1368:
1449:. However, this 1980s technical argument assumes omni-directional beacons, which may not be the best way to proceed on many technical grounds. Advances in consumer electronics have made possible transmitters that simultaneously transmit many narrow beams, covering the million or so nearest stars but not the spaces between. This multibeam approach can reduce the power and cost to levels that are reasonable with early 21st century Earth technology.
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would it be reasonable, for SETI success, to transmit with the object of attracting ETI's attention? In contrast to Active SETI, METI pursues not a local, but a more global purpose – to overcome the Great
Silence in the Universe, bringing to our extraterrestrial neighbors the long-expected annunciation “You are not alone!”
1396:, the San Marino Scale evaluates the significance of transmissions from Earth as a function of signal intensity and information content. Its adoption suggests that not all such transmissions are created equal, thus each must be evaluated separately before establishing a blanket international policy regarding Active SETI.
192:
issue of the extraction of the received information and comprehension of the obtained message will arise. Therefore, above all, the constructor of an IRM should be concerned about the ease of signal determination. In other words, the signal should have maximum openness, which is understood here as an antonym of the term
1452:
Once civilizations have discovered each other's locations, the energy requirements for maintaining contact and exchanging information can be significantly reduced through the use of highly directional transmission technologies. To this end, a 2018 study estimated a 1-2 megawatt infrared laser focused
1300:
Whether or not to conduct Active SETI, as well as the tone of any message, is a highly controversial topic. Active SETI has primarily been criticized due to the perceived risk of revealing the location of the Earth to alien civilizations, without some process of prior international consultation. That
249:
transmission was far from being optimal (from a terrestrial viewpoint) as it was essentially a monochromatic signal spiced with supplementary information. Additionally, the message had a very small modulation index overall, a condition not viewed as being optimal for interstellar communication. Over
1363:
also disagrees with
Hawking, arguing that aliens developed and long-lived enough to communicate and travel across interstellar distances would have evolved a cooperative and less violent intelligence. She however thinks it is too soon for humans to attempt active SETI and that humans should be more
178:
In the paper
Rationale for METI, transmission of the information into the Cosmos is treated as one of the pressing needs of an advanced civilization. This view is not universally accepted, and it is not agreed with by those who are against the transmission of interstellar radio messages, but at the
1331:
suggests that "alerting" extraterrestrial intelligences to our existence is foolhardy, citing humankind's history of treating its own kind harshly in meetings of civilizations with a significant technology gap, e.g., the extermination of
Tasmanian aborigines. He suggested, in view of this history,
191:
is a challenge for METI. While trying to synthesize and project an
Interstellar Radio Message (IRM), the receiving extraterrestrials (ETs) will first encounter a physical phenomenon and, only after that, perceive the information. Initially, a receiving system will detect the radio signal; then the
220:
In METI research, any message must have some redundancy, although the exact amount of redundancy and message formats are still in great dispute. Using ideograms, instead of binary sequence, already offers some improvement against noise resistance. In faxlike transmissions, ideograms are spread on
90:
deals with searching for messages from aliens. METI deals with the creation and transmission of messages to aliens. Thus, SETI and METI proponents have quite different perspectives. SETI scientists are in a position to address only the local question “does Active SETI make sense?” In other words,
169:
program was announced. This was an open competition to design a digital message that could be transmitted from Earth to an extraterrestrial civilization, with a US$ 1,000,000 prize pool. The message was to be "representative of humanity and planet Earth". The program pledged "not to transmit any
1399:
In 2012, Jacob Haqq-Misra, Michael Busch, Sanjoy Som, and Seth Baum argued that while the benefits of radio communication on Earth likely outweigh the potential harms of detection by extraterrestrial watchers, the uncertainty regarding the outcome of contact with extraterrestrial beings creates
211:
In addition, characteristics of the radio signal, such as wavelength, type of polarization, and modulation are considered. Over galactic distances, the interstellar medium induces some scintillation effects and artificial modulation of electromagnetic signals. This modulation is higher at lower
203:
project to transmit crowdsourced messages to extraterrestrial intelligence. Busch developed the coding scheme and provided Rachel M. Reddick with a test message, in a blind test of decryption. Reddick decoded the entire message after approximately twelve hours of work. This was followed by an
1351:
has argued against these concerns. Zaitsev argues that we should consider the risks of not attempting to contact extraterrestrial civilizations, since the knowledge and wisdom an ETI could impart to us would save us from humanity's self-destructive tendencies. Similarly, in a March 2015 essay
1316:
also urged for an extensive international consultation before any METI activities and has debunked key rationalizations for active SETI (METI), such as the "barn door" argument (unintentional "leaked signals" were millions-fold weaker than intentional METI signals), ignoring/dismissing the
119:, addressed concerns about the validity of Active SETI alone as an experimental science by proposing the integration of Active SETI and Passive SETI programs to engage in a clearly articulated, ongoing, and evolving set of experiments to test various versions of the
1321:(that requires taking extreme precaution e.g. handling extraterrestrial samples even without any known example of risks), and treating METI as being prayer-like which disregards the issue of informed consent from other people. Notable among METI's critics was
103:
SETI study group. The editor said, "It is not obvious that all extraterrestrial civilizations will be benign, or that contact with even a benign one would not have serious repercussions". In the same year, astronomer and science fiction author
2272:
236:
Error correction tolerance rates for previous METI messages are 9% (one page) for the 1974 Arecibo
Message, 44% (23 separate pages) for the 1999 Evpatoria Message, and 46% (one page, estimated) for the 2003 Evpatoria Message.
