceans
260:premaxillae
211:Description
205:New Zealand
144:H. ihi
1483:Categories
679:Q114871191
432:References
410:live baits
348:polychaete
334:, such as
320:omnivorous
298:Life cycle
245:caudal fin
241:dorsal fin
191:or by its
287:estuaries
264:dentaries
233:fish fins
223:from 1875
169:Phillipps
138:Species:
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
46:Northland
1378:11375011
1334:FishBase
1312:Q2499162
1306:Wikidata
867:Blue cod
675:Wikidata
595:30703241
473:FishBase
418:kingfish
385:penguins
373:kingfish
324:eelgrass
249:anal fin
201:halfbeak
116:Family:
90:Chordata
86:Phylum:
80:Animalia
66:Domain:
1461:ZooBank
1404:2696611
1352:2368863
907:Garfish
587:2860673
567:Bibcode
422:kahawai
414:snapper
377:gannets
342:, crab
328:seaweed
199:, is a
185:garfish
126:Genus:
106:Order:
96:Class:
1453:272182
1427:272182
1411:NZOR:
1391:616686
1365:464168
1257:Spotty
729:
702:
677:
667:
621:
593:
585:
344:larvae
340:mysids
235:, the
197:takeke
171:, 1932
1448:WoRMS
1435:Plazi
1373:IRMNG
1339:13135
1326:6MQTZ
591:S2CID
381:shags
195:name
193:MÄori
189:piper
1422:OBIS
1399:NCBI
1386:ITIS
1347:GBIF
727:ISBN
700:ISBN
665:ISBN
619:ISBN
583:PMID
420:and
383:and
346:and
1321:CoL
575:doi
563:224
44:in
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1463::
1450::
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799:^
767:^
741:^
725:.
698:.
673:.
649:^
633:^
603:^
589:.
581:.
573:.
561:.
523:^
508:^
482:^
470:.
451:^
424:.
416:,
379:,
338:,
326:,
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833:t
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735:.
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681:.
627:.
597:.
577::
569::
468:"
464:"
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