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510:, five remnant areas of land were monitored; one was put in the center with the other four surrounding it. Then, a corridor was put between one of the remnants and the center. Butterflies that were placed in the center habitat were two to four times more likely to move to the connected remnant rather than the disconnected ones. Furthermore, male
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Habitat corridors can be categorized based on their width, with wider corridors generally supporting greater wildlife use. However, the overall effectiveness of a corridor depends more on its design that its width. The following are three main categories of corridor widths:
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populations. A control population in which voles were confined to their core habitat with no corridor was compared to a treatment population in their core habitat with passages that they use to move to other regions. Females typically stayed and mated within their
503:, small mammals, and reptiles, even though the corridors were not intended specifically for animals. Researchers also learned that factors such as surrounding habitat, underpass dimensions, and human activity played a role in the frequency of usage.
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Wildlife corridors are most effective when designed with the ecology of their target species in mind. Factors such as seasonal movement, avoidance behavior, dispersal patterns , and specific habitat requirements must also be considered.
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The Siju-Rewak
Corridor, located in the Garo Hills of India, protects an important population of elephants (thought to be approximately 20% of all the elephants that survive in the country). This corridor project links together the
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populations that have been separated by human activities or structures, such as development, roads, or land clearings. These corridors enable movement of individuals between populations, which helps to prevent negative effects of
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through animals movement, of various species between isolated habitat patches. Corridors must be large enough to support minimum critical populations, reduce migration barriers, and maximize connectivity between populations.
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that divides habitat areas and restricts animal movement. Habitat fragmentation from human development poses an increasing threat to biodiversity, and habitat corridors help to reduce its harmful effects.
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plants were placed in the center region, and female holly plants in the connected region increased by 70 percent in seed production compared to those plants in the disconnected region. Plant
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Some species are more likely to utilize habitat corridors depending on migration and mating patterns, making it essential that corridor design is targeted towards a specific species.
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346:. Observations that underpasses tend to be more than overpasses as many animals are too timid to cross over a bridge in front of traffic and prefer the cover of an underpass.
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may become unstable or isolated. Corridors help reconnect these fragmented populations and reduce population fluctuations by supporting three key that stabilize population:
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189:,) and are typically found in the form of rivers and streams. Terrestrial corridors take the form of wooded strips connecting forested areas or an urban hedgerows.
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Sutcliffe, O.L.; Thomas, C.D. (1996). "Open
Corridors Appear to Facilitate Dispersal by Ringlet Butterflies (Aphantopus hyperantus) between Woodland Clearings".
865:
Bennett, A.F. 1999. Linkages in the
Landscape: The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation. The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.
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ConservationCorridor.org - information, tools and links to connect the science of landscape corridors to conservation in practice. Accessed: 14 September 2012
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patterns. By analyzing gene flow within a population, researchers can better understand the long- term role of corridors in migration and genetic diversity.
77:, that can occur in isolated populations. Additionally, corridors support the re-establishment of populations that may have been reduced or wiped out due to
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Ensuring safe access to wildlife in
Lumding Reserve Forest, Assam, India, Mitigating the impacts of up-gradation of Doboka-Silchar National Highway (NH54E)
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Tewksbury, J.J.; Levey, D.J.; Haddad, N.M.; Sargent, S.; Orrock, J.L.; Weldon, A.; Danielson, B.J.; Brinkerhoff, J.; Damschen, E.I.; Townsend, P. (2002).
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Fleury, A.M.; Brown, R.D. (1997). "A Framework for the Design of
Wildlife Conservation Corridors with Specific Application to Southwestern Ontario".
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Dole, J.W., Ng, S.J., Sauvajot, R.M. 2003. Use of
Highway Undercrossings by Wildlife in Southern California. Biology Conservation, 115 (3):499-507.
