1879:
on the fact that metabolite uptake was only 45% deficient after exposure to HClO and the observation that HClO causes intracellular ATP hydrolysis. It was also confirmed that, at bacteriocidal levels of HClO, cytosolic components are unaffected. So it was proposed that modification of some membrane-bound protein results in extensive ATP hydrolysis, and this, coupled with the cells inability to remove AMP from the cytosol, depresses metabolic function. One protein involved in loss of ability to regenerate ATP has been found to be
35:
327:
234:
44:
1616:
in viscosity of DNA exposed to HClO similar to that seen with heat denaturation. The sugar moieties are nonreactive and the DNA backbone is not broken. NADH can react with chlorinated TMP and UMP as well as HClO. This reaction can regenerate UMP and TMP and results in the 5-hydroxy derivative of NADH. The reaction with TMP or UMP is slowly reversible to regenerate HClO. A second slower reaction that results in cleavage of the pyridine ring occurs when excess HClO is present.
577:
1343:
582:
765:
2026:
Commercial disinfection applications remained elusive for a long time after the discovery of hypochlorous acid because the stability of its solution in water is difficult to maintain. The active compounds quickly deteriorate back into salt water, losing the solution its disinfecting capability, which
1037:
In disinfection, it has been used in the form of liquid spray, wet wipes and aerosolised application. Recent studies have shown hypochlorous acid water to be suitable for fog and aerosolised application for disinfection chambers and suitable for disinfecting indoor settings such as offices, hospitals
2030:
Technological developments have reduced manufacturing costs and allow for manufacturing and bottling of hypochlorous acid water for home and commercial use. However, most hypochlorous acid water has a short shelf life. Storing away from heat and direct sunlight can help slow the deterioration. The
1878:
studied the loss of adenine nucleotides by studying the energy charge of HClO-exposed cells and found that cells exposed to HClO were unable to step up their energy charge after addition of nutrients. The conclusion was that exposed cells have lost the ability to regulate their adenylate pool, based
1615:
has been reported to be reactive only at a very slow rate. The heterocyclic NH groups are more reactive than amino groups, and their secondary chloramines are able to donate the chlorine. These reactions likely interfere with DNA base pairing, and, consistent with this, PrΓΌtz has reported a decrease
1041:
In food service and water distribution, specialized equipment to generate weak solutions of HClO from water and salt is sometimes used to generate adequate quantities of safe (unstable) disinfectant to treat food preparation surfaces and water supplies. It is also commonly used in restaurants due to
1915:
compared the rate of HClO inhibition of DNA replication of plasmids with different replication origins and found that certain plasmids exhibited a delay in the inhibition of replication when compared to plasmids containing oriC. Rosen's group proposed that inactivation of membrane proteins involved
1112:
When acids are added to aqueous salts of hypochlorous acid (such as sodium hypochlorite in commercial bleach solution), the resultant reaction is driven to the left, and chlorine gas is formed. Thus, the formation of stable hypochlorite bleaches is facilitated by dissolving chlorine gas into basic
1479:, and may only be bacteriostatic, because once the residual chlorine is dissipated, some sulfhydryl function can be restored. One sulfhydryl-containing amino acid can scavenge up to four molecules of HClO. Consistent with this, it has been proposed that sulfhydryl groups of sulfur-containing
1991:
concentration, but will also contain dissolved gaseous chlorine, which can be corrosive, at a neutral pH the solution will be around 75% hypochlorous acid and 25% hypochlorite. Some of the chlorine gas produced will dissolve forming hypochlorite ions. Hypochlorites are also produced by the
1990:
Solutions of hypochlorites can be produced in-situ by electrolysis of an aqueous sodium chloride solution in both batch and flow processes. The composition of the resulting solution depends on the pH at the anode. In acid conditions the solution produced will have a high hypochlorous acid
1795:
may be blocked by exposure to HClO preceding loss of viability. From this observation, it proposed that HClO blocks uptake of nutrients by inactivating transport proteins. The question of loss of glucose oxidation has been further explored in terms of loss of respiration. Venkobachar
1662:
and could increase permeability. When chlorohydrin formation occurs in lipid bilayers of red blood cells, increased permeability occurs. Disruption could occur if enough chlorohydrin is formed. The addition of preformed chlorohydrin to red blood cells can affect permeability as well.
580:
2619:
2013:
In a 2017 study, a saline hygiene solution preserved with pure hypochlorous acid was shown to reduce the bacterial load significantly without altering the diversity of bacterial species on the eyelids. After 20 minutes of treatment, there was more than 99% reduction of the
1034:, and as of early 2016 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved products whose main active ingredient is hypochlorous acid for use in treating wounds and various infections in humans and pets. It is also FDA-approved as a preservative for saline solutions.
1832:
in HClO-treated cells were normal, and these cells were unable to reduce them. Succinate dehydrogenase was also inhibited by HClO, stopping the flow of electrons to oxygen. Later studies revealed that
Ubiquinol oxidase activity ceases first, and the still-active
983:
Despite being relatively easy to make, it is difficult to maintain a stable hypochlorous acid solution. It is not until recent years that scientists have been able to cost-effectively produce and maintain hypochlorous acid water for stable commercial use.
2031:
further development of continuous flow electrochemical cells has been implemented in new products, allowing the commercialisation of domestic and industrial continuous flow devices for the in-situ generation of hypochlorous acid for disinfection purposes.
1861:
found that cellular inactivation precedes loss of respiration by using a flow mixing system that allowed evaluation of viability on much smaller time scales. This group found that cells capable of respiring could not divide after exposure to HClO.
1936:
oxidation. A recent examination of HClO's bactericidal role revealed it to be a potent inducer of protein aggregation. Hsp33, a chaperone known to be activated by oxidative heat stress, protects bacteria from the effects of HClO by acting as a
2948:
Jacangelo, J. G., and V. P. Olivieri. 1984. Aspects of the mode of action of monochloramine. In R. L. Jolley, R. J. Bull, W. P. Davis, S. Katz, M. H. Roberts, Jr., and V. A. Jacobs (ed.), Water
Chlorination, vol. 5. Lewis Publishers, Inc.,
1911:) binds to proteins that are associated with the cell membrane, and it was observed that HClO treatment decreases the affinity of extracted membranes for oriC, and this decreased affinity also parallels loss of viability. A study by Rosen
1515:
derivatives are produced only at high molar excesses of HClO, and disulfides are formed primarily at bacteriocidal levels. Disulfide bonds can also be oxidized by HClO to sulfinic acid. Because the oxidation of sulfhydryls and
3759:"Human neutrophils employ the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system to oxidize alpha-amino acids to a family of reactive aldehydes. Mechanistic studies identifying labile intermediates along the reaction pathway"
1563:. McKenna and Davies found that 10 mM or greater HClO is necessary to fragment proteins in vivo. Consistent with these results, it was later proposed that the chloramine undergoes a molecular rearrangement, releasing
3008:
Arnhold, J; Panasenko, OM; Schiller, J; Vladimirov, YuA; Arnold, K (1995). "The action of hypochlorous acid on phosphatidylcholine liposomes in dependence on the content of double bonds. Stoichiometry and NMR analysis".
2392:
acid, a name that recalls its similarity of composition with hyposulfurous acid, hypophosphorous acid, etc., formed, like it, from 1 equivalent of their radical and 1 equivalent of oxygen. Its compounds will be called
508:
583:
1953:
lacking Hsp33 were rendered especially sensitive to HClO. Hsp33 protected many essential proteins from aggregation and inactivation due to HClO, which is a probable mediator of HClO's bactericidal effects.
1720:
of 0.0104β0.156 ppm and 2.6 ppm caused 100% growth inhibition in 5 minutes. However, the concentration required for bactericidal activity is also highly dependent on bacterial concentration.
2620:"Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent. Part II Stabilized hypochlorous acid: its role in decreasing tissue bacterial bioburden and overcoming the inhibition of infection on wound healing"
2010:
In a clinical test, hypochlorous acid water was tested for eye irritation, skin irritation, and toxicity. The test concluded that it was non-toxic and non-irritating to the eye and skin.
556:
1048:
Similarly, in ships and yachts, marine sanitation devices use electricity to convert seawater into hypochlorous acid to disinfect macerated faecal waste before discharge into the sea.
