597:
much stronger immune response). A memory effect (priming of the immune system against future attack by Hib) is also observed after administration; indicative that memory B cell formation is also improved over that of the unconjugated polysaccharide form. Since optimal contact between B cells and T cells is required (via MHC II) to maximize antibody production, it is reasoned that the conjugate vaccine allows B cells to properly recruit T cells, this is in contrast to the polysaccharide form in which it is speculated that B cells do not interact optimally with T cells leading to the TI interaction.
588:
administration. This problem was due to recognition of the PRP antigen by B cells, but not T cells. In other words, even though B cell recognition was taking place, T cell recruitment (via MHC class II) was not, which compromised the immune response. This interaction with only B cells is termed T-independent (TI). This process also inhibits the formation of memory B cells, thus compromising long term immune system memory.
42:
611:
748:. In contrast to unconjugated PRP vaccine, PRP-D vaccines was highly effective in controlling Hib disease in the age group being immunized (18 to 59 months). Unexpectedly. the vaccine also was associated with a dramatic decline in Hib disease in the age group less than 18 months, which at the time was not being vaccinated (evidence of indirect community protection or “herd immunity”.
3222:
455:(CDC). Two or three doses should be given before six months of age. In the United States a fourth dose is recommended between 12 and 15 months of age. The first dose is recommended around six weeks of age with at least four weeks between doses. If only two doses are used, another dose later in life is recommended. It is given by
782:
protein. The Hib vaccine using a meningococcal outer membrane carrier protein has unique immunostimulatory properties, eliciting an anticapsular response to a single injection given to infants as young as 2 months of age. In contrast, Hib conjugate vaccines using other protein carriers require two or
596:
PRP covalently linked to a protein carrier was found to elicit a greater immune response than the polysaccharide form of the vaccine. This is due to the protein carrier being highly immunogenic in nature. The conjugate formulations show responses which are consistent with T-cell recruitment (namely a
587:
is a bacterium with a polysaccharide capsule; the main component of this capsule is polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP). Anti-PRP antibodies have a protective effect against Hib infections. However, the antibody response to PRP was quite variable in young children, and diminished rapidly after
530:
in the United States, causing an estimated 20,000 cases a year in the early 1980s. Nearly all disease was in children under five years old. After routine use of Hib conjugate vaccines in the United States, the rate of invasive Hib disease decreased from 40–100 per 100,000 children down to fewer than
752:
and her colleagues reported that healthy children in a day care center who had been immunized with PRP-D had a lower rate of Hib colonization in their noses and throats than healthy unvaccinated children, which was not observed in children vaccinated with unconjugated PRP vaccine. These
734:
conjugate vaccine. In 1987, the first Hib conjugate vaccine, which used diphtheria toxoid as the carrier protein (PRP-D), was licensed in the U.S. and initially recommended for children ages 18 to 59 months of age. This vaccine was based on work done by Lasker Award-winning
American scientists
1751:
Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Anderson P, Smith DH (October 1996). "The 1996 Albert Lasker
Medical Research Awards. Prevention of systemic infections, especially meningitis, caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. Impact on public health and implications for other polysaccharide-based vaccines".
485:
An initial Hib vaccine consisting of plain (unconjugated) type b polysaccharide, was introduced in the United States in 1985. but was replaced by a more effective conjugated formulations beginning in 1987. As of 2013, 184 countries include it in their routine vaccinations. It is on the
712:
to PPP vaccine were highly age-dependent. Children under 18 months of age did not produce a positive response for this vaccine. As a result, the age group with the highest incidence of Hib disease was unprotected, limiting the usefulness of the vaccine. Also, post-licensure studies by
743:
at the U.S. National
Institutes of Health, and Porter Anderson and David Smith then at Boston Children's Hospital. Attaching Hib polysaccharide to a protein carrier greatly increased the ability of the immune system of young children to recognize the polysaccharide and develop
1929:
Bar-On ES, Goldberg E, Hellmann S, Leibovici L (April 2012). "Combined DTP-HBV-HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP-HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and
Haemophilus influenzae B (HIB)".
535:
and developing countries. However, in recent years. Haemophilus influenzae strains with other encapsulated serotypes such as a or f, or non-encapsulated strains, have been recognized to cause invasive disease, particularly in high risk populations.
