Habbani Jews - Knowledge (XXG)

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victorious. Also the Shar`abim–from the city of Shar`ab–were strong, but not to the same degree as the Habbanis. Once in Yemen there was a wild tribe of murderous Arab warriors that conquered town after town, slaughtering whomever they found. Thus they moved forward from settlement to settlement: killing, destroying–may their names by blotted out–until they approached a city of Jews, 13,000 Jews roughly. Everyone felt hopeless-even the Arabs among them put up their hands, searching for a place to escape. Suddenly ten Habbanis arrived and waged war with them–ten against a thousand–and vanquished all of them. Not even one of those warriors was left alive, and not one of the ten fell.

19: 241:., al-Adani, Doh, Hillel, Maifa'i, Ma'tuf and Shamakh, were reduced to 1-4 adult males each and their families. The entire Habbani Jewish population was estimated to be no more than 50 people at the end of the 18th century. In the 19th century, the population gradually recovered, despite recurrent migrations to the north (al-Ghabiyah in "il-Hadineh") and west (Abyan, Dathinah and Bayda), from less than one-hundred in 1800 to nearly four-hundred and fifty in the mid-1940s. 1311: 85: 319:, never to return. Although intermittent persecution did occur, the biggest threat to Habbani Jews during this time was conversion due to assimilation. During the great famine of 1724, 700 Jews voluntarily converted to Islam to receive greater food rations. Despite the lack of forced conversions, Habbani Jews also converted to Islam to improve their social status, to pursue romantic affairs, and when seeking refuge due to internal feuds. 2970: 342:, Jews in Habban would begin with preparations such as whitewashing the walls of their homes using a stone known in Arabic as a (קטאט) "Qtat" which had been melted in water and would give the color white. Special utensils, such as pots (אלטסות) "Iltsut", kettles (אלדלל) "Ildelal", and serving plates (אלתחון), which were specifically used only on Pesach were brought out and set aside. 2984: 594:

occurred during the 1960s and 1970s when Chabad culture was first introduced to the Habbani, but by the 1990s community resistance to Chabad had faded. The community had welcomed the piety introduced through Chabad education but had taken offence to differences in religious ritual. By the 1980s, Chabad Habbani had established a synagogue and founded the

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The vast majority of Habbani Jews left Yemen in the Spring of 1950, after Operation Magic Carpet and the riots in Aden had concluded. The largest impetus for them was that the earlier migrants over the past few years had left Habban with considerable outstanding debts, and the remaining community was

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The way was generally in the direction of Ihwar. In Ihwar they would stay for some time, collecting food, money, and afterwards continue from there to Sheikh `Uthman and `Aden, to the camp Hashid—and from there they would wait their turn for the airplane to the Land . The problem was getting to camp

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In Habban, there were two synagogues that were divided between the two major Jewish families, Maatuf and Hillel. The older of the two was the building that the Hillel family continued to pray in after the Maatuf family formed a new synagogue. The Hillel family synagogue was also frequented by members

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Eyewitnesses Gamar bath Hassan `Adeni, Sa`id bin Yusuf and Sa`id bin Musa Mif`i, who were present and participated at the time of the uprising, and presently live in Salame – Tel Aviv, recount the might of those Habbani Jewish individuals who fought with bravery and strength, and that they killed a

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The vanguard of the Habbani Jews was led by Zecharyah Habbani who kept after the officials in charge of immigration to accelerate the transfer of the Jews from the Hadramaut to the Land of Israel. They are in dire distress," he reported. "They are suffering from hunger and from the edicts of Hussein

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was ground and prepared by women in their community while the baking was performed by the men. The matzah was made the day before Pesach, after mid-day, with various recitations of the Hallel being sung in groups. The first group would sing the lines of the Hallel while the second group would answer

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The drought of the 1700s decimated the Habbani. The Bah'quer and D'gurkash clans specifically left the valley to seek sustenance for their families. They traveled all the way to India, but when they returned they found that most of their families had died from starvation. They left Yemen again to

