352:
20:
1541:
2622:
486:
quarks and antiquarks are continually forming and vanishing again inside a hadron. Because the virtual quarks are not stable wave packets (quanta), but an irregular and transient phenomenon, it is not meaningful to ask which quark is real and which virtual; only the small excess is apparent from the
767:
Each type of baryon has a corresponding antiparticle (antibaryon) in which quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. For example, just as a proton is made of two up-quarks and one down-quark, its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton, is made of two up-antiquarks and one
314:
Notwithstanding the fact that this report deals with weak interactions, we shall frequently have to speak of strongly interacting particles. These particles pose not only numerous scientific problems, but also a terminological problem. The point is that
992:
The proton and neutrons' respective antiparticles are expected to follow the same pattern, but they are difficult to capture and study, because they immediately annihilate on contact with ordinary matter.
323:". This definition is not exact because "non-leptonic" may also signify photonic. In this report I shall call strongly interacting particles "hadrons", and the corresponding decays "hadronic" (the Greek
487:
outside in the form of a hadron. Therefore, when a hadron or anti-hadron is stated to consist of (typically) 2 or 3 quarks, this technically refers to the constant excess of quarks vs. antiquarks.
81:
723:
with five quarks – three quarks of different colors, and also one extra quark-antiquark pair – have also been proven to exist. Because baryons have an odd number of quarks, they are also all
830:(6 quarks, comprising either a dibaryon or three quark-antiquark pairs) may have been discovered and are being investigated to confirm their nature. Several other hypothetical types of
319:" is a very clumsy term which does not yield itself to the formation of an adjective. For this reason, to take but one instance, decays into strongly interacting particles are called "non-
631:
hadron may have several excited states; several hundred different resonances have been observed in experiments. Resonances decay extremely quickly (within about 10
445:
Massless virtual gluons compose the overwhelming majority of particles inside hadrons, as well as the major constituents of its mass (with the exception of the heavy
303:
2545:
1349:
278:. A similar process occurs in the natural environment, in the extreme upper-atmosphere, where muons and mesons such as pions are produced by the collisions of
646:
the hadrons may disappear. For example, at very high temperature and high pressure, unless there are sufficiently many flavors of quarks, the theory of
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are hadrons containing an even number of valence quarks (at least 2). Most well known mesons are composed of a quark-antiquark pair, but possible
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1333:
2512:
232:
collaboration. There are several more exotic hadron candidates and other colour-singlet quark combinations that may also exist.
1452:
430:. That is, hadrons must be "colorless" or "white". The simplest ways for this to occur are with a quark of one color and an
247:, or at least, take immense amounts of time to decay (order of 10 years). By way of comparison, free neutrons are the
608:
for antiquarks. This means that baryons (composite particles made of three, five or a larger odd number of quarks) have
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624:
549:
473:
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of the corresponding anticolor, or three quarks of different colors. Hadrons with the first arrangement are a type of
263:
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2016:
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548:. Note that the mass of a hadron has very little to do with the mass of its valence quarks; rather, due to
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are hadrons containing an odd number of valence quarks (at least 3). Most well known baryons such as the
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and eventually decay into other particles. The only known possible exception is free protons, which
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1373:. International Conference on High-Energy Physics (plenary talk). CERN, Geneva, CH. p. 845.
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Almost all "free" hadrons and antihadrons (meaning, in isolation and not bound within an
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174:, containing more than three valence quarks, have been discovered in recent years. A
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may exist which do not fall within the quark model of classification. These include
422:). Adding these together yields the proton charge of +1. Although quarks also carry
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Hadron physics is studied by colliding hadrons, e.g. protons, with each other or
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1996:
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1225:) (2015). "Observation of J/ψp resonances consistent with pentaquark states in Λ
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446:
360:
338:
295:
108:
1483:
764: = 1, since the extra quark's and antiquark's baryon numbers cancel.