1857:
Einhorn MS, Weinberg GA, Anderson EL, Granoff PD, Granoff DM (August 1986). "Immunogenicity in infants of
Haemophilus influenzae type B polysaccharide in a conjugate vaccine with Neisseria meningitidis outer-membrane protein".
753:
results provided an explanation for the ability of PRP-D conjugate vaccine to lower transmission of Hib from conjugate-vaccinated to unvaccinated children, and provide indirect community protection from conjugate vaccination .
1132:
Cox AD, Kuo Lee R, Ulanova M, Bruce MG, Tsang RS (January 2021). "Proceedings of a workshop to discuss the epidemiology of invasive
Haemophilus influenzae disease with emphasis on serotype a and b in the Americas, 2019".
721:
et al. suggested that the PRP vaccine was largely ineffective in preventing invasive Hib disease in children 18 to 59 months, the age group recommended for vaccination . The vaccine was withdrawn from the market in 1988.
979:"Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines for prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among infants and children two months of age and older. Recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee (ACIP)"
811:
diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-hepatitis B-Hib, for use in developing countries. There is not yet sufficient evidence on how effective this combined pentavalent vaccine is in relation to the individual vaccines.
3252:
1893:
Granoff DM, Anderson EL, Osterholm MT, Holmes SJ, McHugh JE, Belshe RB, et al. (August 1992). "Differences in the immunogenicity of three
Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in infants".
1610:
Granoff DM, Shackelford PG, Suarez BK, Nahm MH, Cates KL, Murphy TV, et al. (December 1986). "Hemophilus influenzae type B disease in children vaccinated with type B polysaccharide vaccine".
1787:
Murphy TV, White KE, Pastor P, Gabriel L, Medley F, Granoff DM, et al. (January 1993). "Declining incidence of
Haemophilus influenzae type b disease since introduction of vaccination".
675:
vaccines. Poor disease surveillance systems and inadequate hospital laboratories failed to detect the disease, leading many experts to believe that Hib did not exist in their countries. And
1822:
Murphy TV, Pastor P, Medley F, Osterholm MT, Granoff DM (April 1993). "Decreased
Haemophilus colonization in children vaccinated with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine".
671:
Introduction of Hib vaccine in developing countries lagged behind that in developed countries for several reasons. The expense of the vaccine was large in comparison to the standard
791:
Multiple combinations of Hib and other vaccines have been licensed in the United States, reducing the number of injections necessary to vaccinate a child. Hib vaccine combined with
204:
336:
1575:
Osterholm MT, Rambeck JH, White KE, Jacobs JL, Pierson LM, Neaton JD, et al. (September 1988). "Lack of efficacy of
Haemophilus b polysaccharide vaccine in Minnesota".
1034:
Cochi SL, Fleming DW, Hull HF, Preblud SR, Orenstein WA (December 1986). "Haemophilus influenzae b polysaccharide vaccine. Physician acceptance and use of a new vaccine".
905:
3125:
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be vaccinated using a polysaccharide-protein conjugate Hib vaccine, starting after the age of six weeks. The vaccination is also indicated in people without a spleen.
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102:
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2018:
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and ongoing surveillance have shown Hib vaccine to be safe. In general, adverse reactions to the vaccine are mild. The most common reactions are mild
2705:
1069:
Weinberg GA, Granoff DM (October 1988). "Polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines for the prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease".
2323:
3176:
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The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
962:
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vaccine, called PRP. This vaccine was first marketed in the United States in 1985. Similar to other unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines,
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1967:
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2494:
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There are currently three types of conjugate vaccine, utilizing different carrier proteins for the conjugation process: inactivated
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1971:
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Severe side effects are extremely rare. About 20 to 25% of people develop pain at the site of injection while about 2% develop a
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632:
386:
307:
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432:, rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90%. It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of
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2155:
1697:"American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases: Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine"
1012:
640:
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Hib conjugate vaccines have been shown to be effective against all manifestations of Hib disease, with a clinical
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448:
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at the site of injection, occurring in 5–30% of vaccine recipients. More severe reactions are extremely rare.
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three injections to reliably elicit anticapsular antibody responses in infants less than six months of age.
190:
3162:
3091:
2090:
1176:
Broome CV (August 1987). "Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in the United States".