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who, under clan founder Yonadab ben Rechav, led a nomadic existence. Following the destruction of First Temple, they wandered as far as the region of Khaybar, drawn to it by its oasis of palm trees and grain fields. The oasis was strategically located on the Arabian route up to Israel and Syria, 140

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Upon emigration to Israel, the Jews of Habban did not possess many written texts due to a number of factors such as constant travel of men from their communities as well as the theft of their existing texts. In order to bridge the gap Rabbi Shalom Yitzhaq Maatuf Doh compiled a prayer book based on

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In the 16th century, thanks to the advice of a Habbani Jew, Suleman the Wise, the Jews received a special quarter of Habban. And in the late 17th century, a severe drought hit Habban, resulting in considerable demographic changes. Habbani families came under intense pressure to reproduce to help

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by giving to the poor and preparing the food that would be eaten. Members of the community would wash themselves and don their best clothes before going to the synagogue to pray Minchah and Arvit. On the day of Shavuot after praying Shachrit and Musaf the Jews of Habban had a special tradition to

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tribe accepted Judaism, approximately 100 C.E. According to Habbani Jewish sources Jewish migrants, traveling south from Saudi Arabia, first settled in an area known as "Ilmarkh" (אלמרך) near a mountain known as Ishav (אשב) which is 10 km east from the city of Habban. The area, once known as

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Hasidic movement in some way. According to anthropologist Laurence Loeb, the religious integration and influence of Chabad has reshaped Habbani culture. Traditional Habbani values are praised and valued by the Chabad affiliates, although a preference for Chabad values is also held. Some tensions

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After breakfast they had a tradition of pouring water on each other as symbol of the people of Israel receiving the Torah at Mount Sinai with the water being symbolic of the Torah, based on Isaiah 55:1 which states, "all who are thirsty come for water." The first to start this tradition was Mori

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Habbani Jews were extremely reluctant to migrate to Israel, citing their good relations with their neighbors. In 1945, a Habbani Jew claimed to be the Messiah, gathering both a Jewish and Muslim following from Hadhramaut and made his way to Beihar. He became known for his pomp and extravagance,

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Yavne'eli further described the community structure by stating that the Zecharyah clan were the first of the Habbani Jewish clans and that they were local merchants of silver, leather pelts, and cobbling. He further noted that meat was only eaten on the Shabbat and even coffee was considered a

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like other Yemeni Jews, and, rather than covering their heads, wore an oiled thong through their characteristically long hair. They plucked their mustaches, distinct from other Jews, but similar to neighboring Muslims. They wore a blue prayer shawl over one shoulder, or walked bare chested,

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These population shortages could result in marriages outside of traditional family lines. Around the mid-1800s, one Habbani man from the al-Adani clan whose wife had died married a woman from al-Bedhani. The woman allegedly seduced and married a non-Jewish neighbor, and the ensuing backlash

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The Habbanis were mighty heroes. I heard a lot from elders in my youth about the Habbanis, about their wars, how they would fight ‘according to names’. What does it mean ‘according to names’? –the letters: They would make the shape of the letters with their hands, and by this they would be

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decorating his horse's saddle with gold and silver. Following a large battle where the alleged Messiah and his followers were vanquished, tensions between some of the Muslim rulers and the Jewish communities were accentuated. Some Habbani Jews blamed activities and letters by the

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and Yathrib were two Jewish communities in Arabia that initially maintained a measure of independence. The Jews shared Yathrib with two Arab clans that who were sometimes friendly and other times quite hostile. According to tradition, the Jews of Khaybar were descended from the

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The Jews of Habban, for most of their history, were separated from the main centers of Yemenite Jewry, and isolated geographically. Despite their isolation they succeeded in developing their own resources, religious as well as economic, and created an environment of their own.