3203:"Molecular chlorine generated by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system of phagocytes converts low density lipoprotein cholesterol into a family of chlorinated sterols"
2358:( β¦ it is much easier to pour, into flasks full of chlorine, red mercury oxide reduced to a fine powder by grinding and diluted in about twelve times its weight of distilled water.)
1736:
oxidation is a major factor in the bacteriocidal nature of chlorine solutions. They proposed that the active agent or agents diffuse across the cytoplasmic membrane to inactivate key
2027:
makes it difficult to transport for wide use. It is less commonly used as a disinfectant compared to bleach and alcohol due to cost, despite its stronger disinfecting capabilities.
581:
1124:
in water; under standard aqueous conditions, anhydrous hypochlorous acid is currently impossible to prepare due to the readily reversible equilibrium between it and its anhydride:
3610:
Winterbourn, CC (1985). "Comparative reactivities of various biological compounds with myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride, and similarity of the oxidant to hypochlorite".
3648:
Pereira, WE; Hoyano, Y; Summons, RE; Bacon, VA; Duffield, AM (1973). "Chlorination studies. II. The reaction of aqueous hypochlorous acid with alpha-amino acids and dipeptides".
2968:
PrΓΌtz, WA (1998). "Interactions of hypochlorous acid with pyrimidine nucleotides, and secondary reactions of chlorinated pyrimidines with GSH, NADH, and other substrates".
778:
4155:
3182:
2935:
2864:
2605:
Wang L et al. "Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent. Part I Stabilized hypochlorous acid: a component of the inorganic armamentarium of innate immunity".
2592:
2248:
Ghoshal K, et al. (July 2016). "A novel sensor to estimate the prevalence of hypochlorous (HOCl) toxicity in individuals with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia".
2388:(What name should one assign to this compound? It's obvious that that of "chlorous acid" can hardly be retained for it, and that it is more appropriate to call it
2151:
Sansebastiano, G. et al. Page 262 in Food Safety: A Practical and Case Study
Approach (Ed: R. J. Marshall) 2006, Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin.
3437:
Barrette Jr, WC; Hannum, DM; Wheeler, WD; Hurst, JK (1989). "General mechanism for the bacterial toxicity of hypochlorous acid: abolition of ATP production".
3294:
Vissers, MC; Stern, A; Kuypers, F; Van Den Berg, J; Winterbourn, CC (1994). "Membrane changes associated with lysis of red blood cells by hypochlorous acid".
4937:
376:
3329:
Winterbourn, CC; Van Den Berg, JJ; Roitman, E; Kuypers, FA (1992). "Chlorohydrin formation from unsaturated fatty acids reacted with hypochlorous acid".
3135:"Oxidation of low density lipoprotein by hypochlorite causes aggregation that is mediated by modification of lysine residues rather than lipid oxidation"
2736:
2475:"Myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, chloride antimicrobial system: Nitrogen-chlorine derivatives of bacterial components in bactericidal action against
1820:
paralleled the loss of respiratory activity. One way of addressing the loss of oxygen uptake was by studying the effects of HClO on succinate-dependent
605:
1051:
In deodorization, hypochlorous acid has been tested to remove up to 99% of foul odours including garbage, rotten meat, toilet, stool, and urine odours.
552:
2752:
5846:
4277:
1507:. Sulfenic acids form disulfides with another protein sulfhydryl group, causing cross-linking and aggregation of proteins. Sulfinic acid and
4899:
1816:
and observed that oxygen uptake is abolished by HClO and adenine nucleotides are lost. It was also observed that irreversible oxidation of
1483:
can be oxidized a total of three times by three HClO molecules, with the fourth reacting with the Ξ±-amino group. The first reaction yields
3570:
Vissers, MC; Winterbourn, CC (1991). "Oxidative damage to fibronectin. I. The effects of the neutrophil myeloperoxidase system and HOCl".
1883:. Much of this research on respiration reconfirms the observation that relevant bacteriocidal reactions take place at the cell membrane.
2224:
1637:
1800:
found that succinic dehydrogenase was inhibited in vitro by HClO, which led to the investigation of the possibility that disruption of
4773:
Wang, L; Bassiri, M; Najafi, R; Najafi, K; Yang, J; Khosrovi, B; Hwong, W; Barati, E; Belisle, B; Celeri, C; Robson, MC (2007-04-11).
2671:
Nguyen, Kate; Bui, Dinh; Hashemi, Mahak; Hocking, Dianna M; Mendis, Priyan; Strugnell, Richard A; Dharmage, Shyamali C (2021-01-22).
34:
3691:
2788:
2673:"The Potential Use of Hypochlorous Acid and a Smart Prefabricated Sanitising Chamber to Reduce Occupation-Related COVID-19 Exposure"
2131:
1426:
341:
43:
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3883:
Yu, Hong; Wang, Meifang; Wang, Derek; Kalogeris, Theodore J.; McHowat, Jane; Ford, David A.; Korthuis, Ronald J. (January 2019).
1407:
2004:
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1357:
489:
4473:"Hypochlorous acid and myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of iron-sulfur clusters in bacterial respiratory dehydrogenases"
2821:
Fair, G. M., J. Corris, S. L. Chang, I. Weil, and R. P. Burden (1948). "The behavior of chlorine as a water disinfectant".
1045:
In water treatment, hypochlorous acid is the active sanitizer in hypochlorite-based products (e.g. used in swimming pools).
4225:
3049:
Carr, AC; Van Den Berg, JJ; Winterbourn, CC (1996). "Chlorination of cholesterol in cell membranes by hypochlorous acid".
1874:
proposes that the cause of death may be due to metabolic dysfunction caused by depletion of adenine nucleotides. Barrette
2900:
Dennis, W. H., Jr, V. P. Olivieri, and C. W. KrusΓ© (1979). "The reaction of nucleotides with aqueous hypochlorous acid".
1386:
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5807:
538:
284:
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6345:
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4923:
1548:
concluded from their results that most organic chloramines decayed by internal rearrangement and that fewer available
305:
1599:
is the most reactive because HClO reacts with both the heterocyclic NH group and the amino group. In similar manner,
973:
3686:, pp. 131β151. In S. S. Block (ed.), Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
591:
3807:
PrΓΌtz, WA (1996). "Hypochlorous acid interactions with thiols, nucleotides, DNA, and other biological substrates".
3710:"The inhibition of bacterial growth by hypochlorous acid. Possible role in the bactericidal activity of phagocytes"
2535:"Biological reactivity of hypochlorous acid: Implications for microbicidal mechanisms of leukocyte myeloperoxidase"
2096:
1791:
led to a possible answer to this question. The uptake of radiolabeled substrates by both ATP hydrolysis and proton
1393:
785:
453:
4025:
Rakita, RM; Michel, BR; Rosen, H (1989). "Myeloperoxidase-mediated inhibition of microbial respiration: damage to
6335:
2100:
241:
3244:"Comparison of human red cell lysis by hypochlorous and hypobromous acids: insights into the mechanism of lysis"
2636:
Selkon, JB; et al. (2006). "Evaluation of hypochlorous acid washes in the treatment of venous leg ulcers".
1536:
side-chains, with the chlorine from HClO displacing a hydrogen, resulting in an organic chloramine. Chlorinated
6360:
3089:"Modification of red cell membrane lipids by hypochlorous acid and haemolysis by preformed lipid chlorohydrins"
2729:
1375:
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1604:
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544:
229:
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5578:
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Stroman, D. W; Mintun, K; Epstein, A. B; Brimer, C. M; Patel, C. R; Branch, J. D; Najafi-Tagol, K (2017).
1608:
706:
5824:
2007:
in the US. As an oxidising agent, it can be corrosive or irritant depending on its concentration and pH.
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2858:
2586:
1904:
1612:
867:
836:
520:
89:
3844:"Reactive Chlorinating Species Produced by Myeloperoxidase Target the Vinyl Ether Bond of Plasmalogens"
2885:, Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman, "Hypochlorous acid", p. 442, section 4.3.1
1667:
chlorohydrin have also been observed, but do not greatly affect permeability, and it is believed that
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5407:
4574:
4445:
4392:
3486:
3386:
2909:
2830:
2546:
1969:
1713:
in less than 0.1 seconds due to inactivation of many vital systems. Hypochlorous acid has a reported
882:
863:
711:
696:
4904:
4066:"Oxidation of microbial iron-sulfur centers by the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-halide antimicrobial system"
2806:
1779:
does not correlate with inactivation. That leaves the question concerning what causes inhibition of
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1985:
1973:
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137:
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Albert, Carolyn J.; Crowley, Jan R.; Hsu, Fong-Fu; Thukkani, Arun K.; Ford, David A. (June 2001).