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were observed to see how many animals used them as corridors. They proved to be especially effective on wide-ranging species such as carnivores,
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Due to space constraints, buffers are not usually implemented. Without a buffer zone, corridors can become affected by disturbances from human
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Roach, J. 2006. First
Evidence that Wildlife Corridors Boost Biodiversity, Study Says. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.
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may spend their entire lives in linear habitats. In such cases, the corridor must provide enough resources to support such species.
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through bird droppings was noted to be the dispersal method with the largest increase within the corridor-connected patch of land.
455:; they are also crucial for smaller animals and plants,acting as ecological connectors to move between isolated habitat fragments.
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Habitat corridors can be considered a management tool in areas where the destruction of a natural habitats has severely impacted
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478:. The tops of the bridges are planted with trees and native grasses, with fences present on either side to help guide animals.
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2611:
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Simberloff, D.; Farr, J.A.; Cox, J.; Mehlman, D.W. (1992). "Movement
Corridors: Conservation Bargains or Poor Investments?".
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Species that relocate seasonally can do so more safely and effectively without interference from human development barriers.
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Wildlife passages - De-Fragmentation in the
Netherlands - How to evaluate their effectiveness? Accessed: 22 January 2009
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Animals can move and occupy new areas when food sources or other natural resources are scarce in their primary habitat.
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681:. There is a possibility that corridors could aid in the spread of invasive species, threatening native populations.
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32:
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Beier, P.; Loe, S. (1992). "In My
Experience: A Checklist for Evaluating Impacts to Wildlife Movement Corridors".
98:
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1502:
Dixon, Jeremy D.; Oli, Madan K.; Wooten, Michael C.; Eason, Thomas H.; McCown, J. Walter; Paetkau, David (2006).
1296:"A framework for the design of wildlife conservation corridors With specific application to southwestern Ontario"
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consist of small, separate patches of suitable habitat. However, stepping-stone corridors are more vulnerable to
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Foreman, Dave. Rewilding North America: a Vision for Conservation in the 21st Century. Washington: Island, 2004.
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De Chant, T. 2007. A Future of Conservation. Northfield Habitat Corridors Community Plan, Northfield, Minnesota.
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and observe how wildlife utilizes corridors. Marking and recapturing animals helps track individual movement.
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2390:"Do wildlife corridors link or extend habitat? Insights from elephant use of a Kenyan wildlife corridor"
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448:; habitat quality along the edge of a habitat fragment is often much lower than in core habitat areas.
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Wildlife corridors also have significant indirect effects on plant populations by increasing pollen and
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Defragmentation in Belgium (Flanders) - Connecting nature, connecting people. Accessed: 22 January 2009
2430:
269:– (>500 metres (1,600 ft) wide); connect major ecological gradients such as migratory pathways.
1800:"As Banff's famed wildlife overpasses turn 20, the world looks to Canada for conservation inspiration"
154:
Daniel Rosenberg et al. were among the first to define the concept of wildlife corridor, developing a
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M., S. 2002. Ecology: Insects, Pollen, Seeds, Travel Wildlife Corridors. Science News, 162 (10):269.
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Ng, Sandra J; Dole, Jim W; Sauvajot, Raymond M; Riley, Seth P.D; Valone, Thomas J (20 March 2003).
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Mech, S.G.; Hallett, J.G. (2001). "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Corridors: a Genetic Approach".
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Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC). 2004. Wildlife Corridors. DEC, New South Wales.
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2229:"Why This Elevated Stretch On National Highway 44 Is A Hit With Animals In Pench Tiger Reserve"
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545:, which successfully altered wildlife behavior and showed frequent use by the wolf population.
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that emphasized the corrido's role in facilitating of movement, unrestricted by the end for
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1899:"The Effect of Habitat Corridors on Rates of Transfer and Interbreeding Between Vole Demes"
1756:"Architecture for Wildlife: The Possible Solution to Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Indonesia"
1414:"Wildlife, forest, and forestry. Principles of managing forests for biological diversity".
