HTTP - Knowledge (XXG)

2358:) to indicate the desired action to be performed on the identified resource. What this resource represents, whether pre-existing data or data that is generated dynamically, depends on the implementation of the server. Often, the resource corresponds to a file or the output of an executable residing on the server. The HTTP/1.0 specification defined the GET, HEAD, and POST methods as well as listing the PUT, DELETE, LINK and UNLINK methods under additional methods. However, the HTTP/1.1 specification formally defined and added five new methods: PUT, DELETE, CONNECT, OPTIONS, and TRACE. Any client can use any method and the server can be configured to support any combination of methods. If a method is unknown to an intermediate, it will be treated as an unsafe and 3125:(such as "Not Found"). The response status code is a three-digit integer code representing the result of the server's attempt to understand and satisfy the client's corresponding request. The way the client handles the response depends primarily on the status code, and secondarily on the other response header fields. Clients may not understand all registered status codes but they must understand their class (given by the first digit of the status code) and treat an unrecognized status code as being equivalent to the x00 status code of that class. 2115:, where a client can request only one or more portions (ranges of bytes) of a resource (i.e. the first part, a part in the middle or in the end of the entire content, etc.) and the server usually sends only the requested part(s). This is useful to resume an interrupted download (when a file is very large), when only a part of a content has to be shown or dynamically added to the already visible part by a browser (i.e. only the first or the following n comments of a web page) in order to spare time, bandwidth and system resources, etc. 6123: 2935:

meanwhile, are idempotent since successive identical requests will be ignored. A website might, for instance, set up a PUT endpoint to modify a user's recorded email address. If this endpoint is configured correctly, any requests which ask to change a user's email address to the same email address which is already recorded—e.g. duplicate requests following a successful request—will have no effect. Similarly, a request to DELETE a certain user will have no effect if that user has already been deleted.

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the server sends back an HTTP response message, which includes header(s) plus a body if it is required. The body of this response message is typically the requested resource, although an error message or other information may also be returned. At any time (for many reasons) client or server can close the connection. Closing a connection is usually advertised in advance by using one or more HTTP headers in the last request/response message sent to server or client.

2335: 1295: 72: 3674: 268: 968:, published in 2015, provides a more efficient expression of HTTP's semantics "on the wire". As of August 2024, it is supported by 66.2% of websites (35.3% HTTP/2 + 30.9% HTTP/3 with backwards compatibility) and supported by almost all web browsers (over 98% of users). It is also supported by major web servers over 2954:

Note that whether or not a method is idempotent is not enforced by the protocol or web server. It is perfectly possible to write a web application in which (for example) a database insert or other non-idempotent action is triggered by a GET or other request. To do so against recommendations, however,

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if multiple identical requests with that method have the same effect as a single such request. The methods PUT and DELETE, and safe methods are defined as idempotent. Safe methods are trivially idempotent, since they are intended to have no effect on the server whatsoever; the PUT and DELETE methods,

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transport connection. An HTTP client initially tries to connect to a server establishing a connection (real or virtual). An HTTP(S) server listening on that port accepts the connection and then waits for a client's request message. The client sends its HTTP request message. Upon receiving the request

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Since 1992, a new document was written to specify the evolution of the basic protocol towards its next full version. It supported both the simple request method of the 0.9 version and the full GET request that included the client HTTP version. This was the first of the many unofficial HTTP/1.0 drafts

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Despite the prescribed safety of GET requests, in practice their handling by the server is not technically limited in any way. Careless or deliberately irregular programming can allow GET requests to cause non-trivial changes on the server. This is discouraged because of the problems which can occur

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between clients and servers, did not handle pipelined requests properly (they served only the first request discarding the others, they closed the connection because they saw more data after the first request or some proxies even returned responses out of order etc.). Because of this, only HEAD and

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Since late 1996, some developers of popular HTTP/1.0 browsers and servers (specially those who had planned support for HTTP/1.1 too), started to deploy (as an unofficial extension) a sort of keep-alive-mechanism (by using new HTTP headers) in order to keep the TCP/IP connection open for more than a

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was not present in HTTP headers and the client assumed that when server closed the connection, the content had been sent in its entirety. This mechanism could not distinguish between a resource transfer successfully completed and an interrupted one (because of a server / network error or something

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HTTP/1.0 added headers to manage resources cached by client in order to allow conditional GET requests; in practice a server has to return the entire content of the requested resource only if its last modified time is not known by client or if it changed since last full response to GET request. One

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The HEAD method requests that the target resource transfer a representation of its state, as for a GET request, but without the representation data enclosed in the response body. This is useful for retrieving the representation metadata in the response header, without having to transfer the entire

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Since early 1996, major web browsers and web server developers also started to implement new features specified by pre-standard HTTP/1.1 drafts specifications. End-user adoption of the new versions of browsers and servers was rapid. In March 1996, one web hosting company reported that over 40% of

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The HTTP WG planned also to specify a far future version of HTTP called HTTP-NG (HTTP Next Generation) that would have solved all remaining problems, of previous versions, related to performances, low latency responses, etc. but this work started only a few years later and it was never completed.

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In 1991, the first documented official version of HTTP was written as a plain document, less than 700 words long, and this version was named HTTP/0.9, which supported only GET method, allowing clients to only retrieve HTML documents from the server, but not supporting any other file formats or

1278:+ UDP transport protocols instead of TCP. Before that version, TCP/IP connections were used; but now, only the IP layer is used (which UDP, like TCP, builds on). This slightly improves the average speed of communications and to avoid the occasional (very rare) problem of TCP connection 2994:

Request header fields allow the client to pass additional information beyond the request line, acting as request modifiers (similarly to the parameters of a procedure). They give information about the client, about the target resource, or about the expected handling of the request.

2943:. In some cases this is the desired effect, but in other cases it may occur accidentally. A user might, for example, inadvertently send multiple POST requests by clicking a button again if they were not given clear feedback that the first click was being processed. While 2149:

The authentication mechanisms described above belong to the HTTP protocol and are managed by client and server HTTP software (if configured to require authentication before allowing client access to one or more web resources), and not by the web applications using

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HTTP provides a general framework for access control and authentication, via an extensible set of challenge–response authentication schemes, which can be used by a server to challenge a client request and by a client to provide authentication information.

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In contrast, the methods POST, CONNECT, and PATCH are not necessarily idempotent, and therefore sending an identical POST request multiple times may further modify the state of the server or have further effects, such as sending multiple

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The response header fields allow the server to pass additional information beyond the status line, acting as response modifiers. They give information about the server or about further access to the target resource or related resources.

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in order to further reduce lag time when using persistent connections by allowing clients to send multiple requests before waiting for each response. This optimization was never considered really safe because a few web servers and many

1507:) was constituted with the aim to standardize and expand the protocol with extended operations, extended negotiation, richer meta-information, tied with a security protocol which became more efficient by adding additional methods and 4039:

In 2022, HTTP/0.9 support has not been officially completely deprecated and is still present in many web servers and browsers (for server responses only), even if usually disabled. It is unclear how long it will take to decommission

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requests that the target resource modify its state according to the partial update defined in the representation enclosed in the request. This can save bandwidth by updating a part of a file or document without having to transfer it

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In January–March 2012, HTTP Working Group (HTTPbis) announced the need to start to focus on a new HTTP/2 protocol (while finishing the revision of HTTP/1.1 specifications), maybe taking in consideration ideas and work done for SPDY.

