Knowledge (XXG)

HMS Surprise (1796)

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that appeared in his books. Bailey quickly ordered his crew to get out the paint and make the changes. O’Brian was so impressed that he changed his mind about his prohibition of having any of his books converted into film, and Norton immediately started looking for a Hollywood production company. For
495:. He supervised the fitting out of the ship, and found the long guns were too large to be easily reloaded, and the lower sails were also too large. He notified the authorities, who urged him to finish fitting out the ship because a major naval operation was imminent. Soon afterwards, 806:
and, after an exceptionally bloody action, sailed her out under Spanish gunfire. The Spanish casualties included 119 dead; 231 were taken prisoner, while another 15 jumped or fell overboard. Hamilton had 11 injured, four seriously, but none killed.
574:, and arrived there in March 1795. She spent the remainder of the year either blockaded in port or serving as a courier. In April 1796, she was ordered on one such courier mission to North Africa to deliver personnel and messages to the port of 896:
is an important element of the series, both because of her importance to the running plotline, and because of the emotional attachment she has earned among the characters in the book and real life fans of the series.
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in New York for a pier-side party to celebrate the publication of Patrick O’Brian's latest novel. O’Brian himself was present, and he casually mentioned to the frigate's captain, Richard Bailey, that if the
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used her boats to cut out a privateer of ten guns, and two sloops. One of her officers, an acting lieutenant, was killed in the action. She then sailed on to Venezuela.
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to damage she had sustained in the battle. In the following months she escorted merchant vessels along the coasts of France. On 28 September, with the corvette
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as a corvette, the ships of her class bridged a gap between smaller warships and frigates, and at various times were rated as frigates.
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s ultimate fictional fate is unknown although she was still at sea in 1817 when Aubrey receives news of his promotion to
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The French assault on American shipping, 1793-1813: a history and comprehensive record of merchant marine losses
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and under the command of Lieutenant de Vaisseau Gouley, the two ships left Brest to sail northwest in between
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in July 1797. She returned to England and underwent refitting at Plymouth between January and May 1798.
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The Frigate Surprise:the complete story of the ship made famous in the novels of Patrick O'Brian
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in service until O'Brian's extended fictional year of 1812, using the latitude of fiction in
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to intercept enemy merchant ships. On 17 October, the ships captured a 200-ton merchant ship
1281: 1140: 976: 962:. In that era, the Royal Navy commissioned a 38-gun frigate by this name in September 1812. 823: 304: 1306: 1261: 996:, though later novels suggest that never transpired and Maturin continued to own the ship. 588:
and was incapacitated. Consequently, her first lieutenant, Lieutenant Le Breton, commanded
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as a neutral vessel and Le Breton did not clear the ship for action. About an hour later,
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Jean le Drézénec, who was 41 years old and had entered the naval service soon after the
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Seafaring Lore and Legend: A Miscellany of Maritime Myth, Superstition, Fable, and Fact
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French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786 – 1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates
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British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates
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Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy
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were painted in an 1805 colour scheme she would be a "dead ringer" for the frigate
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At 8 P.M. on 15 April, she captured a French privateer. At 1 A. M. on 16 April,
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fruitlessly for sixteen days before finally returning to Brest on 1 November.
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s owner appealed to the High Court of Admiralty in London, which reduced
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Lavery, Brian (1994), "Jack Aubrey's Ships", in Cummingham, A.E. (ed.),
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In the late 1990s, publisher W. W. Norton & Company rented the
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in June 1796. He sailed for Jamaica on 29 July. He was promoted to
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s claim to costs plus one-eighth of the value of vessel and cargo.
