134:
391:
107:
94:
1124:
126:
1080:
1112:
482:, Turkey formally occupied northern Hakkari and expelled the last Christian inhabitants who still remained in the region, with the exception of the village of Gaznakh which due to Kurdish alliances and their conversion to the Chaldean Catholic Church avoided deportation. Assyrians still live in the southern Hakkari region of
227:
during the second part of the 14th century. The few survivors sought refuge among the
Assyrians of Hakkari and the surrounding region. This region also produced many bishops and patriarchs as hereditary succession was used to prevent a full ecclesiastical collapse of the church. By the 16th century,
457:
control, and tried to persuade them to send a relief force to the besieged
Assyrians. When the Russians replied that the request was unreasonable, he returned to Hakkari and led the surviving 50,000 Assyrians through the mountains to safety in Urmia. Thousands perished from cold and hunger during
377:
Emir of
Hakkari. Badr Khan allied with Nur Allah and attacked the Assyrians of Hakkari in the summer of 1843 massacring them and taking those who survived as slaves. Another massacre was inflicted in 1846 on the Assyrians of Tiyari, also residing in Hakkari. The western powers, alarmed by the
406:
control since the 16th century, it was in reality administered by its
Assyrian and Kurdish inhabitants and their lords. The situation changed after the Badr Khans rule and the Tanzimat reforms as the Ottomans now were able to extend their full control unopposed, and in 1868 the
448:
The
Assyrians were immediately attacked by Kurdish irregulars backed by the Ottomans, driving most of the Assyrians of Hakkari to the mountain tops, as those who stayed in their villages were killed. Shimun Benjamin was able to move unnoticed to
354:. He was however defeated in battle when he tried to subdue the Assyrians of Hakkari in 1838. The Ottomans, seeking to consolidate their control of the region, engaged him in a costly war which eventually led to the dissolution of his Emirate.
429:
was promised preferential treatment in anticipation of the war. Shortly after the war began, however, Assyrian and
Armenian settlements to the north of Hakkari were attacked and sacked by Kurdish irregulars allied with the Ottoman Army in the
310:"Guardian of the throne"), and by the 19th century this system was applied to all dioceses of Hakkari. The Assyrians formed intricate alliances with neighbouring Kurdish tribes and their Ottoman lords, and each tribe was led by a
474:, northern Mosul, and Urmia. The Assyrians tried to retake the region, but the Turks and Kurds objected to their desire to retake their ancestral lands in Hakkari, and an attempt to occupy the region by
294:
enjoyed both spiritual and political power over his subjects. Since priests were required to remain celibates the patriarchy moved from uncle to nephew. This system came to be known as
200:. They fled to Hakkari where they ravaged it. they were eventually defeated by the Kurds and 1500 Ghuz tribesmen were killed and the survivors were enslaved by the Kurds.
538:
284:
1149:
445:. The Ottomans demanded Assyrian neutrality and executed him as a warning. In return, the patriarch declared war on the Ottomans on 10 April 1915.
271:, mainly in Diyarbakir. Those living in Hakkari, however, were unaffected by the disputes until 1692 when the Chaldean Archbishop of Diyarbakir
1066:
1042:
1021:
997:
976:
948:
929:
908:
619:
583:
215:, he was known as "the Sword of Islam." His conquest of Baghdad and the general area, especially the destruction of Tikrit, affected the
133:
365:
sought to extend his dominion by annexing the
Assyrian regions in Hakkari. He took advantage of a rift between the patriarch
868:
1102:
158:
223:
following the destruction of
Christians in the region, the Ismailis and Sunni and Shi'a Muslims indiscriminately by
390:
1089:
435:
815:
268:
255:
By the 1500s, the
Assyrians were concentrated in an older version of the Assyrian triangle, with its points in
398:
is where the
Assyrians of Hakkari lived, while the Christian districts in Blue designate where Armenians lived
523:
1086:
This article contains Syriac text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined.