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66:
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among fully vaccinated children estimated to be between 95–100%. The vaccine has also been shown to be
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1295:"Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Infections after 3 Decades of Hib Protein Conjugate Vaccine Use"
1158:
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Prior to introduction of the conjugate vaccine, Hib was a leading cause of childhood meningitis,
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112:
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870:(September 2013). "Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccination Position Paper – July 2013".
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2008:
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The shortcomings of the polysaccharide vaccine led to the production of the Hib polysaccharide-
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1 per 100,000. Similar reductions in Hib disease occurred after introduction of the vaccine in
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in patients at high risk of invasive disease. Hib vaccine is not effective against non-type B
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Whittaker R, Economopoulou A, Dias JG, Bancroft E, Ramliden M, Celentano LP (March 2017).
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in many countries were struggling with the current vaccines they were trying to deliver.
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2122:
1243:"Epidemiology of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease, Europe, 2007-2014"
523:
510:. However, non-type B disease is rare in comparison to pre-vaccine rates of
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33:
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55:
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Slack MP, Cripps AW, Grimwood K, Mackenzie GA, Ulanova M (June 2021).
2973:
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2249:
768:
764:
545:
2029:"Haemophilus B Conjugate Vaccine (Meningococcal Protein Conjugate)"
2968:
2853:
2459:
2393:
1981:
Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S, eds. (2021).
807:(WHO) has certified several Hib vaccine combinations, including a
560:
470:. The Hib vaccine is available by itself, in combination with the
463:
2268:
568:
2079:
1471:"a new force in the fight against Hib meningitis and pneumonia"
243:
143:
604:
1554:(2006). Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S (eds.).
478:, among others. All Hib vaccines that are currently used are
2045:"Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate)"
1988:
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
1557:
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
957:(7th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 584–589.
175:
428:
type b (Hib) infection. In countries that include it as a
3253:
World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines)
488:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
343:
1647:"Hib Vaccines: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives"
3210:
1431:"Bacterial polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines"
1645:
Zarei AE, Almehdar HA, Redwan EM (20 January 2016).
3140:
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133:
119:
101:
91:
86:
74:
61:
54:
1379:"Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines"
704:The first Hib vaccine licensed was a unconjugated
3126:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
1968:"Chapter 16: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)"
1288:
1286:
1212:"Haemophilus influenzae Disease (Including Hib)"
1424:
1422:
1377:Kelly DF, Moxon ER, Pollard AJ (October 2004).
1372:
1370:
1368:
2091:
8:
1546:
1544:
353:
152:
32:
2013:Type b (Hib) Vaccine Information Statement"
1932:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
639:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2343:
2098:
2084:
2076:
2019:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1993:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1552:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1349:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1216:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
862:
860:
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453:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
40:
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1116:
856:
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848:
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844:
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838:
659:Learn how and when to remove this message
394:
322:
315:
1178:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
1036:American Journal of Diseases of Children
953:. In Detels R, Karim QA, Baum F (eds.).
803:are available in the United States. The
3217:
1991:(14th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S.
1973:Immunisation against infectious disease
955:Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health
821:
563:, loss of appetite, transient redness,
544:The CDC and the WHO recommend that all
374:
279:
272:
125:
1497:"Hib Initiative: a GAVI success story"
352:
31:
1727:"Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)"
1523:"ADIPs and Hib Initiative Evaluation"
1111:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1009:"Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae Type B)"
828:
691:took active interest in the vaccine.
687:In order to remedy these issues, the
466:. There is no clear association with
111:
27:Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine
7:
1222:from the original on 30 January 2014
1048:10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140260028019
989:(RR-1). cdc.gov: 1–7. January 1991.