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1976:
1911:
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27:. Every hadron must fall into one of the two fundamental classes of particle,
903:
Examples of mesons commonly produced in particle physics experiments include
552:, most of the mass comes from the large amount of energy associated with the
335:
which means "small", "light"). I hope that this terminology will prove to be
255:
of about 611 seconds, and have a mean lifetime of 879 seconds, see
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2273:
2150:
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2135:
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252:
1371:
Proceedings of 1962 International
Conference on High-Energy Physics at CERN
1275:
1196:
1131:
426:, hadrons must have zero total color charge because of a phenomenon called
351:
139:, while most of the mass of the protons and neutrons is in turn due to the
1435:
158:, made of an even number of quarks (usually two quarks: one quark and one
2557:
2385:
2340:
2324:
2285:
2258:
1971:
1966:
1946:
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835:
565:
537:
374:
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116:
1157:) (2014). "Observation of the Resonant Character of the Z(4430) State".
457:
vanishes before it has time to bind into a hadron). The strength of the
363:, the properties of hadrons are primarily determined by their so-called
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All types of hadrons have zero total color charge (three examples shown)
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2011:
1986:
1951:
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1601:
1553:
1507:"Mysterious subatomic particle may represent exotic new form of matter"
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716:
666:, has been experimentally confirmed in the energy range between 1
561:
183:
136:
32:
2446:
2441:
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2057:
1870:
1784:
1683:
712:
708:
699:
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439:
370:
147:
132:
128:
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162:). Protons and neutrons (which make the majority of the mass of an
2471:
2411:
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2122:
2001:
1941:
1896:
1789:
1767:
1610:
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1106:
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651:
572:. All quarks carry an additive, conserved quantum number called a
461:
435:
350:
155:
151:
105:
28:
1017:
Gell-Mann, M. (1964). "A schematic model of baryons and mesons".
310:. He opened his talk with the definition of a new category term:
2238:
2170:
2130:
1706:
1701:
1222:
1154:
908:
904:
849:
Because mesons have an even number of quarks, they are also all
798:
545:
307:
271:
267:
229:
191:
167:
163:
124:
1557:
1450:
Bethke, S. (2007). "Experimental tests of asymptotic freedom".
671:
667:
330:
324:
1328:(Fourth ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom.
1056:) (2008). "Observation of a resonance-like structure in the
67:
1216:
1214:
58:
1361:
1359:
654:
will no longer be confined within hadrons, "because the
464:
which bind the quarks together has sufficient energy (
438:, and those with the second arrangement are a type of
143:
of their constituent quarks, due to the strong force.
282:
with rarefied gas particles in the outer atmosphere.
70:
771:
As of August 2015, there are two known pentaquarks,
64:
61:
2521:
2485:
2402:
2363:
2333:
2307:
2294:
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2194:
2121:
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1934:
1889:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1825:
1803:
1775:
1766:
1682:
1609:
1600:
1591:
943:, the formation of hadrons out of quarks and gluons
55:
52:
146:Hadrons are categorized into two broad families:
1012:
1010:
1008:
312:
304:International Conference on High Energy Physics
274:(Au), and detecting the debris in the produced
1569:
329:signifies "large", "massive", in contrast to
8:
482:). One outcome is that short-lived pairs of
190:and confirmed as a resonance in 2014 by the
2304:
2300:
2053:
2044:
1858:
1849:
1772:
1606:
1597:
1576:
1562:
1554:
1369:(1962). "The theory of weak interaction".
1348:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
468:) to have resonances composed of massive (
1465:
1434:
1303:PDG Live: 2020 Review of Particle Physics
1249:
1170:
1105:
1453:Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics
861:, 0, +1, or −1. They have baryon number
18:
1004:
985:
1341:
1074:Ψ′ mass distribution in exclusive B→K
7:
911:. Pions also play a role in holding
662:". This property, which is known as
612: = 1 whereas mesons have
264:the nuclei of dense, heavy elements
14:
797:, both discovered in 2015 by the
228:, were discovered in 2015 by the
2620:
2513:Timeline of particle discoveries
1539:
635:) via the strong nuclear force.
186:, was discovered in 2007 by the
48:
719:have three valence quarks, but
650:(QCD) predicts that quarks and
317:strongly interacting particles
249:longest-lived unstable particle
1427:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018
1409:. Review of Particle Physics.
1268:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.072001
1189:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.222002
1124:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.142001
670:(gigaelectronvolt) and 1
1:
1544:The dictionary definition of
1039:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3
752:, baryons have baryon number
119:, which are held together by
2529:History of subatomic physics
1234: → J/ψKp decays".
756: = 1. Pentaquarks
131:comes from two hadrons: the
102:composite subatomic particle
16:Composite subatomic particle
684:) the proton and antiproton
536:the charge conjugation (or
170:are an example of a meson.