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gained fame for the cutting-out expedition on 25 October 1799, of
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from a career in the merchant service, arrived to take command of
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This chronology is contradicted by a later book in the series,
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In January 1801 Captain Christopher Laroche assumed command of
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for a class of corvette. Although the French initially rated
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arrived in the afternoon of 20 April 1796, the watch aboard
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had captured four merchant vessels from the United States:
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by O'Brian also mentions Aubrey being a midshipman aboard
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Patrick O'Brian: Critical Essays and a Bibliography
986:under Aubrey's command. Maturin agrees to sell the 814:. Captain James Oswald replaced Laroche in August. 1595: 1565: 790:s crew had mutinied, and had sailed her into the 663:She returned to the Caribbean and sailed on the 1169: 920:Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World 570:was ordered to join the Mediterranean fleet at 449:Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World 1369: 1287:. U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio 884:, and eventually see him raise his flag as an 8: 1087:, despite remonstrations by Henry Dandelot, 1461:. William Collins Sons. p. Chapter 4. 1662:Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S (2015), 1236: 1224: 1212: 1200: 1013:, the last completed novel in the series. 417:gained fame in 1799 for the recapture of 1542:, Camden, Me: McGraw-Hill Professional, 1325: 1188: 834:in February 1802 and she was broken up. 606:had heard there was a French frigate in 19:For other ships with the same name, see 1159: 1106:and her entire cargo to the benefit of 1036:In the year leading up to her capture, 1029: 626:sailed alongside, boarded and captured 1512:Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) , 1418: 1357: 1139:, which has Aubrey as a lieutenant in 927:was filled by the same replica of HMS 724:On 10 October 1799, in the harbour of 706:recaptured the American merchant ship 359:: 8 Ă— 4-pounder guns + 4 Ă— 12-pounder 27: 1516:(Revised ed.), London: Chatham, 1381: 134: 50: 7: 680:captured the French 4-gun privateer 610:, and sailed to intercept her. When 1564:Lavery, Brian; Hunt, Geoff (2009), 239:126 ft 0 in (38.4 m) 1403:. 18 January 1800. pp. 61–62. 14: 1007:in her great cabin at the end of 413:was launched on 16 January 1794. 296:10 ft 0 in (3.0 m) 266:31 ft 8 in (9.7 m) 181:Sold at Deptford in February 1802 1691:at the San Diego Maritime Museum 136: 56: 51: 31: 802:led a boarding party to retake 499:took part in the battle of the 353:Upper deck: 24 Ă— 9-pounder guns 1347:. 18 January 1800. p. 62. 969:is sold out of the service in 868:was the ship chosen by author 769:away from the fort's batteries 1: 1170:Winfield & Roberts (2015) 1016:The Surprise public house in 798:. Captain Edward Hamilton of 428:was sold out of the service. 1370:Colledge & Warlow (2006) 1315:. 26 July 1803. p. 929. 1270:. 12 July 1806. p. 877. 856:in 2000 painted to resemble 256: in (33.1 m) keel 1079:five American sailors from 979:and later as His Majesty's 644:Cutting out of the Hermione 503:by escorting the dismasted 372:+ 2 Ă— 12-pounder carronades 314:172 (peace) & 220 (war) 173:1796 by purchase of a prize 1749: 1713:Frigates of the Royal Navy 1624:Williams, Greg H. (2009). 1572:, New York: W. W. Norton, 1457:O'Brian, Patrick. (1973). 637: 599:in command of the frigate 446:, including the 2003 film 37:Contemporary plans of HMS 18: 1602:, New York: W.W. Norton, 1487:thesurprise-chelsea.co.uk 993:The Nutmeg of Consolation 935:to resemble the original 562:Capture by the Royal Navy 185: 45: 30: 16:Frigate of the Royal Navy 1538:Jeans, Peter D. (2004), 1237:Lavery & Hunt (2009) 1225:Lavery & Hunt (2009) 1213:Lavery & Hunt (2009) 1201:Lavery & Hunt (2009) 1005:Rear-Admiral of the Blue 972:The Reverse of the Medal 959:The Reverse of the Medal 509:as she was towed by the 461:Pierre-Alexandre Forfait 186:General characteristics 1666:, Seaforth Publishing, 1647:. Seaforth Publishing. 