1691:
Isaaq factions who looted state arsenal. Rahanweyn elites did not also have an economic power base and a diaspora community to support their movement, factors that helped other factions. They were also divided among themselves, supporting different rebel groups. For example, SDM had to ally itself with the USC's different factions to eject remnants of president Siad Barre's forces from their lands. Indeed, clans elders from these regions asked general Aideed to help them liberate their land from forces loyal to president Siad Barre, which were committing atrocities in the region. As it turned out, General Aideed's USC faction betrayed them politically when its militiamen occupied
Rahanweyn regions under the pretext that they had liberated them from the 'fallen' regime. Therefore, at the collapse of the military dictatorship, Rahanweyn clans and small non-Somali ethnic groups found themselves defenseless and trapped between marauding Hawiye and Darood factions in what became known as the 'triangle of death' in which Baidoa, the capital city of the Bay region, became the city of death. They suffered most when up to 500,000 people starved to death because of the destruction of the farmlands and properties and confiscation of farms by the warring factions. And also because of what was described as 'genocidal policy' under which Hawiye and Darood factions were determined to exterminate Rahanweyns. If you compare Rahanweyn's experience with any other clan's experience, it becomes obvious that they were not only marginalized throughout Somali history but also suffered more than any other clan during the civil war as hundreds of thousands of people died because of the conflict and other war-related causes.
1733:. Nevertheless, the Rahanweyn communities were finally pleased they managed to establish their own autonomous state in the year 2002 and reaffirmed their autonomy from the hegemonic Darood and Hawiye factions. To them, they ultimately remembered their long-held dream for an autonomous federal state which their ancestors had advocated for in the early 1950s. The creation of the RRA and the declaration of the Southwest State of Somalia was an indicator of the clan's victory over the dominant factions, originating from far away places like the central regions. By establishing their own state and army, the Rahanweyn clan positioned themselves to be a force to be reckoned with. A country that was already split along clan-based states. This historical action was nothing more than a coping mechanism that came about in the civil war just like the Isaaq and Majerteen that formed their own autonomous states.
1449:(old days). Anti-clan laws were approved at independence that violated traditional land rights allowed the non-Rahanweyn to acquire gains at the expense of Rahanweyn. Under the disguise of nationalism, they promoted Darood and Hawiye interests. When Rahanweyn had political and numerical dominance in the interiverine region there was a petition to divide the region into nine provinces, only two remained in Rahanweyn's political control while the rest was Darood-led. This was supposedly a national development that turned out to be a hegemonic act and was aggravated by the Cooperative Development in 1974 under president
1372:
75:
1701:
Middle Juba, Lower Juba, and Gedo under this project the
Rahanweyn were regarded as the rightful majority in these regions. However, despite this project sounding good to the interiverine clans, there were still some challenges lying ahead for example the Rahanweyn traditional territories were still being occupied by Darood and Hawiye militias and massive displacement of the indigenous people had disturbed the region's socio-political and local businesses. It wasn't until late 1995 where the
162:
192:
103:
146:
92:
114:
1583:, assisted Marehan settlers in Gedo with farm implements, among other facilities, while a Japanese NGO tried to persuade the Rahanweyn clans to accept the new Marehan settlers, arguing in particular that this time was a temporary arrangement. The Marehan settlers were at present living in those areas with the Rahanweyne clans being squeezed out there as a result.
59:
1903:
2027:
1663:
Given the outcome of the mortality rate, (40% of the population, including 70% of the children) his attempts to prevent food aid, steadily kill the survivors, and colonize the lands with his own clan, could be concluded that there was a deliberate effort to destroy the
Rahanweyn. At the same time the self-declared president
2550:
Asia, Africa, and
America. Written in Latin by Joan. Luyts Professor in Acad. Ultraj. English'd with large additional Accounts of the East-Indies, and the English Plantations in America ; Illustrated with Maps, Fairly Engraven on Copper, according to the Modern Discoveries and Corrections, by Hermann Moll. 2
1700:
was no longer considered the city of famine. In 1995, Rahanweyn held a congress in Baidoa to promote their interest by uniting the interiverine communities and demanding an autonomous regional state. The vision was ambitious and consisted of six administrative regions of Bay, Bakool, Lower
Shabelle,
1662:
in the north and the
Rahanweyn in the south. Apart from the massacres, general Morgan used other kinds of cruel and barbarous methods such as using starvation as his key tactic by plundering NGO warehouses, raiding convoys, and a host of other schemes to prevent food aid from reaching the Rahanweyn.
958:
describing the
Rahanweyn as a "synthesis of old cultivating stock, and more recent and once nomadic immigrants from the other Somali clans", with almost every Somali lineage having some off-shoot living among them. This practice allows newcomers to integrate into resident clans in a pleasant manner.