166:) are examples of baryons;
154:(usually three quarks) and
150:, made of an odd number of
100: 'stout, thick') is a
2670:
1527:(3900) particle discovery.
1484:10.1016/j.ppnp.2006.06.001
1052:Choi, S.-K.; et al. (
808:
697:
658:of the strong interaction
331:
325:
2618:
2303:
1505:Mann, Adam (2013-06-17).
1392:Amsler, C.; et al. (
842:(mesons bound by excited
731:, they have half-integer
556:. Hadrons may also carry
528:the intrinsic parity (or
286:Terminology and etymology
2546:mathematical formulation
2141:Eta and eta prime mesons
674:(teraelectronvolt). All
115:. They are analogous to
23:A hadron is a composite
2208:Double-charm tetraquark
1237:Physical Review Letters
1221:Aaij, R.; et al. (
1159:Physical Review Letters
1153:Aaij, R.; et al. (
1094:Physical Review Letters
934:Hadron therapy, a.k.a.
550:mass–energy equivalence
494:, hadrons are assigned
290:The term "hadron" is a
1324:Martin, B. R. (2017).
660:diminishes with energy
648:quantum chromodynamics
558:flavor quantum numbers
408:(with electric charge
356:
344:
35:
2605:Wave–particle duality
2595:Relativistic particle
1732:Electron antineutrino
1305:. Particle Data Group
947:Large Hadron Collider
917:residual strong force
498:corresponding to the
354:
239:) are believed to be
22:
1835:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
1585:Particles in physics
1297:Zyla, P. A. (2020).
826:(4 quarks) and
735:. As quarks possess
104:made of two or more
2610:Particle chauvinism
2553:Subatomic particles
1523:— News story about
1476:2007PrPNP..58..351B
1419:2008PhLB..667....1A
1394:Particle Data Group
1379:1962hep..conf..845O
1260:2015PhRvL.115g2001A
1181:2014PhRvL.112v2002A
1116:2008PhRvL.100n2001C
1054:Belle Collaboration
1031:1964PhL.....8..214G
973:Subatomic particles
492:subatomic particles
373:is composed of two
294:word introduced by
251:, and decay with a
245:appear to be stable
194:collaboration. Two
188:Belle Collaboration
1223:LHCb collaboration
1155:LHCb collaboration
664:asymptotic freedom
554:strong interaction
544:is the particle's
404:together) and one
394:, for a total of +
357:
257:free neutron decay
121:the electric force
113:strong interaction
36:
25:subatomic particle
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2590:Massless particle
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1982:Magnetic monopole
1930:
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1761:
1742:Muon antineutrino
1727:Electron neutrino
1406:Physics Letters B
953:List of particles
915:together via the
428:color confinement
369:. For example, a
359:According to the
2659:
2624:
2600:Virtual particle
2371:Mesonic molecule
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2301:
2146:Bottom eta meson
2054:
2045:
2017:W′ and Z′ bosons
2007:Sterile neutrino
1992:Majorana fermion
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1752:Tau antineutrino
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172:"Exotic" hadrons
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40:particle physics
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2417:Davydov soliton
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958:List of baryons
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853:, with integer
817:
809:Main articles:
807:
801:collaboration.
792:
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698:Main articles:
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594:for quarks and
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496:quantum numbers
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2196:Exotic hadrons
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2022:X and Y bosons
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1800:
1798:
1797:
1795:W and Z bosons
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1770:
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1763:
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1649:Strange (quark
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1583:
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1535:
1534:External links
1532:
1530:
1529:
1497:
1467:hep-ex/0606035
1460:(2): 351–386.
1442:
1436:1854/LU-685594
1384:
1355:
1334:
1316:
1289:
1229:
1210:
1165:(22): 222002.
1145:
1100:(14): 142001.
1087:
1079:
1069:
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1044:
1025:(3): 214–215.