2166:. The realm value string, if present, is combined with the canonical root URI to form the protection space component of the challenge. This in effect allows the server to define separate authentication scopes under one root URI. 2477:

The PUT method requests that the target resource create or update its state with the state defined by the representation enclosed in the request. A distinction from POST is that the client specifies the target location on the

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Since 2016 many product managers and developers of user agents (browsers, etc.) and web servers have begun planning to gradually deprecate and dismiss support for HTTP/0.9 protocol, mainly for the following reasons:

986:, the successor to HTTP/2, was published in 2022. As of February 2024, it is now used on 30.9% of websites and is supported by most web browsers, i.e. (at least partially) supported by 97% of users. HTTP/3 uses 939:

in 1989 and summarized in a simple document describing the behavior of a client and a server using the first HTTP version, named 0.9. That version was subsequently developed, eventually becoming the public 1.0.

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mode. After many years of struggling with the problems introduced by enabling pipelining, this feature was first disabled and then removed from most browsers also because of the announced adoption of HTTP/2.

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In early 1996 developers started to even include unofficial extensions of the HTTP/1.0 protocol (i.e. keep-alive connections, etc.) into their products by using drafts of the upcoming HTTP/1.1 specifications.

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The OPTIONS method requests that the target resource transfer the HTTP methods that it supports. This can be used to check the functionality of a web server by requesting '*' instead of a specific resource.

1006:. HTTP/3 has lower latency for real-world web pages, if enabled on the server, and loads faster than with HTTP/2, in some cases over three times faster than HTTP/1.1 (which is still commonly only enabled). 2901:, which, if arbitrarily fetched, even using GET, would simply delete the article. A properly coded website would require a DELETE or POST method for this action, which non-malicious bots would not make. 2951:

to warn users in some cases where reloading a page may re-submit a POST request, it is generally up to the web application to handle cases where a POST request should not be submitted more than once.

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In June 2022, a batch of RFCs was published, deprecating many of the previous documents and introducing a few minor changes and a refactoring of HTTP semantics description into a separate document.

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The TRACE method requests that the target resource transfer the received request in the response body. That way a client can see what (if any) changes or additions have been made by intermediaries.

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HTTP/1 was finalized and fully documented (as version 1.0) in 1996. It evolved (as version 1.1) in 1997 and then its specifications were updated in 1999, 2014, and 2022. Its secure variant named

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The HTTP WG planned to revise and publish new versions of the protocol as HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1 within 1995, but, because of the many revisions, that timeline lasted much more than one year.

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to use one or more bidirectional streams per TCP/IP connection in which HTTP requests and responses are broken down and transmitted in small packets to almost solve the problem of the HOLB (

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Since HTTP/0.9 did not support header fields in a request, there is no mechanism for it to support name-based virtual hosts (selection of resource by inspection of the Host header field).

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requests that the target resource process the representation enclosed in the request according to the semantics of the target resource. For example, it is used for posting a message to an

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concurrent requests/responses, thus greatly reducing the number of real TCP/IP connections on server side, from 2..8 per client to 1, and allowing many more clients to be served at once.

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to add a push capability to allow server application to send data to clients whenever new data is available (without forcing clients to request periodically new data to server by using

1601:(HTTP WG bis or HTTPbis) was restarted firstly to revise and clarify previous HTTP/1.1 specifications and secondly to write and refine future HTTP/2 specifications (named httpbis). 3948:– a semantically similar protocol to HTTP but used UDP or UDP-like messages targeted for devices with limited processing capability; re-uses HTTP and other internet concepts like 2858:

if a request with that method has no intended effect on the server. The methods GET, HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE are defined as safe. In other words, safe methods are intended to be

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was published as a final HTTP/1.0 revision of what had been used in previous 4 years as a pre-standard HTTP/1.0-draft which was already used by many web browsers and web servers.

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to allow content to be streamed in chunks in order to reliably send it even when the server does not know its length in advance (i.e. because it is dynamically generated, etc.).

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method. There is no limit to the number of methods that can be defined, which allows for future methods to be specified without breaking existing infrastructure. For example,

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and should have no other effect. (This is also true of some other HTTP methods.) For retrieving resources without making changes, GET is preferred over POST, as they can be

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A common mistake is to use GET for an action that updates a resource. This problem came into the Rails public eye in 2005, when the Google Web Accelerator was released.

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went live in 1990. The protocol used had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server. The response from the server was always an HTML page.

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a keep-alive-mechanism was officially introduced so that a connection could be reused for more than one request/response. Such persistent connections reduce request

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Some of the ideas about multiplexing HTTP streams over a single TCP/IP connection were taken from various sources, including the work of W3C HTTP-NG Working Group.

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HTTP is designed to permit intermediate network elements to improve or enable communications between clients and servers. High-traffic websites often benefit from

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when the length of the body entity was not known at the beginning of the response and so the transfer of data to client continued until server closed the socket.

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All general-purpose web servers are required to implement at least the GET and HEAD methods, and all other methods are considered optional by the specification.

1348:. Berners-Lee designed HTTP in order to help with the adoption of his other idea: the "WorldWideWeb" project, which was first proposed in 1989, now known as the 3536:(entity tag) header field is used to determine if a cached version of the requested resource is identical to the current version of the resource on the server. 1774:. Most requests that appear to be HTTP/0.9 are, in fact, badly constructed HTTP/1.x requests caused by a client failing to properly encode the request-target. 2877:

In contrast, the methods POST, PUT, DELETE, CONNECT, and PATCH are not safe. They may modify the state of the server or have other effects such as sending an

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The HTTP Authentication specification also provides an arbitrary, implementation-specific construct for further dividing resources common to a given root

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message to the client. The response contains completion status information about the request and may also contain requested content in its message body.

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application-level protocol and it requires a reliable network transport connection to exchange data between client and server. In HTTP implementations,

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is a revision of previous HTTP/1.1 in order to maintain the same client–server model and the same protocol methods but with these differences in order:

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is present. Chunked transfer encoding uses a chunk size of 0 to mark the end of the content. Some old implementations of HTTP/1.0 omitted the header

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A request line containing only the path name is accepted by servers to maintain compatibility with HTTP clients before the HTTP/1.0 specification in

8251: 8155: 5942: 2897:, and other automated agents make unintended changes on the server. For example, a website might allow deletion of a resource through a URL such as 1585:

was formed to develop a new HTTP protocol named HTTP-NG (HTTP New Generation). A few proposals / drafts were produced for the new protocol to use

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is missing in a response with an entity body then this should be considered an error in HTTP/1.0 but it may not be an error in HTTP/1.1 if header

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to improve response time. Web browsers cache previously accessed web resources and reuse them, whenever possible, to reduce network traffic. HTTP

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for the underlying transport protocol. Like HTTP/2, it does not obsolete previous major versions of the protocol. Support for HTTP/3 was added to

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it has not been widespread since 1999..2000 (because of HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1) and is commonly used only by some very old network hardware, i.e.

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to the user to provide further information about the nature of the problem. The standard also allows the user agent to attempt to interpret the

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Each response header field has a defined meaning which can be further refined by the semantics of the request method or response status code.

2178:. A stateless protocol does not require the web server to retain information or status about each user for the duration of multiple requests. 2010:

after the first request has been sent. Another positive side effect is that, in general, the connection becomes faster with time due to TCP's

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which operate via a challenge–response mechanism whereby the server identifies and issues a challenge before serving the requested content.