1690:
During the rebellion against
General Siad Barre's regime, there were some Rahanweyn rebel groups, such as the SDM. However, they were not strong militarily and their political elite did not have access to the state military arsenal like the high-ranking military leaders of other Hawiye, Darood, and
1657:
province, the
Marehan militia members targeted women as means of genocide against the Rahanweyn clan. Barre had planned to resettle Darood clans in the area and made secret plans with his son-in-law General Morgan to exterminate the Rahanweyn clan. In fact, this had been a long-term aim as evidence
2549:
A System Of
Geography: Or, A New & Accurate Description Of The Earth In All Its Empires, Kingdoms and States. Illustrated with History and Topography, And Maps of Every Country, Fairly Engraven on Copper, According to the Latest Discoveries and Corrections (etc.): Containing the Description of
1695:
At the beginning of the year 1993, the constant war and communal suffering the Rahanweyn endured, the Rahanweyn community came to the realization that they shared the same history and experience of political marginalization and victimization throughout modern Somali history, had emerged. By March
1436:
During the fight for independence, political parties were based on clan interest though these organizations claimed to act in the national interest and were against clan division. Thus, the anti-clan stance was an act in order to promote their clan interest. For example, the non-Rahanweyn, mainly
1255:
The Sultanate of Geledi exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a taxing system, a state flag, as well as a professional army. The
1586:
The civil war in Somalia in the 1900s promoted most of the Gabaweyn sub-clan of Rahanweyn to leave the Gedo region and go to live in Kenya and Ethiopia. This enabled the Marehan clans finally to secure political power in the Gedo region. Abdullahi Sheikh Mohamed, of the UNOPS SRP, regarded that
1419:
which was formed as an anti colonial organization that educated the inter riverine peoples and provided health and other charitable motions. Later the Hizbi Dhigil & Mirifle formed in 1947 and would be the main opposition party winning the 2nd most seats in parliament after the
1729:. However, the plan was halted in 2000 when the transitional national government was established. Both the Hawiye and Darood clans feared Rahanweyn's growing political ambition and complained to the international community to pressure the Rahanweyn to accept the current
891:
whilst the rest of the Somali clans slowly began to diverge and develop their own unique distinct dialects. Another theory states that the name Rahanweyn derives from the name of the ancestor of all Rahanweyn clans, one Ma'd or Mohammed Reewin.
1357:
valleys but also trade from their involvement in the slave trade and other enterprises such as ivory, cotton, iron, gold, among many other commodities. Generally, they also raised livestock animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and chicken.
1406:
The Hizbi Dhigil & Mirifle (1947โ1969) was a Somali political party formed by members of the Rahanweyn clan however Jeilani Sheikh Bin Sheikh was the first to be elected as the leader of (HDMS) and was among the first to call for
1696:
1993, Somali Democratic movement organized a peacemaking conference to unite the riverine clans which were held in Bonkain town in the Bay province. By 1994. Rahanweyn were successful in establishing their own administrations and
1137:
as "an Islamic island on the Somali coast." Al-Idrisi also described the construction of the coral houses and noted that Barawa was full of both domestic and foreign commodities. The Ajuran would take over the region and end the
2488:
According to Christian Webersik, "This practice allows the peaceful integration of newcomers into resident clans. Further, it adds to the complexity of lineage identity in the riverine areas, such as Lower Shabelle or the Juba
1453:
when Rahanweyn land's was seized and annexed under an eminent domain law. The state farms thus used the Rahanweyn as labourers, but were managed by Darood and only promoted Darood interest, not the nation's interest.
1243:
rivers in the interior and the Benadir coast. The Geledi Sultanate dominated the East African trade and had enough power to force the southern Arabians to pay tribute to the noble Geledi Rulers like
1653:. The Darood and Hawiye militia used Rahanweyn lands as their battleground and conducted all kinds of human rights violations against the indigenous population in the interiverine region. In the
1587:
seizer of power as the culmination of a long-term strategy by the president at the time, Siad Barre with the Gedo region being established back in 1974 in order to create a regional base for the
1509:, were rewarded political powers to lead the Lower Juba region, and finally, the Hawiye were rewarded political powers to lead Lower Shabelle. The major Rahanweyn historic towns located on the
1683:
militia in Lower Shabelle overstayed, began illegally settling by looting properties and farmlands and using the local Digil population as labour similar to Darood clans in Jubbaland.
1071:
who lived in the fertile lands and coastal provinces and were very wealthy and powerful people during the antiquity period in southern Somalia. They were said to be a sub-group of the
887:(old) which means (old family). This name is a reference to the Reewin ancient origins which might indicate that they might have been the first Somali group to migrate to modern-day
830:
868:(large) which means (literally 'crowd-big' or the large crowds) indicating that the Reewin clans are a confederation of diverse Somali clans that migrated elsewhere.
1445:
who dominated the Somali administration previously but who had already lived in tranquillity and harmony with Rahanweyn, declared the former pre-colonial loyalty of
860:(large) which means (large grindstone) suggesting the name's semantic relation to the Reewin economy. Another more interesting term is said to combine the names of
1705:
was founded to liberate the Rahanweyn lands and launched a series of military campaigns against Aidid's militiamen. By 1999, RRA forces successfully drove out the
1125:
founded by a Tunni saint called Aw-Ali and became the new capital for the Tunni Sultanate. The town prospered and became one of the major Islamic centers in the
2034:
1658:
pointed out in the infamous documents "death letter one" and "death letter two" of 1987. In these Morgan proposed the idea for the annihilation of both the
1744:
which was able to establish its own government, economy, army and flag. The Southwest state was credited as an important pillar of stability in southern
1349:
In the case of the Geledi, wealth accrued to the nobles and to the Sultanate not only from the market cultivation which it had utilized from the
759:
2575:
2348:
2674:
Michigan State University. African Studies Center, Northeast African studies, Volumes 11โ12, (Michigan State University Press: 1989), p. 32.
2703:, Vol. 42, (Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the institute of British Geographers): 1872), pp. 61โ63.
2251:
875:
dialect rather than the southern Somali dialect therefore these definitions should be deemed inaccurate. The name is correctly pronounced
3025:
2135:, former speaker of Somali Parliament, former deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister, first president of Southwest State of Somalia.