1383:
To lend a quantitative basis to discussions of the risks of transmitting deliberate messages from Earth, the SETI Permanent Study Group of the
International Academy of Astronautics adopted in 2007 a new analytical tool, the
224:
One format approach proposed for interstellar messages was to use the product of two prime numbers to construct an image. Unfortunately, this method works only if all the bits are present. As an example, the message sent by
1312:, communicative burden, consensus, messaging content, proscriptions on premature messaging, responsibility, and shared values, with concerns that even if successful, humanity could be reduced to a cargo cult.
1411:
proposed transmitting an invitation message to any extraterrestrial intelligences watching us already and inviting them to respond, arguing this would not put us in any more danger than we are already if the
1426:, argues that passive SETI itself is already an endorsement of active SETI, since "If we detect a signal from aliens through a SETI program, there's no way to prevent a cacophony of responses from Earth."
208:
hailing message to communicate in a way that, while neither mathematical nor strictly logical, was nonetheless understandable given the prior definition of terms and concepts in the hailing message.
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argued that humanity needs to determine whether it would be safe or wise to attempt to communicate with extraterrestrials and work on ways to handle such attempts in an organized manner.
276:, approximately 24,000 light-years away. The first interstellar message to reach its destination was the Altair (Morimoto - Hirabayashi) Message, which likely reached its target in 1999.
2264:
254:
modulation scheme was used, most of the time the signal was on the “0” frequency. In addition, “0” tended to be sent in long stretches, which appeared as white lines in the message.
58:) is the attempt to send messages to intelligent extraterrestrial life. Active SETI messages are predominantly sent in the form of radio signals. Physical messages like that of the
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considered the risk and ended by stressing that any danger was hypothetical and that humanity would better off risk contact than "endlessly tremble at the sight of the stars".
143:
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frequencies and is a function of the sky direction. Over large distances, the depth of the modulation can exceed 100%, making any METI signal very difficult to decode.
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However, some scientists consider these fears about the dangers of METI as panic and irrational superstition; Russian and Soviet radio engineer and astronomer
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is, Active SETI does not meet the criteria for informed consent in a mass experiment involving human subjects and, potentially, nonhuman sentient subjects.
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message until there has been a wide-ranging debate at high levels of science and politics on the risks and rewards of contacting advanced civilizations".
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521:
502:
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1587:
Expanding Human
Presence Beyond the Solar System Through Active SETI : on the Prerequisites for Legal Relations with Extraterrestrial Intelligence
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1258:
334:
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4182:
2909:"The "Barn Door" Argument, The Precautionary Principle, and METI as "Prayer" – an Appraisal of the Top Three Rationalizations for "Active SETI""
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100:
4035:
4020:
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3570:
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3482:
3167:"A world leading scientist on the search for extraterrestrials pointed out a flaw in Stephen Hawking's fear of finding intelligent aliens"
78:'Active SETI' was a term as early as 2005, though some decades after the term SETI. The term METI was coined in 2006 by Russian scientist
221:
many lines. This increases its resistance against short bursts of noise like radio frequency interference or interstellar scintillation.
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in 1974 did not have any feature to support mechanisms to cope with the inevitable noise degradation of the interstellar medium.
2213:
3166:
1881:"Regarding Messaging To Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI) / Active Searches For Extraterrestrial Intelligence (Active SETI)"
1920:
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4977:
4704:
4167:
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1341:
2329:
1824:
3010:
2326:Пленарный доклад на Всероссийской астрономической конференции ВАК-2004 "Горизонты Вселенной", Москва, МГУ, 7 июня 2004 года
1744:
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1408:
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79:
5003:
162:, advocating that a "worldwide scientific, political and humanitarian discussion must occur before any message is sent".
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3990:
2408:
Word MIR (it signifies both "peace" and "world" in
Russian) was transmitted from the EPR on 19 November 1962, and words
2227:
3143:
4478:
4202:
1645:
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the 370,967 bits (46,371 bytes) sent, some 314,239 were “1” and 56,768 were “0”—5.54 times as many 1's as 0's. Since
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4270:
4192:
807:
3303:
Haqq-Misra, J.; Busch, M. W.; Som, S. M.; Baum, S. D. (2013). "The benefits and harm of transmitting into space".
2416:) – on 24 November 1962, respectively were sent to the direction near the star HD131336 in the Libra constellation
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expressed similar concerns. In 2013 Brin amended his initial article based on the recent developments in METI.
3226:
2555:"Costs and difficulties of interstellar 'Messaging' and the need for international debate on potential risks"
1554:
123:, including specific dates at which a first response to messages sent to particular stars could be expected.