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If the total length of the content of a resource was not known in advance (i.e. because it was dynamically generated, etc.) then the header

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of HTTP transactions inside a single TCP/IP connection, but in 1999, the group stopped its activity passing the technical problems to IETF.

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to use a compressed binary representation of metadata (HTTP headers) instead of a textual one, so that headers require much less space;

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boundaries can facilitate communication for clients without a globally routable address, by relaying messages with external servers.

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if responses to requests with that method may be stored for future reuse. The methods GET, HEAD, and POST are defined as cacheable.

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extended the usage of persistent connections by multiplexing many concurrent requests/responses through a single TCP/IP connection.

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HTTP/2 communications therefore experience much less latency and, in most cases, even higher speeds than HTTP/1.1 communications.

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beta, which prefetched arbitrary URLs on the page a user was viewing, causing records to be automatically altered or deleted

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After having decided that new features of HTTP protocol were required and that they had to be fully documented as official

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In HTTP/1.1 instead a TCP connection can be reused to make multiple resource requests (i.e. of HTML pages, frames, images,

8574: 7051: 5039: 4392: 3997: 3569: 3070: 2289: 2007: 1949:). In HTTP/2, a TCP/IP connection plus multiple protocol channels are used. In HTTP/3, the application transport protocol 1934: 1145: 991: 731: 711: 661: 2859: 8301: 8148: 7957: 7698: 7572: 7384: 7172: 4548: 3960: 3863: 2139: 651: 646: 641: 457: 5496: 38: 8907: 8455: 8311: 8291: 7689: 7626: 7379: 6596: 3858: 3556:. This is useful, if the client needs to have only certain portions of a resource sent by the server, which is called 2194: 2163: 2135: 1171: 828: 788: 656: 452: 2082:

of these headers, "Content-Encoding", was added to specify whether the returned content of a resource was or was not

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can be used to inform the client that the body entity part of the transmitted data is compressed by gzip algorithm.

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to the origin server identified by the request target. It is often used to secure connections through one or more

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The GET method requests that the target resource transfer a representation of its state. GET requests should only

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as the establishment of TCP connections presents considerable overhead, especially under high traffic conditions.

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HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 use the same request / response mechanism but with different representations for HTTP headers.

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A client request (consisting in this case of the request line and a few headers that can be reduced to only the

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header) is followed by a blank line, so that the request ends with a double end of line, each in the form of a

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To allow intermediate HTTP nodes (proxy servers, web caches, etc.) to accomplish their functions, some of the

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it has no HTTP headers and lacks many other features that nowadays are required for minimal security reasons;

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After a few months about what to do to develop a new version of HTTP, it was decided to derive it from SPDY.

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Method names are case sensitive. This is in contrast to HTTP header field names which are case-insensitive.

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or web crawlers; some that do not conform tend to make requests without regard to context or consequences.

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was released to include all improvements and updates based on previous (obsolete) HTTP/1.1 specifications.

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publishes its ability to respond to requests for certain byte ranges of the document by setting the field

2905: 2011: 1621: 1279: 1219: 1149: 716: 566: 478: 5950: 5195: 5173: 1988:, the TCP/IP connection is always closed after server response has been sent, so it is never persistent. 8579: 8532: 8462: 8231: 8037: 7734: 7327: 7298: 7267: 7192: 7182: 7142: 6531: 6287: 6180: 3879: 1254: 1215: 944: 843: 616: 473: 1015: 8652: 8520: 8515: 8351: 7910: 7542: 7537: 7308: 7232: 7202: 7162: 7152: 7007: 6853: 6794: 6657: 6642: 6580: 6426: 6307: 6094: 5891: 5832: 5795: 5758: 5694: 5657: 5617: 5580: 5543: 5479: 5400: 5363: 5320: 5262: 4842: 4784: 4747: 4705: 4668: 4476: 4434: 4374: 4125: 1500: 1122: 1118: 626: 1662:

In June 2014, the HTTP Working Group released an updated six-part HTTP/1.1 specification obsoleting

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are credited with inventing the original HTTP, along with HTML and the associated technology for a

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Below is a sample HTTP transaction between an HTTP/1.1 client and an HTTP/1.1 server running on

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and quickly adopted by all web browsers already supporting SPDY and more slowly by web servers.

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to specify an upgrade to TLS. Browser support for these two is, however, nearly non-existent.

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design should be informed by the above principles, but also by the relevant limitations." See

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A response message is sent by a server to a client as a reply to its former request message.

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it is so simple that an RFC document was never written (there is only the original document);

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In contrast, the methods PUT, DELETE, CONNECT, OPTIONS, TRACE, and PATCH are not cacheable.

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that can temporarily block or slow down the data flow of all its streams (another form of "

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This lowers the barrier for deploying TLS 1.3, a major security improvement over TLS 1.2.

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Any server that implements name-based virtual hosts ought to disable support for HTTP/0.9

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Appendix-A, HTTP/0.9 was deprecated for servers supporting HTTP/1.1 version (and higher):

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SPDY was indeed much faster than HTTP/1.1 in many tests and so it was quickly adopted by

3136:'s discretion. If the status code indicated a problem, the user agent might display the 1075:(UA). Other types of user agent include the indexing software used by search providers ( 8642: 8614: 8569: 8027: 8022: 7977: 7394: 6668: 6541: 6486: 6466: 5418: 4958: 3992: 2894: 2456: 2395: 2391: 2205: 1349: 1341: 1313: 1062:

files and other content or performs other functions on behalf of the client, returns a

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if the connection is unencrypted or port 443 if the connection is encrypted, see also

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request/response pair and so to speed up the exchange of multiple requests/responses.

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text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8

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Application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems

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was suspended only weeks after its first release, following widespread criticism.

6154: 4935: 8667: 8604: 8476: 8422: 8172: 7826: 7790: 7552: 7420: 7262: 7242: 7111: 7076: 7012: 6938: 6701: 6590: 6585: 6536: 6511: 6501: 6345: 6302: 6297: 6203: 6097: 6078: 6057:"Mozilla Bug 276813 – [RFE] Support RFC 2817 / TLS Upgrade for HTTP 1.1" 5894: 5875: 5835: 5816: 5798: 5779: 5761: 5742: 5697: 5678: 5660: 5641: 5620: 5601: 5583: 5564: 5546: 5527: 5482: 5463: 5417:

Lee, Wei-Bin; Chen, Hsing-Bai; Chang, Shun-Shyan; Chen, Tzung-Her (2019-01-25).

5403: 5384: 5366: 5347: 5323: 5304: 5265: 5246: 5047: 5006:

David Gourley; Brian Totty; Marjorie Sayer; Anshu Aggarwal; Sailu Reddy (2002).

4845: 4826: 4787: 4768: 4750: 4731: 4708: 4689: 4671: 4652: 4479: 4460: 4437: 4418: 4377: 4358: 4248: 4240: 4232: 4224: 4208: 4128: 4109: 3774: 3731: 3225: 3069:, each consisting of the case-insensitive field name, a colon, optional leading 2944: 2925: 2890: 2826: 2797: 2768: 2739: 2710: 2681: 2652: 2623: 2594: 2511: 2452: 2371: 2359: 2323: 2190: 1914: 1901: 1887: 1874: 1861: 1848: 1835: 1816: 1763: 1743: 1730: 1717: 1704: 1691: 1678: 1667: 1651: 1570: 1559: 1531: 1345: 1189: 1076: 1023: 925: 368: 325: 193: 181: 171: 161: 151: 141: 129: 119: 109: 99: 89: 5148: 4396: 4360:

Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Extension

4179: 4062:

HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 have a different representation for HTTP methods and headers.