2198:
2073:
Jeilani Sheikh Bin Sheikh, leading representative, first president of Hisbia Digil Mirifle, Somalia's second largest political party.
3118:
2869:
2827:
2800:
2769:
2742:
2625:
2600:
818:. It is one of the major Somali clans in the Horn of Africa, with a large territory in the densely populated fertile valleys of the
1190:
was on its decline, and various vassals were now breaking free or being absorbed by new Somali powers. One of these powers was the
2223:, Member of Parliament and Chair of the Committee on Budget, Finance, Planning and Oversight of Government Financial institutions.
900:
Each of the two subclans of the Rahanweyn comprises a great number of clans and sub-clans. The Digil sub-clan mainly consists of
2111:
Ibrahim Hussein Abdirahman Fuutjeele, Somali social activist and the social positivism union and Somali pressure group founder.
1568:
between Somalia and Ethiopia triggered large movements of people, with many Marehan members being transferred from Ethiopia to
3080:
2138:
1032:
2214:
2204:
2067:
833:
3023:
Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure
2120:
2261:
2180:
1741:
1371:
988:
2547:
2189:(Mustafa Maxamed Macalin), first fighter pilot in Somalia, Chief of Somali Air Force School and Chief of Somali Air.
1634:
752:
2156:
Osman Ibrahim, former deputy minister of labor and social affairs and current deputy minister of water and energy
2147:, second sultan of Geledi who militarized the state and successfully repelled an Oromo invasion and Arab pirates.
2132:
1737:
1702:
1286:
The Geledi army numbered 20,000 men in times of peace, and could be raised to 50,000 troops in times of war. The
837:
3043:
3009:
2114:
2083:
2954:
2096:, fifth and final Geledi sultan and defeated both the Dervish and Ethiopian Empire in battle during his reign.
1130:
2944:
The Genesis of the Civil War in Somalia: The Impact of Foreign Military Intervention on the Conflict Page 123
2935:
The Genesis of the Civil War in Somalia: The Impact of Foreign Military Intervention on the Conflict Page 121
2500:
The Genesis of the Civil War in Somalia: The Impact of Foreign Military Intervention on the Conflict Page 122
2150:
826:
rivers and the areas inbetween, which are mainly inhabited by settlers from the Digil and Mirifle lineages.
1129:, the Barawaani Ulama, attracting students from all over the region. Muslim scholars of that time, such as
2890:
Danish Immigration Service: Report of the Nordic fact-finding mission to the Gedo region in Somalia Page 9
2232:
2186:
1667:
and forces loyal to him were the more powerful armed militia occupied Rahanweyn dominated regions such as
1650:
3137:
2226:
2159:
2126:
2099:
1642:
1424:. Its main goals were to advocate for the Digil and Mirifle peoples of Somalia and a true census of the
1244:
745:
273:
2848:
The Rise &The Fall of Somali President: His Excellency Mohamed Abdillahi Mohamed (Farmajo) Page 130
2241:
Abdullahi Adan Ahmed (Black), current MP, former Minister of Transportation, Southwest and RRA veteran.
1549:, thus lost their Rahanweyn identity. The Rahanweyn were only positioned in the landlocked Bay region.
2565:
1629:
During the civil war, the less aggressive and peaceful Rahanweyn suffered the most out of any clan in
2958:
2208:
2192:
2105:
2030:
1664:
1646:
2908:
Restoring and Maintaining Order in Complex Peace Operations:The Search for a Legal Framework Page 52
2899:
Restoring and Maintaining Order in Complex Peace Operations:The Search for a Legal Framework Page 12
1421:
685:
2476:
2454:
2446:
2399:
2310:
1384:
1287:
2207:, former chairman of the Rahanweyn Resistance Army, former Finance Minister, first President of
1394:
who signed multiple treaties with the Italian colonials and the Kingdom ended with the death of
3114:
3076:
3058:
3022:
2865:
2823:
2796:
2765:
2738:
2621:
2596:
2571:
2438:
2391:
2344:
2302:
2177:
Saredo Mohamed (Maadker) Abdallah, an influential Member of the Federal Parliament of Somalia.
1271:
and other variety of architectures in various areas within its realm, including a fortress at
1072:
715:
2338:
923:) are the Rahanweyn who descend from Sab, while the speakers of Maxaa Tiri (i.e. most spoken
2430:
2256:
2051:
1624:
1462:
1380:
1343:
1228:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1191:
1187:
200:
947:. Both Sab and Samaale are believed to have been fathered by Hiil (ancestral father of all
3029:
2183:, Minister of Religion affairs and former member and spokesman for Al Shabaab (2007-2013).
2144:
2057:
1425:
1139:
1088:
1057:
924:
872:
807:
795:
785:
150:
2642:
The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900
2280:
Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society Page 443
2238:
Abdikadir Sheikh Hassan, former Speaker of Mandera County Assembly and prominent lawyer.
1256:
great sultanate also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.
2712:
Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society ..by Bombay Geographical Society p. 392
2220:
2201:, former Foreign Minister of Somalia, and former Minister of Agriculture and Livestock.