275:– (>300 metres (980 ft) wide); connect larger vegetated landscape features such as
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1780:
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829:
Beier, Paul; Noss, Reed F. (December 1998). "Do Habitat Corridors Provide Connectivity?".
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Sandra J. Ng; Jim W. Dole; Raymond M. Sauvajot; Seth P.D Riley; Thomas J. Valone (2004).
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Green, Siân E.; Davidson, Zeke; Kaaria, Timothy; Doncaster, C. Patrick (December 2018).
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1504:"Effectiveness of a Regional Corridor in Connecting Two Florida Black Bear Populations"
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CorridorDesign.org - GIS tools for designing wildlife corridors Accessed: 9 March 2010
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1734:"Habitat fragmentation, edge effects and biological corridors in tropical ecosystems"
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Three elephant underpasses, each with 6 metres (20 ft) of vertical clearance on
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2295:"Elephant underpass in Rajaji hanging for 9 yrs, NGT orders NHAI to deposit Rs 2 cr"
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215:, juvenile dispersal or moving between different parts of a large home range. Large
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1228:"Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes"
1058:"Corridors Affect Plants, Animals, and Their Interactions in Fragmented Landscapes"
444:
and are oriented perpendicular to habitat patches. However, they are vulnerable to
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occupy corridors for brief periods. These animals use corridors for such events as
86:
604:. This area lies within the meeting place of the Himalayan Mountain Range and the
114:, whether due to human development or natural disasters. When land is fragmented,
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Additionally wildlife corridors are designed to reduce human-wildlife conflicts.
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While wildlife corridors are essential for large species that require expensive
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17:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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that allow animals to cross man-made structures like roads, helping to reduce
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229:, on the other hand, can occupy a corridor for several years. Species such as
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Corridors are more successful when they include some degree of randomness or
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like fires or disease. They can also mitigate some of the severe impacts of
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Wildlife corridors may also include aquatic habitats often referred to as
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1143:"Principles of Wildlife Corridor Design. Center for Biological Diversity"
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The Paséo Pantera (also known as the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor or
530:, but the rate of transfer through corridors in the males was very high.
335:
234:
61:
2564:
2515:"First Evidence That Wildlife Corridors Boost Biodiversity, Study Says"
2008:
1981:
Daniel K. Rosenberg; Barry R. Noon; E. Charles Meslow (November 1997).
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1657:"The Role and Design of Wildlife Corridors with Examples from Tanzania"
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The 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) long Kanha-Pench elevated corridor on
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and contains at least 139 other species of mammals, including tigers,
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1950:"Response of wolves to corridor restoration and human use management"
425:
230:
37:
1999:
1982:
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964:
297:
Habitat corridors can also be classified based on their continuity.
2328:"26 Important Wildlife Corridors Providing Safe Passage to Species"
2022:
623:
is a network of corridors and habitats created for wildlife in the
521:
The positive effects on the rates of transfer and interbreeding in
1829:"Use of highway undercrossings by wildlife in southern California"
1453:"Use of highway undercrossings by wildlife in southern California"
805:
652:
641:
637:
547:
511:
480:
315:
276:
242:
170:
164:
103:
97:
31:
1177:
Rosenberg, Daniel K.; Noon, Barry R.; Meslow, E. Charles (1995).
285:– (some <50 metres (160 ft)); connect remnant patches of
2258:
Singh A.P.; Singh A.K.; Mishra D.K.; Bora P.; Sharma A. (2010).
522:
169:
Sign on a highway in Qatar, indicating an underpass that allows
2573:
1590:"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Corridors: a Genetic Approach"
2517:. News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010. Archived from
353:
146:
Animals can find new mates in neighboring regions, increasing
2559:
2067:"New corridor links Amur tiger habitats in Russia and China"
1915:
10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1648:TEOHCO]2.0.CO;2
470:, overpasses have been constructed to keep animals off the
1732:
Julieta Benitez-Malvido; VĂctor Arroyo-RodrĂguez (2008).