329:
216:
178:
188:
sent an expedition against Hakkari Kurds and subdued them. In 1041AD, after the defeat of the invading
59:
1052:
220:
968:
Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I
962:
426:
366:
55:
335:
479:
378:
massacres pressured the Ottomans to intervene. Badr Khan was subsequently defeated and exiled to
351:
237:
149:
lands which served as the northern Assyrian frontier and border with their Urartian rivals. The
106:
609:
575:
1062:
1038:
1017:
993:
972:
944:
925:
904:
900:
Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: intercommunal relations on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire
615:
579:
543:
495:
471:
431:
408:
185:
162:
71:
1144:
1116:
441:
The turning point was when the patriarch's brother was taken prisoner as he was studying in
272:
93:
263:(east). The Church of the East lost some of its members in the few centuries following the
1007:
454:
197:
150:
115:
27:
442:
403:
264:
208:
87:
79:
165:
and massacres that occurred during 1918 were expelled. Most subsequently moved to the
1138:
1128:
1093:
894:
339:
334:
In the 19th century, several competing Kurdish centers began emerging in the region.
228:
the Assyrians disappeared from many cities where they previously thrived, such as in
212:
487:
483:
298:
166:
63:
466:
During the peace conferences in Paris in 1919, the Assyrians asked for a state in
1056:
1032:
1011:
987:
966:
919:
898:
1058:
The ecclesiastical organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913, Volume 582
958:
491:
475:
189:
170:
595:
125:
862:
467:
256:
203:
Following the devastation of the urban centres of Mesopotamia at the hands of
154:
470:
and northern Mesopotamia in Iraq; others requested a British protectorate in
370:
358:
291:
280:
142:
111:
50:
Kurdish: هەکاری), was a historical mountainous region lying to the south of
395:
343:
276:
51:
1013:
Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression
533:
260:
245:
241:
233:
1092:, you may see unjoined Syriac letters or other symbols instead of
510:. The lead, which came from a government owned mine, was used to make
511:
362:
347:
229:
174:
83:
67:
807:
161:
and lived here until 1924, when the last Assyrians who survived the
943:(in French). Dép. de géographie de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne.
346:
was able to depose his rivals and control a region stretching from
941:
Les montagnards chrétiens du Hakkâri et du Kurdistan septentrional
528:
450:
420:
389:
379:
374:
287:
of hereditary patriarchial succession which continued until 1976.
249:
224:
204:
193:
146:
132:
124:
119:
105:
92:
507:
75:
320:) who also functioned as a military leader during wartime.
211:
military leader operating under the guise of restoring the
290:
The Patriarch residing in the Church of Mār Shalīṭa in
137:
Basket woven bridge across the Zab in Hakkari, c. 1900
1100:
486:, now straddling the Turkey-Iraq border, and in the
296:
45:
34:
598:. Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.
54:, encompassing parts of the modern provinces of
770:
758:
394:The checkered Christian districts southeast of
867:. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 71.
539:Shemsdin (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
706:
704:
702:
629:
627:
425:On the eve of the First World War, patriarch
8:
315:
305:
40:
645:
610:E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam
576:E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam
633:
793:
746:
734:
710:
402:Although the region was nominally under
1107:
555:
871:from the original on December 21, 2020
722:
693:
681:
669:
657:
562:
848:
836:
818:from the original on October 10, 2018
283:in Hakkari where he reintroduced the
7:
316:
306:
177:ended up immigrating further to the
173:in northern Iraq. Those who went to
41:
31:
506:As of 1920, Hakkari was producing
114:church, St. John the Arab, in the
14:
357:After the fall of his main rival
129:The mountainous Shemsdin district
1122:
1110:
1078:
219:which sheltered near Nineveh at
1150:Geography of the Ottoman Empire
453:, which at the time was under
18:Historical region of West Asia
1:
989:A modern history of the Kurds
578:, 1913-1936. BRILL. p. 1137.
1034:The Tragedy of the Assyrians
297:
46:
35:
771:Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006
759:Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006
192:and subsequent massacre in
181:in Syria during the 1930s.
159:Assyrian Church of the East
141:The region stretching from
1166:
939:Chevalier, Michel (1985).
434:. Others were forced into
418:
338:, the Kurdish Emir of the
327:
97:Hakkari Assyrians, c. 1900
462:After the First World War
861:Prothero, W. G. (1920).
594:Peacock, Andrew (2017).
269:Chaldean Catholic Church
607:Houtsma, M. Th (1993).
574:Houtsma, M. Th (1993).