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5743:
5598:
5511:
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4295:
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Jacangelo, J; Olivieri, V; Kawata, K (1987). "Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups by monochloramine".
3412:
1992:
1891:
Recently it has been proposed that bacterial inactivation by HClO is the result of inhibition of
1821:
1801:
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which are capable of protein modification and may play a role in inflammatory processes such as
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4559:"Loss of DNA-membrane interactions and cessation of DNA synthesis in myeloperoxidase-treated
1903:
synthesis, and closely parallels loss of viability. During bacterial genome replication, the
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1943:
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399:
1968:
Hypochlorites are the salts of hypochlorous acid; commercially important hypochlorites are
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211:
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5593:
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5179:
5174:
5087:
4307:
3523:"The Inhibition of Sulfhydryl Enzymes as the Basis of the Bactericidal Action of Chlorine"
2740:
2088:
2054:
1949:
1896:
1759:
components do not react with HClO. In agreement with this, McFeters and Camper found that
1603:
with only a heterocyclic NH group that is reactive with HClO is the second-most reactive.
1017:
946:
663:
548:
147:
4873:
3932:
Palladino, ElisaN.D.; Katunga, Lalage A.; Kolar, Grant R.; Ford, David A. (August 2018).
3375:
by hypochlorous acid. Rates and differentiation of respiratory from other reaction sites"
2771:
4578:
4449:
4396:
3490:
3390:
2913:
2834:
2550:
1463:
inhibitor that, in sufficient quantity, could completely inactivate proteins containing
862:
agents of chlorine solutions. HClO cannot be isolated from these solutions due to rapid
326:
233:
191:
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5674:
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3709:
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4065:
3547:
3522:
2569:
2534:
2503:
2474:
2445:
2428:
1595:
Hypochlorous acid reacts slowly with DNA and RNA as well as all nucleotides in vitro.
171:
6324:
5768:
5617:
5536:
5326:
5238:
5224:
5204:
5136:
5102:
5067:
4957:
4824:"Reduction in bacterial load using hypochlorous acid hygiene solution on ocular skin"
4597:
4558:
4457:
4347:
3661:
3623:
3583:
3498:
3399:
3370:
3342:
3307:
3022:
2921:
1659:
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1484:
1031:
960:, absorbed on surfaces. In low concentrations, such solutions can serve to disinfect
222:
4641:
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to the other. The resulting compound is a chlorohydrin. The polar chlorine disrupts
5856:
5782:
5728:
5564:
5550:
5393:
5379:
5277:
5107:
5077:
5027:
4971:
4436:
Venkobachar, C; Iyengar, L; Prabhakararao, A (1975). "Mechanism of disinfectionβ".
3105:
3088:
2044:
1963:
1792:
1676:
is responsible for this reaction. Hypochlorous acid also reacts with a subclass of
1641:
1556:
1214:
1027:
In medicine, hypochlorous acid water has been used as a disinfectant and sanitiser.
1002:
901:
871:
859:
840:
691:
476:
4404:
4223:
Morris, J. C. (1966). "The acid ionization constant of HClO from 5 to 35 Β°".
4081:
2649:
2494:
1895:
replication. When bacteria are exposed to HClO, there is a precipitous decline in
273:
3934:"2-Chlorofatty acids: lipid mediators of neutrophil extracellular trap formation"
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3538:
5287:
5184:
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1681:
1664:
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1342:
530:
4690:
4567:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2181:
1748:. This group was also the first to note that chlorine solutions (HClO) inhibit
1467:. This is because HClO oxidises sulfhydryl groups, leading to the formation of
1020:-mediated peroxidation of chloride ions, and contributes to the destruction of
612:
5365:
5194:
4740:
2261:
1933:
1850:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1817:
1809:
1745:
1647:
1611:, which have only a slowly reactive amino group, are less reactive with HClO.
1537:
1480:
1013:
961:
410:
202:
4790:
4675:"Bleach Activates a Redox-Regulated Chaperone by Oxidative Protein Unfolding"
4587:
3987:
membrane dehydrogenases by a myeloperoxidase-mediated antimicrobial system".
3219:
3202:
2698:
2415:
2344:[Investigations into the nature of bleaching compounds of chlorine].
2189:
1302:
953:
936:
897:
4859:
4808:
4759:
4724:"A Modern Approach to Disinfection, as Old as the Evolution of Vertebrates"
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3228:
3168:
3114:
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3030:
2989:
2578:
2559:
976:(1802β1876) by adding, to a flask of chlorine gas, a dilute suspension of
5272:
4840:
4422:
4171:"Bacterial glutathione: a sacrificial defense against chlorine compounds"
4118:
Rosen, H., R. M. Rakita, A. M. Waltersdorph, and S. J. Klebanoff (1987).
2689:
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744:
611:
604:
597:
590:
563:
74:
54:
4237:
4042:
4000:
3950:
3450:
1544:
chloramines are longer-lived and retain some oxidative capacity. Thomas
1439:
Hypochlorous acid reacts with a wide variety of biomolecules, including
952:
Like many other disinfectants, hypochlorous acid solutions will destroy
3983:
Rakita, RM; Michel, BR; Rosen, H (1990). "Differential inactivation of
3885:"Chlorinated Lipids Elicit Inflammatory Responses in vitro and in vivo"
1938:
1900:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1756:
1733:
1568:
1560:
1541:
1472:
1009:
431:
260:
242:
3725:
3259:
3150:
877:
Because of its strong antimicrobial properties, the related compounds
4915:
4673:
Winter, J.; Ilbert, M.; Graf, P.C.F.; Γzcelik, D.; Jakob, U. (2008).
4381:"Chlorine injury and the enumeration of waterborne coliform bacteria"
3757:
Hazen, SL; D'Avignon, A; Anderson, MM; Hsu, FF; Heinecke, JW (1998).
1846:
1764:
1752:
1741:
1291:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
998:
943:
909:
812:
526:
64:
4557:
Rosen, H; Orman, J; Rakita, RM; Michel, BR; Vandevanter, DR (1990).
4120:"Myeloperoxidase-mediated damage to the succinate oxidase system of
1224:
HClO is a stronger oxidant than chlorine under standard conditions.
1159:
accelerates the exothermic decomposition into hydrochloric acid and
755:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
17:
1646:
ion does not participate in this reaction. This reaction occurs by
1475:. The HClO mechanism of sulfhydryl oxidation is similar to that of
2753:"Water Works: Hyatt's New Disinfectant/Cleaner Comes from the Tap"
2342:"Recherches sur la nature des combinaisons dΓ©colorantes du chlore"
2126:
1776:
1749:
1737:
1710:
1633:
1580:
1549:
1533:
1464:
1460:
1190:
1065:
913:
843:
832:
182:
170:
160:
4518:
iron centers by the myeloperoxidase-mediated microbicidal system"
2225:"Treating Chronic Wounds With Hypochlorous Acid Disrupts Biofilm"
1193:
solution, hypochlorous acid partially dissociates into the anion
598:
940:
932:
824:
5828:
4919:
972:
Hypochlorous acid was discovered in 1834 by the French chemist
1892:
1755:. Later studies have shown that, at bacteriocidal levels, the
1564:
1444:
1440:
1336:
644:
4622:"Differential effects of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants on
4874:"In situ generation: Active substances vs biocidal products"
3087:
Carr, AC; Vissers, MC; Domigan, NM; Winterbourn, CC (1997).
2356:" β¦ il est beaucoup plus commode β¦ environ d'eau distillΓ©e."
2312:"Pure Hypochlorous Acid: A Primer on pH and Wound Solutions"
1532:
Hypochlorous acid reacts readily with amino acids that have
310:
1924:
HClO is known to cause post-translational modifications to
4620:
Rosen, H; Michel, BR; Vandevanter, DR; Hughes, JP (1998).
2795:
Similarly, we add HOCl to swimming pools to kill bacteria.
2368:. Vol. 4. London, England: H. Baillière. p. 367.
4471:
Hurst, JK; Barrette Jr, WC; Michel, BR; Rosen, H (1991).