8609: 8589: 8564: 8391: 8371: 7836: 7739: 7522: 7517: 7410: 7167: 6953: 6943: 6888: 6878: 6747: 6570: 6521: 6491: 6292: 4884: 4859: 3610:. Two other methods for establishing an encrypted HTTP connection also exist: 3565: 3330: 3132:

are only recommendations, and can be replaced with "local equivalents" at the

2956: 2871: 2867: 2503: 2429:

representation. Uses include checking whether a page is available through the

2198: 1547:

browsers in use on the Internet used the new HTTP/1.1 header "Host" to enable

1355: 1337: 1309: 1247: 1084: 1071: 1035: 995: 905: 819: 5500: 3973:– developed by the IETF's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (httpbis) working group 3631:

is a content delivery protocol that was displaced by HTTP in the early 1990s.

1320:'s 1930s vision of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management " 1250:) connection per accessed server domain instead of 2 to 8 TCP/IP connections; 8632: 8594: 8386: 8241: 8047: 7867: 7682: 7675: 7577: 7415: 7369: 7002: 6997: 6858: 6691: 6686: 6647: 6616: 6611: 6575: 6516: 6369: 6138: 4801: 4007: 4002: 3779: 3549: 3533: 3318: 3036: 2968: 2913: 2402:. This enables bookmarking and sharing and makes GET responses eligible for 2257: 1305: 1201: 1193: 1095: 917: 913: 373: 6036:"Chromium Issue 4527: implement RFC 2817: Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1" 2103:

new headers to better manage the conditional retrieval of cached resources.

1808:

were published and major web browsers and web servers started to adopt it.

5009:

HTTP: The Definitive Guide. (excerpt of chapter: "Persistent Connections")

4026:

In practice, these streams are used as multiple TCP/IP sub-connections to

3575:

Most of the header lines are optional but some are mandatory. When header

2216:

operation must be requested by user. These kind of operations do not use

2125:

Both HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 have kept the above mentioned features of HTTP/1.1.

908:

information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the

8815: 8672: 8440: 8401: 8396: 8376: 8366: 8361: 7877: 7567: 7374: 7364: 7252: 7116: 6933: 6863: 6819: 6814: 6696: 6621: 6606: 5849: 5419:"Secure and efficient protection for HTTP cookies with self-verification" 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3118: 3109:

In HTTP/1.0 and since, the first line of the HTTP response is called the

2030: 1942: 1088: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 5068: 8785: 8731: 8547: 8527: 8445: 8226: 8164: 7887: 7882: 7654: 7647: 7582: 7212: 7197: 7071: 6809: 6742: 6560: 6461: 3572:

connection immediately after the end of the transfer of this response.

1152:(UDP), which HTTP/3 also (indirectly) always builds on, for example in 1043: 1003: 977: 3673: 3653:

is a Gopher-inspired protocol which mandates privacy-related features.

2038:

without query string used as a command, etc.) could be pipelined in a

1581:

Resuming the old 1995 plan of previous HTTP Working Group, in 1997 an

267: 71: 8742: 8682: 8677: 8556: 8356: 8209: 8199: 8194: 8032: 8007: 7800: 7703: 7272: 7237: 7222: 7187: 7091: 7022: 6908: 6903: 6873: 6799: 6633: 6565: 6456: 6446: 6364: 6317: 6132: 6089: 5886: 5827: 5790: 5753: 5689: 5652: 5612: 5575: 5538: 5474: 5434: 5395: 5358: 5315: 5257: 4837: 4779: 4742: 4700: 4663: 4471: 4429: 4369: 4120: 3970: 3643: 3639: 3606:

The most popular way of establishing an encrypted HTTP connection is

2904:

One example of this occurring in practice was during the short-lived

2488:

The DELETE method requests that the target resource delete its state.

2363: 2213: 1805: 1643: 1610: 1456: 1437: 1271: 1232: 1141: 983: 965: 920:

to other resources that the user can easily access, for example by a

782: 676: 575: 555: 184: 132: 5914:

Advanced Rails: Building Industrial-Strength Web Apps in Record Time

4523: 4333: 2866:

not seen by the client, such as appending request information to a

8710: 8705: 8687: 8510: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8204: 8108: 7992: 7872: 7862: 7780: 7759: 7532: 7177: 7086: 6340: 6312: 6275: 4599:"Firefox Nightly supports HTTP 3 – General – Cloudflare Community" 3693: 3607: 3179:

Further action needs to be taken in order to complete the request.

2940: 2878: 2333: 2209: 2034:

some GET requests (i.e. limited to real file requests and so with

1321: 1293: 1180: 1153: 1125:(managed only by the source client and by the target web server). 959: 803: 581: 287: 8133: 5196:"WG Action: RECHARTER: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Bis (httpbis)" 4173: 4171: 2006:

perceptibly because the client does not need to re-negotiate the

8837: 8316: 8052: 7831: 7821: 7795: 7106: 6652: 6270: 6166:

Design Issues by Berners-Lee when he was designing the protocol.

4071:

HTTP/1.0 has the same messages except for a few missing headers.

3698: 3635: 3593: 3170:

The request was successfully received, understood, and accepted.

2959:

assumes that repeating the same request is safe when it is not.

2410:

has published guidance principles on this distinction, saying, "

1950: 1614: 1333: 1275: 1197: 1059: 987: 947:(RFCs) started a few years later in a coordinated effort by the 936: 771: 766: 736: 686: 606: 292: 212: 208: 8137: 7906: 7323: 7319: 6773: 6390: 6214: 6176: 6172: 3087:

an empty line, consisting of a carriage return and a line feed;

2300:

an empty line, consisting of a carriage return and a line feed;

8662: 8381: 7708: 6752: 6282: 5001: 4999: 2498:

The CONNECT method requests that the intermediary establish a

2407: 2399: 2035: 591: 216: 5522:

Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk.

5218:"High Performance Browser Networking: Introduction to HTTP/2" 4357:

Friedl, S.; Popov, A.; Langley, A.; Stephan, E. (July 2014).

1503:, in early 1995 the HTTP Working Group (HTTP WG, led by 6128: 6116: 4393:"Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2, Use of TLS Features" 2881:. Such methods are therefore not usually used by conforming 2252:, the requested URL, another space, the protocol version, a 246: 4549:"Cloudflare, Google Chrome, and Firefox add HTTP/3 support" 2185:

need to manage user sessions, so they implement states, or

2029:, specially transparent proxy servers placed in Internet / 2228:

Request messages are sent by a client to a target server.

2059:

does not use TCP/IP connections but QUIC + UDP (see also:

4262:"Usage Statistics of Default protocol https for websites" 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 3197:

The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request.

5713:"URIs, Addressability, and the use of HTTP GET and POST" 5943:"What Have We Learned From the Google Web Accelerator?" 4108:

Fielding, R.; Nottingham, M.; Reschke, J. (June 2022).

3188:

The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled.

1211:

to the same server is made for every resource request.