1183:
Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future
197:
Most species can be categorized into one of two groups:
424:
Genetic testing is also used to evaluate migration and
1760:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
1390:
1388:
2359:"Elephant corridors in Botswana to protect the herds"
1983:"Biological Corridors: Form, Function, and Efficacy"
965:"Biological Corridors: Form, Function, and Efficacy"
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3204:
3041:
2984:
2953:
2873:
2740:
2620:
223:, and migratory species are typical passage users.
1868:"Insects, pollen, seeds travel wildlife corridors"
1588:Mech, Stephen G.; Hallett, James G. (April 2001).
963:Rosenberg, D.K.; Noon, B.R.; Meslow, E.C. (1997).
2840:Other effective area-based conservation measures
1172:
1170:
2835:Integrated Conservation and Development Project
537:corridor was restored through a golf course in
2585:
636:Two elephant passes and two minor bridges on
301:are uninterrupted strips of habitat,, while "
8:
2431:"Do Habitat Corridors Provide Connectivity?"
2429:Beier, Paul; Noss, Reed F. (December 1998).
816:Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative
1294:Allison M. Fleury; Robert D. Brown (1997).
1179:"Towards a definition of wildlife corridor"
162:or intermediate target patches of habitat.
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2578:
2570:
2413:
1998:
1965:
1779:
1333:
1263:
1253:
1091:
1081:
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910:
397:Learn how and when to remove this message
313:, which can reduce their effectiveness.
1115:
27:Connecting wild territories for animals
3481:Urban studies and planning terminology
2274:from the original on 15 December 2021
2129:from the original on 11 November 2022
1897:Jon Aars; Rolf A. Ims (1 July 1999).
1822:
1820:
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7:
2369:from the original on 4 November 2022
2307:from the original on 9 November 2022
2239:from the original on 9 November 2022
2209:from the original on 9 November 2022
2159:from the original on 9 November 2022
2077:from the original on 9 November 2022
2029:from the original on 9 November 2022
1948:Shepherd, B; J. Whittington (2006).
1929:from the original on 4 November 2022
1878:from the original on 4 November 2022
1713:from the original on 2 November 2022
1614:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002467.x
1483:from the original on 31 October 2022
1361:Repayment", "Debt (30 August 2021).
1342:from the original on 28 October 2022
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1226:Tewksbury, Joshua (1 October 2002).
945:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002467.x
326:Corridors can also take the form of
2469:from the original on 13 August 2023
1636:from the original on 13 August 2023
1049:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10051359.x
1020:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06040493.x
802:, wildlife corridor conservationist
2495:from the original on 3 August 2007
2338:from the original on 23 April 2021
2189:Gandhi, Divya (7 September 2019).
1189:from the original on 31 March 2022
369:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
2712:Conservation biology of parasites
3415:
3414:
2828:Tropical rainforest conservation
2732:Vulnerability and susceptibility
2455:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.98036.x
2293:SHIVANI AZAD (18 January 2019).
2123:"European Green Belt Initiative"
1866:Susan Milius (22 October 2002).
1687:from the original on 19 May 2023
1566:from the original on 19 May 2023
1528:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00292.x
1373:from the original on 20 May 2023
1155:from the original on 6 June 2022
851:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.98036.x
733:
719:
705:
691:
596:and the Rewak Reserve Forest in
379:guide to writing better articles
358:
3377:NatureServe conservation status
2662:Conservation-induced extinction
2326:Chauhan, Priya (1 April 2021).
1781:10.1088/1755-1315/1169/1/012046
1754:Maulana, Rheza (1 April 2023).