72:. The city of Habban had a Jewish community of 450 in 1947, which was considered to possibly be the remains of a larger community which lived independently in the region before its decline in the 6th century. The Jewish community of Habban disappeared from the map of the 258:

The Jews of Habban, though isolated from the majority of Yemenite Jewish communities, were able to maintain various levels of contact with larger Jewish populations in the north and shared in many of their common traits. They possessed religious texts such as the

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smearing their torsos with sesame oil and indigo. A course calico loincloth, died indigo, covered their bottom, and they typically walked barefoot or with sandals. The women wore their hair in tiny braids, and wore loose-fitting embroidered dresses.

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Abdallah of Habban and his sons. They are also in debt to the Moslems, who charge them exorbitant rates of interest." The Jewish Agency took action, and few families left the Hadramaut. After 1948, small numbers of Habbani Jews made their way to

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the traditions from Habban, in addition to the traditions of both Baladi and Shami Yemenite communities as well. He did not live to see the first printing of his siddur, but the work was completed by his sons and his son-in-law Avner Maatuf.

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Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry of Hatzarmavet in the Last Generations, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., pages 126 to

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Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry of the Hatzarmaut in the Last Generations, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., page

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Yavne'eli indicated that in 1911 there were only 60 Jewish families left in Habban. Bin Ibrahim Habbani, who was born in Habban and emigrated to Israel in 1945, indicated there were 700 Jews in Hadhramaut, 450 of which were in Habban.

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The Jews in these parts are held in high esteem by everyone in Yemen and Aden. They are said to be courageous, always with their weapons and wild long hair, and the names of their towns are mentioned by the Jews of Yemen with great

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Habbani Jews in Israel and America today experience an acute threat of cultural assimilation. By the 1960s, none but the elders wore traditional clothing, and many in Israel complained about discrimination at the hands of

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Though isolated, the Jews of Habban did maintain some level of contact with other Yemenite Jewish communities though said contact was infrequent and usually resulted from some quarrel over some point of Jewish law.

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Hashid, for they would not always allow entry, and not to everyone. Therefore the first emigrants remained a relatively long time in Sheikh `Uthman. And when the pogrom in `Aden happened, they were in danger.

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with the statement (הללויה) "Halleluyah" or (כי לעולם חסדו) "Because his mercy is forever". Some even had the tradition to answer the Hallel with the Arabic translation (קד לדהר פצלו) "Qid liddhar fassluw".

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Boyar, Daniel (Apr.,1978). "On the History of the Babylonian Jewish Aramaic Reading Traditions: The Reflexes of *a and *ā." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 37, No. 2, Colloquium on Aramaic Studies,

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were often given either the fifth or the sixth aliyah. Each verse of the Torah read in Hebrew is followed by the Aramaic, and sometimes an additional Arabic translation, usually chanted by a child.

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kilometres (90 mi) north of Medina. The Rechabite warriors of Khaybar built a line of forts and castles with the strongest of them being Kamus, built atop an inaccessible cliff.

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among them. Their traditional occupations included silversmiths, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, and making household utensils, and the men particularly engaged in long-distance trading.

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repopulate the community, despite an acute shortage of women. But the most significant impact of the drought was a large-scale exodus of Habbani Jews across Yemen and far beyond.

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of the Shamakh, Mif'ay, and Adani families. The synagogue not only served the purpose of community prayer during Shabbat and the Haggim but also as a Beit Sefer and a Beit Din.

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The major clans of the Habbani were the al Adani, Doh, Hillel, Maifa'i, Ma'tuf, Shamakh, Bah'quer and D'gurkash. All but the last two exist in Israel today. They did not have

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Yitzhaq ben Salem who would pour drops of water into his hands from a can say, "I threw pure water on you and it purifies you from all of your impurities," from Ezikiel 36:25.

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in Yemen. He noted that this group of Jews were at times in armed combat with various north African tribes and also had contact with Jewish communities in Persia and Egypt.