1431:Millar, John Fitzhugh. 1052:(both 9 May 1798), and 860:at O'Brian's suggestion 538:and the islands of the 339:8 Ă— 4-pounder long guns 1643:Winfield, Rif (2008). 1489:. The Surprise Chelsea 1056:(16 April 1799). When 861: 830:out of the service at 826:, the Royal Navy sold 770: 754: 501:Glorious First of June 485:lieutenant de vaisseau 1728:Ships built in France 1718:UnitĂ©-class corvettes 878:Aubrey–Maturin series 848: 760: 745: 584:, was suffering from 522:completed repairs in 440:Aubrey–Maturin series 288: in (4.3 m) 1483:"About The Surprise" 1437:smallstatebighistory 1251:, Vol. 39, Appendix. 1096:Vice admiralty court 1064:she also recaptured 765:(far right) tow the 581:capitaine de frĂ©gate 1696:7 July 2010 at the 952:The series has the 874:"Lucky" Jack Aubrey 872:to restore Captain 409:s capture in 1796. 1400:The London Gazette 1344:The London Gazette 1312:The London Gazette 1267:The London Gazette 1100:St Jago de la Vega 1010:Blue at the Mizzen 880:to his place as a 862: 771: 755: 483:On 20 March 1794, 432:Historical fiction 1654:978-1-86176-246-7 1579:978-0-393-07009-5 1523:978-1-86176-281-8 1421:, pp. 71–73. 1227:, pp. 13–14. 1136:The Wine-Dark Sea 1044:(21 April 1798), 735:Recapture of HMS 687:On 19 March 1799 387:was the name the 379: 378: 124:20 April 1796 by 1740: 1676: 1658: 1639: 1620: 1601: 1590: 1571: 1560: 1534: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1405: 1404: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1286: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1173: 1167: 1147: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1116: 1093: 1074: 1034: 1002: 977:letter of marque 824:Treaty of Amiens 789: 682:Petite Française 597:Thomas Fremantle 438:set many of his 408: 368:: 2 Ă— 4-pounder 305:Full-rigged ship 287: 286: 282: 279: 255: 254: 250: 247: 226: 225: 224: 220: 144: 141: 140: 139: 65: 60: 55: 35: 28: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1703: 1702: 1698:Wayback Machine 1683: 1674: 1661: 1655: 1642: 1636: 1623: 1610: 1593: 1580: 1563: 1550: 1537: 1524: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1469: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1408: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1380: 1376: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1352: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1326:Williams (2009) 1324: 1320: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1249:Naval Chronicle 1247: 1243: 1235: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1189:Winfield (2008) 1187: 1176: 1168: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1132: 1128: 1121: 1114: 1091: 1072: 1070:Chien de Chasse 1062:Chien de Chasse 1038:Chien de Chasse 1035: 1031: 1026: 1018:Chelsea, London 1000: 902:replica of HMS 870:Patrick O'Brian 849:The replica of 843: 820: 787: 740: 719:Chien de Chasse 665:Jamaica station 652:, commissioned 650:Edward Hamilton 646: 640:Hermione mutiny 636: 566:After repairs, 564: 506:RĂ©volutionnaire 481: 458: 436:Patrick O'Brian 406: 333:24 Ă— 8-pounder 284: 280: 277: 275: 252: 248: 245: 243: 222: 218: 217: 216: 198:-class corvette 142: 137: 135: 108:16 January 1794 61: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1746: 1744: 1736: 1735: 1733:Captured ships 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1682: 1681:External links 1679: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1659: 1653: 1640: 1634: 1621: 1608: 1591: 1578: 1561: 1548: 1535: 1522: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1474: 1467: 1449: 1423: 1406: 1386: 1384:, p. 170. 1374: 1372:, p. 162. 1362: 1350: 1330: 1328:, p. 187. 1318: 1298: 1273: 1253: 1241: 1229: 1217: 1205: 1193: 1191:, p. 225. 1174: 1172:, p. 168. 