2165:
2077:
1765:
1718:
1676:
1490:
1350:
1240:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1000:
980:
960:
823:
733:
695:
366:
2721:
Somali Sultanate: The Geledi City-state Over 150 Years - Virginia Luling (2002) p. 155
1595:
A similar fashion was happening in the Lower and Middle Juba regions where during the
1461:
was Rahanweyn's stronghold and prior to Italian colonization, the region was ruled by
954:
Rahanweyn clans contain a high number of adopted members, with British anthropologist
191:
3131:
3107:
2983:
2458:
2047:
1600:
1502:
1311:
1268:
1195:
1155:
1076:
1024:
777:
565:
361:
332:
268:
239:
234:
79:
33:
2102:, former Minister of Constitutional Affairs of the Transitional National Government.
2372:โMy Clan Against the Worldโ: U.S. and Coalition Forces in Somalia 1992-1994 Page 10
1910:
In the south central part of Somalia the World Bank shows the following clan tree:
1710:
1668:
1654:
1604:
1482:
1428:. The party also pushed for improving agricultural and animal husbandry practices.
1387:
992:
438:
208:
919:. The vast majority of the Somalis who speak Mai Terreh (also known as Mai-Mai or
513:
3062:
2859:
2817:
2759:
2732:
2684:
1725:
and to expel the illegal settlers that came in the time of the military dictator
2093:
2041:
1769:
1706:
1680:
1612:
1552:
Report of the Nordic fact-finding mission to the Gedo region in Somalia states:
1510:
1474:
1395:
1391:
1354:
1236:
1012:
984:
819:
815:
528:
433:
371:
258:
161:
58:
50:
2195:, professor of African and Middle Eastern History at Savannah State University.
2117:, former rebel and Minister Agriculture in the Transitional Federal Government.
2987:
2509:
Inside Al-Shabaab The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally Page 142
2434:
2171:
1757:
1730:
1726:
1596:
1580:
1565:
1470:
1450:
1408:
1016:
955:
932:
700:
670:
543:
428:
401:
349:
285:
2442:
2395:
2306:
1936:
Christian Bader lists the principal Digil and Rahanweyn subclans as follows:
2536:
The Bantu-Jareer Somalis Unearthing Apartheid in the Horn of Africa Page 248
2070:, Founder of the Somali Youth League and grandson of Sheikh Uweys al-Barawi.
1722:
1638:
1564:
region had been going on for some considerable time. Back in 1977-1980, the
1526:
1458:
1335:
1098:
1020:
1004:
710:
680:
662:
657:
652:
548:
337:
327:
280:
154:
1902:
1534:
1310:
by Somali traders of the coastal regions that controlled the East African
1263:
where the rulers resided in the grand palace. The kingdom had a number of
1573:
1522:
1163:
1028:
964:
911:
According to constitutional law, Somalis are linguistically grouped into
720:
635:
570:
518:
494:
354:
344:
297:
292:
263:
244:
107:
102:
2962:
2087:
1745:
1630:
1588:
1557:
1546:
1498:
1466:
1412:
1292:
1280:
1276:
1260:
1206:
1175:
1159:
1102:
1092:
1061:
1053:
976:
948:
944:
920:
905:
901:
888:
690:
642:
622:
560:
553:
538:
508:
489:
455:
418:
413:
383:
378:
224:
145:
96:
91:
2450:
2418:
2403:
2383:
2314:
2294:
2064:
and a religious leader who rebelled the Italians on the Benadir coast.
17:
1786:
1714:
1697:
1672:
1542:
1530:
1486:
1442:
1339:
1327:
1323:
1307:
1264:
1232:
1221:
1217:
1199:
1171:
1151:
1134:
1122:
1095:
996:
936:
705:
647:
605:
580:
575:
533:
523:
482:
450:
443:
408:
166:
1497:
and to weaken the Rahanweyn's political influence in the south. The
1213:
ruling house, the Gobroon dynasty, after having first defeated the
829:
3072:
2162:, third sultan of the Geledi, presided over the Geledi golden age.
2061:
2026:
1901:
1805:
1797:
1659:
1608:
1538:
1514:
1506:
1494:
1438:
1370:
1331:
1303:
1298:
1167:
1110:
1036:
940:
928:
828:
675:
615:
610:
600:
499:
467:
462:
423:
388:
322:
310:
253:
229:
217:
179:
176:
118:
113:
2518:
Negotiating Statehood: Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa
2477:"Building Peace and the State in Somalia: The case of Somaliland"
1679:
in the guise of liberation against Siad Barre regime forces. The
2141:, former Speaker of Parliament and interim President of Somalia.
1569:
1561:
1518:
1478:
1272:
1008:
317:
2665:, Volume 15, Issues 1-4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.
2340:
Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon
1505:
were rewarded political powers to lead the Middle Juba region,
1346:, dominating the East African trade, and was a regional power.
908:
people, while the Mirifle are predominantly agro-pastoralists.
848:
Anthropologists and northern Somalis have helped coin the term
1556:
According to Abdirshakar Othawai, extensive settlement by the
1469:
sub-clan of the Darood, created six different regions called
1290:
of the army were the Sultan and his brother, who in turn had
3047:, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 56 Figure A-2
3013:, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 55 Figure A-1
1322:
The kingdom maintained a vast trading network, trading with
1158:
control in the 13th century that governed much of southern
2731:
Nelson, Harold (1982). "The Society and its Environment".
2689:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1986. p. 34.
979:
and lives on the banks of Somalia's two major rivers, the
3109:
Rebuilding Somalia: issues and possibilities for Puntland
2153:, former Minister of the Transitional National Government
1117:. The historical Tunni area correspondence to modern-day
1637:
the nephew of Siad Barre unified the Darood factions in
1501:
were rewarded political powers to lead the Gedo region,
2229:, fourth Geledi sultan and powerful successor of Yusuf.