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An example of these types of feuds was an inheritance dispute in the 1930s between the daughters of a man with no sons resulted in one line of the lineage migrating to

2474: 2864: 1547: 1238: 627: 2824: 1133:, published by the Ma`atuf family under the auspices of the local municipality of Bareqeth and greater municipality of Ben Shemen, 1987, 223pp., pages II. 1342: 307:, yet in Yemenite communities each person called to the Torah scroll for an aliyah reads for himself. In contrast, in Habban, children under the age of 3040: 3035: 1371: 1231: 642: 492:. By September 1950, most Habbani Jews were living at the Ein Shemer Immigration Camp in Israel until permanent housing could be arranged for them. 363:

recite "Azharot" liturgical poems, or versifications, of the 613 commandments in the rabbinical enumeration as found in the Siddur of Saadia Gaon.

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Goldberg, Harvey E. (1996). "Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries: history and culture in the modern era." Jewish Theological Seminary of America.

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Klorman, Bat-Zion Eraqi (Fall 2007). “Muslim Society as an Alternative: Jews Converting to Islam,” Jewish Social Studies n.s. 14, no. 1 :89–118.

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In Israel the Habbanim settled in two moshavim: Kefar Shalem, near Tel Aviv and Bereqet, 3 kilometres (2 mi) from Ben Gurion Airport.

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Mount "Da'ah" (הר דעה), was said to have once been the seat of a Jewish rulership that may have also been connected to the Himyar tribe.

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or curved knife, matznaph (turban) and avne`t (sash). It was very uncommon for Jews in Yemen, outside of Habban, to wear the Jambiya.

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great number of Arabs. And with what weapons did they fight? Like axes, pickaxes, knives, and iron bars and wooden bats, and the like.”

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Towne, Bradford (1990). "Generational Change in Skin Color Variation among Habbani Yemeni Jews" Human Biology, 62:1 (1990:Feb.).

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There were a number of characteristics that made the Jews of Habban in modern times distinct from the Jews of Northern Yemen.

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Religious fervor was common among Habbani Jews. Even the most uneducated among them were capable of conducting the role of

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are the only communities who maintain the tradition of reading the Torah in the synagogue in both Hebrew and the Aramaic

2807: 2802: 1990: 1975: 1739: 1694: 1439: 969:, Jewish Communities in Exotic Places, by Ken Blady, Jason Aronson, Inc, Northvale, New Jersey, Jerusalem, 2000, page 32 186: 2904: 2889: 1770: 1630: 109: 1198:

Ahroni, Reuben (1994). "The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden: history, culture, and ethnic relations." Brill.

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Weingrod, Alex (1985). "Studies in Israeli ethnicity: after the ingathering." Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.

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Belcove-Shalin, Janet S. (1995). "New world Hasidim: ethnographic studies of Hasidic Jews in America." SUNY Press.

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concerned about being held responsible. In January 1950 they traveled from Habban and arrived in Mahane Geula in

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Describing the route followed by most Habbanis who participated in the Israeli airlift, Operation Magic Carpet:

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Local Yemenite accounts place the establishment of a substantial Jewish presence in Southern Yemen after the

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Habbani Jews were described as taller and more muscular than their Muslim neighbors. The men did not sport

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A Living Memory of the Bravery & Might of the Habbani Warriors Continues among Baladi Yemenite Jews

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while another places the earliest migration just before the destruction of the First Temple during the

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According to researcher Kevin Avruch, about half of the Habbani in Israel are affiliated with the

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in southern Yemen. Yavnieli wrote about the Jews of Habban describing them in the following way.

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Loeb, Laurence D. "HaBaD and Habban:" 770's" Impact on a Yemenite Jewish Community in Israel."