1124:"Planning Portal – Glossary: G"
2768:Conservation management system
2652:Conservation-dependent species
2612:Index of conservation articles
2489:"Northfield Habitat Corridors"
2099:. Panthera.org. Archived from
1707:"Designing wildlife corridors"
495:, 15 underpasses and drainage
1:
2994:Assisted natural regeneration
2798:Ecoregion conservation status
1853:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00166-6
1477:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00166-6
1326:10.1016/S0169-2046(97)80002-3
903:10.1016/S0169-2046(97)80002-3
3382:Special Area of Conservation
2920:Landscape-scale conservation
2915:High conservation value area
2793:Community-based conservation
1655:Newmark, William D. (1993).
1430:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90732-g
1301:Landscape and Urban Planning
883:Landscape and Urban Planning
3400:List of conservation issues
2808:Evidence-based conservation
2702:Mutualisms and conservation
1148:. Biologivaldiversity.org.
579:China-Russia Tiger Corridor
102:An urban green corridor in
3507:
3461:Environmental conservation
2850:Roadless area conservation
2642:Compassionate conservation
2394:African Journal of Ecology
2178:Ecologische Hoofdstructuur
621:Ecologische hoofdstructuur
3395:
2607:
1397:Wildlife Society Bulletin
665:, Lower Himalayan Region.
411:mark-recapture techniques
3237:Central African Republic
2885:Conservation designation
2803:Environmental protection
2788:Conspicuous conservation
2778:Conservation photography
2753:Conservation development
2748:Conservation agriculture
750:Aquatic organism passage
560:Major wildlife corridors
3451:Ecological connectivity
2976:Human–wildlife conflict
2860:Site-based conservation
2783:Conservation psychology
2601:Conservation of species
2023:"Paseo Pantera Project"
1967:10.5751/ES-01813-110201
1833:Biological Conservation
1772:2023E&ES.1169a2046M
1457:Biological Conservation
1417:Biological Conservation
602:India-Bangladesh border
594:Siju Wildlife Sanctuary
474:, which passes through
373:used on Knowledge (XXG)
340:human-wildlife conflict
36:A wildlife corridor in
3456:Ecological restoration
3033:Species reintroduction
2692:Latent extinction risk
1255:10.1073/pnas.202242699
1209:"What is a landscape?"
1083:10.1073/pnas.202242699
790:The Pollinator Pathway
775:Landscape connectivity
646:Lumding Reserve Forest
556:
488:
377:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
323:
174:
107:
56:is an designated area
41:
3486:Wildlife conservation
3446:Conservation projects
3405:List of organisations
3059:Hawaiian honeycreeper
2999:Ecosystem restoration
2971:Habitat fragmentation
2966:Fortress conservation
2925:Marine protected area
2895:Conservation easement
2890:Conservation district
2855:Roadside conservation
2773:Conservation movement
2717:Species translocation
2657:Conservation genetics
2647:Conservation behavior
2153:CONSERVATION CORRIDOR
2149:"Siju-Rewak Corridor"
1363:"The Riparian Ribbon"
780:Marine Protected Area
727:Earth sciences portal
582:Tandai Tiger Corridor
551:
484:
319:
168:
101:
83:habitat fragmentation
35:
3441:Conservation biology
3367:Planetary boundaries
3357:Conservation officer
2961:Conservation refugee
2910:Habitat conservation
2900:Conservation reserve
2865:Wetland conservation
2763:Conservation grazing
2758:Conservation finance
2722:Conservation welfare
2687:In-situ conservation
2682:Extinction threshold
2677:Ex-situ conservation
2551:Project Regeneration
2435:Conservation Biology
2235:. 25 February 2020.
1709:. Sciencedaily.com.
1594:Conservation Biology
1508:Conservation Biology
1029:Conservation Biology
1000:Conservation Biology
925:Conservation Biology
831:Conservation Biology
765:Habitat conservation
663:Terai Arc Landscapes
614:Himalayan black bear
600:State, close to the
539:Jasper National Park
472:Trans-Canada Highway
299:Continuous corridors
2707:Nature conservation
2697:Marine conservation
2667:Conservation status
2521:on 21 February 2015
2447:1998ConBi..12.1241B
2406:2018AfJEc..56..860G
2363:Your African Safari
2191:"A wild, wild road"
2103:on 22 November 2011
1954:Ecology and Society
1845:2004BCons.115..499N
1804:Canadian Geographic
1606:2001ConBi..15..467M
1520:2006ConBi..20..155D
1469:2004BCons.115..499N
1318:1997LUrbP..37..163F
1246:2002PNAS...9912923T
1130:on 1 December 2008.