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
984:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:
970:
968:Standard model
965:
963:List of mesons
960:
955:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
924:
921:
806:
803:
790:
777:
695:
692:
621:excited states
504:Poincaré group
366:valence quarks
348:
345:
337:convenient. —
287:
284:
237:atomic nucleus
221:
208:
200:exotic baryons
141:binding energy
123:. Most of the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2665:
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2653:
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2608:
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2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
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2588:
2586:
2585:Exotic matter
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:Eightfold way
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Antiparticles
2561:
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2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Atomic nuclei
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Upsilon meson
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
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2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Lambda baryon
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
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2059:
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2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
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1957:Dual graviton
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1854:Superpartners
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1738:
1737:Muon neutrino
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
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1698:
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1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Bottom (quark
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
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1647:
1645:
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1550:at Wiktionary
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1420:
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1412:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:"Quark Model"
1395:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1335:9781118911907
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1304:
1300:
1299:"n MEAN LIFE"
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
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1244:(7): 072001.
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1103:
1099:
1095:
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1048:
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1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
989:
986:
979:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
941:Hadronization
939:
937:
933:
931:
930:Exotic hadron
928:
927:
922:
920:
918:
914:
913:atomic nuclei
910:
906:
866:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
840:hybrid mesons
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
812:
804:
802:
800:
769:
765:
763:
759:
755:
742: =
741:
738:
737:baryon number
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
704:Exotic baryon
701:
693:
691:
689:
685:
683:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
619:Hadrons have
617:
575:
574:baryon number
571:
567:
566:G parity
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
531:
523:
510:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
485:
481:
463:
460:
456:
452:
451:bottom quarks
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
407:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:
362:
353:
346:
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283:
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265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:), named the
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:held together
107:
103:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:Ancient Greek
82:
75:
45:
41:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2625:
2296:Hypothetical
2244:Exotic atoms
2113:Omega baryon
2103:Sigma baryon
2093:Delta baryon
2048:
1845:Hypothetical
1827:Ghost fields
1813:Higgs boson
1747:Tau neutrino
1639:Charm (quark
1546:
1516:. Retrieved
1510:
1500:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1410:
1404:
1387:
1370:
1325:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1302:
1292:
1241:
1235:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1097:
1093:
1092:Ψ′ decays".
1047:
1022:
1018:
988:
864:
858:
848:
832:exotic meson
818:
815:Exotic meson
770:
766:
761:
757:
753:
739:
728:
707:
681:
637:
629:ground state
618:
580:), which is
508:
489:
459:strong force
444:
424:color charge
364:
358:
316:
313:
302:at the 1962
300:plenary talk
289:
261:
234:
180:exotic meson
145:
127:of ordinary
97:
92:
43:
37:
2578:Quark model
2346:Theta meson
2249:Positronium
2161:Omega meson
2156:J/psi meson
2086:Antineutron
1997:Dark photon
1962:Graviphoton
1921:Stop squark
1629:Down (quark
1509:. Science.
824:tetraquarks
721:pentaquarks
570:strangeness
377:(each with
361:quark model
280:cosmic rays
87:; from
2641:Categories
2320:Heptaquark
2281:Superatoms
2214:Pentaquark
2204:Tetraquark
2186:Quarkonium
2076:Antiproton
1977:Leptoquark
1912:Neutralino
1674:antiquark)
1664:antiquark)
1659:Top (quark
1654:antiquark)
1644:antiquark)
1634:antiquark)
1624:antiquark)
1593:Elementary
1518:2021-08-27
1413:(1): 1–6.
1396:) (2008).
1367:Okun, L.B.