951:"11.3. Immunisation and vaccination"
926:from the original on 19 January 2022
637:adding citations to reliable sources
472:diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccine
216:
1983:"Chapter 8: Haemophilus influenzae"
1612:The New England Journal of Medicine
910:type b (Hib) vaccination-July 2013"
3153:Eradication of infectious diseases
2910:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
25:
2743:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
1015:from the original on 8 April 2016
983:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
3220:
3132:Alternative vaccination schedule
2107:Artificial induction of immunity
1801:10.1001/jama.1993.03500020080036
1589:10.1001/jama.1988.03410100113035
1477:(Press release). 8 December 2005
1395:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01971.x
1343:"Asplenia and Adult Vaccination"
1190:10.1097/00006454-198708000-00036
609:
97:ActHIB, Hiberix, OmniHIB, others
2964:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
1940:10.1002/14651858.CD005530.pub3
1651:Journal of Immunology Research
1503:(Press release). 14 April 2010
717:and his colleagues, and
474:, and in combination with the
447:It is recommended by both the
1:
2500:Group B streptococcal disease
2319:Vaccines for Children Program
1908:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81186-2
1872:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90001-2
1836:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)83529-2
1299:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1147:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.015
1083:10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80369-X
872:Weekly Epidemiological Record
585:Haemophilus influenzae type b
2067:Food and Drug Administration
2051:Food and Drug Administration
2035:Food and Drug Administration
1247:Emerging Infectious Diseases
793:diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis
1624:10.1056/NEJM198612183152505
1564:: Public Health Foundation.
683:GAVI and the Hib Initiative
3269:
1527:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
1501:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
1218:(CDC). 25 September 2012.
1121:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
3171:
1896:The Journal of Pediatrics
1824:The Journal of Pediatrics
1707:(6): 908–911. June 1988.
1429:Finn A (1 January 2004).
1105:World Health Organization
1071:The Journal of Pediatrics
868:World Health Organization
805:World Health Organization
468:severe allergic reactions
449:World Health Organization
333:
39:
2495:Clostridioides difficile
1976:. Public Health England.
1766:10.1001/jama.276.14.1181
1435:British Medical Bulletin
710:serum antibody responses
2753:Tick-borne encephalitis
830:Professional Drug Facts
457:injection into a muscle
113:Professional Drug Facts
3163:List of vaccine topics
2163:Mathematical modelling
2011:Haemophilus Influenzae
1966:Ramsay M, ed. (2013).
1259:10.3201/eid2303.161552
908:Haemophilus influenzae
700:Polysaccharide vaccine
580:Polysaccharide vaccine
512:Haemophilus influenzae
508:Haemophilus influenzae
425:Haemophilus influenzae
410:Haemophilus influenzae
67:Haemophilus influenzae
3158:Vaccinate Your Family
2609:Japanese encephalitis
1731:historyofvaccines.org
3041:John Franklin Enders
1664:10.1155/2016/7203587
1311:10.1128/CMR.00028-21
801:hepatitis B vaccines
787:Combination vaccines
633:improve this section
575:Mechanisms of action
2227:Virus-like particle
2151:Vaccine ingredients
2071:. 21 December 2023.
919:. 27 October 2013.
476:hepatitis B vaccine
451:(WHO) and the U.S.
357:
56:Vaccine description
36:
18:Haemophilus vaccine
3198:Never to phase III
2997:Hexavalent vaccine
2811:Epstein–Barr virus
2706:Oxford–AstraZeneca
2399:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
2055:. 14 October 2022.
2039:. 7 November 2022.
1448:10.1093/bmb/ldh021
1353:. 14 February 2019
3208:
3207:
3120:Vaccines and SIDS
3007:
3006:
2781:Hepatitis A and B
2757:Varicella zoster
2219:Subunit/component
1866:(8502): 299–302.
1760:(14): 1181–1185.
1618:(25): 1584–1590.
1583:(10): 1423–1428.
1042:(12): 1226–1230.
964:978-0-19-881680-5
906:"WHO position on
741:Rachel Schneerson
726:Conjugate vaccine
715:Michael Osterholm
669:
668:
661:
592:Conjugate vaccine
480:conjugate vaccine
405:
404:
351:
350:
247:
179:
146:
46:Hib component of
16:(Redirected from
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3225:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3099:MMR autism fraud
3046:Maurice Hilleman
3031:Hilary Koprowski
2344:
2100:
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2086:
2077:
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2023:. 27 April 2023.
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1562:Washington, D.C.
1560:(9th ed.).
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1529:. 30 August 2019
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1005:
999:
998:
975:
969:
968:
942:
936:
935:
933:
931:
925:
914:
902:
896:
895:
864:
833:
832:
826:
664:
657:
653:
650:
644:
613:
605:
601:Developing world
514:type B disease.