42: 5094: 4310:"Usage Statistics of HTTP/3 for Websites, August 2024" 3151:

The first digit of the status code defines its class:

2134:

HTTP provides multiple authentication schemes such as

1598: 2248:, consisting of the case-sensitive request method, a 2220:

but a custom managed web application authentication.

2204:

To start an application user session, an interactive

2075:

A requested resource was always sent in its entirety.

1605:

SPDY: an unofficial HTTP protocol developed by Google

1136:. Its definition presumes an underlying and reliable 5906: 5904: 1562:

was officially released as HTTP/1.1 specifications.

8803: 8755: 8719: 8696: 8623: 8555: 8546: 8484: 8475: 8415: 8342: 8250: 8180: 8171: 8061: 7940: 7855: 7814: 7768: 7722: 7608: 7601: 7500: 7434: 7403: 7357: 7125: 7021: 6962: 6838: 6784: 6710: 6666: 6632: 6550: 6401: 6328: 6261: 6235: 4211:. That specification was then overcome by HTTP/1.1. 3031:, another space, a possibly empty reason phrase, a 2354:, but nowhere in the specification does it mention 2311:In the HTTP/1.1 protocol, all header fields except 240: 222: 203: 78: 5281:"Intent to Deprecate and Remove: HTTP/0.9 Support" 5117: 5115: 4524:"Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc" 4334:"Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc" 4058: 4056: 3220:HTTP/1.1 example of request / response transaction 2346:header section, and response body are highlighted. 1225:HTTP/1.1 communications therefore experience less 1091:that accesses, consumes, or displays web content. 1054:message to the server. The server, which provides 5971:Luotonen, Ari; Franks, John (February 22, 1996). 5149:"SPDY: An experimental protocol for a faster web" 3501:Hello World, this is a very simple HTML document. 3208:List of HTTP header fields § Response fields 1957:Request and response messages through connections 1274:is a revision of previous HTTP/2 in order to use 3638:protocol is an alternative to HTTP developed at 3544:of the data conveyed by the HTTP message, while 2990:List of HTTP header fields § Request fields 5977:. IETF. I-D draft-ietf-http-range-retrieval-00. 5874:Dusseault, Lisa; Snell, James M. (March 2010). 4574:"HTTP/3: the past, the present, and the future" 2350:HTTP defines methods (sometimes referred to as 1768: 1117:(found in HTTP requests/responses) are managed 5632: 5630: 5454: 5452: 5423:International Journal of Communication Systems 5248:RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing 4885:"daemon.c - TCP/IP based server for HyperText" 4722: 4720: 4718: 4643: 4641: 4639: 1132:protocol designed within the framework of the 8149: 7918: 7335: 6188: 5992:. Norwood, MA: Artech House. pp. 82–83. 3914: 3161:The request was received, continuing process. 2955:may result in undesirable consequences, if a 2151: 1166:are identified and located on the network by 870: 508: 8: 3548:indicates its length in bytes. The HTTP/1.1 2212:must be performed. To stop a user session a 1811:On 6 June 2022, IETF standardized HTTP/3 as 174:HTTP/2: Bootstrapping WebSockets with HTTP/2 64: 4959:"Hypertext Transfer Protocol Working Group" 3325:header value distinguishes between various 2926:Idempotence § Computer science meaning 2338:An HTTP/1.1 request made using telnet. The 955:(W3C), with work later moving to the IETF. 26: 8552: 8481: 8177: 8156: 8142: 8134: 7925: 7911: 7903: 7605: 7342: 7328: 7320: 6781: 6770: 6398: 6387: 6232: 6211: 6195: 6181: 6173: 6121: 5532:. IETF. pp. 30–32. sec. 8. 3921: 3907: 3661: 2557: 2296:Host: www.example.com Accept-Language: en 1491:that preceded the final work on HTTP/1.0. 1098:servers that deliver content on behalf of 877: 863: 526: 515: 501: 255: 70: 63: 7934:Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes 6088: 5885: 5826: 5789: 5752: 5688: 5651: 5611: 5574: 5537: 5473: 5394: 5357: 5314: 5256: 4836: 4778: 4741: 4699: 4662: 4500:"Usage Statistics of HTTP/3 for websites" 4470: 4428: 4368: 4286:"Usage Statistics of HTTP/2 for websites" 4119: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 1919:Extensible Prioritization Scheme for HTTP 154:HTTP/2: Opportunistic Security for HTTP/2 3023:, consisting of the protocol version, a 2217: 1961:Data is exchanged through a sequence of 1365: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 8903:Internet properties established in 1991 7987: 4093: 4019: 3871: 3850: 3807: 3764: 3706: 3664: 2899:https://example.com/article/1234/delete 2060: 2043: 1121:whereas other HTTP headers are managed 962:is used by more than 85% of websites. 818: 751: 701: 536: 529: 465: 444: 401: 358: 300: 258: 28: 7548:Knowledge representation and reasoning 7482:Semantic service-oriented architecture 5974:Byte Range Retrieval Extension to HTTP 5529:Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.0 4728:"Connection Management: Establishment" 4547:Cimpanu, Catalin (26 September 2019). 4151:"The Original HTTP as defined in 1991" 1624:and then by other major web browsers. 1324:" system described in his 1945 essay " 974:Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation 904:model for distributed, collaborative, 6150:A detailed technical history of HTTP. 5124:"HTTP Working Group: charter httpbis" 3941:Comparison of file transfer protocols 3408:Apache/1.3.3.7 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux) 1200:documents, so as to form interlinked 931:Development of HTTP was initiated by 7: 5917:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 188. 5717:Technical Architecture Group finding 5569:. pp. 51–57. sec. 9. 4765:"Connection Management: Persistence" 4694:. pp. 6–8. sec. 1.3. 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3707: 1683:HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing 924:click or by tapping the screen in a 345: 340: 335: 330: 320: 315: 310: 301: 8918:World Wide Web Consortium standards 5990:Fundamentals of Networking Security 5216:Ilya Grigorik; Surma (2019-09-03). 4649:"Connections, Clients, and Servers" 1906:QPACK: Field Compression for HTTP/3 7609:Syntax and supporting technologies 5941:Cantrell, Christian (2005-06-01). 5243:"Appendix-A: HTTP Version History" 4391:Belshe, M.; Peon, R.; Thomson, M. 3937: – can replace HTTP 3612:Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol 2433:and quickly finding the size of a 1362:Summary of HTTP milestone versions 57: 6077:Nottingham, Mark (October 2010). 5075:. World Wide Web Consortium. 1997 4957:Raggett, Dave; Berners-Lee, Tim. 3843:451 Unavailable for Legal Reasons 3015:to the client, which consist of: 2415: 2240:to the server, which consist of: 2039: 1593:IETF HTTP Working Group restarted 1158:Simple Service Discovery Protocol 1069:A web browser is an example of a 437:451 Unavailable for Legal Reasons 5251:. p. 78. sec. A. 4243:in 2014, which was obsoleted by 4235:in 1999, which was obsoleted by 3946:Constrained Application Protocol 3672: 2406:, which can save bandwidth. The 1947:List of TCP and UDP port numbers 1316:, which was in turn inspired by 1140:protocol. In the latest version 266: 196:HTTP/3: QPACK: Field Compression 144:HTTP/2: HPACK Header Compression 4883:Berners-Lee, Tim (1990-10-02). 4180:"Basic HTTP as defined in 1992" 3987:Representational state transfer 3851:Security access control methods 2067:Content retrieval optimizations 1823:Updates and refactoring in 2022 1696:HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content 949:Internet Engineering Task Force 445:Security access control methods 164:HTTP/2: The ORIGIN HTTP/2 Frame 3417:"3f80f-1b6-3e1cb03b" 2862:. Safe methods can still have 2559:Properties of request methods 2366:defined seven new methods and 2008:TCP 3-Way-Handshake connection 1709:HTTP/1.1: Conditional Requests 1002:first, and is also enabled in 1: 7723:Schemas, ontologies and rules 5194:IESG Secretary (2012-03-19). 5040:"HTTP 1.1 Compliant Browsers" 4910:"HyperText Transfer Protocol" 4149:Tim Berner-Lee (1991-01-01). 3998:Wireless Application Protocol 3399:Wed, 08 Jan 2003 23:11:55 GMT 3372:Mon, 23 May 2005 22:38:34 GMT 1146:Transmission Control Protocol 1050:. The client submits an HTTP 3961:Digest access authentication 3864:Digest access authentication 3581:"Transfer-Encoding: chunked" 2140:digest access authentication 1894:(see also the section above) 1381:Support in August 2024 1172:Uniform Resource Identifiers 458:Digest access authentication 8898:Application layer protocols 8893:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 6015:"Browser Security Handbook" 5911:Ediger, Brad (2007-12-21). 