1309:3 February
1251:1507.03414
1000:References
828:hexaquarks
625:resonances
472:) quarks (
406:down quark
347:Properties
266:, such as
196:pentaquark
178:state (an
176:tetraquark
2558:Particles
2503:Particles
2462:Polariton
2452:Plasmaron
2422:Dropleton
2315:Hexaquark
2286:Molecules
2274:Protonium
2151:Phi meson
2136:Rho meson
2108:Xi baryon
2040:Composite
1876:Gravitino
1619:Up (quark
1344:cite book
1284:119204136
1172:1404.1903
1140:119138620
1107:0708.1790
980:Footnotes
836:glueballs
638:In other
623:known as
516:), where
490:Like all
455:top quark
432:antiquark
375:up quarks
339:L.B. Okun
296:L.B. Okun
292:new Greek
253:half-life
202:), named
160:antiquark
117:molecules
2534:timeline
2386:R-hadron
2341:Glueball
2325:Skyrmion
2259:Tauonium
1972:Inflaton
1967:Graviton
1947:Curvaton
1917:Sfermion
1907:Higgsino
1902:Chargino
1863:Gauginos
1722:Neutrino
1707:Antimuon
1697:Positron
1692:Electron
1602:Fermions
1492:14915298
1276:26317714
1197:24949760
1132:18518023
923:See also
725:fermions
688:unstable
682:possibly
680:except (
678:hadrons
656:strength
560:such as
538:C-parity
530:P-parity
321:leptonic
270:(Pb) or
241:unstable
198:states (
135:and the
98:(hadrós)
33:fermions
2647:Hadrons
2522:Related
2493:Baryons
2467:Polaron
2457:Plasmon
2432:Fracton
2427:Exciton
2381:Diquark
2376:Pomeron
2351:T meson
2308:Baryons
2269:Pionium
2254:Muonium
2181:D meson
2176:B meson
2081:Neutron
2066:Nucleon
2058:Baryons
2049:Hadrons
2012:Tachyon
1987:Majoron
1952:Dilaton
1881:Photino
1717:Antitau
1684:Leptons
1472:Bibcode
1415:Bibcode
1375:Bibcode
1256:Bibcode
1177:Bibcode
1112:Bibcode
1027:Bibcode
897:
885:
881:
869:
747:⁄
717:neutron
709:Baryons
694:Baryons
633:seconds
627:. Each
603:⁄
589:⁄
568:), and
562:isospin
540:), and
520:is the
502:of the
484:virtual
417:⁄
399:⁄
389:⁄
184:Z(4430)
148:baryons
137:neutron
111:by the
2498:Mesons
2447:Phonon
2442:Magnon
2364:Others
2334:Mesons
2227:Others
2123:Mesons
2071:Proton
1935:Others
1890:Others
1871:Gluino
1805:Scalar
1785:Photon
1768:Bosons
1611:Quarks
1547:hadron
1490:
1332:
1282:
1274:
1205:904429
1203:
1195:
1138:
1130:
1083:π
1065:π
851:bosons
844:gluons
820:Mesons
805:Mesons
795:(4450)
782:(4380)
713:proton
700:Baryon
652:gluons
644:matter
640:phases
462:gluons
453:; the
440:baryon
371:proton
341:(1962)
332:λεπτός
226:(4450)
213:(4380)
156:mesons
152:quarks
133:proton
129:matter
106:quarks
44:hadron
29:bosons
2486:Lists
2477:Trion
2472:Roton
2412:Anyon
2239:Atoms
2002:Preon
1942:Axion
1897:Axino
1790:Gluon
1777:Gauge
1512:Wired
1488:S2CID
1462:arXiv
1401:(PDF)
1280:S2CID
1246:arXiv
1201:S2CID
1167:arXiv
1136:S2CID
1102:arXiv
949:(LHC)
909:kaons
905:pions
811:Meson
760:have
447:charm
436:meson
326:ἁδρός
298:in a
168:pions
95:ἁδρός
91:
77:
2437:Hole
2264:Onia
2171:Kaon
2131:Pion
1702:Muon
1350:link
1330:ISBN
1311:2022
1272:PMID
1193:PMID
1128:PMID
907:and
899:= 0
859:i.e.
855:spin
838:and
813:and
799:LHCb
784:and
758:also
733:spin
729:i.e.
715:and
702:and
686:are
676:free
546:mass
522:spin
449:and
308:CERN
272:gold
268:lead
230:LHCb
215:and
192:LHCb
164:atom
125:mass
42:, a
31:and
1712:Tau
1480:doi
1431:hdl
1423:doi
1411:667
1264:doi
1242:115
1185:doi
1163:112
1120:doi
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1035:doi
846:).
672:TeV
668:GeV
642:of
532:),
306:at
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1342:{{
1301:.
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857:,
727:,
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479:mc
477:≥
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1570:t
1563:v
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1037::
1029::
1023:8
901:.
894:3
891:/
888:1
878:3
875:/
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791:c
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778:c
773:P
762:B
754:B
749:3
745:1
740:B
614:B
610:B
605:3
601:1
598:+
596:−
591:3
587:1
584:+
582:+
578:B
576:(
564:(
542:m
534:C
526:P
518:J
514:m
512:(
509:J
475:E
470:m
466:E
419:3
415:1
412:+
410:−
401:3
397:4
391:3
387:2
384:+
382:+
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222:c
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204:P
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71:n
68:ɒ
65:r
62:d
59:æ
56:h
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