422:used to prevent
414:, also known as
398:
378:
358:
356:
347:
346:
339:
326:
319:
283:
276:
245:
242:
220:
177:
174:
156:
145:
142:
129:
115:
44:
37:
35:
21:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3188:Clinical trials
3167:
3136:
3075:
3051:Stanley Plotkin
3013:
3003:
2915:Cancer vaccines
2898:
2892:Schistosomiasis
2870:
2864:Trypanosomiasis
2837:
2801:Cytomegalovirus
2711:Pfizer–BioNTech
2511:
2335:
2284:Vaccine wastage
2254:
2182:
2134:
2104:
2059:
2043:
2027:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1980:
1965:
1961:
1959:Further reading
1956:
1955:
1934:(4): CD005530.
1928:
1927:
1923:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1305:(3): e0002821.
1292:
1291:
1284:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1002:
977:
976:
972:
965:
944:
943:
939:
929:
927:
923:
912:
904:
903:
899:
878:(39): 413–426.
866:
865:
836:
827:
823:
818:
789:
728:
702:
697:
685:
665:
654:
648:
645:
630:
614:
603:
594:
582:
577:
557:Clinical trials
554:
542:
540:Recommendations
520:
496:
430:routine vaccine
401:
381:
342:
340:
337:(what is this?)
334:
329:
302:
286:
254:
224:
192:
185:
166:
159:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3066:Katalin KarikĂł
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Herpes simplex
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Sinopharm BIBP
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:Bharat Biotech
2668:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2469:
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2467:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2299:Vaccine injury
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2259:Administration
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2233:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2057:
2041:
2025:
2003:
2002:External links
2000:
1998:
1997:
1978:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1921:
1902:(2): 187–194.
1885:
1849:
1830:(4): 517–523.
1814:
1795:(2): 246–248.
1779:
1743:
1718:
1688:
1637:
1602:
1567:
1540:
1514:
1488:
1475:Hib Initiative
1462:
1418:
1389:(2): 163–174.
1364:
1334:
1282:
1253:(3): 396–404.
1233:
1203:
1184:(8): 779–782.
1168:
1141:(4): 627–632.
1124:
1096:
1077:(4): 621–631.
1061:
1026:
1000:
970:
963:
945:Mutsaerts EA,
937:
897:
834:
820:
819:
817:
814:
797:polio vaccines
788:
785:
778:group B outer
727:
724:
719:Dan M. Granoff
706:polysaccharide
701:
698:
696:
693:
684:
681:
677:health systems
667:
666:
617:
615:
608:
602:
599:
593:
590:
581:
578:
576:
573:
553:
550:
541:
538:
533:Western Europe
519:
516:
495:
492:
412:type B vaccine
403:
402:
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399:
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193:administration
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52:
51:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3265:
3254:
3251:
3249:
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3228:
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3214:
3197:
3195:
3192:
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3156:
3154:
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3149:
3146:
3145:
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3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3071:Drew Weissman
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:H. Fred Clark
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Louis Pasteur
3024:
3022:
3021:Edward Jenner
3019:
3018:
3016:
3010:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:DTwP-HepB-Hib
2990:
2988:
2987:DTaP-IPV-HepB
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:combination:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2876:Helminthiasis
2873:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:combination:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
2478:
2477:
2476:combination:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2389:Meningococcus
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Leptospirosis
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Vaccine court
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:GAVI Alliance
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
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1747:
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1702:
1698:
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1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
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1578:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
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1248:
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1234:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
974:
971:
966:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
938:
922:
918:
911:
909:
901:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
835:
831:
825:
822:
815:
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
786:
784:
781:
777:
776:meningococcal
774:protein; and
773:
770:
766:
763:
760:(also called
759:
758:tetanospasmin
754:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
725:
723:
720:
716:
711:
707:
699:
694:
692:
690:
689:GAVI Alliance
682:
680:
678:
674:
663:
660:
652:
642:
638:
634:
628:
627:
623:
618:This section
616:
612:
607:
606:
600:
598:
591:
589:
586:
579:
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572:
570:
566:
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558:
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529:
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
493:
491:
489:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
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431:
427:
426:
421:
417:
413:
411:
397:
393:
392:
390:
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384:
377:
373:
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368:
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345:
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321:
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241:
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199:
198:Intramuscular
196:
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182:
173:
172:
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162:
155:
150:
141:
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138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
87:Clinical data
85:
82:
79:
77:
73:
69:
68:
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1457:15339854
1413:15379976
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1107:(2023).
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1013:Archived
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930:30 March
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