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218:, three marble tiles were found with pierced openings in them about 18 inches by 10 in.; five of these pierced tiles on either side would have amply lighted the interior of the cella, and the amount of rain passing through (a serious element to be considered in a country where torrential rains occasionally fall) would not be very great or more than could be retained to dry up in the ceila sunk pavement. In favor of both these methods of lighting, the interior of the cella, the sarcophagus tomb at
302:, there could be no difficulty about the drainage, while in Greece, with the torrential rains and snow, these trenches would be deluged with water, and with all the appliances of the present day it would be impossible to keep these clerestory windows watertight. There is, however, still another objection to Fergusson's theory: the water collecting in these trenches on the roof would have to be discharged, for which Fergusson's suggestions are quite inadequate, and the
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317:, which is fatal to Fergusson's view. Nor is it in accordance with the definition open to the sky. English cathedrals and churches are all lighted by clerestory windows, but no one has described them as open to the sky, and although Vitruvius's statements are sometimes confusing, his description is far too clear to leave any misunderstanding as to the lighting of temples (where it was necessary on account of great length) through an opening in the roof.
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245:, who have adhered to their original opinion that it was only through the open doorway that light was ever admitted into the celia, and with the clear atmosphere of Greece and the reflections from the marble pavement, such lighting would be quite sufficient. There remains still another source of light to be considered, that passing through the
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at Rome the relative proportions of the central opening in the dome and the area of the rotunda are 1:22, and the light there is ample, in the clearer atmosphere of Greece it might have been less. The larger the opening, the more conspicuous would be the notch in the roof which is so greatly objected
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tiles of the roof; the superior translucency of Parian to any other marble may have suggested its employment for the roofs of temples, and if, in the framed ceilings carried over the celia, openings were left, some light from the Parian tile roof might have been obtained. It is possibly to this that
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was advised in one of the Greek plays to climb up and look through the metopes of the temple, these were left open; but if
Orestes could look in, so could the birds, and the statue of the god would be defiled. The metopes were probably filled in with shutters of some kind, which Orestes knew how to
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Apart from these two examples, the references in various writers to an opening of some kind in the roofs of temples dedicated to particular deities, and the statement of
Vitruvius, which was doubtless based on the writings of Greek authors, that in decastyle or large temples the centre was open to
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was lighted in this way with clerestory windows; but in the first place the light in the latter was obtained over the flat roofs covering lower portions of the hail, and in the second place, as it rarely rains in
Egyptian
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of two fragments of a coping-stone, in which there were sinkings on one side to receive the tiles and covering tiles, has been of great importance in the discussion of this subject. In the conjectural restoration of the
222:, about 20 feet (6.1 m) long, carved in imitation of a temple, has been adduced, because, on the tor of the roof and in its centre, there is a raised coping, and a similar feature is found on a tomb found near
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or opening in the roof shown in
Cockerell's drawing, it has been made needlessly large, having an area of about one quarter of the superficial area of the cella between the columns, and since in the
262:, where the columns in the interior of the temple carried a ceiling, probably constructed of timbers crossing one another at right angles, and one or more of the spaces was left open, which
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above the superimposed columns inside the cella; in order to provide the light for these windows, he indicated two trenches in the roof, one on each side, and pointed out that the great
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There is one other theory that has been put forward, but which can only apply to non-peristylar temples, that light and air were admitted through the
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of this temple was unroofed, because the columns which had been provided to carry, at all events, part of the ceiling and roof had been taken away by
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about half the relative size shown in
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Inquiry into the True Principles of Beauty in Art: More Especially with Reference to Architecture
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shows a pierced tile on each side of the roof, and a large number of pierced tiles have been found in
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describes a building with no roof and with columns forming a partial wall.
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would seem to be nearer the truth when, in his conjectural restoration of
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insupportable just at the time when it was required for shelter.
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Intraurban
Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya
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No drainage otherwise of any kind has ever been found in any
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refers when describing the ceiling and roof of the temple of
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put forward a conjectural restoration in which he adopted a
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On the other hand, there are many authorities, among them
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The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
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Five rare hypaethral temples dedicated to 64 flying
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The problem was apparently solved in another way at
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However, at the time
Vitruvius wrote (c. 25 AD) the
202:Temple of Apollo Epikourios at Bassae (Greece)
579:Photographs of the Temple of Apollo at Didyma
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78:, a term applied to a covered temple. The
486:. DrBillong.com. Accessed June 10, 2012.
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306:shown in the celia wall would make the
74:Hypaethral is in contradistinction to
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266:surmounted by a roof formed of tiles.
361:(shown above right) on the island of
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155:medium autem sub diva est sine tecto
402:(often with bird mounts) in India:
210:, where, in the excavations of the
477:Hypaethral and Roofless Structures
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609:Types of monuments and memorials
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414:Ranipur-Jharial, also in Odisha
342:The Hypaethral Temple of Philae
348:painted in 1838, published in
161:'s discovery in the temple at
48:, from Ancient Greek ὕπαιθρος
1:
344:, a romantic depiction after
148:on the Greek island of Aegina
216:Baron Hailer von Hallerstein
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153:the sky and without a roof (
94:, an example being found in
16:Ancient temple with no roof
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619:Ancient Roman architecture
614:Ancient Greek architecture
574:"Opening to the Sun Above"
386:Temple of Apollo at Didyma
123:temple of Apollo Didymaeus
106:. There was no example in
100:temple of Jupiter Olympius
62:, written for the emperor
41:The term originates from
121:in 80 BC. The decastyle
554:Encyclopædia Britannica
406:Chausathi Jogini Temple
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66:probably about 15 BC.
32:classical architecture
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604:Architectural history
541:Spiers, Richard Phené
458:Oculus (architecture)
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177:to; in this respect,
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137:bushes were planted.
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599:Sacral architecture
482:2008-08-04 at the
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226:; an example from
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129:was, according to
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26:on Agilkia Island
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64:Caesar Augustus
59:De architectura
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511:Spiers 1911
422:Bhubaneswar
230:now in the
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588:Categories
545:Hypaethros
464:References
287:clerestory
80:hypaethros
50:hupaithros
46:hypaethrus
36:hypaethral
543:(1911). "
431:Bheraghat
427:Khajuraho
308:peristyle
304:gargoyles
104:octastyle
88:Vitruvius
76:cleithral
54:Vitruvius
480:Archived
452:See also
444:Lalitpur
435:Jabalpur
333:Examples
264:Xenocles
252:Plutarch
183:Temple R
174:Pantheon
70:Overview
594:Temples
551:(ed.).
538::
418:Hirapur
400:yoginis
326:Orestes
322:metopes
260:Eleusis
256:Demeter
236:Pompeii
187:Selinus
127:Miletus
98:in the
92:temples
547:". In
532:
440:Dudhai
410:Odisha
394:Turkey
363:Philae
329:open.
300:Thebes
295:Karnak
220:Cyrene
208:Bassae
192:opaion
169:opaion
163:Aegina
135:laurel
131:Strabo
96:Athens
442:near
433:near
420:near
408:, at
390:Didim
388:, at
371:Egypt
367:Aswan
365:near
228:Crete
224:Delos
125:near
119:Sulla
115:cella
43:Latin
429:and
144:The
108:Rome
293:at
258:at
185:at
82:or
30:In
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491:^
392:,
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110:.
34:,
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