1158: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1126: 1075:s captain had 1028: 1027: 1025: 1022: 965:The fictional 939:for the role. 923:, the role of 917:the 2003 film 842: 836: 819: 816: 796:Puerto Cabello 794:possession of 739: 733: 695:and the 5-gun 635: 632: 563: 560: 480: 479:French service 477: 457: 454: 377: 376: 375: 374: 373: 363: 354: 350: 341: 340: 337: 330: 320: 316: 315: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 297: 294: 290: 289: 272: 268: 267: 264: 260: 259: 258: 257: 240: 235: 231: 230: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 192: 191:Class and type 188: 187: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 150: 146: 145: 132: 131: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 92: 91: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 48: 47: 43: 42: 36: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1745: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673:9781848322042 1669: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1635:9780786438372 1631: 1628:. McFarland. 1627: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1609:0-393-03626-X 1605: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1549:0-07-143543-3 1545: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1468:0-00-614181-1 1464: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1438: 1434: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419:Lavery (1994) 1415: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1363: 1360:, p. 74. 1359: 1358:Lavery (1994) 1354: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1239:, p. 15. 1238: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1215:, p. 13. 1214: 1209: 1206: 1203:, p. 12. 1202: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1153: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1127: 1120: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1006: 999: 995: 994: 990:to Aubrey in 989: 985: 982: 978: 974: 973: 968: 963: 961: 960: 955: 951: 947: 946: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 921: 915: 911: 906: 905: 898: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 859: 855: 854: 847: 840: 837: 835: 833: 829: 825: 817: 815: 813: 808: 805: 801: 797: 793: 786: 782: 781: 775: 768: 764: 759: 753: 749: 744: 738: 734: 732: 730: 727: 722: 720: 716: 713:On 17 April, 711: 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 678: 673: 670:In November, 668: 666: 661: 659: 655: 651: 645: 641: 633: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 604: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 582: 577: 573: 569: 561: 559: 557: 554:searched for 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 518:In June 1794 516: 514: 513: 508: 507: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 478: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 455: 453: 451: 450: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 427: 423: 422: 416: 412: 405: 401: 398: 394: 390: 386: 385: 371: 367: 364: 362: 358: 355: 352: 351: 349: 348: 342: 338: 336: 332: 331: 329: 328: 323: 322: 321: 318: 317: 313: 310: 309: 306: 303: 300: 299: 295: 293:Depth of hold 292: 291: 273: 270: 269: 265: 262: 261: 241: 238: 237: 236: 233: 232: 229: 214: 211: 210: 206: 203: 202: 199: 197: 193: 190: 189: 184: 180: 177: 176: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 151: 148: 147: 143:Great Britain 133: 130: 129: 123: 120: 119: 115: 112: 111: 107: 104: 103: 99: 96: 95: 90: 87: 85:Jean Fouache, 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 75: 72: 69: 68: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 40: 34: 29: 26: 22: 1688: 1663: 1644: 1625: 1597: 1567: 1539: 1513: 1491:. Retrieved 1486: 1477: 1459:HMS Surprise 1458: 1452: 1440:. Retrieved 1436: 1426: 1398: 1389: 1382:Jeans (2004) 1377: 1365: 1353: 1342: 1333: 1321: 1310: 1301: 1289:. Retrieved 1276: 1265: 1256: 1248: 1244: 1232: 1220: 1208: 1196: 1142: 1134: 1129: 1118: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1094:s master. A 1088: 1084: 1080: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1015: 1008: 997: 991: 987: 983: 970: 966: 964: 957: 953: 949: 945:HMS Surprise 943: 941: 936: 933:Baja Studios 928: 924: 918: 913: 909: 903: 899: 893: 865: 863: 857: 852: 838: 827: 821: 811: 809: 803: 799: 784: 779: 773: 