1074:2002PNAS...9912923T
1068:(20): 12923–12926.
1041:1996ConBi..10.1359S
1012:1992ConBi...6..493S
937:2001ConBi..15..467M
895:1997LUrbP..37..163F
843:1998ConBi..12.1241B
770:Habitat destruction
587:European Green Belt
554:Pench Tiger Reserve
493:Southern California
476:Banff National Park
293:, ridge lines, etc.
3004:Island restoration
2935:Open space reserve
2727:Threatened species
2549:Wildlife Corridors
2300:The Times of India
1215:on 13 August 2020.
699:Environment portal
557:
528:founder population
489:
328:wildlife crossings
324:
279:and valley floors.
219:, medium to large
213:seasonal migration
175:
108:
73:, often caused by
48:, also known as a
42:
3428:
3427:
3387:Soil conservation
2940:Wildlife corridor
2823:Forest protection
2818:Forest management
2415:10.1111/aje.12541
2055:on 12 April 2023.
1141:Bond, M. (2003).
811:Wildlife crossing
407:
406:
399:
371:encyclopedic tone
227:Corridor dwellers
203:corridor dwellers
160:native vegetation
148:genetic diversity
71:genetic diversity
46:wildlife corridor
16:(Redirected from
3498:
3491:Animal migration
3418:
3417:
3302:Papua New Guinea
3194:Cryopreservation
3159:Gray nurse shark
2813:Flagship species
2637:Captive breeding
2594:
2587:
2580:
2571:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2491:. De-chant.com.
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2441:(6): 1241–1252.
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2332:Planet Custodian
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2051:. Archived from
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1798:(22 July 2022).
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1424:(3): 271. 1993.
1411:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1367:ArcGIS StoryMaps
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1337:
1291:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1211:. Archived from
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1126:. Archived from
1120:
1105:
1095:
1085:
1052:
1035:(5): 1359–1365.
1023:
994:
984:
956:
916:
914:
862:
837:(6): 1241–1252.
743:
738:
737:
729:
724:
723:
722:
715:
710:
709:
708:
701:
696:
695:
610:clouded leopards
606:Indian Peninsula
567:Paséo del Jaguar
409:Researchers use
402:
395:
391:
388:
382:
381:for suggestions.
362:
361:
354:
187:riparian ribbons
173:to safely cross.
50:habitat corridor
21:
18:Habitat corridor
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3476:Systems ecology
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3391:
3345:
3200:
3118:Indian elephant
3037:
2980:
2949:
2945:30 by 30 target
2876:
2869:
2845:Riparian buffer
2736:
2623:
2616:
2603:
2598:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2233:India Infra Hub
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2000:10.2307/1313208
1993:(10): 677–687.
1980:
1979:
1975:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1293:
1292:
1281:
1240:(20): 12923–6.
1225:
1224:
1220:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1055:
1026:
997:
982:10.2307/1313208
975:(10): 667–687.
962:
922:
880:
828:
825:
823:Further reading
820:
760:Emerald network
739:
732:
725:
720:
718:
711:
706:
704:
697:
690:
687:
679:land use change
672:
562:
468:Alberta, Canada
464:
434:
403:
392:
386:
383:
376:
367:This section's
363:
359:
352:
259:
195:
96:
54:green corridor,
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3504:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3410:List of people
3407:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3322:United Kingdom
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Painted turtle
3166:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3088:
3086:American bison
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2538:External links
2536:
2533:
2532:
2506:
2480:
2421:
2400:(4): 860–871.