5176:. IETF; HTTP WG. 2012-01-24 4984:. World Wide Web Consortium 4961:. World Wide Web Consortium 4938:. World Wide Web Consortium 4186:. World Wide Web Consortium 4157:. World Wide Web Consortium 3859:Basic access authentication 3564:is sent, it means that the 2999:HTTP/1.1 response messages 2136:basic access authentication 1937:connections are used using 1207:In HTTP/1.0 a separate TCP 894:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 453:Basic access authentication 228:; 33 years ago 18:HyperText Transfer Protocol 8934: 7750:Semantic Web Rule Language 5122:Web Administrator (2007). 5093:Web Administrator (2007). 4823:"HTTP/2 Protocol Overview" 3977:List of HTTP header fields 3952:and web linking (RFC 5988) 3935:InterPlanetary File System 3205: 3102: 2987: 2966: 2923: 2573:Response has payload body 1980:HTTP persistent connection 1977: 1804:In 2020, the first drafts 1378:Usage in August 2024 1026:, for example, may be the 943:Development of early HTTP 8122: 7294: 7218:Internet Explorer for Mac 6780: 6769: 6397: 6386: 6231: 6210: 6139:"Change History for HTTP" 5279:Matt Menke (2016-06-30). 4914:World Wide Web Consortium 4420:Using TLS 1.3 with HTTP/2 3982:List of HTTP status codes 3105:List of HTTP status codes 2818: 2789: 2760: 2731: 2702: 2673: 2644: 2615: 2586: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2570:Request has payload body 2569: 2566: 2563: 2224:HTTP/1.1 request messages 2170:HTTP application session 2152:a web application session 2107:chunked transfer encoding 1965:which are exchanged by a 1963:request–response messages 1577:W3C HTTP-NG Working Group 1168:Uniform Resource Locators 953:World Wide Web Consortium 247:https://httpwg.org/specs/ 69: 7856:Microformat vocabularies 7528:Information architecture 6155:"Design Issues for HTTP" 5818:RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics 5781:RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics 5744:RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics 5680:RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics 5643:RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics 5386:RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics 5349:RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics 4802:"Classic HTTP Documents" 4654:RFC 9110, HTTP Semantics 4227:(1997) was obsoleted by 3895:HTTP parameter pollution 3872:Security vulnerabilities 3577:"Content-Length: number" 3381:text/html; charset=UTF-8 3348: 3235: 3076: 3042: 2263: 2091:"Content-Length: number" 1748:HTTP/1.1: Authentication 1722:HTTP/1.1: Range Requests 1658:2014 updates to HTTP/1.1 1038:, running on a computer 970:Transport Layer Security 489:HTTP parameter pollution 466:Security vulnerabilities 39:latest accepted revision 7745:Rule Interchange Format 7508:Collective intelligence 6129:IETF HTTP Working Group 5949:. Adobe. Archived from 5497:"Apache Week. HTTP/1.1" 5069:"HTTP-NG Working Group" 5012:. O'Reilly Media, inc. 4178:Tim Berner-Lee (1992). 3890:HTTP response splitting 3616:HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header 3341:file if there is one.) 3329:names sharing a single 3113:and includes a numeric 3079:Content-Type: text/html 1134:Internet protocol suite 976:(ALPN) extension where 902:Internet protocol suite 531:Internet protocol suite 484:HTTP response splitting 5988:Canavan, John (2001). 5174:"Rechartering httpbis" 3885:HTTP request smuggling 3554:"Accept-Ranges: bytes" 3333:, allowing name-based 3202:Response header fields 3067:response header fields 2906:Google Web Accelerator 2347: 1974:Persistent connections 1776: 1495:W3C HTTP Working Group 1301: 1192:, URIs are encoded as 1150:User Datagram Protocol 980:or newer is required. 479:HTTP request smuggling 79:International standard 5877:PATCH Method for HTTP 5512:090502 apacheweek.com 5222:developers.google.com 3880:HTTP header injection 3818:301 Moved Permanently 3809:Response status codes 3602:Encrypted connections 3099:Response status codes 2984:Request header fields 2337: 2286:request header fields 2189:, using for instance 2158:Authentication realms 2100:HTTP/1.1 introduced: 1583:HTTP-NG Working Group 1297: 1284:head of line blocking 1255:head-of-line blocking 945:Requests for Comments 474:HTTP header injection 412:301 Moved Permanently 403:Response status codes 7543:Knowledge management 7538:Knowledge extraction 7203:IBM Home Page Reader 5711:Jacobs, Ian (2004). 5561:"Method Definitions" 5524:"Method Definitions" 5155:. Google. 2009-11-01 5128:datatracker.ietf.org 5095:"HTTP Working Group" 4936:"Dave Raggett's Bio" 4804:. W3.org. 1998-05-14 3148:are human-readable. 3029:response status code 2973:A request method is 2930:A request method is 2854:A request method is 2208:via web application 2187:server side sessions 1754:HTTP/0.9 Deprecation 1482:information upload. 1356:The first web server 1014:HTTP functions as a 7815:Common vocabularies 7769:Semantic annotation 7467:Semantic publishing 5821:. sec. 9.3.6. 5784:. sec. 9.3.4. 5747:. sec. 9.3.3. 5638:"Methods: Overview" 5389:. sec. 4.2.2. 5352:. sec. 4.2.1. 4686:"Overall Operation" 4578:The Cloudflare Blog 3956:Content negotiation 3950:Internet media type 3592:"Content-Encoding: 3562:"Connection: close" 3542:Internet media type 2872:advertising account 2560: 2512:HTTP CONNECT method 2463:, or completing an 2459:, subscribing to a 2218:HTTP authentication 2130:HTTP authentication 1020:client–server model 66: 29:Page version status 8908:Internet protocols 8451:Application server 7563:Digital humanities 7452:Semantic computing 7442:Semantic analytics 7426:Rule-based systems 6013:Zalewski, Michal. 5603:RFC 9112, HTTP/1.1 5465:RFC 9112: HTTP/1.1 5381:"https URI Scheme" 4908:Berners-Lee, Tim. 4770:RFC 9112, HTTP/1.1 4733:RFC 9112, HTTP/1.1 2949:alert dialog boxes 2920:Idempotent methods 2558: 2348: 2176:stateless protocol 2113:byte range serving 2061:technical overview 1953:over UDP is used. 1925:HTTP data exchange 1599:HTTP Working Group 1597:In 2007, the IETF 1302: 1170:(URLs), using the 1010:Technical overview 916:documents include 35: 8913:Network protocols 8880: 8879: 8799: 8798: 8776:Browser extension 8751: 8750: 8471: 8470: 8407:Phusion Passenger 8131: 8130: 8094:irc / irc6 / ircs 7900: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7806:Facebook Platform 7693: 7692:(no W3C standard) 7685: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7629: 7593:Web Science Trust 7513:Description logic 7472:Semantic reasoner 7462:Semantic matching 7390:Semantic networks 7317: 7316: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7285: 6973:Internet Explorer 6765: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6377: 5683:. sec. 6.3. 5646:. sec. 9.1. 5468:. sec. 2.1. 5344:"http URI Scheme" 5285:groups.google.com 4828:RFC 9113, HTTP/2) 4773:. sec. 9.3. 4736:. sec. 9.1. 4657:. sec. 3.3. 4417:Benjamin, David. 3931: 3930: 3622:Similar protocols 3295:gzip, deflate, br 3121:") and a textual 3013:response messages 2963:Cacheable methods 2847: 2846: 1735:HTTP/1.1: Caching 1646:was published as 1554:In January 1997, 1474: 1473: 1130:application layer 898:application layer 887: 886: 538:Application layer 525: 524: 254: 253: 47:21 September 2024 16:(Redirected from 8925: 8845:Web API security 8767:Remote scripting 8737:Web SQL Database 8553: 8482: 8178: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8135: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7904: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7625: 7606: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7321: 6782: 6771: 6497:Samsung Internet 6399: 6388: 6233: 6212: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6174: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6125: 6120: 6119: 6117:Official website 6102: 6101: 6092: 6090:10.17487/RFC5988 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5908: 5899: 5898: 5889: 5887:10.17487/RFC5789 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5830: 5828:10.17487/RFC9110 5809: 5803: 5802: 5793: 5791:10.17487/RFC9110 5772: 5766: 5765: 5756: 5754:10.17487/RFC9110 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5692: 5690:10.17487/RFC9110 5671: 5665: 5664: 5655: 5653:10.17487/RFC9110 5634: 5625: 5624: 5615: 5613:10.17487/RFC9112 5594: 5588: 5587: 5578: 5576:10.17487/RFC2616 5557: 5551: 5550: 5541: 5539:10.17487/RFC1945 5519: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5499:. Archived from 5493: 5487: 5486: 5477: 5475:10.17487/RFC9112 5460:"Message format" 5456: 5447: 5446: 5435:10.1002/dac.3857 5414: 5408: 5407: 5398: 5396:10.17487/RFC9110 5377: 5371: 5370: 5361: 5359:10.17487/RFC9110 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5318: 5316:10.17487/RFC9114 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5260: 5258:10.17487/RFC7230 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5153:dev.chromium.org 