772: 766: 762: 751: 747: 736: 728: 723: 718: 714: 712: 707: 703: 701: 696: 692: 688: 686: 681: 676: 671: 669: 662: 658:post captain 653: 647: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 602: 594: 589: 580: 567: 565: 555: 551: 547: 531: 519: 517: 511: 505: 496: 492: 482: 472: 464: 459: 456:Construction 447: 443: 430: 425: 420: 414: 410: 403: 399: 391:gave to the 383: 381: 380: 346: 344: 326: 325: 242:108 ft 212:Tons burthen 204:Displacement 195: 153: 127: 113:Commissioned 73: 38: 25: 21:HMS Surprise 1442:26 December 1395:"No. 15223" 1339:"No. 15223" 1307:"No. 15605" 1262:"No. 15936" 761:Boats from 618:identified 442:aboard HMS 393:French Navy 274:14 ft 100:August 1793 1723:1794 ships 1707:Categories 1506:References 1102:condemned 981:hired ship 890:Royal Navy 841:in fiction 822:After the 750:board the 746:Crew from 648:Commander 638:See also: 634:Royal Navy 624:Inconstant 620:Inconstant 603:Inconstant 524:Saint-Malo 489:revolution 424:. In 1802 389:Royal Navy 370:chase guns 361:carronades 311:Complement 164:Royal Navy 128:Inconstant 116:April 1794 1588:432288601 1154:Citations 1141:HMS  1060:captured 942:The book 778:HMS  717:captured 708:Britannia 691:captured 677:Amaranthe 512:Audacieux 469:name ship 463:designed 419:HMS  335:long guns 301:Sail plan 126:HMS  97:Laid down 1694:Archived 1689:Surprise 1618:30951257 1558:54079892 1532:67375475 1146:in 1792. 1119:Surprise 1112:Hopewell 1108:Surprise 1104:Hopewell 1089:Hopewell 1085:Surprise 1081:Hopewell 1066:Hopewell 1058:Surprise 1054:Hopewell 998:Surprise 988:Surprise 984:Surprise 967:Surprise 954:Surprise 950:Surprise 937:Surprise 925:Surprise 914:Surprise 894:Surprise 866:Surprise 858:Surprise 839:Surprise 832:Deptford 828:Surprise 812:Surprise 804:Hermione 800:Surprise 785:Hermione 780:Hermione 774:Surprise 767:Hermione 763:Surprise 752:Hermione 748:Surprise 737:Hermione 729:Surprise 715:Surprise 704:Surprise 689:Surprise 672:Surprise 654:Surprise 630:intact. 595:Captain 586:smallpox 544:St Kilda 540:Hebrides 444:Surprise 426:Surprise 421:Hermione 415:Surprise 397:corvette 384:Surprise 347:Surprise 319:Armament 207:657 tons 170:Acquired 160:Operator 154:Surprise 121:Captured 105:Launched 89:Le Havre 39:Surprise 1493:1 April 1291:1 April 1077:pressed 888:of the 886:admiral 882:captain 876:of the 792:Spanish 556:Bergere 536:Ireland 532:Bergere 434:author 283:⁄ 271:Draught 251:⁄ 221:⁄ 80:Builder 46:History 1670:  1651:  1632:  1616:  1606:  1586:  1576:  1556:  1546:  1530:  1520:  1465:  1046:Active 1042:Phoebe 697:Lionne 693:Betsey 572:Toulon 548:Dianne 467:, the 402:after 234:Length 63:France 1285:(PDF) 1143:Queen 1122:' 1115:' 1092:' 1073:' 1050:Lydia 1024:Notes 1001:' 788:' 726:Aruba 628:UnitĂ© 616:UnitĂ© 612:UnitĂ© 590:UnitĂ© 568:UnitĂ© 552:UnitĂ© 528:Brest 520:UnitĂ© 497:UnitĂ© 493:UnitĂ© 473:UnitĂ© 465:UnitĂ© 411:UnitĂ© 407:' 404:UnitĂ© 400:UnitĂ© 327:UnitĂ© 196:UnitĂ© 74:UnitĂ© 1687:HMS 1668:ISBN 1649:ISBN 1630:ISBN 1614:OCLC 1604:ISBN 1584:OCLC 1574:ISBN 1554:OCLC 1544:ISBN 1528:OCLC 1518:ISBN 1495:2024 1463:ISBN 1444:2017 1293:2024 1048:and 929:Rose 910:Rose 904:Rose 864:HMS 853:Rose 851:HMS 818:Fate 674:and 642:and 608:BĂ´ne 601:HMS 576:BĂ´ne 542:and 526:and 382:HMS 345:HMS 263:Beam 178:Fate 152:HMS 149:Name 70:Name 1098:at 395:'s 343:As 324:As 215:578 1709:: 1612:, 1582:, 1552:, 1526:, 1485:. 1435:. 1409:^ 1397:. 1341:. 1309:. 1264:. 1177:^ 1162:^ 1110:. 1068:. 892:. 783:. 721:. 699:. 684:. 667:. 592:. 515:. 452:. 366:Fc 357:QD 228:bm 223:94 219:73 1657:. 1638:. 1497:. 1471:. 1446:. 1295:. 285:2 281:1 278:+ 276:0 253:8 249:1 246:+ 244:6 23:.

Index

HMS Surprise
Contemporary plans of HMS Surprise
French Navy Ensign (1790-1794)
French Navy Ensign (1794-1815)
France
Le Havre
HMS Inconstant
Royal Navy
Unité-class corvette
bm
Full-rigged ship
long guns
QD
carronades
Fc
chase guns
Royal Navy
French Navy
corvette
HMS Hermione
Historical fiction
Patrick O'Brian
Aubrey–Maturin series
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World
Pierre-Alexandre Forfait
name ship
lieutenant de vaisseau
revolution
Glorious First of June
RĂ©volutionnaire

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