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came into contact with Habbani Jews who ransomed him when he was captured and robbed by eight

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by Shalom Yitzhaq Maatuf Doh, published by Avner Maatuf, 2007, pp.512, pages 12, 14 and 18

230: 222: 133: 57: 39: 1055:, by Devora and Menachem Hacohen, Sabra Books Funk and Wagnalls, New York, 1969, page 152 981:, by Devora and Menachem Hacohen, Sabra Books Funk and Wagnalls, New York, 1969, page 151 100:. One such tradition has three divisions of Israelite soldiers being sent by either King 2385: 76:, in southeast Yemen, with the emigration of all of its members to Israel in the 1950s. 2988: 2963: 2784: 2691: 2649: 2629: 2617: 2597: 2511: 2501: 2469: 2462: 2442: 2413: 2380: 2346: 2256: 2180: 2170: 2108: 1906: 1854: 1765: 1760: 1522: 1517: 1452: 1381: 662: 450:, sometimes fighting hostile Arab tribes along the way. From there they were airlifted 304: 268: 112:. Another tradition, shared with northern Yemenite Jews, states that under the prophet 3004: 2757: 2602: 2529: 2336: 2270: 2243: 2192: 2140: 2113: 2088: 2078: 1839: 1785: 1719: 1699: 1689: 1684: 1657: 1603: 1532: 1477: 1290: 853:, by Laurence D. Loeb, Institute of Semitic Studies, Princeton University 1999, p. 74 732: 716: 612: 439: 292: 264: 137: 69: 2737: 2534: 2496: 2457: 2046: 1790: 1709: 1669: 1652: 1620: 1608: 1569: 1487: 1462: 1275: 1270: 657: 296: 1214:

Kutscher, E. Y.(1966) "Yemenite Hebrew and Ancient Pronunciation," JSS 11: 217-25.

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A special breakfast meal was prepared on Shavuot with a type of pastry known as (

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Habbani.com, official web-site for culture and history of the Jews of Hababan,

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who settled in the area before the destruction of the Second Temple during the

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were not uncommon, which often put the community in conflict with each other.

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A Compendium of Jewish Travels - Book: Travels of Rabbi Benyamin from Tudela

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Similar to other holy days, the Jews of Habban would prepare the day before

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travel on the Indian Ocean, settling in India and East Africa along typical

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journal dedicated to the synthesis of Chabad teachings and Habbani values.

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Judaeo-Yemenite Studies - Proceedings of the Second International Congress

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Jewish-Muslim Socio-Political Relations in Twentieth Century South Yemen

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Region in Southern Yemen/Aden where the bulk of Habbani Jews were found.

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New World Hasidim: Ethnographic Studies of Hasidic Jews in America

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Silver Treasures from the Land of Sheba; Regional Remeni Jewelry

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Unlike the Jews of northern Yemen, the Habbani Jews wore a

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Differences between Habbani Jews and Northern Yemenite Jews

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Their unique traditions on holidays and happy occasions.

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to assist the Roman legions fighting in the region (see

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Jewish community from the Habban region of eastern Yemen

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Avruch, Kevin. "The emergence of ethnicity in Israel."

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Tiklal, Atereth Zqenim - Prayers for the year - Book 1,

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settlement routes, finding work as mercenaries for the

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Their distinct profession (they were silversmiths).