2044:, current Speaker of the Federal Parliament of Somalia.
1607:
and during the famine crisis in northeast Somalia, the
1060:
group to enter what is the southern part of modern-day
967:
region, it adds to the complexity of lineage identity.
2168:, former Speaker of the Federal Parliament of Somalia.
1003:. They are also believed to be the silent majority in
2217:, former Minister of Public Works and Reconstruction.
1375:
Hizbi Dhigil & Mirifle party statute in the 1950s
1198:
a former Ajuran general that successfully pushed the
3069:
Blood and milk: A brief history of the Somali clans
3064:
Le sang et le lait: brรจve histoire des clans somali
2384:"Rahanweyn Sociability: A Model for Other Somalis?"
2295:"Rahanweyn Sociability: A Model for Other Somalis?"
1067:The Rahanweyn clan were mentioned as the people of
975:The clan resides in rich fertile lands in southern
172:
139:
124:
85:
68:
40:
3106:
2644:, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.102.
2174:, professor of Sociology at Iowa State University.
2108:, current president of Southwest state of Somalia.
1645:and waged war against the self-declared president
987:rivers. The Rahanweyn make up the majority in the
2363:The Genesis of the Civil War in Somalia Page 120
1465:. In 1975, Mohammed Siad Barre, a member of the
1019:. They are the second-largest clan to reside in
871:However, all these definitions are based on the
2926:Weapons and Clan Politics in Somalia - Page 34
2080:), Former Minister for finance and current MP.
63:Traditional weapons and tools of the Rahanweyn
2984:"Third autonomous region breaks with Somalia"
1579:The Somali government at the time, headed by
753:
8:
2086:, Former Speaker of Parliament, Minister of
1686:Researcher and analyst Muuse Yuusuf states:
1064:, around the end of the second century B.C.
789:
2570:. Cambridge University Press. p. 199.
1432:Political marginalization and land seizures
1302:under them. The military was supplied with
1259:The Geledi Sultanate's main capital was at
1231:was a Rahanweyn Kingdom ruled by the noble
2858:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003).
2816:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003).
2791:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003).
2758:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003).
2616:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003).
2591:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003).
2388:African Languages and Cultures. Supplement
2299:African Languages and Cultures. Supplement
852:. The name is said to be a combination of
760:
746:
186:
57:
3044:Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics
3010:Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics
2917:Historical Dictionary of Somalia - Page 6
1762:Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics
2955:"SOMALIA: RRA sets up autonomous region"
2123:, former Minister of Defence of Somalia.
2025:
1756:The following listing is taken from the
1649:who led the Hawiye militia known as the
959:Furthermore, in riverine places such as
2686:Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 57-67
2273:
1415:. It had its roots in the 1920s as the
207:
2701:On the Neighbourhood of Bunder Marayah
2567:A History of African Societies to 1870
2546:Luyts, Johannes; Moll, Herman (1701).
2419:"The Politics of the 1969 Somali Coup"
1740:founded the autonomous state known as
1091:(r. 9th century - 13th century) was a
37:
2423:The Journal of Modern African Studies
2181:Sheikh Mukhtar Robow Ali (Abu Mansur)
1154:, Rahanweyn clan also came under the
7:
2475:Ridout, Timothy A. (18 April 2011).
2470:
2468:
2288:
2286:
2252:Somali aristocratic and court titles
2042:Sheikh Aden Mohamed Noor Aden Madobe
1493:for political reasons to favour the
1186:At the end of the 17th century, the
2106:Abdiaziz Hassan Mohamed Laftagareen
2090:and leader of Hisbia Digil Mirifle.
799:
2199:Abdullahi Haji Hassan Mohamed Nuur
1209:. He subsequently established the
25:
2564:Isichei, Elizabeth (1997-04-13).
2129:, Minister of Defence of Somalia.
1603:refugees were being resettled in
1383:was eventually incorporated into
1166:, with its domain extending from
2864:. Scarecrow Press. p. 129.
2861:Historical Dictionary of Somalia
2822:. Scarecrow Press. p. 117.
2819:Historical Dictionary of Somalia
2793:Historical Dictionary of Somalia
2764:. Scarecrow Press. p. 210.
2761:Historical Dictionary of Somalia
2618:Historical Dictionary of Somalia
2593:Historical Dictionary of Somalia
2527:The Invention of Somalia Page 93
2327:The Invention of Somalia Page 94
1417:Hizbiya Dastur Mustaqil Al Sumal
1113:Rahanweyn people, who spoke the
1007:specifically in regions such as
190:
160:
144:
112:
101:
90:
73:
2553:. Childe, Timothy. p. 121.
3075:: 9782706813733. p. 246.
2961:. 1 April 2002. Archived from
2235:, current Minister of Defense.
2139:Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein
1619:Civil war and South-West State
1611:clans were being resettled in
1235:clan which held sway over the
1:
2337:Allen, James De Vere (1993).
2215:Abbas Abdullahi Sheikh Siraji
2205:Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud
2068:Abdulkadir Sheikh Sakhawudeen
1721:regions. The next target was
1390:in 1908 by the Geledi ruler:
1052:Reewin groups were the first
1023:. They are also found in the
834:Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud
2121:Abdihakim Mohamoud Haji-Faqi
2382:Helander, Bernhard (1996).
2293:Helander, Bernhard (1996).