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5119: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5046:. Archived from 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4840: 4838:10.17487/RFC7540 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4782: 4780:10.17487/RFC9112 4761: 4755: 4754: 4745: 4743:10.17487/RFC9112 4724: 4713: 4712: 4703: 4701:10.17487/RFC1945 4682: 4676: 4675: 4666: 4664:10.17487/RFC9110 4645: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4620:"HTTP/3 is Fast" 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4474: 4472:10.17487/RFC9114 4457: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4432: 4430:10.17487/RFC8740 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4395:. Archived from 4388: 4382: 4381: 4372: 4370:10.17487/RFC7301 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4258: 4252: 4218: 4212: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4146: 4133: 4132: 4123: 4121:10.17487/RFC9110 4105: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4024: 3966:HTTP compression 3923: 3916: 3909: 3676: 3662: 3642:, superseded by 3614:, and using the 3597: 3586: 3585:"Content-Length" 3582: 3578: 3563: 3555: 3547: 3546:"Content-Length" 3539: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3324: 3323:"Host: hostname" 3312: 3311:"Host: hostname" 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3080: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 2561: 2440: 2314: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2269:/images/logo.png 2267: 2238:request messages 2183:web applications 2092: 1939:well-known ports 1372:Year introduced 1366: 1332:and his team at 1242:to use a single 1184:. As defined in 1174:(URI's) schemes 1100:upstream servers 1018:protocol in the 1016:request–response 900:protocol in the 879: 872: 865: 527: 517: 510: 503: 270: 256: 250: 249: 236: 234: 229: 74: 67: 21: 8933: 8932: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8850:Web application 8795: 8747: 8715: 8692: 8619: 8542: 8467: 8411: 8338: 8317:JavaScript JSGI 8297:ASP.NET Handler 8280:Jakarta Servlet 8246: 8167: 8162: 8132: 8127: 8118: 8057: 7936: 7931: 7901: 7892: 7851: 7810: 7764: 7718: 7597: 7588:Web engineering 7558:Digital library 7496: 7477:Semantic search 7457:Semantic mapper 7447:Semantic broker 7430: 7399: 7353: 7348: 7318: 7313: 7282: 7208:IBM WebExplorer 7121: 7017: 6958: 6834: 6776: 6757: 6706: 6662: 6628: 6546: 6393: 6374: 6324: 6257: 6227: 6206: 6201: 6170: 6160: 6158: 6153: 6144: 6142: 6137: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5956: 5954: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5925: 5910: 5909: 5902: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5859: 5857: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5675:"Header Fields" 5673: 5672: 5668: 5636: 5635: 5628: 5606:. sec. 3. 5596: 5595: 5591: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5328: 5326: 5309:. 6 June 2022. 5303: 5302: 5298: 5289: 5287: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5227: 5225: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5201: 5199: 5198:. IETF; HTTP WG 5193: 5192: 5188: 5179: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5158: 5156: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5133: 5131: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5104: 5102: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5078: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5053: 5051: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5005: 5004: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4982:"HTTP WG Plans" 4980:Raggett, Dave. 4979: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4934:Raggett, Dave. 4933: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4866: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4831:. sec. 2. 4821: 4820: 4816: 4807: 4805: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4726: 4725: 4716: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4647: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4626: 4624:Request Metrics 4618: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4583: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4532: 4530: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4508: 4506: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4484: 4482: 4465:. 6 June 2022. 4459: 4458: 4454: 4442: 4440: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4402: 4400: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4342: 4340: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4318: 4316: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4219: 4215: 4202: 4198: 4189: 4187: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4160: 4158: 4148: 4147: 4136: 4107: 4106: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4025: 4021: 4016: 3927: 3800:X-Forwarded-For 3708:Request methods 3660: 3651:Gemini protocol 3629:Gopher protocol 3624: 3604: 3591: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3568:will close the 3561: 3553: 3545: 3537: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3464:An Example Page 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3345:Server response 3335:virtual hosting 3322: 3315:carriage return 3310: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3289:Accept-Encoding 3288: 3285: 3282: 3280:Accept-Language 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3259:www.example.com 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3226:www.example.com 3222: 3210: 3204: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3158:(informational) 3155: 3107: 3101: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3033:carriage return 3011:A server sends 3009: 3007:Response syntax 3001: 2992: 2986: 2971: 2965: 2928: 2922: 2870:or charging an 2852: 2564:Request method 2465:online shopping 2438: 2412:Web application 2332: 2330:Request methods 2312: 2297: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2254:carriage return 2236:A client sends 2234: 2226: 2172: 2160: 2132: 2090: 2069: 2022:HTTP pipelining 1982: 1976: 1959: 1927: 1825: 1802: 1756: 1660: 1633: 1607: 1595: 1579: 1549:virtual hosting 1544: 1524: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1375:Current status 1364: 1330:Tim Berners-Lee 1326:As We May Think 1312:in 1965 in the 1299:Tim Berners-Lee 1292: 1138:transport layer 1108:private network 1012: 972:(TLS) using an 951:(IETF) and the 933:Tim Berners-Lee 883: 703:Transport layer 521: 394:X-Forwarded-For 302:Request methods 245: 244: 232: 230: 227: 199: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8931: 8929: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8885: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8813: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8739:(formerly W3C) 8734: 8729: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8702: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8629: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8615:XMLHttpRequest 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8561: 8559: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8513: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8490: 8488: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8465: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8429: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8348: 8346: 8344:Apache modules 8340: 8339: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8186: 8184: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8165:Web interfaces 8163: 8161: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8138: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7907: 7898: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7618: 7612: 7610: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7504: 7502: 7501:Related topics 7498: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7395:World Wide Web 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7324: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6969: 6967: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6557: 6555: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6469: 6467:Microsoft Edge 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6343: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6267: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6168: 6167: 6151: 6135: 6126: 6110: 6109:External links 6107: 6104: 6103: 6069: 6048: 6027: 6005: 5998: 5980: 5963: 5933: 5924:978-0596519728 5923: 5900: 5866: 5841: 5804: 5767: 5730: 5703: 5666: 5626: 5598:"Request Line" 5589: 5552: 5514: 5488: 5448: 5409: 5372: 5335: 5296: 5271: 5234: 5208: 5186: 5165: 5140: 5111: 5085: 5060: 5031: 5018: 4995: 4972: 4949: 4926: 4900: 4875: 