4005:
2428:
1327:
1318:
1287:
346:
Below is a table of messages sent and target/destination stars, ordered chronologically by date of sending:
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188:
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4367:
4246:
4050:
3975:
3513:
2265:"You Never Get a Seventh Chance to Make a First Impression: An Awkward History of Our Space Transmissions"
1211:
1205:
1181:
1175:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1106:
1080:
902:
864:
858:
834:
714:
708:
678:
643:
622:
616:
597:
570:
540:
534:
417:
268:
The below projects have targeted stars between 17 and 69 light-years from the Earth. The exception is the
251:
154:
was a good idea. That same week, a statement was released, signed by many in the SETI community including
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4865:
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4392:
4285:
4120:
4055:
3748:
3712:
3607:
3403:"Scientists Have Sent Messages to Advanced Alien Civilizations – And Are Hoping for a Reply in 25 Years"
2484:
2174:
2006:
1956:
1442:
1062:
1019:
967:
840:
786:
760:
734:
488:
443:
436:
147:
3589:
3496:
Scheffer, L. K. (2005). "A scheme for a high-power, low-cost transmitter for deep space applications".
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3104:
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2724:
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2119:
1994:
1790:
1687:
1348:
984:
280:
273:
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199:
To this end, in 2010, Michael W. Busch created a general-purpose binary language, later used in the
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1038:
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926:
801:
230:
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2056:
1780:"Integrating Active and Passive SETI Programs: Prerequisites for Multigenerational Research"
1695:
1514:
1385:
1372:
1265:
897:
673:
666:
298:
3032:
Zaitsev, Alexander L. (September 2008). "Sending and searching for interstellar messages".
1375:. These messages usually contain information about the location of the solar system in the
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de
Magalhaes, J. P. (2015). "A direct communication proposal to test the Zoo Hypothesis".
2019:
1969:
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In the context of potentially detected extraterrestrial activity on Earth, physicist
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3705:
3535:
3281:
3087:"Detection Probability of Terrestrial Radio Signals by a Hostile Super-civilization"
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3063:
1725:
1400:
difficulty in assessing whether or not to engage in long-term and large-scale METI.
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2736:
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2321:
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1305:
1101:
703:
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same time are not against SETI searching. Such duality is called the SETI Paradox.
135:
3652:
Zaitsev, Alexander L. (2011). "METI: Messaging to ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence".
3584:
2971:
2924:
2822:
2775:
2681:
2634:
1816:
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through a 30-45 meter telescope could be seen from about 20,000 light years away.
146:
discussed Active SETI, and whether transmitting a message to possible intelligent
37:
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3626:
4953:
4875:
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3432:"Perspective | Contacting aliens could end all life on earth. Let's stop trying"
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17:
5012:
3551:"Magnified laser from Earth could attract alien attention, MIT researcher says"
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1313:
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1008:
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908:
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105:
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3258:"The San Marino Scale: A new analytical tool for assessing transmission risk"
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2932:
2885:
2830:
2783:
2744:
2689:
2642:
2539:
2070:
2035:"Mutual Detectability: A Targeted SETI Strategy That Avoids the SETI Paradox"
1709:
1595:
1441:
One proposal for a 10 billion watt interstellar SETI beacon was dismissed by
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4387:
4382:
4197:
4172:
3879:
3684:
Zaitsev, Alexander (2012). "Classification of interstellar radio messages".
3621:
3135:
1482:
1445:
as being infeasible for a pre-Type I civilization, such as humanity, on the
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1117:
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in an editorial in October 2006, which commented on a recent meeting of the
62:
may also be considered an active SETI message. Active SETI is also known as
2152:
1717:
3678:
3631:
2221:"Lone Signal & Jamesburg Earth Station Technologies - Technical Setup"
1479: – Public conventions on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence
4814:
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4147:
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1989:
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1308:. Issues include whether to send belligerent versus defensive messages,
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409:
151:
1700:
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5036:
3370:
2956:"Hawking's fear of an alien invasion may explain the Fermi Paradox"
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2051:
1623:
Zaitsev, A. (2006). "Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence".
1371:
Example of a high-resolution pictorial message to potential eti at
1364:
advanced technologically first but keep listening in the meantime.
3317:
3234:
3099:
3046:
2206:"Extending the syntax used by the Lone Signal Active SETI project"
2114:
1947:
1366:
480:
82:, who proposed a subtle distinction between Active SETI and METI:
36:
3922:
3231:
International Academy of Astronautics – SETI Permanent Committee
3201:
International Academy of Astronautics – SETI Permanent Committee
87:
4700:
3721:
2807:"The Imperative to Develop an Ethically-Informed METI Analysis"
2619:"The Imperative to Develop an Ethically-Informed METI Analysis"
2092:
2090:
2088:
196:. This branch of signal synthesis is termed anticryptography.
42:
2182:
3604:
2760:"Should We Call E.T.? An Ethical-Political Analysis of METI"
3616:
1941:
Zaitsev, Alexander L. (2011-05-02). "Rationale for METI".
4918:
Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication
2296:"Humanity Responds to 'Alien' Wow Signal, 35 Years Later"
1817:"Should We Call the Cosmos Seeking ET? Or Is That Risky?"
27:
Attempt to send messages to intelligent extraterrestrials
3134:
Alexander Zaitsev; Charles M. Chafer; Richard Braastad.