524:List of Assyrian tribes
478:failed. In 1924, after
921:The First Civilization
918:Alexander, V (1994) ,
808:"The Assyrian Tragedy"
399:
386:Direct Ottoman control
330:Massacres of Badr Khan
217:Syrian Orthodox Church
179:Tell Tamer Subdistrict
145:to Hakkari formed the
138:
130:
122:
98:
1031:Stafford, R (2006) ,
864:Armenia and Kurdistan
393:
136:
128:
109:
96:
986:McDowall, D (2000),
924:, Victor Alexander,
438:and later executed.
421:Sayfo § Hakkari
221:Mar Mattai Monastery
153:of this region were
427:Shimun XIX Benyamin
415:Genocide and exodus
367:Shimun XVII Abraham
614:. BRILL. p. 1138.
400:
352:Persian Azerbaijan
342:, situated around
238:Church of the East
236:. The head of the
139:
131:
123:
99:
78:. During the late
1090:rendering support
1068:978-90-429-0876-5
1061:, Cambria Press,
1044:978-1-59333-413-0
1037:, Gorgias Press,
1023:978-0-7864-1375-1
999:978-1-85043-416-0
978:978-1-59333-301-0
971:, Gorgias Press,
950:978-2-901165-13-2
931:978-1-4486-7089-5
910:978-1-60497-583-3
903:, Cambria Press,
620:978-90-04-09790-2
584:978-90-04-09790-2
544:Assyrian homeland
472:Upper Mesopotamia
436:labour battalions
432:Assyrian genocide
409:Sanjak of Hakkari
163:Assyrian genocide
1157:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1047:
1026:
1002:
981:
954:
934:
913:
881:
880:
878:
876:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
827:
825:
823:
803:
797:
791:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
622:
605:
599:
592:
586:
572:
566:
560:
319:
318:
309:
308:
302:
275:broke away from
273:Shimun IX Dinkha
157:adhering to the
49:
44:
43:
38:
33:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1088:Without proper
1083:
1079:
1069:
1051:
1045:
1030:
1024:
1006:
1000:
992:, I.B. Tauris,
985:
979:
957:
951:
938:
932:
917:
911:
893:
890:
885:
884:
874:
872:
860:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
831:
821:
819:
805:
804:
800:
792:
777:
769:
765:
757:
753:
745:
741:
733:
729:
721:
717:
709:
700:
692:
688:
680:
676:
668:
664:
656:
652:
646:Wilmshurst 2000
644:
640:
632:
625:
606:
602:
593:
589:
573:
569:
561:
557:
552:
520:
504:
464:
423:
417:
388:
332:
326:
104:
86:within the old
19:
12:
11:
5:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1119:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1049:
1043:
1028:
1022:
1004:
998:
983:
977:
955:
949:
936:
930:
915:
909:
889:
886:
883:
882:
853:
841:
829:
806:Yusuf, Malik.
798:
775:
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:
698:
686:
674:
662:
650:
638:
634:Alexander 1994
623:
600:
587:
567:
554:
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
519:
516:
503:
500:
463:
460:
443:Constantinople
419:Main article:
416:
413:
387:
384:
328:Main article:
325:
322:
265:Schism of 1552
110:A 6th-century
103:
100:
88:Vilayet of Van
80:Ottoman Empire
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1162:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1053:Wilmshurst, D
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:, McFarland,
1015:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
995:
991:
990:
984:
980:
974:
970:
969:
964:
963:Beṯ-Şawoce, J
960:
956:
952:
946:
942:
937:
933:
927:
923:
922:
916:
912:
906:
902:
901:
896:
892:
891:
887:
875:September 18,
870:
866:
865:
857:
854:
851:, p. 188
850:
845:
842:
839:, p. 187
838:
833:
830:
817:
813:
809:
802:
799:
795:
794:Stafford 2006
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
776:
773:, p. 136
772:
767:
764:
761:, p. 134
760:
755:
752:
748:
747:Stafford 2006
743:
740:
736:
735:Stafford 2006
731:
728:
724:
719:
716:
712:
711:McDowall 2000
707:
705:
703:
699:
696:, p. 179
695:
690:
687:
684:, p. 174
683:
678:
675:
672:, p. 173
671:
666:
663:
659:
654:
651:
648:, p. 277
647:
642:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
621:
617:
613:
611:
604:
601:
597:
591:
588:
585:
581:
577:
571:
568:
564:
559:
556:
549:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
515:
513:
509:
501:
499:
497:
493:
492:Nahla Valleys
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
459:
456:
452:
446:
444:
439:
437:
433:
428:
422:
414:
412:
411:was created.