4864:LivingInternet 4851: 4814: 4793: 4756: 4714: 4677: 4635: 4611: 4590: 4565: 4539: 4515: 4491: 4452: 4409: 4383: 4349: 4325: 4301: 4277: 4253: 4213: 4196: 4167: 4134: 4111:HTTP Semantics 4092: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4052: 4042: 4032: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3993:Variant object 3990: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3943: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3812: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3769: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3668: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3647: 3632: 3623: 3620: 3603: 3600: 3540:specifies the 3538:"Content-Type" 3384:Content-Length 3349: 3346: 3343: 3317:followed by a 3286:en-GB,en;q=0.5 3236: 3233: 3232:Client request 3230: 3221: 3218: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3194:(server error) 3189: 3186: 3185:(client error) 3180: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3146:reason phrases 3130:reason phrases 3100: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3077: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3043: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2985: 2982: 2964: 2961: 2921: 2918: 2895:search engines 2851: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2551: 2550: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2457:Internet forum 2449: 2443: 2442: 2439:Content-Length 2426: 2420: 2419: 2388: 2374:specified the 2360:non-idempotent 2331: 2328: 2315:are optional. 2313:Host: hostname 2309: 2308: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2233: 2232:Request syntax 2230: 2225: 2222: 2206:authentication 2171: 2168: 2159: 2156: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2122:HTTP/2, HTTP/3 2119: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2087: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2065: 1978:Main article: 1975: 1972: 1958: 1955: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1908: 1895: 1881: 1868: 1855: 1842: 1840:HTTP Semantics 1824: 1821: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1787: 1784: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1737: 1724: 1711: 1698: 1685: 1659: 1656: 1632: 1629: 1606: 1603: 1594: 1591: 1578: 1575: 1565:In June 1999, 1543: 1540: 1523: 1520: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1486:HTTP/1.0-draft 1484: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1350:World Wide Web 1342:user interface 1314:Xanadu Project 1308:was coined by 1291: 1288: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1251: 1240: 1164:HTTP resources 1081:voice browsers 1011: 1008: 910:World Wide Web 885: 884: 882: 881: 874: 867: 859: 856: 855: 854: 853: 846: 841: 836: 831: 823: 822: 816: 815: 814: 813: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 776: 775: 774: 769: 756: 755: 753:Internet layer 749: 748: 747: 746: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 706: 705: 699: 698: 697: 696: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 569: 564: 559: 549: 541: 540: 534: 533: 523: 522: 520: 519: 512: 505: 497: 494: 493: 492: 491: 486: 481: 476: 468: 467: 463: 462: 461: 460: 455: 447: 446: 442: 441: 440: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 406: 405: 399: 398: 397: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 363: 362: 356: 355: 354: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 305: 304: 298: 297: 296: 295: 290: 285: 280: 272: 271: 263: 262: 252: 251: 242: 238: 237: 224: 220: 219: 205: 201: 200: 198: 197: 187: 175: 165: 155: 145: 135: 123: 113: 103: 102:HTTP Semantics 93: 82: 80: 76: 75: 58: 56: 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8930: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8873: 8872:Web framework 8870: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8833:Web standards 8831: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8811:Microservices 8809: 8808: 8806: 8802: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8695: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8600:Web messaging 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8545: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8154: 8152: 8147: 8145: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8126: 8125:Protocol list 8121: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7916: 7914: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7714:Semantic HTML 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7487:Semantic wiki 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7333: 7331: 7326: 7325: 7322: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7067:Nokia Symbian 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6919:PirateBrowser 6917: 6915: 6914:Mozilla suite 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6768: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6412:Google Chrome 6410: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6385: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6263:Web standards 6260: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6193: 6191: 6186: 6184: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6156: 6152: 6140: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6118: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6099: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6073: 6070: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6016: 6009: 6006: 6001: 5999:9781580531764 5995: 5991: 5984: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5967: 5964: 5953:on 2017-08-19 5952: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5870: 5867: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5842: 5837: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5800: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5763: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5704: 5699: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5548: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5518: 5515: 5503:on 2021-06-02 5502: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5484: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5410: 5405: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5368: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5325: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5297: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5272: 5267: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5235: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5209: 5197: 5190: 5187: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5086: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5050:on 1998-02-04 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5021: 5019:9781565925090 5015: 5011: 5010: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4983: 4976: 4973: 4960: 4953: 4950: 4937: 4930: 4927: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4901: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4876: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4481: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4413: 4410: 4399:on 2013-07-15 4398: 4394: 4387: 4384: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4353: 4350: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4043: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3838:404 Not Found 3836: 3834: 3833:403 Forbidden 3831: 3829: 3828:303 See Other 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3766:Header fields 3763: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3551: 3543: 3535: 3420:Accept-Ranges 3393:Last-Modified 3344: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3209: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3176:(redirection) 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3142:reason phrase 3139: 3138:reason phrase 3135: 3134:web developer 3131: 3128:The standard 3126: 3124: 3123:reason phrase 3120: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3065:zero or more 3064: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3006: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2970: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2596: 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2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1981: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967:session layer 1964: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1642:In May 2015, 1640: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1526:In May 1996, 1521: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1509:header fields 1506: 1502: 1494: 1492: 1485: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 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