43:
141:
sample containing hemoglobins A, F, S, and C is run along with the patient sample to aid in identifying the different bands. The relative amounts of each type of hemoglobin can be estimated by measuring the
153:
level, testing the same sample at both an acid and an alkaline pH can help to identify some abnormal hemoglobins that would otherwise be impossible to distinguish from others.
406:
133:
medium. Different hemoglobins have different charges, and according to those charges, they move at different speeds in the gel and eventually form discrete bands (see
798:
803:
750:
459:
788:
247:
372:
345:
313:
281:
238:
is credited with the invention of hemoglobin electrophoresis in 1949. Newer alternatives to conventional hemoglobin electrophoresis include
188:
are present, they will appear as unexpected bands on electrophoresis (provided they do not migrate to the same place as other hemoglobins).
399:
684:
793:
117:. After the sample has been treated to release the hemoglobin from the red cells, it is introduced into a porous gel (usually made of
735:
469:
772:
696:
831:
392:
598:
243:
50:
Schematic of alkaline hemoglobin electrophoresis, showing expected results for a normal adult, normal newborn, person with
725:
483:
42:
720:
642:
608:
454:
730:
138:
114:
691:
488:
568:
652:
464:
224:
586:
478:
449:
204:
200:
783:
762:
538:
59:
864:
713:
679:
550:
500:
426:
239:
212:
146:
of the bands, though this method is not reliable for hemoglobins that are present in low quantities.
563:
708:
177:
110:
90:
51:
512:
507:
195:, which are caused by decreased production of subunits of the hemoglobin molecule. Hemoglobin A
841:
614:
368:
341:
309:
277:
216:
207:, hemoglobin A is decreased (or in some cases absent) and hemoglobin F is markedly elevated; A
122:
67:
55:
303:
740:
637:
632:
575:
558:
220:
134:
126:
17:
525:
143:
836:
745:
674:
495:
444:
858:
664:
647:
591:
544:
235:
166:
826:
757:
533:
185:
181:
173:
162:
94:
362:
335:
271:
624:
603:
192:
98:
821:
701:
657:
439:
434:
418:
415:
86:
82:
219:, an abnormal band of hemoglobin H can be detected, and sometimes a band of
149:
Because hemoglobins exhibit different migration patterns depending on the
384:
130:
176:. If abnormal hemoglobin variants such as hemoglobin S (which occurs in
767:
118:
113:
to separate out the various types of hemoglobin and is a type of
101:, which are disorders caused by defective hemoglobin production.
388:
364:
Henry's
Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods
161:
Adult human blood normally contains three types of hemoglobin:
89:. The test can detect hemoglobin S, the form associated with
172:, which accounts for less than 3.5%; and a minute amount of
191:
Hemoglobin electrophoresis can also be used to investigate
150:
93:, as well as other abnormal types of hemoglobin, such as
337:
Rodak's
Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications
367:(23 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 590.
276:(1 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 571–2.
814:
623:
523:
425:
66:
35:
227:, electrophoresis results are effectively normal.
165:, which makes up approximately 95% of the total;
297:
295:
293:
203:and hemoglobin F may be slightly increased. In
799:aPTT-based activated protein C resistance test
804:ETP-based activated protein C resistance test
400:
329:
327:
325:
308:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–6.
8:
265:
263:
407:
393:
385:
32:
460:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
334:Keohane, E; Smith, L; Walenga, J (2015).
340:(5 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
789:Ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation
751:Activated protein C–protein C inhibitor
259:
248:high-performance liquid chromatography
270:Kottke-Marchant, K; Davis, B (2012).
97:. It can also be used to investigate
7:
832:Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride test
305:Diagnostic Pediatric Hematopathology
794:Activated protein C resistance test
85:that can detect different types of
361:McPherson, RA; Pincus, MR (2017).
302:Proytcheva, MA (3 February 2011).
135:electrophoretic migration patterns
25:
685:Dilute Russell's viper venom time
470:Red blood cell distribution width
199:levels are typically elevated in
697:Calibrated automated thrombogram
109:The test uses the principles of
41:
726:Coagulation activation markers
599:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
273:Laboratory Hematology Practice
244:capillary zone electrophoresis
1:
736:Thrombin–antithrombin complex
484:White blood cell differential
721:Overall hemostatic potential
643:Partial thromboplastin time
609:Monocyte distribution width
455:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
18:Haemoglobin electrophoresis
881:
582:Hemoglobin electrophoresis
115:native gel electrophoresis
79:Hemoglobin electrophoresis
36:Hemoglobin electrophoresis
731:Prothrombin fragments 1+2
692:Thrombin generation assay
489:Absolute neutrophil count
49:
40:
211:levels are variable. In
653:Activated clotting time
465:Mean corpuscular volume
225:alpha-thalassemia trait
587:Sickle solubility test
479:White blood cell count
450:Red blood cell indices
205:beta-thalassemia major
201:beta-thalassemia minor
129:, most commonly in an
125:) and subjected to an
784:Von Willebrand factor
763:Euglobulin lysis time
702:ST Genesia-based test
157:Clinical significance
62:, and control sample.