410:
405:
397:
392:
385:
383:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:Soran Emirate
337:
331:
323:
321:
313:
303:
301:
300:
293:
288:
286:
282:
279:and moved to
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:Mongol Empire
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:Adud Al-Dawla
182:
180:
176:
172:
171:Nahla valleys
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
135:
127:
121:
117:
113:
108:
101:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
37:
29:
25:
21:
16:
1085:
1057:
1033:
1012:
988:
967:
940:
920:
899:
873:. Retrieved
863:
856:
844:
832:
820:. Retrieved
812:www.aina.org
811:
801:
796:, p. 25
766:
754:
749:, p. 24
742:
737:, p. 23
730:
718:
713:, p. 47
689:
677:
665:
660:, p. 35
653:
641:
636:, p. 36
608:
603:
590:
570:
558:
505:
484:Barwari Bala
465:
458:this march.
447:
440:
424:
401:
356:
336:Mir Muhammed
333:
324:Kurdish wars
311:
299:Nāṭar Kursyā
295:
289:
254:
202:
183:
140:
23:
22:
20:
15:
1094:Syriac text
725:, p. 3
723:Aboona 2008
694:Aboona 2008
682:Aboona 2008
670:Aboona 2008
658:Aboona 2008
612:, 1913-1936
596:"Rawwadids"
565:, p. 2
563:Aboona 2008
480:a rebellion
476:Agha Petros
285:Shimun line
240:moved from
184:In 980AD, '
118:village of
1139:Categories
888:References
849:Nisan 2002
837:Nisan 2002
468:Diyarbekir
307:ܢܛܪ ܟܘܪܣܝܐ
257:Diyarbakir
190:Ghuz turks
155:Christians
1117:Geography
1010:(2002) ,
895:Aboona, H
494:of Iraqs
382:in 1847.
371:Nur Allah
359:Badr Khan
292:Qudshanis
281:Qudshanis
252:by 1553.
151:Assyrians
143:Tur Abdin
112:Nestorian
82:it was a
1055:(2000),
1008:Nisan, M
965:(2006),
959:Gaunt, D
897:(2008),
869:Archived
816:Archived
518:See also
498:region.
396:Lake Van
344:Rawanduz
259:(west),
198:Rawadids
116:Assyrian
52:Lake Van
1145:Hakkari
1103:Portals
822:May 20,
534:Barwari
512:bullets
502:Economy
496:Nohadra
455:Russian
404:Ottoman
375:Kurdish
267:to the
261:Maragha
246:Maragha
242:Baghdad
234:Nisibis
120:Geramon
102:History
56:Hakkâri
47:Hakkāri
36:Ḥakkāri
24:Hakkari
1129:Turkey
1065:
1041:
1020:
996:
975:
947:
928:
907:
618:
582:
373:, the
363:Bohtan
348:Mardin
230:Tabriz
209:Turkic
175:Simele
84:sanjak
68:Turkey
60:Şırnak
28:Syriac
550:Notes
529:Tyari
488:Sapna
451:Urmia
380:Crete
312:Malik
250:Urmia
225:Timur
205:Timur
194:Urmia
167:Sapna
147:Nairi
72:Dohuk
39:, or
1063:ISBN
1039:ISBN
1018:ISBN
994:ISBN
973:ISBN
945:ISBN
926:ISBN
905:ISBN
877:2013
824:2020
616:ISBN
580:ISBN
508:lead
490:and
369:and
277:Rome
232:and
207:, a
169:and
76:Iraq
70:and
42:ܗܟܪܝ
32:ܚܟܪܝ
361:of
350:to
317:ܡܠܟ
248:in
244:to
196:by
74:in
66:in
64:Van
1141::
961:;
814:.
810:.
778:^
701:^
626:^
514:.
90:.
62:,
58:,
30::
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1096:.
1072:.
1048:.
1027:.
1003:.
982:.
953:.
935:.
914:.
879:.
826:.
314:(
304:(
26:(
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