1848:"Scientists in US are urged to seek contact with aliens"
1332:
that we "lay low". Scientist and science fiction author
2328:(in Russian). Институт радиотехники и электроники РАН.
2106:
Proceedings of the Astrobiology Science Conference 2010
1787:
Proceedings of the Astrobiology Science Conference 2010
1472:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2578:"Reviewing METI: A critical analysis of the arguments"
2516:"Sending Signals Into Space: Is it Really a Bad Idea?"
5001:
4661:
Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact
3204:
2246:"Earth Set to Receive Alien Reply, Invasion in 2015?"
1983:
Zaitsev, Alexander (2006-11-29). "The SETI Paradox".
2758:
Wilson, Elspeth M.; Cleland, Carol E. (2019-07-03).
95:
Concern over METI was raised by the science journal
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3755:
1304:Active SETI is discussed in terms of the ethics of
144:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2322:"Передача и поиски разумных сигналов во Вселенной"
4041:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
4031:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
2805:Haramia, Chelsea; DeMarines, Julia (2019-01-02).
2617:Haramia, Chelsea; DeMarines, Julia (2019-01-02).
4764:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
4328:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
2666:"Active SETI and the Problem of Research Ethics"
1463:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
56:Active Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence
2713:"We Come in Peace? A Rational Approach to METI"
84:
3679:The Pros and Cons of METI from Centauri Dreams
3656:. The Frontiers Collection. pp. 399–428.
1545:
1543:
1468:METI (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence)
32:METI (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence)
4712:
3733:
3467:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
3463:"Interstellar Probes: A new approach to SETI"
2582:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
2559:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
2520:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
8:
1608:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4636:History of the extraterrestrial life debate
4333:Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal
3654:Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
2854:"Cargo Cults and the Ethics of Active SETI"
2459:"Sónar Calling GJ273b - About this project"
2145:"Message Encoding – But, Can They Read It?"
1646:"Greetings, E.T. (Please Don't Murder Us.)"
1470: – Organization conducting active SETI
68:Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence
4719:
4705:
4697:
3951:Planetary habitability in the Solar System
3818:
3740:
3726:
3718:
3256:Almár, Iván; Paul Shuch, H. (2007-01-01).
1344:highlights the potential dangers of METI.
348:
126:On 13 February 2015, scientists including
3517:
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3316:
3098:
3045:
2593:
2113:
2060:
2050:
1988:
1946:
1699:
1628:
1259:A Simple Response to an Elemental Message
335:A Simple Response to an Elemental Message
204:attempt to extend the syntax used in the
5106:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
4769:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
4378:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
4046:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
1555:"Should We Keep a Low Profile in Space?"
5008:
4183:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
3637:Error Correction Schemes In Active SETI
2485:"Alien e-mail reply to arrive in 2015?"
1498:
1336:expressed similar concerns. Similarly,
2412:and SSSR (the Russian acronym for the
2015:
2004:
1965:
1954:
1601:
4084:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
3177:from the original on 21 February 2018
3146:from the original on 21 February 2017
2097:Busch, M. W.; Reddick, R. M. (2010).
1893:from the original on 14 February 2015
1860:from the original on 13 February 2015
1827:from the original on 14 February 2015
1815:Borenstein, Seth (13 February 2015).
1767:Shouting At the Cosmos, 2013 addendum
101:International Academy of Astronautics
7:
4036:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
4021:Habitability of neutron star systems
3781:Viking lander biological experiments
3115:from the original on 18 January 2017
2216:from the original on 13 August 2013.
4785:List of interstellar radio messages
4011:Habitability of binary star systems
3986:Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems
2263:Valentine, Genevieve (March 2011).
264:List of interstellar radio messages
4646:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
4489:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
4016:Habitability of natural satellites
3632:Should We Shout Into the Darkness?
2553:Billingham, J; Benford, J (2016).
2352:"interstellar radio message (IRM)"
1886:University of California, Berkeley
1846:Ghosh, Pallab (12 February 2015).
1747:from the original on March 7, 2017
1565:from the original on 28 March 2015
25:
4026:Habitability of red dwarf systems
3549:Picon, Andres (8 November 2018).
3442:from the original on 14 June 2021
3013:from the original on 7 March 2017
2954:A. Vakoch, Douglas (2017-04-03).
2852:Traphagan, John W. (2018-11-01).
2664:Traphagan, John W. (2019-01-02).
2495:from the original on 1 April 2017
2406:from the original on 2009-06-12.
2374:"Is anybody listening out there?"
1656:from the original on 28 June 2017
5083:
5071:
5059:
5047:
5035:
5023:
5011:
4984:
4973:
4972:
4178:Life Investigation For Enceladus
3485:from the original on 2016-04-14.
2362:from the original on 2008-01-11.
2275:from the original on 24 May 2016
2133:from the original on 2013-10-02.
1804:from the original on 2014-08-09.
1644:Johnson, Steven (28 June 2017).