2380:
2349:
2318:
2285:
2250:
2220:
2181:
2170:
2155:. 2 May 2012.
2140:
2114:
2088:
2058:
2049:"Map of Nepal"
2040:
2014:
1973:
1940:
1889:
1858:
1839:(3): 499–507.
1816:
1796:Dickie, Gloria
1787:
1746:
1724:
1698:
1667:(8): 500–504.
1647:
1600:(2): 467–474.
1577:
1514:(1): 155–162.
1494:
1463:(3): 499–507.
1443:
1406:
1384:
1353:
1279:
1218:
1200:
1166:
1133:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1053:
1024:
1006:(4): 492–504.
995:
960:
957:
931:(2): 467–474.
920:
917:
889:(8): 163–186.
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
824:
821:
819:
818:
813:
808:
803:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
746:
745:
744:
741:Biology portal
730:
716:
713:Ecology portal
702:
686:
683:
671:
668:
667:
666:
660:
649:
634:
627:
617:
589:
583:
580:
577:
570:
561:
558:
516:seed dispersal
508:South Carolina
463:
460:
433:
430:
405:
404:
366:
364:
357:
351:
350:Monitoring use
348:
303:stepping stone
295:
294:
280:
270:
258:
255:
194:
191:
179:seed dispersal
152:
151:
138:
129:
112:native species
95:
92:
85:, a result of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3503:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3421:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:IUCN Red List
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:De-extinction
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:United States
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3014:afforestation
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:Reforestation
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2270:
2267:. WWF-India.
2263:
2262:
2254:
2251:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:(1): 012046.
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
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199:passage users
192:
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142:Interbreeding
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91:
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79:random events
76:
75:genetic drift
72:
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47:
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34:
30:
19:
3135:Bengal Tiger
3091:Arabian oryx
3082:Land mammal
3069:Golden eagle
2939:
2905:Gap analysis
2632:Biodiversity
2622:Conservation
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2519:the original
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572:The Eastern
532:
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450:
446:edge effects
439:
435:
423:
419:genetic flow
414:
408:
393:
384:
368:
325:
311:edge effects
306:
302:
298:
296:
282:
273:Sub-regional
272:
266:
260:
249:, and small
226:
225:
208:
207:
202:
198:
196:
186:
184:
176:
153:
140:
131:
124:Colonization
122:
109:
87:urbanization
69:and reduced
53:
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3307:South Sudan
3292:New Zealand
2986:Restoration
1909:(5): 1648.
1809:26 February
1312:: 163–186.
785:Natura 2000
657:Uttarakhand
625:Netherlands
533:In 2001, a
415:hair snares
332:underpasses
277:ridge lines
116:populations
3435:Categories
3242:Costa Rica
3205:By country
3125:Slow loris
3101:Polar bear
2954:Key issues
2741:Approaches
2311:9 November
2163:9 November
2133:9 November
2097:"Panthera"
2081:9 November
2033:9 November
1987:BioScience
1933:4 November
1882:4 November
1739:2 November
1487:31 October
1346:28 October
1335:10214/4617
1110:References
969:BioScience
912:10214/4617
800:Gary Tabor
670:Evaluation
417:to assess
387:March 2008
342:, such as
336:overpasses
330:, such an
239:amphibians
221:carnivores
217:herbivores
67:inbreeding
3282:Mauritius
3262:Indonesia
3247:Hong Kong
3217:Australia
3189:Seed bank
3179:Sea otter
3049:Arthropod
3021:Rewilding
2875:Protected
2525:11 August
2499:11 August
2203:0971-751X
2195:The Hindu
1923:0012-9658
1673:0044-7447
1622:0888-8892
1536:0888-8892
1438:0006-3207
1185:: 436–9.