2783: 2648: 2520: 2394: 2288: 1819: 1508: 1438: 1380: 790: 788: 771:. American University in Cairo Press. p. 219. 326:and avoided conversion, and them migrated to the 159:traveled through Arabia arriving as far south as 849:, ed. Ephraim Isaac & Yosef Tobi, article: 1336: 1239: 1129:Ma`atuf, Sa`adia bin Yitzkhaq, Habbani Jewry 8: 628:History of the Jews in the Arabian Peninsula 373: 367: 2825:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 1505: 1343: 1329: 1321: 1246: 1232: 1224: 68:), a subset of the larger ethnic group of 417:According to Rabbi Yoseph Maghori-Kohen: 1372:Index of Jewish history-related articles 1053:One People The Story of The Eastern Jews 979:One People The Story of The Eastern Jews 643:Jews of the Bilad el-Sudan (West Africa) 554:Their version of the prayers and piyutim 196: 18: 2871:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 673: 1186:, ed. JS Belcove-Shalin (1995): 69-85. 1131:of Hatzarmaut in the Last Generations 633:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 7: 531:Their outer appearance and clothing. 279:Prayer book - Tiklal "Ateret Zqenim" 23:Yemenite Habbani family celebrating 713:Jewish Communities in Exotic Places 368: 43: 2818:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 2798:American Jewish Historical Society 442:for aggravating tensions further. 116:some 75,000 Israelites, including 14: 315:resulted in the family moving to 96:in Arabia as early as the era of 3041:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 2982: 2969: 2968: 1309: 653:List of Jews from the Arab World 3036:People from Shabwah Governorate 701:A Journey to Yemen and Its Jews 534:Their food and its preparation. 185:Habbani was home to "renowned" 2890:Relations with other religions 967:The Jews of Habban South Yemen 201:Habbani woman doing handicraft 1: 2877:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 638:Jewish exodus from Arab lands 2808:Leo Baeck Institute New York 2803:American Sephardi Federation 187:Yemenite Jewish silversmiths 155:Between 1165 and 1117 Rabbi 80:Ancient and medieval history 52:) are a culturally distinct 1631:Constantinopolitan Karaites 731:," by Monroe Rosenthal and 374: 130:Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE 3057: 2859:National Library of Israel 1500:Zionism, race and genetics 1173:14, no. 2 (1987): 327-339. 1110:Belcove-Shalin 1995, p. 72 1092:Belcove-Shalin 1995, p. 82 1074:Belcove-Shalin 1995, p. 76 193:Habbani communal structure 110:597 BCE Siege of Jerusalem 3011:Jews and Judaism in Yemen 2957: 2813:Yeshiva University Museum 2793:Center for Jewish History 1362: 1307: 1261: 1160:Goldberg, 1996 p. 265-267 767:Ransom, Marjorie (2014). 295:and the Aramaic speaking 92:Several traditions place 1405:Ancient Israel and Judah 1011:Ahroni, 1994 p. 201, 204 288:Torah reading and Targum 3021:Jewish tribes of Arabia 1781:North African Sephardim 1754:Jewish tribes of Arabia 1255:Jewish tribes of Arabia 1142:Ahroni, 1994 p. 201-202 1034:Ahroni, 1994 p. 200-201 585:Affiliation with Chabad 577:Habbani Jews practiced 460:Operation Flying Carpet 54:Jewish population group 2884:Holocaust Encyclopedia 2854:Jewish Virtual Library 928:Klorman, 2007 p. 94-98 345:The special flour for 202: 89: 31: 3016:Jewish Yemeni history 2831:Encyclopaedia Judaica 2613:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 1798:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 1548:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 1101:Weingrod 1985, p. 210 1083:Weingrod 1985, p. 205 1025:Goldberg, 1996 p. 271 919:Goldberg, 1996 p. 273 834:Goldberg, 1996 p. 268 623:Demographics of Yemen 338:Several weeks before 200: 87: 22: 3026:Jewish ethnic groups 1410:Second Temple period 1171:American Ethnologist 1151:Ahroni, 1994, p. 202 812:Ahroni, 1994, p. 204 719:Inc., 2000, pages 32 433:Emigration to Israel 254:Religious traditions 2848:Jewish Encyclopedia 2593:Hekhalot literature 2404:Religious movements 1939:Judeo-Tripolitanian 1043:Ahroni, 1994 p. 206 803:Ahroni, 1994 p. 201 354:Pentecost - Shavuot 273:Duties of the Heart 66:Shabwah Governorate 2989:Judaism portal 2925:Jews and Halloween 2920:Jews and Christmas 2310:Rabbinic authority 2062:Judaeo-Piedmontese 1495:Xueta Christianity 1400:Origins of Judaism 1367:Outline of Judaism 999:2011-07-17 at the 954:2013-11-05 at the 618:Abrahamic religion 203: 157:Benjamin of Tudela 90: 60:region in eastern 32: 2998: 2997: 2964:extinct languages 2865:YIVO Encyclopedia 2640:Hebrew literature 2608:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 2448:Reconstructionist 2126:Judaeo-Portuguese 1815: 1814: 1771:Eastern Sephardim 1415:Synagogal Judaism 1318: 1317: 1205:pp. 141–160. 