2429:"Studies on the chlorinating activity of myeloperoxidase"
1941:, effectively preventing protein aggregation. Strains of
575:
4328:"Hypochlorous acid-promoted loss of metabolic energy in
2533:
Albrich, J. M., C. A. McCarthy, and J. K. Hurst (1981).
1916:
in DNA replication are the mechanism of action of HClO.
819:, also written as HClO, HOCl, or ClHO. Its structure is
4912:: a summary of the municipal tapwater treatment process
2410:(Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York.
1783:
oxidation. The discovery that HClO blocks induction of
773:
3612:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
3521:
Knox, WE; Stumpf, PK; Green, DE; Auerbach, VH (1948).
1804:
could be the cause of bacterial inactivation. Albrich
1771:
proposes would be inactivated, was unaffected by HClO
4257:
Enumeration of indicator bacteria exposed to chlorine
3133:
Hazell, L. J., J. V. D. Berg, and R. Stocker (1994).
3093:
Redox Report: Communications in Free
Radical Research
2164:
Block, Michael S.; Rowan, Brian G. (September 2020).
1857:
However, this line of inquiry was ended when
Albrich
1587:, causing cross-linking and aggregation of proteins.
980:
in water. He also named the acid and its compounds.
3201:
Hazen, SL; Hsu, FF; Duffin, K; Heinecke, JW (1996).
1147:
The presence of light or transition metal oxides of
4775:"Hypochlorous Acid as a Potential Wound Care Agent"
4722:Migliarina, Franco; Ferro, Sergio (December 2014).
916:, also contain hypochlorous acid as a tool against
2770:
2285:"List N: Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19)"
1301:Hypochlorous acid exists in equilibrium with its
4905:Reuters β Mystery solved: How bleach kills germs
4326:Barrette Jr, WC; Albrich, JM; Hurst, JK (1987).
272:
4169:Chesney, JA; Eaton, JW; Mahoney Jr, JR (1996).
1870:Having eliminated loss of respiration, Albrich
1447:, fatty acid groups, cholesterol and proteins.
1042:its non-flammable and nontoxic characteristics.
579:
146:
2408:Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis
1980:Production of hypochlorites using electrolysis
1524:, this process results in the depletion HClO.
1012:, hypochlorous acid is generated in activated
5840:
4931:
8:
4154:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3181:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2934:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2863:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2769:Gonick, Larry; Criddle, Craig (2005-05-03).
2591:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1120:The acid can also be prepared by dissolving
3242:Vissers, MC; Carr, AC; Chapman, AL (1998).
2003:HClO is classified as non-hazardous by the
1853:cannot be reoxidized, as observed by Rosen
5847:
5833:
5825:
4938:
4924:
4916:
3364:
3362:
3360:
325:
232:
210:
26:
4849:
4839:
4798:
4749:
4739:
4698:
4649:
4596:
4586:
4533:
4488:
4412:
4355:
4194:
4139:
4089:
3959:
3949:
3908:
3859:
3774:
3733:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3546:
3398:
3267:
3218:
3158:
3104:
2706:
2688:
2568:
2558:
2502:
2444:
2197:
2170:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1775:. It has been further shown that loss of
1427:Learn how and when to remove this message
1217:. One of the best-known hypochlorites is
292:
6093:
5966:
5908:
5810:
5799:
5789:
5785:
5775:
5771:
5761:
5757:
5746:
5735:
5731:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5666:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5620:
5610:
5606:
5585:
5581:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5553:
5543:
5539:
5528:
5518:
5514:
5503:
5492:
5488:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5442:
5438:
5428:
5424:
5414:
5410:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5382:
5372:
5368:
5358:
5354:
5343:
5333:
5329:
5318:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5280:
5260:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5227:
5217:
5207:
5197:
5187:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5110:
5090:
5080:
5070:
5050:
5040:
5030:
5009:
4998:
4978:
4974:
4964:
4960:
4249:
4247:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4020:
4018:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3643:
3641:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3289:
3287:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3082:
3080:
3044:
3042:
3040:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2779:(1st ed.). HarperResource. p.
2468:
2466:
2464:
2127:Chemical Entities of Biological Interest
1671:
1510:
1502:
1319:
1315:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1257:
1253:
1234:
1230:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1134:
1130:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1078:
888:
4900:National Pollutant Inventory β Chlorine
4321:
4319:
4317:
4218:
4216:
4214:
3809:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
3572:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3331:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
3051:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
3003:
3001:
2999:
2970:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
2816:
2814:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2380:(Balard, 1834), p. 293. From p. 293:
2065:
1995:of chlorine gas in alkaline solutions.
1451:Reaction with protein sulfhydryl groups
1247:HClO reacts with HCl to form chlorine:
924:, HOCl is generated by the reaction of
381:
346:
321:
5879:
5855:Salts and covalent derivatives of the
4385:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
4303:
4293:
4147:
3174:
2927:
2856:
2584:
2406:Unangst, P. C. "Hypochlorous Acid" in
1808:subsequently found that HClO destroys
1363:Please improve this article by adding
223:
6211:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2677:Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
1732:proposed the idea that inhibition of
892:) are ingredients in many commercial
353:Key: QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
190:
7:
5867:
2427:Harrison, J. E.; J. Schultz (1976).
2306:
2304:
2219:
2217:
2159:
2157:
1333:Reactivity of HClO with biomolecules
1072:(HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HClO):
4522:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4064:Rosen, H.; S. J. Klebanoff (1985).
3763:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3296:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
3207:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1471:that can result in crosslinking of
1221:, the active ingredient in bleach.
363:Key: QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYAT
263:
4490:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16500.x
2843:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1948.tb15055.x
1837:reduce the remaining quinone. The
1528:Reaction with protein amino groups
1056:Formation, stability and reactions
25:
4379:Camper, AK; McFeters, GA (1979).
4254:McFeters, GA; Camper, AK (1983).
2132:European Bioinformatics Institute
1920:Protein unfolding and aggregation
1692:aggregation and the formation of
1591:Reaction with DNA and nucleotides
1328:= 3.55 Γ 10 dm/mol (at 0 Β°C)
1290:HClO can also react with organic
1264:HClO reacts with ammonia to form
1143:= 3.55 Γ 10 dm/mol (at 0 Β°C)
4512:Rosen, H; Klebanoff, SJ (1982).
4477:European Journal of Biochemistry
4348:10.1128/IAI.55.10.2518-2525.1987
3708:McKenna, SM; Davies, KJ (1988).
2807:e.g. Raritan Electro Scan device
2382:"Quelle dΓ©nomination β¦ appelΓ©es
2346:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
1866:Depletion of adenine nucleotides
1828:found that levels of reductable
1341:
1213:of hypochlorous acid are called
763:
42:
33:
4642:10.1128/IAI.66.6.2655-2659.1998
4187:10.1128/jb.178.7.2131-2135.1996
3848:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3684:Chlorine and chlorine compounds
3369:Albrich, JM; Hurst, JK (1982).
3011:Chemistry and Physics of Lipids
2433:Journal of Biological Chemistry
2077:(Fourth ed.). p. 538.
2005:Environmental Protection Agency
1724:Inhibition of glucose oxidation
1579:can further react with another
1559:, resulting in cleavage of the
759:(at 25 Β°C , 100 kPa).
3106:10.1080/13510002.1997.11747122
2777:The cartoon guide to chemistry
1694:neutrophil extracellular traps
1628:Hypochlorous acid reacts with
1555:groups promoted attack on the
490:Occupational safety and health
1:
4535:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33509-9
4405:10.1128/AEM.37.3.633-641.1979
4270:10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70357-5
4141:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)48129-X
4082:10.1128/IAI.47.3.613-618.1985
3650:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
2650:10.12968/jowc.2006.15.1.26861
2495:10.1128/IAI.23.2.522-531.1979
2446:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33749-3
2166:"Hypochlorous Acid: A Review"
1887:Inhibition of DNA replication
1709:exposed to hypochlorous acid
1684:, yielding chlorinated fatty
1365:secondary or tertiary sources
4458:10.1016/0043-1354(75)90160-8
3901:10.1097/SHK.0000000000001112
3662:10.1016/0304-4165(73)90198-0
3624:10.1016/0304-4165(85)90120-5
3584:10.1016/0003-9861(91)90327-F
3539:10.1128/JB.55.4.451-458.1948
3499:10.1016/0043-1354(87)90007-8
3400:10.1016/0014-5793(82)80591-7
3343:10.1016/0003-9861(92)90609-Z
3308:10.1016/0891-5849(94)90185-6
3023:10.1016/0009-3084(95)02484-Z
2922:10.1016/0043-1354(79)90023-X
2283:US EPA, OCSPP (2020-03-13).