2262:South West State of Somalia
2127:Mohamed Sheikh Hassan Hamud
1742:South West State of Somalia
1251:Administration and military
1109:river. It was ruled by the
3154:
1622:
1402:Hizbi Dhigil & Mirifle
879:which can be divided into
31:
3113:. HAAN Associates. 2001.
3057:Bader, Christian (1999).
2435:10.1017/S0022278X0002262X
1738:Rahanweyn Resistance Army
1703:Rahanweyn Resistance Army
1194:which was established by
927:) belong to other clans (
838:Rahanweyn Resistance Army
56:
49:
2734:Somalia, a Country Study
2115:Muhammad Ibrahim Habsade
2084:Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden
2022:Notable Rahanweyn people
1101:located in southwestern
1774:Somalia Assessment 2001
781:
2653:Luling (2002), p. 272.
2233:Abdulkadir Mohamed Nur
2187:Mustafa Mohamed Moalim
2050:, first sultan of the
2037:
1907:
1693:
1651:United Somali Congress
1593:
1376:
1033:North Eastern Province
840:
811:
790:
2417:Lewis, I. M. (1972).
2160:Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim
2100:Abdallah Isaaq Deerow
2035:Speaker of Parliament
2029:
1905:
1688:
1643:Somali National Front
1554:
1374:
832:
802:), also known as the
3059:"Genealogies Somali"
2209:Southwestern Somalia
2193:Mohamed Haji Mukhtar
2031:Mohamed Osman Jawari
1665:Mohamed Farrah Aidid
1647:Mohamed Farrah Aidid
1367:Italian Protectorate
1245:Sultan Yusuf Mahamud
3071:] (in French).
2640:Lee V. Cassanelli,
2484:The Fletcher School
2076:Aden Mohamed Noor (
1422:Somali Youth League
1075:, ancestors of the
943:) who descend from
836:, former leader of
686:Shiikhall Gendershe
3028:2011-07-16 at the
2038:
1908:
1764:from 2005 and the
1709:fighters from the
1385:Italian Somaliland
1377:
1288:supreme commanders
841:
29:Somali clan family
2577:978-0-521-45599-2
2350:978-0-85255-075-5
2060:, famous Islamic
1599:a huge number of
1211:Geledi sultanates
1170:in the north, to
856:(grindstone) and
812:Digil iyo Mirifle
804:Digil and Mirifle
770:
769:
716:Shiikhall Jasiira
185:
184:
16:(Redirected from
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2278:
2257:Geledi Sultanate
2052:Geledi Sultanate
1641:and founded the
1625:Somali Civil War
1463:Geledi Sultanate
1381:Geledi Sultanate
1229:Geledi Sultanate
1192:Geledi Sultanate
1188:Ajuran Sultanate
1182:Geledi Sultanate
1174:in the west, to
1146:Ajuran Sultanate
801:
793:
762:
755:
748:
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187:
165:
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3030:Wayback Machine
3021:
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2965:on 29 July 2013
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2795:. p. 106.
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2248:
2151:Mohamed Ibrahim
2145:Mahamud Ibrahim
2058:Uways al-Barawi
2024:
1906:A Rahanweyn man
1754:
1627:
1621:
1576:in particular.
1434:
1426:Somali Republic
1404:
1369:
1364:
1320:
1253:
1184:
1148:
1140:Tunni Sultanate
1105:, south of the
1089:Tunni Sultanate
1085:
1083:Tunni Sultanate
1050:
1045:
973:
898:
873:Northern Somali
846:
766:
726:
725:
638:
628:
627:
596:
586:
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404:
394:
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3126:
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3119:
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3098:
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3094:
3081:
3049:
3034:
3015:
3000:
2990:. 2 March 2002
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2723:
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2676:
2667:
2663:Horn of Africa
2655:
2646:
2633:
2626:
2620:. p. 50.
2608:
2601:
2595:. p. 50.
2583:
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2538:
2529:
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2502:
2493:
2464:
2429:(3): 388โ389.
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2230:
2224:
2221:Mohamud Siraji
2218:
2212:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2166:Mohamed Jawari
2163:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2081:
2078:Aden Saran-Sor
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1766:United Kingdom
1753:
1750:
1719:Lower Shabelle
1677:Lower Shabelle
1635:General Morgan
1623:Main article:
1620:
1617:
1491:Lower Shabelle
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1430:
1403:
1400:
1368:
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1360:
1319:
1316:
1252:
1249:
1222:Silcis Kingdom
1183:
1180:
1178:in the south.
1147:
1144:
1133:, wrote about
1119:Lower Shabelle
1084:
1081:
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1044:
1041:
1001:Lower Shabelle
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961:Lower Shabelle
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737:
736:
734:Somalia portal
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696:Reer Ahmed Nur
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367:Mohamed Abokor
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32:Main article:
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3:
2:
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3120:1-874209-04-9
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2871:9780810866041
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2829:9780810866041
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2804:
2802:9780810866041
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2744:9780844407753
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2706:
2702:
2699:S. B. Miles,
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2343:. J. Currey.