3706:10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.05.026
3413:from the original on 2017-11-17
3282:10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.04.012
3064:10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.05.014
2332:from the original on 2012-02-10
1923:from the original on 2023-01-16
1917:www.breakthroughinitiatives.org
1519:10.7551/mitpress/11229.003.0003
1403:In 2015, in the context of the
4168:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
3380:10.1016/j.spacepol.2016.06.001
3335:10.1016/j.spacepol.2012.11.006
3001:David Brin (September 2006) .
2878:10.1016/j.spacepol.2018.04.001
2737:10.1016/j.spacepol.2021.101430
2711:Santana, Carlos (2021-08-01).
2099:"Testing SETI Messages Design"
1:
4301:Berkeley SETI Research Center
4001:Extraterrestrial liquid water
3401:Hannah Osborne (2017-11-16).
3085:Alexander L. Zaitsev (2008).
2972:10.1080/14746700.2017.1299380
2925:10.1080/14746700.2018.1557391
2823:10.1080/14746700.2019.1557800
2776:10.1080/14746700.2019.1632551
2682:10.1080/14746700.2019.1557806
2635:10.1080/14746700.2019.1557800
2033:Kerins, Eamonn (2020-12-22).
156:Berkeley SETI Research Center
41:A representation of the 1679-
4621:Extraterrestrials in fiction
4494:Interplanetary contamination
3991:Circumstellar habitable zone
3875:(unusual light fluctuations)
3867:(unusual light fluctuations)
3859:(unusual light fluctuations)
3662:10.1007/978-3-642-13196-7_21
3590:Resources in other libraries
3091:Journal of Radio Electronics
1879:Various (13 February 2015).
1584:A., Vakoch, Douglas (2005).
1263:
1228:
1198:
1168:
1136:
1115:
1099:
1070:
1049:
1036:
1006:
989:
954:
919:
895:
875:
851:
830:
797:
777:
751:
725:
701:
671:
639:
609:
593:
563:
527:
508:
478:
459:
434:
407:
378:
142:at an annual meeting of the
4728:Interstellar communications
4479:Extraterrestrial hypothesis
3600:Interstellar Radio Messages
2244:Diaz, Jesus (14 May 2008).
1325:. Hawking, who in his book
187:The lack of an established
5132:
4193:Mars sample-return mission
2907:Brin, David (2019-01-02).
2514:Shostak, S. (2014-01-01).
1913:"Breakthrough Initiatives"
1511:Extraterrestrial Languages
261:
183:Radio message construction
29:
4967:
3946:Earliest known life forms
3585:Resources in your library
1739:Brin, David (June 2006).
1225:JAXA Space Camp (UDSC-2)
1195:JAXA Space Camp (UDSC-1)
1093:
1084:
1079:
1032:
1023:
1018:
966:
960:
955:
823:
811:
764:
688:
665:
580:
575:
556:
4747:Breakthrough Initiatives
4311:Breakthrough Initiatives
3136:"Making a Case for METI"
3003:"Shouting at the Cosmos"
2294:Staff (17 August 2012).
2062:10.3847/1538-3881/abcc5f
2039:The Astronomical Journal
1741:"Shouting at the Cosmos"
30:Not to be confused with
4415:extraterrestrial beings
4006:Galactic habitable zone
3461:Freitas, R. A. (1980).
2210:Lone Signal Active SETI
1743:. Lifeboat Foundation.
1513:, The MIT Press, 2019,
1409:João Pedro de Magalhães
1328:A Brief History of Time
1319:precautionary principle
1296:Theological Controversy
189:communications protocol
4563:Planetarium hypothesis
4553:Hart–Tipler conjecture
4538:Dark forest hypothesis
4528:Aestivation hypothesis
4247:Venus In Situ Explorer
4051:Planetary habitability
3840:(misidentified quasar)
3832:(misidentified pulsar)
3647:Encounter 2001 Message
3642:The Evpatoria Messages
3627:Self-Decoding Messages
3622:Making a Case for METI
3227:"The San Marino Scale"
2465:. Sónar Music Festival
2014:Cite journal requires
1964:Cite journal requires
1778:Vakoch, D. A. (2010).
1676:"Ambassador for Earth"
1380:
1342:The Three Body Problem
431:CALL to the COSMOS'83
252:frequency-shift keying
93:
48:
5116:Technology in society
5111:Interstellar messages
4939:Extraterrestrial life
4866:Sebastian von Hoerner
4835:Voyager Golden Record
4666:Post-detection policy
4568:Rare Earth hypothesis
4393:Voyager Golden Record
4286:Allen Telescope Array
4121:Enceladus Life Finder
4056:Superhabitable planet
3749:Extraterrestrial life
1443:Robert A. Freitas Jr.
1388:. Developed by Prof.