1899:that precedes inhibition of
1654:to one of the carbons and a
4779:Journal of Burns and Wounds
3371:"Oxidative inactivation of
2730:"Disinfection of Facility H
2624:Journal of Burns and Wounds
2075:Exploring Chemical Analysis
1700:Mode of disinfectant action
1459:first noted that HClO is a
1229:2 HClO(aq) + 2 H + 2 e β Cl
503:corrosive, oxidizing agent
426:Colorless aqueous solution
6377:
6213:
4691:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.024
2348:. 2nd series (in French).
2182:10.1016/j.joms.2020.06.029
2073:Harris, Daniel C. (2009).
1983:
1961:
5881:
5864:
4953:
4741:10.3390/healthcare2040516
4260:. Vol. 29. pp.
3938:Journal of Lipid Research
2262:10.1016/j.cca.2016.05.006
2101:American Chemical Society
1928:, the notable ones being
1849:, which explains why the
1243: = +1.63 V
1113:water solutions, such as
753:
636:
507:
487:
482:
392:
372:
337:
130:
98:
88:
83:
41:
32:
4588:10.1073/pnas.87.24.10048
3220:10.1074/jbc.271.38.23080
2823:J. Am. Water Works Assoc
2416:10.1002/047084289X.rh073
2103:, n.d. CAS RN: 7790-92-3
539:Precautionary statements
4175:Journal of Bacteriology
3714:The Biochemical Journal
3527:Journal of Bacteriology
3248:The Biochemical Journal
2772:"Chapter 9 Acid Basics"
2362:Graham, Thomas (1840).
1540:rapidly decompose, but
1038:and healthcare clinics.
835:, and itself partially
4828:Clinical Ophthalmology
4630:Infection and Immunity
4336:Infection and Immunity
3861:10.1074/jbc.M101447200
3821:10.1006/abbi.1996.0322
3776:10.1074/jbc.273.9.4997
3682:Dychdala, G. R. 1991.
3063:10.1006/abbi.1996.0317
2982:10.1006/abbi.1997.0440
2757:Bloomberg Businessweek
2473:Thomas, E. L. (1979).
2340:Balard, A. J. (1834).
1352:relies excessively on
707:Potassium hypochlorite
586:
350:InChI=1S/ClHO/c1-2/h2H
2560:10.1073/pnas.78.1.210
2539:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci
2365:Elements of Chemistry
1905:origin of replication
1185:Fundamental reactions
974:Antoine JΓ©rΓ΄me Balard
585:
360:InChI=1/ClHO/c1-2/h2H
116:Hydrogen hypochlorite
4910:"From Ground to Tap"
4841:10.2147/OPTH.S132851
4029:ubiquinol oxidase".
2690:10.2147/RMHP.S284897
2250:Clinica Chimica Acta
2229:Today's Wound Clinic
2099:, a division of the
2093:CAS Common Chemistry
2043:: the corresponding
1970:calcium hypochlorite
1814:iron-sulfur clusters
1678:glycerophospholipids
1624:Reaction with lipids
1094:+ 4 OH β 2 ClO + 2 H
883:calcium hypochlorite
712:Calcium hypochlorite
697:Lithium hypochlorite
568:(fire diamond)
6341:Triatomic molecules
4579:1990PNAS...8710048R
4450:1975WatRe...9..119V
4397:1979ApEnM..37..633C
4238:10.1021/j100884a007
4043:10.1021/bi00433a044
4001:10.1021/bi00456a033
3951:10.1194/jlr.M084731
3854:(26): 23733β23741.
3491:1987WatRe..21.1339J
3451:10.1021/bi00449a032
3391:1982FEBSL.144..157A
2914:1979WatRe..13..357D
2883:Inorganic chemistry
2835:1948JAWWA..40j1051F
2626:2007; April: 80β90.
2609:2007; April: 65β79.
2551:1981PNAS...78..210A
2122:"hypochlorous acid"
2089:"Hypochlorous acid"
2041:Dichlorine monoxide
1986:Chloralkali process
1974:sodium hypochlorite
1376:"Hypochlorous acid"
1307:dichlorine monoxide
1122:dichlorine monoxide
879:sodium hypochlorite
740:Acetyl hypochlorite
735:-Butyl hypochlorite
727:Methyl hypochlorite
722:Silver hypochlorite
717:Barium hypochlorite
702:Sodium hypochlorite
682:Dichlorine monoxide
443:Solubility in water
418: gΒ·mol
29:
6346:Hydrogen compounds
4947:Hydrogen compounds
2739:2019-01-22 at the
2607:J Burns and Wounds
1993:disproportionation
1822:electron transport
1802:electron transport
1746:glycolytic pathway
1620:is inert to HClO.
858:, and the primary
802:inorganic compound
786:Infobox references
637:Related compounds
587:
110:Chlorine hydroxide
28:Hypochlorous acid
27:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6311:
5822:
5821:
4279:978-0-12-002629-6
4232:(12): 3798β3805.
3726:10.1042/bj2540685
3485:(11): 1339β1344.
3260:10.1042/bj3300131
3151:10.1042/bj3020297
3145:(Pt 1): 297β304.
2829:(10): 1051β1061.
2618:Robson MC et al.
2050:Hypofluorous acid
2022:Commercialisation
1650:with addition of
1630:unsaturated bonds
1553:
1522:hydrochloric acid
1465:sulfhydryl groups
1437:
1436:
1429:
1411:
1070:hydrochloric acid
995:organic synthesis
978:mercury(II) oxide
926:hydrogen peroxide
906:white blood cells
798:Hypochlorous acid
794:Chemical compound
792:
791:
687:Chlorine monoxide
674:Related compounds
654:Hypofluorous acid
625:Safety data sheet
521:Hazard statements
306:CompTox Dashboard
172:Interactive image
122:Hydroxidochlorine
93:Hypochlorous acid
16:(Redirected from
6368:
6336:Halogen oxoacids
6096:
6060:
5969:
5959:
5929:
5911:
5892:
5874:
5868:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5826:
5814:
5803:
5792:
5778:
5764:
5750:
5739:
5724:
5706:
5688:
5670:
5659:
5641:
5627:
5613:
5589:
5574:
5560:
5546:
5532:
5521:
5507:
5496:
5481:
5463:
5445:
5431:
5417:
5403:
5389:
5375:
5361:
5347:
5336:
5322:
5311:
5293:
5283:
5263:
5248:
5234:
5220:
5210:
5200:
5190:
5160:
5146:
5132:
5117:
5093:
5083:
5073:
5053:
5043:
5033:
5013:
5002:
4981:
4967:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4917:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4853:
4843:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4802:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4743:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4702:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4626:DNA replication"
4624:Escherichia coli
4617:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4590:
4573:(24): 10048β52.
4561:Escherichia coli
4554:
4548:
4547:
4537:
4528:(22): 13731β35.
4516:Escherichia coli
4509:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4416:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4330:Escherichia coli
4323:
4312:
4311:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4291:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4220:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4153:
4145:
4143:
4122:Escherichia coli
4115:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4027:Escherichia coli
4022:
4013:
4012:
3985:Escherichia coli
3980:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3953:
3944:(8): 1424β1432.
3929:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3804:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3769:(9): 4997β5005.
3754:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3705:
3694:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3607:
3596:
3595:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3518:
3503:
3502:
3474:
3463:
3462:
3434:
3421:
3420:
3402:
3373:Escherichia coli
3366:
3355:
3354:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3222:
3198:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3172:
3162:
3130:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3046:
3035:
3034:
3005:
2994:
2993:
2965:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2925:
2897:
2886:
2880:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2854:
2818:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2750:
2744:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2692:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2633:
2627:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2582:
2572:
2562:
2530:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2477:Escherichia coli
2470:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2439:(5): 1371β1374.
2424:
2418:
2404:
2398:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2353:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2176:(9): 1461β1466.