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2133:Sharif Hassan
2131:
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2101:
2098:
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2048:Ibrahim Adeer
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2032:
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2006:
2003:
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1995:
1992:
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1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1977:
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1772:publication,
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1577:
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1560:clans in the
1559:
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1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:Historically
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:geeko mariidi
1444:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1399:
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1389:
1386:
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1373:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1344:Swahili World
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
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1197:
1196:Ibrahim Adeer
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:Ajuran Empire
1153:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1077:Somali people
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:Somali Region
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
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968:
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918:
914:
909:
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895:
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883:(family) and
882:
878:
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869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
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821:
817:
814:) is a major
813:
809:
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797:
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758:
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749:
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743:
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269:Omar Mohamoud
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81:
71:
67:
60:
55:
52:
48:
39:
35:
34:Somali people
27:
19:
3138:Somali clans
3108:
3086:. Retrieved
3068:
3063:
3052:
3042:
3037:
3018:
3008:
3003:
2992:. Retrieved
2978:
2967:. Retrieved
2963:the original
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2875:. Retrieved
2860:
2853:
2844:
2833:. Retrieved
2818:
2811:
2792:
2786:
2775:. Retrieved
2760:
2753:
2733:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2700:
2695:
2685:
2679:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2617:
2611:
2592:
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2559:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2387:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2339:
2332:
2323:
2298:
2276:
1957:
1949:
1935:
1914:
1909:
1773:
1761:
1755:
1735:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1628:
1605:Middle Jubba
1594:
1585:
1578:
1555:
1551:
1456:
1446:
1435:
1416:
1405:
1388:Protectorate
1378:
1348:
1321:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1258:
1254:
1226:
1185:
1162:and eastern
1149:
1086:
1068:
1066:
1051:
989:southwestern
974:
971:Distribution
953:
916:
912:
910:
899:
884:
880:
876:
870:
865:
864:(crowd) and
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:
803:
773:
771:
593:
209:Somali clans
155:Maay dialect
26:
3041:Worldbank,
3007:Worldbank,
2227:Ahmed Yusuf
2094:Osman Ahmed
1889:Reer Dumaal
1770:Home Office
1707:Habar Gidir
1681:Habar Gidir
1613:Lower Jubba
1511:Jubba River
1475:Middle Juba
1396:Osman Ahmed
1392:Osman Ahmed
1220:state, the
1203:Ajuran army
1150:Along with
1013:Middle Juba
991:regions of
956:I. M. Lewis
816:Somali clan
529:Habar Gidir
372:Musa Abokor
259:Dhulbahante
51:Somali clan
3100:References
3088:2010-03-09
3082:2706813733
2994:2007-02-04
2988:Afrol News
2969:2007-02-04
2877:2014-02-15
2835:2014-02-15
2777:2014-02-15
2390:(3): 200.
2301:(3): 196.
2172:Abdi Kusow
2007:Iise Tunni
1993:Waraasiile
1990:Dubdheere
1987:'Ali Jiidu
1868:Maalinweyn
1824:Gasaargude
1780:Rahanweyn
1758:World Bank
1731:status quo
1727:Siad Barre
1597:Ogaden War
1581:Siad Barre
1566:Ogaden War
1471:Lower Juba
1451:Siad Barre
1409:Federalism
1312:arms trade
1017:Lower Juba
917:Maxaa Tiri
913:Mai Terreh
701:Shukureere
671:Reer Manyo
429:Gadabuursi
362:Habr Je'lo
350:Habr Yunis
333:Sa'ad Musa
286:Warsangali
2459:154596968
2443:0022-278X
2396:1477-9366
2307:1477-9366
2033:, former
1962:Jambaluul
1958:Rahanweyn
1915:Rahanweyn
1752:Clan tree
1723:Jubbaland
1639:Jubbaland
1527:Bardheere
1459:Jubbaland
1398:in 1910.
1336:Near East
1131:Ibn Sa'id
1099:Sultanate
1048:Antiquity
1021:Mogadishu
1005:Jubbaland
850:Rahanweyn
844:Etymology
791:Raxanweyn
774:Rahanweyn
711:Fasahaale
681:Gaameedle
663:Sheekhaal
658:Shanshiyo
653:Reer Faqi
594:Rahanweyn
549:Sheikhaal
514:Gaalje'el
389:Tol Je'lo
338:Issa Musa
328:Habr Awal
281:Dishiishe
69:Ethnicity
41:Rahanweyn
3132:Category
3026:Archived
2489:region."
2246:See also
1965:Midhifle
1946:Daysame
1886:Garwaale
1830:Geeladle
1827:Gawaweyn
1812:Mirifle
1574:Burdhubo
1523:Burdhubo
1513:such as
1351:Shebelle
1342:and the
1293:Malaakhs
1241:Shabelle
1200:imperial
1164:Ethiopia
1115:Af-Tunni
1107:Shabelle
1073:Barbaroi
1058:Cushitic
1031:and the
1029:Ethiopia
981:Shebelle
896:Overview
824:Shebelle
721:Ba Fadal
636:Benadiri
571:Muhammed
519:Badi Ade
495:Murusade
468:Quranyow
355:Eidagale
345:Garhajis
298:Awrtable
293:Lailkase
264:Majerten
245:Abaskuul
201:a series
199:Part of
173:Religion
140:Language
125:Branches
108:Ethiopia
86:Location
3032:, p. 43
2088:Finance
2004:Digiine
1982:Dabarre
1979:Irroole
1976:Maatay
1943:Amarre
1892:Helledy
1880:Yeledle
1877:Qoomaal
1862:Waanjel
1847:Sideed
1839:Yantaar
1818:Jilible
1815:Sagaal
1794:Dabarre
1746:Somalia
1631:Somalia
1589:Marehan
1558:Marehan
1547:Kismayo
1499:Marehan
1467:Marehan
1413:Somalia
1308:cannons
1281:Bardera
1277:citadel
1265:castles
1261:Afgooye
1207:Afgooye
1205:out of
1176:Kismayo
1160:Somalia
1121:region
1103:Somalia
1062:Somalia
1043:History
977:Somalia
963:or the
949:Somalis
945:Samaale
921:Af-Maay
906:coastal
902:farmers
889:Somalia
691:Duruqbo
667:'Amuudi
643:Asharaf
623:Mirifle
561:Hawadle
554:Udejeen
544:Wa'daan
539:Duduble
509:Degoodi
490:Karanle
456:Gaadsen
419:Gurgura
414:Bursuuk
384:Cimraan
379:Sanbuur
225:Marehan
133:Mirifle
97:Somalia
3117:
3079:
2868:
2826:
2799:
2768:
2741:
2624:
2599:
2574:
2457:
2451:160127
2449:
2441:
2404:586661
2402:
2394:
2347:
2315:586661
2313:
2305:
1996:Tikeme
1971:Aleemo
1968:Begedi
1928:Begedi
1922:Geledi
1919:Digil
1859:Jiroon
1853:Hariin
1850:Leysan
1842:Hubeer
1836:Hadame
1833:Luwaay
1791:Begedi
1787:Geledi
1783:Digil
1717:, and
1715:Bakool
1698:Baidoa
1673:Bakool
1601:Ogaden
1591:clans.