794:Towne, 1990 p. 87 715:," by Ken Blady, 648:Judaism and Islam 334:Passover - Pesach 328:Palestine Mandate 3048: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2972: 2971: 2104:Judeo-Golpaygani 1705:Palestinian Jews 1680:Alexandrian Jews 1636:Crimean Karaites 1553:Unterlander Jews 1506: 1420:Rabbinic Judaism 1345: 1338: 1331: 1322: 1313: 1248: 1241: 1234: 1225: 1187: 1180: 1174: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1127: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1084: 1081: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1012: 1009: 1003: 988: 982: 976: 970: 964: 958: 945: 939: 935: 929: 926: 920: 917: 911: 907: 901: 900: 898: 897: 888:. Archived from 882: 876: 870: 864: 860: 854: 844: 835: 832: 826: 822: 813: 810: 804: 801: 795: 792: 783: 782: 764: 758: 754: 748: 742: 736: 729:Wars of the Jews 726: 720: 710: 704: 698: 692: 688: 682: 678: 591:Chabad-Lubavitch 396:Shmuel Yavne'eli 377: 371: 370: 98:Solomon's Temple 45: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2983: 2981: 2953: 2779: 2644: 2516: 2390: 2284: 2099:Judeo-Borujerdi 2074:Judeo-Malayalam 2020:Judeo-Aragonese 1991:Lishanid Noshan 1823: 1811: 1543:Oberlander Jews 1504: 1434: 1376: 1358: 1349: 1319: 1314: 1305: 1257: 1252: 1195: 1193:Further reading 1190: 1181: 1177: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1059: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1001:Wayback Machine 989: 985: 977: 973: 965: 961: 956:Wayback Machine 946: 942: 936: 932: 927: 923: 918: 914: 908: 904: 895: 893: 884: 883: 879: 871: 867: 861: 857: 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1952: 1951: 1946: 1944:Judeo-Tunisian 1941: 1936: 1934:Judeo-Moroccan 1931: 1930: 1929: 1927:Judeo-Baghdadi 1914: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1831: 1829: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1783: 1778: 1776:Livornese Jews 1773: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1523:Afrikaner-Jode 1514: 1512: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1340: 1333: 1325: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1298: 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2930: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2915:Protestantism 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2603:Sefer HaBahir 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2536: 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2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2114:Judeo-Shirazi 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2089:Judeo-Persian 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2079:Judeo-Marathi 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2057:Judeo-Italian 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1912:Judeo-Amazigh 1910: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1735:Hadhrami Jews 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1700:Mountain Jews 1698: 1696: 1695:Egyptian Jews 1693: 1691: 1690:Bukharan Jews 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1478:Lists of Jews 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 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Mozeson 730: 725: 722: 718: 717:Jason Aronson 714: 709: 706: 702: 697: 694: 687: 684: 677: 674: 668: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 613:Yemenite Jews 611: 609: 606: 605: 601: 599: 597: 596:Alon Bareqqet 592: 584: 582: 580: 575: 573: 568: 565: 560: 553: 550: 547: 543: 539: 536: 533: 530: 529: 528: 525: 523: 519: 514: 507: 505: 503: 499: 493: 491: 485: 480: 476: 475: 472: 468: 467: 466: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 443: 441: 440:Jewish Agency 432: 430: 424: 420: 419: 418: 415: 409: 405: 404: 403: 401: 397: 393: 385: 383: 379: 376: 364: 361: 353: 351: 348: 343: 341: 333: 331: 329: 325: 320: 318: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 293:Yemenite Jews 287: 285: 278: 276: 274: 270: 266: 265:Mishneh Torah 262: 253: 251: 244: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 218: 214: 212: 208: 199: 192: 190: 188: 180: 178: 175: 170: 169: 166: 162: 158: 153: 150: 145: 141: 139: 138:Aelius Gallus 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 86: 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