2161:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2070:
1944:Escherichia coli
1674:
1644:
1619:
1551:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1369:
1345:
1337:
1323:
1286:
1260:
1238:
1206:
1199:
1180:
1138:
1115:sodium hydroxide
1108:
1099:
1086:
997:, HClO converts
891:
853:
849:
827:that forms when
822:
818:
806:chemical formula
776:
770:
767:
766:
659:Hypobromous acid
614:
607:
600:
593:
578:
558:
554:
550:
546:
532:
528:
417:
400:Chemical formula
330:
329:
314:
312:
296:
276:
265:
244:
236:
225:
214:
194:
174:
150:
119:Hypochloric acid
72:
62:
52:
46:
37:
30:
21:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6361:Oxidizing acids
6321:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6313:
6095:
6091:
6058:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5927:
5910:
5906:
5890:
5872:
5860:
5853:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5501:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5262:
5258:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5185:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5068:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5028:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4996:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4949:
4944:
4896:
4891:
4882:
4880:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4342:(10): 2518β25.
4325:
4324:
4315:
4302:
4292:
4280:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4222:
4221:
4212:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4146:
4134:: 15004β15010.
4117:
4116:
4107:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4024:
4023:
4016:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3806:
3805:
3792:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3707:
3706:
3697:
3681:
3677:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3609:
3608:
3599:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3520:
3519:
3506:
3476:
3475:
3466:
3436:
3435:
3424:
3368:
3367:
3358:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3213:(38): 23080β8.
3200:
3199:
3190:
3173:
3132:
3131:
3122:
3099:(5β6): 263β71.
3086:
3085:
3078:
3048:
3047:
3038:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2967:
2966:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2926:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2881:
2872:
2855:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2751:
2747:
2741:Wayback Machine
2733:
2728:
2724:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2583:
2532:
2531:
2520:
2472:
2471:
2462:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2405:
2401:
2379:
2375:
2361:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2055:Perchloric acid
2037:
2024:
2001:
1988:
1982:
1966:
1960:
1950:Vibrio cholerae
1922:
1889:
1868:
1785:Ξ²-galactosidase
1726:
1718:
1702:
1673:
1669:
1642:
1638:saturated bonds
1626:
1617:
1593:
1530:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1469:disulfide bonds
1453:
1433:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1358:primary sources
1346:
1335:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1298:-chloroamines.
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1204:
1197:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1058:
1018:myeloperoxidase
990:
970:
947:myeloperoxidase
890:
886:
851:
847:
820:
808:
795:
788:
783:
782:
781: ?)
772:
768:
764:
760:
749:
675:
668:
664:Hypoiodous acid
647:
619:
618:
617:
616:
609:
602:
595:
588:
584:
576:
541:
523:
500:
462:
445:
415:
402:
388:
385:
380:
379:
368:
365:
364:
361:
355:
354:
351:
345:
344:
333:
315:
308:
299:
279:
266:
254:
217:
197:
177:
164:
153:
140:
126:
125:
107:Chloric(I) acid
94:
79:
78:
70:
68:
60:
58:
50:
47:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6374:
6372:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6323:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5961:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5829:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5805:
5794:
5780:
5766:
5752:
5741:
5726:
5708:
5690:
5672:
5661:
5643:
5629:
5615:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5576:
5562:
5548:
5534:
5523:
5509:
5498:
5483:
5465:
5447:
5433:
5419:
5405:
5391:
5377:
5363:
5349:
5338:
5324:
5313:
5295:
5285:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5255:
5250:
5236:
5222:
5212:
5202:
5192:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5148:
5134:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5085:
5075:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5045:
5035:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5004:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4969:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4902:
4895:
4894:External links
4892:
4890:
4889:
4878:www.hse.gov.uk
4865:
4814:
4765:
4734:(4): 516β526.
4714:
4685:(4): 691β701.
4665:
4612:
4549:
4514:"Oxidation of
4504:
4483:(3): 1275β82.
4463:
4444:(1): 119β124.
4438:Water Research
4428:
4371:
4313:
4304:|journal=
4278:
4243:
4226:J. Phys. Chem.
4210:
4161:
4105:
4076:(3): 613β618.
4056:
4014:
3995:(4): 1075β80.
3975:
3924:
3895:(1): 114β122.
3875:
3834:
3790:
3749:
3695:
3675:
3637:
3597:
3562:
3504:
3479:Water Research
3464:
3445:(23): 9172β8.
3422:
3356:
3321:
3283:
3234:
3188:
3120:
3076:
3036:
2995:
2951:
2941:
2908:(4): 357β362.
2887:
2870:
2810:
2799:
2789:
2761:
2745:
2731:
2722:
2663:
2628:
2611:
2598:
2545:(1): 210β214.
2518:
2489:(2): 522β531.
2460:
2419:
2399:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2354:From p. 246:
2329:
2300:
2275:
2240:
2213:
2153:
2144:
2113:
2080:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2036:
2033:
2023:
2020:
2000:
1997:
1981:
1978:
1962:Main article:
1959:
1956:
1921:
1918:
1888:
1885:
1881:ATP synthetase
1867:
1864:
1841:then pass the
1728:In 1948, Knox
1725:
1722:
1716:
1711:lose viability
1701:
1698:
1660:lipid bilayers
1625:
1622:
1592:
1589:
1577:aldehyde group
1529:
1526:
1499:) and finally
1477:monochloramine
1452:
1449:
1435:
1434:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1288:
1287:
1266:monochloramine
1262:
1261:
1252:HClO + HCl β H
1245:
1244:
1208:
1207:
1205:HClO β ClO + H
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1145:
1144:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1087:
1085:O β HClO + HCl
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1006:
989:
986:
969:
966:
918:foreign bodies
793:
790:
789:
784:
762:
761:
757:standard state
754:
751:
750:
748:
747:
742:
737:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
678:
676:
673:
670:
669:
667:
666:
661:
656:
650:
648:
642:
639:
638:
634:
633:
628:
621:
620:
610:
603:
596:
589:
574:
573:
572:
571:
569:
560:
559:
557:P305+P351+P338
545:P301+P330+P331
542:
537:
534:
533:
524:
519:
516:
515:
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
494:
485:
484:
480:
479:
474:
472:Conjugate base
468:
467:
464:
460:
450:
449:
446:
441:
438:
437:
434:
428:
427:
424:
420:
419:
413:
407:
406:
403:
398:
395:
394:
390:
389:
387:
386:
383:
375:
374:
373:
370:
369:
367:
366:
362:
359:
358:
356:
352:
349:
348:
340:
339:
338:
335:
334:
332:
331:
318:
316:
304:
301:
300:
298:
297:
289:
287:
281:
280:
278:
277:
269:
267:
259:
256:
255:
253:
252:
248:
246:
238:
237:
227:
219:
218:
216:
215:
207:
205:
199:
198:
196:
195:
187:
185:
179:
178:
176:
175:
167:
165:
158:
155:
154:
152:
151:
143:
141:
136:
133:
132:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
92:
86:
85:
81:
80:
69:
59:
49:
48:
39:
38:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6373:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6356:Mineral acids
6354:
6352:
6351:Hypochlorites
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6331:Disinfectants
6329:
6328:
6326:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5962:
5960:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5858:
5850:
5845:
5843:
5838:
5836:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5815:
5806:
5804:
5795:
5793:
5781:
5779:
5767:
5765:
5753:
5751:
5742:
5740:
5727:
5725:
5709:
5707:
5691:
5689:
5673:
5671:
5662:
5660:
5644:
5642:
5630:
5628:
5616:
5614:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5577:
5575:
5563:
5561:
5549:
5547:
5535:
5533:
5524:
5522:
5510:
5508:
5499:
5497:
5484:
5482:
5466:
5464:
5448:
5446:
5434:
5432:
5420:
5418:
5406:
5404:
5392:
5390:
5378:
5376:
5364:
5362:
5350:
5348:
5339:
5337:
5325:
5323:
5314:
5312:
5296:
5294:
5286:
5284:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5237:
5235:
5223:
5221:
5213:
5211:
5203:
5201:
5193:
5191:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5149:
5147:
5135:
5133:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5086:
5084:
5076:
5074:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5046:
5044:
5036:
5034:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5005:
5003:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4970:
4968:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4929:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4636:(6): 2655β9.
4635:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4508:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4391:(3): 633β41.
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4181:(7): 2131β5.
4180:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4128:J. Biol. Chem
4125:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4070:Infect. Immun
4067:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4037:(7): 3031β6.
4036:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3815:(1): 110β20.
3814:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3720:(3): 685β92.