1370:
1340:'s trilogy of novels
86:The science known as
40:
4790:A Message from Earth
4757:Breakthrough Message
4656:Planetary protection
4543:Firstborn hypothesis
4533:Berserker hypothesis
4504:Mediocrity principle
4321:Breakthrough Message
3939:Life in the Universe
3528:10.1029/2005RS003243
2960:Theology and Science
2913:Theology and Science
2811:Theology and Science
2764:Theology and Science
2670:Theology and Science
2623:Theology and Science
2463:Sónar Calling GJ273b
1349:Alexander L. Zaitsev
1288:Sónar Calling GJ273b
985:A Message From Earth
274:globular cluster M13
167:Breakthrough Message
4886:Linda Salzman Sagan
4795:Across the Universe
4752:Breakthrough Listen
4469:Directed panspermia
4448:Reptilian humanoids
4316:Breakthrough Listen
4296:Arecibo Observatory
4242:Titan Mare Explorer
3815:Signals of interest
3775:Murchison meteorite
3763:Shergotty meteorite
3698:2012AcAau..78...16Z
3510:2005RaSc...40.5012S
3479:1980JBIS...33...95F
3327:2013SpPol..29...40H
3274:2007AcAau..60...57A
3109:2008arXiv0804.2754Z
3056:2008AcAau..63..614Z
3007:Lifeboat Foundation
2870:2018SpPol..46...18T
2729:2021SpPol..5701430S
2604:2016JBIS...69...31G
2532:2014JBIS...67...27S
2269:Lightspeed Magazine
2124:2010LPICo1538.5070B
1999:2006physics..11283Z
1795:2010LPICo1538.5213V
1692:2006Natur.443..606.
1686:(7112): 606. 2006.
1507:"From CETI to METI"
1043:SO J025300.5+165258
950:Across the Universe
311:Across the Universe
231:Arecibo Observatory
4591:Ancient astronauts
4188:Mars Geyser Hopper
4116:Enceladus Explorer
3756:Events and objects
3610:2010-09-30 at the
3237:on 8 December 2007
2400:"MIR, LENIN, SSSR"
1650:The New York Times
1559:The New York Times
1381:
174:Rationale for METI
165:In July 2015, the
49:
4999:
4998:
4896:Aleksandr Zaitsev
4871:Nikolai Kardashev
4694:
4693:
4224:SpaceX Red Dragon
4139:Rosalind Franklin
3934:
3933:
3793:Allan Hills 84001
3787:Allan Hills 77005
3686:Acta Astronautica
3671:978-3-642-13195-0
3571:Library resources
3262:Acta Astronautica
3034:Acta Astronautica
2576:Gertz, J (2016).
1553:(28 March 2015).
1293:
1292:
1003:Hello From Earth
281:The Morse Message
272:, which targeted
258:Realized projects
148:extraterrestrials
113:Douglas A. Vakoch
80:Alexander Zaitsev
16:(Redirected from
5123:
5088:
5087:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5040:
5039:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5016:
5015:
5007:
4988:
4976:
4975:
4959:San Marino Scale
4929:Astrolinguistics
4861:Hans Freudenthal
4830:Teen Age Message
4820:Hello from Earth
4721:
4714:
4707:
4698:
4671:San Marino Scale
4611:Brookings Report
4558:Neocatastrophism
4464:Cosmic pluralism
4438:Little green men
4413:Types of alleged
4338:Astrolinguistics
3927:
3919:
3918:(unknown origin)
3915:Fast radio burst
3911:
3903:
3884:
3883:(unknown origin)
3880:HD 164595 signal
3876:
3868:
3860:
3841:
3833:
3819:
3769:Nakhla meteorite
3742:
3735:
3728:
3719:
3709:
3675:
3617:active-seti.info
3559:
3558:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3521:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3373:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3320:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3233:. Archived from
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3203:. Archived from
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3171:Business Insider
3165:Orwig, Jessica.
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3102:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3049:
3040:(5–6): 614–617.
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2435:. Archived from
2425:
2419:
2418:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2380:. 9 October 2008
2370:
2364:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2226:. Archived from
2225:
2217:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2181:. Archived from
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2151:. Archived from
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2117:
2103:
2094:
2083:
2082:
2064:
2054:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2002:
1992:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1789:. p. 5213.
1784:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1703:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1503:
1473:
1437:Beacon proposals
1386:San Marino Scale
1373:Proxima Centauri
1254:
1248:
1218:
1188:
1156:
1087:
1039:Teegarden's Star
1026:
999:
993:
980:
974:
945:
939:
915:
891:
871:
847:
820:
814:
793:
773:
767:
747:
741:
721:
697:
691:
667:Teen Age Message
662:
656:
635:
629:
605:
589:
583:
553:
547:
495:
424:
395:
372:
365:
349:
317:Hello from Earth
299:Teen Age Message
216:Error correction
21:
18:HELLO FROM EARTH
5131:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5082:
5072:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5010:
5002:
5000:
4995:
4963:
4900:
4891:Iosif Shklovsky
4839:
4805:Bracewell probe
4800:Arecibo message
4773:
4730:
4725:
4695:
4690:
4686:Xenoarchaeology
4676:Technosignature
4577:
4513:
4499:Kardashev scale
4452:
4414:
4407:
4403:Xenolinguistics
4368:Project Phoenix
4358:Project Cyclops
4343:Lincos language
4306:Bracewell probe
4291:Arecibo message
4272:
4265:
4163:Icebreaker Life
4065:
3977:
3970:
3930:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3887:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3844:
3839:
3831:
3810:
3751:
3746:
3683:
3672:
3651:
3612:Wayback Machine
3596:
3595:
3594:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3519:10.1.1.585.9519
3495:
3494:
3490:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3436:Washington Post
3430:
3429:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2491:. 14 May 2008.