1159:11 August
598:Meghalaya
574:Himalayan
501:mule deer
442:asymmetry
321:Singapore
307:corridors
133:Migration
60:connects
3471:Habitats
3420:Category
3327:Scotland
3297:Pakistan
3277:Malaysia
3113:Elephant
3042:By taxon
2672:Endemism
2493:Archived
2467:Archived
2463:16770640
2373:4 August
2367:Archived
2342:23 April
2336:Archived
2305:Archived
2269:Archived
2237:Archived
2207:Archived
2157:Archived
2127:Archived
2107:4 August
2075:Archived
2027:Archived
1927:Archived
1876:Archived
1717:4 August
1711:Archived
1685:Archived
1634:Archived
1630:84520743
1564:Archived
1560:15106420
1552:16909668
1481:Archived
1371:Archived
1340:Archived
1310:Elsevier
1274:12239344
1187:Archived
1150:Archived
1102:12239344
953:84520743
859:16770640
795:Roadkill
685:See also
659:, India.
612:and the
576:Corridor
497:culverts
462:Examples
344:roadkill
291:wetlands
267:Regional
235:reptiles
62:wildlife
3466:Habitat
3350:Related
3339:forests
3287:Namibia
3267:Ireland
3252:Iceland
3164:Manatee
3154:Dolphin
3108:Cheetah
2624:biology
2443:Bibcode
2402:Bibcode
2009:1313208
1903:Ecology
1841:Bibcode
1768:Bibcode
1681:4314138
1640:4 April
1602:Bibcode
1544:3591161
1516:Bibcode
1465:Bibcode
1314:Bibcode
1308:(3–4).
1242:Bibcode
1070:Bibcode
1037:Bibcode
1008:Bibcode
991:1313208
933:Bibcode
891:Bibcode
839:Bibcode
552:NH 44,
543:Alberta
486:Florida
287:gullies
251:mammals
247:insects
94:Purpose
3317:Uganda
3312:Sweden
3232:Canada
3227:Brazil
3222:Belize
3212:Angola
3185:Plant
3174:Salmon
3149:Marine
3064:Raptor
3026:marine
2930:Marxan
2473:14 May
2461:
2357:Fran.
2201:
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1691:19 May
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1570:19 May
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1265:130561
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453:ranges
432:Design
426:mating
231:plants
171:camels
38:Brazil
3272:Italy
3257:India
3130:Tiger
3078:Fungi
2877:areas
2459:S2CID
2272:(PDF)
2265:(PDF)
2005:JSTOR
1960:(2).
1677:JSTOR
1661:Ambio
1626:S2CID
1556:S2CID
1540:JSTOR
1153:(PDF)
1146:(PDF)
987:JSTOR
949:S2CID
855:S2CID
806:Tugay
653:NH 72
642:Assam
638:NH 54
631:NH 44
512:holly
283:Local
257:Types
243:birds
193:Users
156:model
104:Lille
52:, or
3142:Wolf
3096:Bear
3054:Bird
2527:2015
2501:2015
2475:2022
2375:2015
2344:2021
2313:2022
2280:2020
2245:2020
2215:2020
2199:ISSN
2165:2022
2135:2022
2109:2015
2083:2022
2035:2022
1935:2022
1919:ISSN
1884:2022
1811:2024
1764:1169
1741:2022
1719:2015
1693:2023
1669:ISSN
1642:2022
1618:ISSN
1572:2023
1548:PMID
1532:ISSN
1489:2022
1434:ISSN
1379:2023
1348:2022
1270:PMID
1195:2018
1161:2015
1098:PMID
1062:PNAS
619:The
585:The
535:wolf
523:vole
413:and
201:and
58:that
2451:doi
2410:doi
2071:WWF
1995:doi
1962:doi
1911:doi
1849:doi
1837:115
1776:doi
1610:doi
1524:doi
1473:doi
1461:115
1426:doi
1330:hdl
1322:doi
1260:PMC
1250:doi
1088:PMC
1078:doi
1045:doi
1016:doi
977:doi
941:doi
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