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3692:0-683-30740-1
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3656:(1): 170β80.
3655:
3651:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3618:(2): 204β10.
3617:
3613:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:(1): 157β61.
3384:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3337:(2): 547β55.
3336:
3332:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3302:(6): 703β12.
3301:
3297:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:(1): 183β91.
2975:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2949:Williamsburg.
2945:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2790:9780060936778
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:(15): 33β37.
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:Infect. Immun
2480:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:hypochlorites
2391:
2387:
2384:hypochlorites
2383:
2377:
2374:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2134:. CHEBI:24757
2133:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2016:Staphylococci
2011:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1958:Hypochlorites
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:DNA synthesis
1894:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1494:
1493:sulfinic acid
1486:
1485:sulfenic acid
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1431:
1428:
1420:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378: β
1377:
1373:
1372:Find sources:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1350:This article
1348:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1327:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:hypochlorites
1212:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1176:O β 4 HCl + O
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1003:chlorohydrins
1000:
996:
992:
991:
987:
985:
981:
979:
975:
967:
965:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
945:
942:
938:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:disinfectants
899:
895:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
864:equilibration
861:
857:
845:
842:
838:
834:
831:dissolves in
830:
826:
817:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
787:
780:
775:
758:
752:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
734:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
677:
672:
671:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
649:
646:
641:
640:
635:
632:
631:chemfresh.com
629:
626:
623:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
570:
567:
566:
562:
561:
543:
540:
536:
535:
525:
522:
518:
517:
513:
511:
506:
502:
497:
496:
492:
491:
486:
481:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
465:
459:
455:
452:
451:
447:
444:
440:
439:
435:
433:
430:
429:
425:
422:
421:
414:
412:
409:
408:
404:
401:
397:
396:
391:
382:
378:
371:
357:
347:
343:
336:
328:
324:
323:DTXSID3036737
320:
319:
317:
307:
303:
302:
295:
291:
290:
288:
286:
283:
282:
275:
271:
270:
268:
262:
258:
257:
250:
249:
247:
245:
240:
239:
235:
231:
228:
226:
224:ECHA InfoCard
221:
220:
213:
209:
208:
206:
204:
201:
200:
193:
189:
188:
186:
184:
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
166:
162:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
142:
139:
135:
134:
129:
121:
118:
115:
113:Chlorooxidane
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
97:
91:
87:
82:
76:
66:
56:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
5871:
5857:hypochlorite
5809:H[Co(CO)
5062:
4881:. Retrieved
4877:
4868:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4782:
4778:
4768:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4615:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4552:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4507:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4256:
4229:
4224:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4150:cite journal
4131:
4127:
4121:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4034:
4031:Biochemistry
4030:
4026:
3992:
3989:Biochemistry
3988:
3984:
3978:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3812:
3808:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3717:
3713:
3678:
3653:
3649:
3615:
3611:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3533:(4): 451β8.
3530:
3526:
3482:
3478:
3442:
3439:Biochemistry
3438:
3382:
3379:FEBS Letters
3378:
3372:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3299:
3295:
3254:(1): 131β8.
3251:
3247:
3237:
3210:
3206:
3177:cite journal
3142:
3138:
3096:
3092:
3054:
3050:
3017:(1): 55β64.
3014:
3010:
2973:
2969:
2944:
2930:cite journal
2905:
2901:
2882:
2859:cite journal
2826:
2822:
2802:
2794:
2776:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2725:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2641:
2638:J Wound Care
2637:
2631:
2623:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2587:cite journal
2542:
2538:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2390:hypochlorous
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2318:. 2020-11-05
2315:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:
2278:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2232:. Retrieved
2228:
2173:
2169:
2147:
2136:. Retrieved
2125:
2116:
2105:. Retrieved
2092:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2045:acidic oxide
2029:
2025:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2002:
1989:
1967:
1964:Hypochlorite
1948:
1942:
1923:
1912:
1909:E. coli
1908:
1890:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1825:
1805:
1797:
1793:co-transport
1768:
1740:-containing
1729:
1727:
1704:
1703:
1682:plasmalogens
1627:
1594:
1557:peptide bond
1545:
1531:
1456:
1454:
1438:
1423:
1417:January 2020
1414:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1371:
1351:
1325:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1263:
1246:
1240:
1223:
1209:
1195:hypochlorite
1194:
1188:
1146:
1140:
1119:
1111:
1107:+ 2 e β 2 Cl
1060:Addition of
1059:
982:
971:
951:
920:. In living
881:(NaOCl) and
876:
860:disinfection
841:hypochlorite
797:
796:
732:
692:Hypochlorite
564:
509:
499:Main hazards
488:
477:Hypochlorite
457:
131:Identifiers
99:Other names
4834:: 707β714.
3578:(1): 53β9.
3057:(1): 63β9.
2683:: 247β252.
2316:WoundSource
2256:: 144β153.
1851:cytochromes
1839:cytochromes
1835:cytochromes
1830:cytochromes
1818:cytochromes
1810:cytochromes
1777:sulfhydryls
1665:Cholesterol
1585:Schiff base
1581:amino group
1571:to form an
1538:amino acids
1534:amino group
1481:amino acids
1314:2 HClO β Cl
1277:+ HClO β NH
1129:2 HClO β Cl
1068:gives both
1014:neutrophils
962:open wounds
850:. HClO and
837:dissociates
823:. It is an
493:(OHS/OSH):
423:Appearance
405:HOCl
393:Properties
230:100.029.302
192:CHEBI:24757
6325:Categories
4883:2021-07-12
4728:Healthcare
3139:Biochem. J
2352:: 225β304.
2322:2021-02-08
2294:2021-02-08
2234:2021-02-08
2138:2022-04-12
2107:2022-04-12
2061:References
2018:bacteria.
1984:See also:
1934:methionine
1767:that Knox
1750:sulfhydryl
1738:sulfhydryl
1648:hydrolysis
1640:, and the
1636:, but not
1583:to form a
1518:disulfides
1497:RβS(=O)βOH
1461:sulfhydryl
1387:newspapers
1354:references
1294:, forming
1032:wound care
956:, such as
935:under the
912:, such as
898:deodorants
839:, forming
411:Molar mass
294:712K4CDC10
203:ChemSpider
159:3D model (
138:CAS Number
90:IUPAC name
5491:[PtCl
4791:1554-0766
4306:ignored (
4296:cite book
2902:Water Res
2699:1179-1594
2190:0278-2391
1907:(oriC in
1843:electrons
1787:by added
1686:aldehydes
1303:anhydride
1233:(g) + 2 H
954:pathogens
937:catalysis
922:organisms
868:precursor
866:with its
856:oxidizers
804:with the
553:P304+P340
549:P302+P352
512:labelling
436:Variable
251:232-232-5
243:EC Number
148:7790-92-3
104:Chloranol
5584:[SiF
5008:H[BF
4860:28458509
4809:17492050
4760:27429291
4709:19013278
3970:29739865
3919:29394241
3870:11301330
3557:16561477
3417:40223719
2851:18145494
2737:Archived
2717:33519249
2658:16669304
2270:27178483
2208:32653307
2035:See also
1930:cysteine
1926:proteins
1824:. Rosen
1761:aldolase
1690:platelet
1656:hydroxyl
1652:chlorine
1573:aldehyde
1520:evolves
1473:proteins
1062:chlorine
1022:bacteria
958:COVID-19
930:chloride
894:bleaches
872:chlorine
829:chlorine
745:Chlorine
565:NFPA 704
483:Hazards
448:Soluble
75:Chlorine
55:Hydrogen
6214:
6092:Ba(ClO)
5965:Ca(OCl)
4851:5402722
4800:1853323
4751:4934573
4700:2606091
4660:9596730
4607:2175901
4575:Bibcode
4544:6292201
4499:1662610
4446:Bibcode
4393:Bibcode
4366:2820883
4288:6650262
4205:8606194
4100:2982737
4051:2545243
4009:1692736
3961:6071778
3910:6070441
3829:8806715
3785:9478947
3744:2848494
3735:1135139
3670:4745674
3632:2986713
3592:1846732
3487:Bibcode
3459:2557918
3409:6286355
3387:Bibcode
3351:1321589
3316:8070673
3278:9461501
3269:1219118
3229:8798498
3169:8068018
3160:1137223
3115:9754324
3071:8806710
3031:8521532
2990:9439597
2910:Bibcode
2831:Bibcode
2708:7837568
2579:6264434
2547:Bibcode
2199:7315945
1939:holdase
1901:protein
1789:lactose
1781:glucose
1773:in vivo
1757:cytosol
1753:enzymes
1744:in the
1742:enzymes
1734:glucose
1706:E. coli
1680:called
1569:ammonia
1561:protein
1542:protein
1509:RβS(=O)
1501:RβS(=O)
1491:) then
1401:scholar
1191:aqueous
1098:O + 2 e
1010:biology
999:alkenes
968:History
949:(MPO).