60:hemoglobin SC disease
777:-antiplasmin complex
714:Thrombodynamics test
680:Ecarin clotting time
569:Kleihauer–Betke test
501:Mean platelet volume
445:Red blood cell count
427:Complete blood count
240:isoelectric focusing
223:; but in the milder
213:hemoglobin H disease
709:Thromboelastography
178:sickle cell disease
111:gel electrophoresis
91:sickle cell disease
52:sickle cell disease
539:Total blood volume
513:Reticulocyte index
508:Reticulocyte count
852:
851:
842:Immunophenotyping
615:Osmotic fragility
374:978-0-323-41315-2
347:978-0-323-23906-6
315:978-0-521-88160-9
283:978-1-4443-9857-1
217:alpha-thalassemia
210:
123:cellulose acetate
76:
75:
56:sickle cell trait
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
872:
741:Fibrinopeptide A
638:Prothrombin time
633:Clotting factors
576:Hemoglobinopathy
559:Fetal hemoglobin
409:
402:
395:
386:
379:
378:
358:
352:
351:
331:
320:
319:
299:
288:
287:
267:
221:Hemoglobin Barts
208:
127:electrical field
45:
33:
21:
880:
879:
875:
874:
873:
871:
870:
869:
855:
854:
853:
848:
827:Blood viscosity
810:
776:
746:Fibrin monomers
619:
564:Apt–Downey test
551:Red cell volume
526:red blood cells
524:Other tests of
519:
421:
413:
383:
382:
375:
360:
359:
355:
348:
333:
332:
323:
316:
301:
300:
291:
284:
269:
268:
261:
256:
233:
198:
170:
159:
144:optical density
139:quality control
107:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
878:
876:
868:
867:
857:
856:
850:
849:
847:
846:
845:
844:
837:Flow cytometry
834:
829:
824:
818:
816:
812:
811:
809:
808:
807:
806:
801:
791:
786:
781:
780:
779:
774:
770:
765:
755:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
723:
718:
717:
716:
706:
705:
704:
699:
689:
688:
687:
682:
677:
675:Reptilase time
667:
662:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
629:
627:
621:
620:
618:
617:
612:
606:
601:
596:
595:
594:
589:
584:
573:
572:
571:
566:
556:
555:
554:
548:
542:
530:
528:
521:
520:
518:
517:
516:
515:
505:
504:
503:
496:Platelet count
493:
492:
491:
486:
476:
475:
474:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
442:
437:
431:
429:
423:
422:
414:
412:
411:
404:
397:
389:
381:
380:
373:
353:
346:
321:
314:
289:
282:
258:
257:
255:
252:
232:
229:
196:
168:
158:
155:
106:
103:
74:
73:
70:
64:
63:
58:, person with
54:, person with
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
877:
866:
863:
862:
860:
843:
840:
839:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
817:
813:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
778:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
759:
756:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
722:
719:
715:
712:
711:
710:
707:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
690:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
670:animal enzyme
668:
666:
665:Bleeding time
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
648:Thrombin time
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
631:
630:
628:
626:
622:
616:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
593:
592:Mentzer index
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
577:
574:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
552:
549:
546:
545:Plasma volume
543:
540:
537:
536:
535:
532:
531:
529:
527:
522:
514:
511:
510:
509:
506:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
477:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
417:
410:
405:
403:
398:
396:
391:
390:
387:
376:
370:
366:
365:
357:
354:
349:
343:
339:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
317:
311:
307:
306:
298:
296:
294:
290:
285:
279:
275:
274:
266:
264:
260:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:Linus Pauling
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
202:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
164:
156:
154:
152:
147:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
758:Fibrinolysis
669:
581:
534:Blood volume
363:
356:
336:
304:
272:
234:
215:, a form of
193:thalassemias
190:
174:hemoglobin F
167:hemoglobin A
163:hemoglobin A
160:
148:
108:
99:thalassemias
95:hemoglobin C
78:
77:
865:Blood tests
625:Coagulation
604:Haptoglobin
419:blood tests
822:Blood film
658:Fibrinogen
440:Hematocrit
435:Hemoglobin
416:Hematology
254:References
87:hemoglobin
83:blood test
72:Hematology
27:Blood test
773:Plasmin-α
105:Procedure
68:Specialty
859:Category
578:testing
131:alkaline
768:D-Dimer
231:History
119:agarose
371:
344:
312:
280:
246:, and
815:Other
611:(MDW)
553:(RCV)
541:(TBV)
137:). A
81:is a
547:(PV)
369:ISBN
342:ISBN
310:ISBN
278:ISBN
184:or
180:),
121:or
861::
324:^
292:^
262:^
250:.
242:,
151:pH
775:2
408:e
401:t
394:v
377:.
350:.
318:.
286:.
209:2
197:2
186:E
182:C
169:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