1543:Jamame
1535:Bu'ale
1531:Saakow
1503:Ogaden
1487:Bakool
1443:Hawiye
1362:Modern
1340:Europe
1328:Persia
1324:Arabia
1304:rifles
1299:Garads
1275:and a
1233:Geledi
1218:vassal
1215:Ajuran
1172:Qelafo
1152:Hawiye
1135:Barawa
1123:Barawa
1096:Muslim
1093:Somali
1069:Reewin
1054:Somali
1015:, and
999:, and
997:Bakool
937:Hawiye
925:Somali
877:Reewin
808:Somali
800:ุฑุญูููู
796:Arabic
786:Somali
782:Reewin
706:Juunji
648:Haatim
606:Geledi
581:Silcis
576:Murule
566:Ajuran
534:Abgaal
524:Hiraab
483:Hawiye
451:Bimaal
444:Qubeys
409:Akisho
240:Jidwaq
235:Ogaden
230:Absame
167:Arabic
151:Somali
80:Somali
45:Reewin
43:ุฑุญูููู
18:Hadame
3073:Paris
3067:[
2486:: 7.
2480:(PDF)
2455:S2CID
2447:JSTOR
2400:JSTOR
2311:JSTOR
2268:Notes
2062:saint
2001:Duubo
1954:Maad
1950:Digil
1925:Jiddo
1883:Qamdi
1874:Eemid
1871:Disow
1865:Haraw
1856:Eelay
1806:Garre
1802:Jiddu
1798:Tunni
1660:Isaaq
1609:Harti
1539:Jilib
1515:Dolow
1507:Harti
1495:Darod
1439:Darod
1355:Jubba
1332:India
1318:Trade
1269:forts
1237:Jubba
1168:Hobyo
1111:Tunni
1037:Kenya
985:Jubba
941:Isaaq
929:Darod
862:Rahan
854:Rahan
820:Jubba
676:Biido
616:Garre
611:Tunni
601:Digil
500:Sabti
463:Garre
439:Surre
424:Gurre
311:Isaaq
254:Harti
218:Darod
180:Islam
177:Sunni
130:Digil
119:Kenya
3115:ISBN
3077:ISBN
2959:IRIN
2866:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2797:ISBN
2766:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2622:ISBN
2597:ISBN
2572:ISBN
2439:ISSN
2392:ISSN
2345:ISBN
2303:ISSN
1940:Sab
1821:Eylo
1736:The
1675:and
1572:and
1570:Luuq
1562:Gedo
1545:and
1519:Luuq
1489:and
1479:Gedo
1441:and
1379:The
1353:and
1306:and
1296:and
1273:Luuq
1239:and
1227:The
1127:Horn
1087:The
1009:Gedo
983:and
965:Juba
939:and
915:and
904:and
885:Wiin
866:Weyn
858:Weyn
822:and
778:Maay
772:The
434:Issa
323:Ayub
318:Arap
2431:doi
1768:'s
1760:'s
1711:Bay
1669:Bay
1655:Bay
1483:Bay
1411:in
1279:at
1035:of
1027:of
993:Bay
951:).
933:Dir
881:Ree
402:Dir
3134::
3061:.
2986:.
2957:.
2737:.
2482:.
2467:^
2453:.
2445:.
2437:.
2427:10
2425:.
2421:.
2398:.
2386:.
2309:.
2297:.
2285:^
1776:.
1748:.
1713:,
1671:,
1633:.
1615:.
1541:,
1537:,
1533:,
1529:,
1525:,
1521:,
1517:,
1485:,
1481:,
1477:,
1473:,
1338:,
1334:,
1330:,
1326:,
1314:.
1283:.
1267:,
1247:.
1224:.
1142:.
1079:.
1039:.
1011:,
995:,
935:,
931:,
810::
798::
794:,
788::
784:,
780::
203:on
3123:.
3091:.
2997:.
2972:.
2880:.
2838:.
2805:.
2780:.
2747:.
2630:.
2605:.
2580:.
2461:.
2433::
2406:.
2353:.
2317:.
2211:.
2054:.
1056:/
806:(
776:(
761:e
754:t
747:v
157:)
153:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