939:of the
910:mammals
887:Ca(OCl)
779:what is
777: (
454:Acidity
432:Density
261:PubChem
4858:
4848:
4807:
4797:
4789:
4785:: e5.
4758:
4748:
4707:
4697:
4658:
4651:108252
4648:
4605:
4595:
4542:
4497:
4423:378130
4421:
4414:243267
4411:
4364:
4357:260739
4354:
4286:
4276:
4262:177β93
4203:
4196:177915
4193:
4098:
4091:261335
4088:
4049:
4007:
3968:
3958:
3917:
3907:
3868:
3827:
3783:
3742:
3732:
3690:
3668:
3630:
3590:
3555:
3548:518466
3545:
3457:
3415:
3407:
3349:
3314:
3276:
3266:
3227:
3167:
3157:
3113:
3069:
3029:
2988:
2849:
2787:
2715:
2705:
2697:
2656:
2577:
2570:319021
2567:
2513:217834
2511:
2504:414195
2501:
2455:176150
2453:
2289:US EPA
2268:
2206:
2196:
2188:
1999:Safety
1913:et al.
1876:et al.
1872:et al.
1859:et al.
1855:et al.
1847:oxygen
1826:et al.
1806:et al.
1798:et al.
1769:et al.
1765:enzyme
1730:et al.
1634:lipids
1575:. The
1546:et al.
1489:RβSβOH
1457:et al.
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1292:amines
1281:Cl + H
1256:O + Cl
1161:oxygen
1157:cobalt
1153:nickel
1149:copper
944:enzyme
914:humans
904:. The
900:, and
821:HβOβCl
800:is an
774:verify
771:
645:anions
643:Other
627:(SDS)
377:SMILES
84:Names
73:
71:
65:Oxygen
63:
61:
53:
51:
6059:AgOCl
5928:NaOCl
5907:ClONO
5891:LiOCl
5259:NaHCO
4598:55312
3889:Shock
3413:S2CID
2336:See:
1763:, an
1455:Knox
1408:JSTOR
1394:books
1318:O + H
1219:NaClO
1211:Salts
1172:+ 2 H
1155:, or
1133:O + H
1066:water
928:with
844:anion
833:water
466:7.53
416:52.46
342:InChI
274:24341
212:22757
183:ChEBI
161:JSmol
5958:KOCl
5873:HOCl
5599:HNCS
5594:HSCN
5268:HNCO
5216:HMnO
5103:HCNO
5089:HClO
5079:HClO
5069:HClO
5063:HClO
5049:HBrO
5039:HBrO
5029:HBrO
5023:HBrO
4986:HArF
4856:PMID
4805:PMID
4787:ISSN
4756:PMID
4705:PMID
4679:Cell
4656:PMID
4603:PMID
4540:PMID
4495:PMID
4419:PMID
4362:PMID
4308:help
4284:PMID
4274:ISBN
4201:PMID
4156:link
4096:PMID
4047:PMID
4005:PMID
3966:PMID
3915:PMID
3866:PMID
3825:PMID
3781:PMID
3740:PMID
3688:ISBN
3666:PMID
3628:PMID
3588:PMID
3553:PMID
3455:PMID
3405:PMID
3347:PMID
3312:PMID
3274:PMID
3225:PMID
3183:link
3165:PMID
3111:PMID
3067:PMID
3027:PMID
2986:PMID
2936:link
2865:link
2847:PMID
2785:ISBN
2713:PMID
2695:ISSN
2654:PMID
2642:2006
2593:link
2575:PMID
2509:PMID
2451:PMID
2266:PMID
2204:PMID
2186:ISSN
1972:and
1947:and
1932:and
1812:and
1607:and
1567:and
1380:news
1168:2 Cl
988:Uses
964:.
941:heme
933:ions
854:are
825:acid
733:tert
531:H335
527:H320
285:UNII
77:, Cl
18:HOCl
6308:No
6305:Md
6302:Fm
6299:Es
6296:Cf
6293:Bk
6290:Cm
6287:Am
6284:Pu
6281:Np
6275:Pa
6272:Th
6269:Ac
6266:**
6261:Yb
6258:Tm
6255:Er
6252:Ho
6249:Dy
6246:Tb
6243:Gd
6240:Eu
6237:Sm
6234:Pm
6231:Nd
6228:Pr
6225:Ce
6222:La
6207:Og
6204:Ts
6201:Lv
6198:Mc
6195:Fl
6192:Nh
6189:Cn
6186:Rg
6183:Ds
6180:Mt
6177:Hs
6174:Bh
6171:Sg
6168:Db
6165:Rf
6162:Lr
6159:**
6156:Ra
6153:Fr
6148:Rn
6145:At
6142:Po
6139:Bi
6136:Pb
6133:Tl
6130:Hg
6127:Au
6124:Pt
6121:Ir
6118:Os
6115:Re
6109:Ta
6106:Hf
6103:Lu
6087:Cs
6082:Xe
6076:Te
6073:Sb
6070:Sn
6067:In
6064:Cd
6054:Pd
6051:Rh
6048:Ru
6045:Tc
6042:Mo
6039:Nb
6036:Zr
6028:Sr
6025:Rb
6020:Kr
6017:Br
6014:Se
6011:As
6008:Ge
6005:Ga
6002:Zn
5999:Cu
5996:Ni
5993:Co
5990:Fe
5987:Mn
5984:Cr
5978:Ti
5975:Sc
5951:Ar
5948:Cl
5939:Si
5936:Al
5933:Mg
5921:Ne
5896:Be
5884:He
5859:ion
5788:TiO
5774:TeO
5760:TeO
5570:SiO
5556:SeO
5542:SeO
5332:NSO
5317:HNO
5289:HNO
5279:HNO
5273:HNO
5253:HNC
5244:MoO
5230:MnO
5206:HIO
5196:HIO
5186:HIO
5180:HIO
5170:HFO
5113:CrO
5098:HCN
5058:HCl
5018:HBr
4997:HSO
4991:HAt
4977:AsO
4963:AsO
4846:PMC
4836:doi
4795:PMC
4746:PMC
4736:doi
4695:PMC
4687:doi
4683:135
4646:PMC
4638:doi
4593:PMC
4583:doi
4530:doi
4526:257
4485:doi
4481:202
4454:doi
4409:PMC
4401:doi
4352:PMC
4344:doi
4266:doi
4234:doi
4191:PMC
4183:doi
4179:178
4136:doi
4132:242
4086:PMC
4078:doi
4039:doi
3997:doi
3956:PMC
3946:doi
3905:PMC
3897:doi
3856:doi
3852:276
3817:doi
3813:332
3771:doi
3767:273
3730:PMC
3722:doi
3718:254
3658:doi
3654:313
3620:doi
3616:840
3580:doi
3576:285
3543:PMC
3535:doi
3495:doi
3447:doi
3395:doi
3383:144
3339:doi
3335:296
3304:doi
3264:PMC
3256:doi
3252:330
3215:doi
3211:271
3155:PMC
3147:doi
3143:302
3101:doi
3059:doi
3055:332
3019:doi
2978:doi
2974:349
2918:doi
2839:doi
2781:189
2703:PMC
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2646:doi
2565:PMC
2555:doi
2499:PMC
2491:doi
2441:doi
2437:251
2412:doi
2258:doi
2254:458
2194:PMC
2178:doi
2097:CAS
1893:DNA
1845:to
1643:ClO
1632:in
1618:NAD
1613:UMP
1609:CMP
1605:AMP
1601:TMP
1597:GMP
1565:HCl
1513:βOH
1505:βOH
1445:RNA
1441:DNA
1356:to
1198:ClO
1189:In
1081:+ H
1064:to
1030:In
1016:by
1008:In
1001:to
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908:of
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510:GHS
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311:EPA
264:CID
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