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2439:on 17 July 2013
2427:
2426:
2422:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2204:Chapman, C. R.
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2155:on 24 June 2013
2143:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2086:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2013:
2003:
1990:physics/0611283
1982:
1981:
1977:
1963:
1953:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1701:10.1038/443606a
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1630:physics/0610031
1622:
1621:
1617:
1600:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1471:
1459:
1447:Kardashev scale
1439:
1422:, president of
1323:Stephen Hawking
1310:cosmopolitanism
1298:
1252:
1246:
1216:
1186:
1154:
1085:
1024:
997:
991:
978:
972:
943:
937:
913:
889:
869:
845:
818:
812:
791:
771:
765:
745:
739:
719:
695:
689:
660:
654:
633:
627:
603:
587:
581:
551:
545:
524:Cosmic-College
505:Cosmic-College
493:
475:Cosmic-College
456:Cosmic-College
422:
403:Arecibo Message
393:
370:
369:
363:
362:
344:
287:Arecibo Message
270:Arecibo message
266:
260:
243:
218:
185:
176:
132:David Grinspoon
76:
46:Arecibo message
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5129:
5127:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5080:
5068:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5020:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4981:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4934:Drake equation
4931:
4926:
4921:
4914:
4912:Alien language
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4825:Pioneer plaque
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4583:Related topics
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4573:Zoo hypothesis
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4474:Drake equation
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
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4435:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4409:
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4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Pioneer plaque
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4226:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4203:Northern Light
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4130:
4127:Europa Clipper
4123:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4071:Space missions
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3926:(radio signal)
3920:
3912:
3910:(inconclusive)
3904:
3902:(radio source)
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3864:EPIC 204278916
3861:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3834:
3825:
3823:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
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3752:
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3745:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3605:ActiveSETI.org
3602:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:External links
3563:
3561:
3560:
3541:
3488:
3453:
3423:
3393:
3348:
3295:
3248:
3218:
3207:on 10 May 2017
3188:
3157:
3126:
3077:
3024:
2993:
2966:(2): 134–138.
2946:
2899:
2844:
2797:
2770:(3): 382–394.
2750:
2703:
2656:
2609:
2568:
2545:
2506:
2489:~Pink Tentacle
2476:
2450:
2420:
2391:
2365:
2343:
2320:А. Л. Зайцев.
2312:
2286:
2255:
2236:
2233:on 2013-08-09.
2196:
2185:on 7 July 2013
2175:"Recent Beams"
2166:
2136:
2084:
2025:
2016:|journal=
1975:
1966:|journal=
1933:
1904:
1871:
1838:
1807:
1770:
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1667:
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1576:
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1492:
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1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1438:
1435:
1420:Douglas Vakoch
1414:Zoo Hypothesis
1405:Zoo Hypothesis
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1261:
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1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1033:RuBisCo Stars
1031:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1004:
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995:
988:
987:
982:
976:
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386:
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377:
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366:
359:
358:Constellation
356:
353:
343:
340:
339:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
290:
284:
262:Main article:
259:
256:
242:
239:
217:
214:
184:
181:
175:
172:
160:Andrew Siemion
128:Douglas Vakoch
121:Zoo hypothesis
117:SETI Institute
75:
72:
60:Pioneer plaque
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5128:
5117:
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5112:
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5014:
5009:
5005:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Fermi paradox
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
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4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:Fermi paradox
4516:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4484:Fermi paradox
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Nordic aliens
4441:
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4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:Energy beings
4421:
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3989:
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3984:
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3973:
3967:
3966:Life on Titan
3964:
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3959:
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3956:Life on Venus
3954:
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3949:
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3824:
3822:Misidentified
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3813:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3799:Yamato 000593
3797:
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3533:
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3520:
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3511:
3507:
3504:(5): RS5012.
3503:
3499:
3498:Radio Science
3492:
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2356:David Darling
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1551:Shostak, Seth
1546:
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1528:9780262355261
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1431:Mark Buchanan
1427:
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1397:
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1394:H. Paul Shuch
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1266:Luyten's Star
1264:
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1234:
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4681:UFO religion
4626:Extremophile
4606:Biosignature
4601:Astroecology
4596:Astrobiology
4548:Great Filter
4363:Project Ozma
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3978:habitability
3961:Life on Mars
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1354:Seth Shostak
1346:
1326:
1306:space policy
1303:
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371:(YYYY-MM-DD)
368:Arrival date
364:(YYYY-MM-DD)
355:Designation
345:
325:Reply (2012)
267:
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125:
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5066:Outer space
5054:Spaceflight
4954:Prix Guzman
4876:Jon Lomberg
4851:Frank Drake
4810:Cosmic Call
4742:Active SETI
4616:Exotheology
4428:Grey aliens
4281:Active SETI
4209:Opportunity
4089:BioSentinel
3907:Wow! signal
3856:KIC 8462852
3805:CI1 fossils
3713:Lone Signal
3576:Active SETI
3140:SETI League
2433:Lone Signal
2384:11 November
2179:Lone Signal
2149:Lone Signal
1897:14 February
1864:12 February
1831:14 February
1488:Wow! signal
1361:Jill Tarter
1359:Astronomer
1352:astronomer
1277:Canis Major
1164:Lone Signal
825:Cosmic Call
558:Cosmic Call
329:Lone Signal
305:Cosmic Call
293:Cosmic Call
247:Cosmic Call
227:Frank Drake
206:Lone Signal
201:Lone Signal
52:Active SETI
5100:Categories
4881:Carl Sagan
4856:Ann Druyan
4651:Noogenesis
4631:Hemolithin
4509:Panspermia
4457:Hypotheses
4433:Insectoids
4398:Water hole
3899:SHGb02+14a
3872:VVV-WIT-07
3473:: 95–100.
3417:2017-11-17
3371:1509.03652
3197:"Overview"
3181:8 February
2723:: 101430.
2595:1605.05663
2336:2018-10-01
2052:2010.04089
1927:2015-07-24
1534:2023-01-29
1494:References
1392:and Prof.
1390:Ivan Almar
1334:David Brin
1314:David Brin
1281:2017-10-16
1249:2016-10-10
1247:2016-10-10
1242:Ursa Minor
1219:2014-08-23
1217:2014-08-23
1189:2013-09-22
1187:2013-09-22
1157:2013-07-10
1155:2013-07-10
1095:Wow! Reply
1088:2012-08-15
1086:2012-08-15
1052:Kappa Ceti
1027:2009-11-07
1025:2009-11-07
994:2009-08-28
992:2008-10-09
975:2008-10-09
973:2008-10-09
957:Gliese 581
940:2008-02-04
938:2008-10-09
933:Ursa Minor
909:Ursa Major
815:2003-07-06
813:2003-07-06
808:Cassiopeia
768:2001-09-04
766:2001-09-04
692:2001-09-03
690:2001-09-03
685:Ursa Major
657:2001-08-29
655:2000-08-29
630:1999-07-01
628:1999-07-01
584:1999-06-30
582:1999-06-30
548:1999-05-24
546:1999-05-24
425:1983-08-15
423:1983-08-15
396:1974-11-16
394:1974-11-16
381:Messier 13
140:David Brin
106:David Brin
5030:Astronomy
4521:solutions
4388:setiQuest
4383:SETI@home
4198:Mars 2020
4173:Laplace-P
4110:Dragonfly
4095:Curiosity
3976:Planetary
3692:: 16–19.
3514:CiteSeerX
3388:119250429
3364:: 22–26.
3318:1207.5540
3290:0094-5765
3100:0804.2754
3047:0711.2368
2988:219627161
2980:1474-6700
2941:172101534
2933:1474-6700
2894:158546639
2886:0265-9646
2864:: 18–22.
2839:171404637
2831:1474-6700
2792:198688714
2784:1474-6700
2745:0265-9646
2698:172004039
2690:1474-6700
2651:171404637
2643:1474-6700
2588:: 31–36.
2540:0007-084X
2526:: 27–29.
2300:Space.com
2115:0911.3976
2079:222209060
2071:0004-6256
2045:(1): 39.
1948:1105.0910
1710:1476-4687
1604:cite book
1596:774904900
1483:SETI@home
1377:Milky Way
1338:Liu Cixin
885:Andromeda
782:HD 193664
730:HD 126053
650:Delphinus
485:Alpha Vir
414:Alpha Aql
361:Date sent
245:The 1999
229:from the
158:director
111:In 2010,
4978:Category
4815:CosmicOS
4778:Messages
4735:Programs
4373:SERENDIP
4348:NIROSETI
4260:Viking 2
4253:Viking 1
4158:Foton-M3
4148:ExoLance
4079:Beagle 2
3608:Archived
3536:55878347
3483:Archived
3440:Archived
3411:Archived
3407:Newsweek
3175:Archived
3144:Archived
3113:Archived
3072:55638129
3011:Archived
2565:: 17–23.
2493:Archived
2404:Archived
2378:BBC News
2360:Archived
2330:Archived
2273:Archived
2214:Archived
2128:Archived
1921:Archived
1891:Archived
1858:Archived
1853:BBC News
1825:Archived
1821:Phys.org
1799:Archived
1751:June 28,
1745:Archived
1726:39467483
1718:17035960
1654:Archived
1569:29 March
1563:Archived
1457:See also
916:2049-05
892:2044-09
880:HD 10307
872:2044-05
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722:2057-12
698:2047-07
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590:2057-02
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389:Hercules
385:NGC 6205
375:Message
307:2 (2003)
295:1 (1999)
241:Examples
194:security
5090:Science
5018:Biology
5004:Portals
4237:Tanpopo
4133:ExoMars
3837:CTA-102
3829:CP 1919
3694:Bibcode
3506:Bibcode
3475:Bibcode
3446:23 July
3343:7070311
3323:Bibcode
3270:Bibcode
3241:9 April
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3150:9 April
3119:9 April
3105:Bibcode
3052:Bibcode
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2725:Bibcode
2600:Bibcode
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2305:9 April
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2120:Bibcode
1995:Bibcode
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494:1997-08
150:in the
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4944:Lincos
4844:People
4641:MERMOZ
4230:Spirit
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1081:Gemini
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854:55 Cnc
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