355:. Theories include that Wu was a suitable polemical target because he was not sufficiently ranking in the cultural apparatus to prompt a strong institutional defense. Others argue that Peng Zhen fell into a trap because he did not realize that the true objective was to attack his power. The official narrative in China is that to enforce orthodox political thought, the first targets of the Cultural Revolution were intellectuals. Academic Alessandro Russo writes that, to the contrary, the top levels of the party's cultural apparatus including Peng Zhen vigorously defended Wu for months, that the criticism of Wu came from the grassroots intellectual level where most of the participants in the controversy were history teachers, and that the initial targets were high ranking in the party cultural apparatus.
247:!" Wu's article began with a chronology intended to implicitly distance his play and other writings on Hai Rui from the controversy at the Lushan Conference, but the effect backfired. Because Yao Wenyuan's article had not directly raised the connection with the Lushan Conference, Wu's chronology looked like an unnecessary apology. Additionally, the chronology demonstrated that Wu wrote his Hai Rui articles immediately before and immediately after the conference. Scholarly debate continued following Wu's self-criticism article, with many Chinese historians concluding that the article was a mix of sophistry and concessions on minor points that avoided the major political issues related to the play.
304:") formalized those decisions. The Circular of May 16 was the first major political declaration of the Cultural Revolution. Initially drafted by Chen Boda, Mao Zedong made major revisions. In voiding the February Outline and dissolving the Group of Five, The Circular of May 16 removed the highest level of the party's cultural apparatus. It discussed Peng Zhen's political errors in detail, stating that he had defended Wu Han and prevented political criticism of the play and therefore obscured the class struggle. The Circular of May 16 also ambiguously criticized unspecified rightists in the party who "sleep by our side," comparing such people to
259:, Mao stated, "Peng Dehuai is Hai Rui." Although he did not discuss Yao's article at length, Mao noted that it had not gotten to the core political issue raised by the matter of Hai Rui, namely the dismissal. Mao stated that the results of the 1959 Lushan Conference remained controversial and the political disagreements had grown in the time since the conference. Peng Zhen met with Mao the day after Mao's speech and objected, arguing that the dismissal should not be considered the core issue, as there were no organizational or personal ties between Wu and Peng Dehuai.
151:, Mao cited Hai Rui as an example of an official who challenged authority by authoring a Memorandum to the Emperor in which he criticized "very sharply and without any compliments." Mao asked his audience, "How many of our comrades today have Hai Rui's courage?" The historical figure of Hai Rui was also referenced during the discussions at the Lushan Conference itself. In one of the most tense moments of the controversy over the problems of the Great Leap Forward, Mao stated:
223:, prevented other newspapers from republishing Yao's article for three weeks. Even a personal request by Mao to publish Yao's critique as a pamphlet was rejected by party authorities in Beijing. Once it was no longer feasible to prevent other newspapers from republishing it, including because Zhou intervened, Peng Zhen consented to its reprinting. Peng Zhen attempted to censor any contemporary political implications of the article, however.`
348:
The
Chinese government's view today, however, is that Peng Zhen's motive for issuing the February Outline was responding to a wave of public revulsion over the criticisms of Wu. In contrast to that view, Academic Alessandro Russo observes that public views of Yao Wenyuan's critical article were split, and that it was Peng Zhen himself and other party elites in the cultural apparatus who were most irritated by the criticism of Wu.
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play to contemporary political issues. The
February Outline openly threatened the "obstinate Left" with discipline, urging that it bear in mind its "long-term behavior." The Party's Central Committee approved the February Outline. The Group of Five began investigation who in Shanghai was responsible for the initial publication of Yao's critical article without having asked approval from the
272:. Mao opposed the inquiry, describing "hose who prevent the publication of left-wing essays" as "great scholar-tyrants." Using a literary comparison which became famous after the incident, Mao told Peng Zhen, "The Central Department of Propaganda is the King of Hell's Palace. The King of Hell's Palace has to be overthrown and the imps set free: overthrow the cliques, set free the left."
231:, which holds that it is the masses who make history." A third view among those responding to the controversy was that the presentation of character of Hai Rui had to be considered in historical context, and what was most important in analyzing the character's political position was whether Hai Rui had "promoted or hindered the progress of history."
111:
rare opera attendance may have been because in the 1950s and early 1960s, cultured
Chinese did not see it as a "commendable spectacle" but better suited for popular enjoyment. "It was probably also for this reason that the state's central cultural apparatus used the Beijing Opera to disseminate historical knowledge."
280:
A series of top-level party meetings from mid-March to mid-May 1966 addressed the controversy following the
February Outline and Mao Zedong's response to it. Peng Zhen argued that the February Outline was intended to encourage an open forum and that any arguable shortcomings in it could be corrected.
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In the weeks immediately following reprinting of Yao's article criticizing the play, Wu supporters criticized Yao for "dragg political issues into academic questions" and argued for a "distinction between scholarship and politics," without which it would be "highly difficult to express any opinions."
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criticism of Mao during the 1959 Lushan
Conference, which had led Mao to purge Peng Dehuai. Politically aware Chinese readily understood the emperor as Mao, Hai Rui as Peng Dehuai, and the unjust land verdicts as comparable to the policies of the Great Leap Forward. Peng Dehuai himself stated "I want
155:
Hai Rui has moved house; in the Ming
Dynasty Hai Rui was on the left . . . now Hai Rui is on the right. I have selective listening, I listen only to one side. Hai Rui was left-wing; I like the left-wing Hai Rui. Today, to criticize our shortcoming based on a Marxist position is correct; I support the
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titled "Hai Rui
Dismissed from Office," which he revised several times before the final version of 1961. The play was first staged in early 1962. Wu was not a connoisseur of Beijing Opera and rarely went to see it, a fact he noted in the preface to his play. Academic Alessandro Russo writes that Wu's
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Although modern
Chinese narratives often focus on the personal leadership power of Mao throughout the dispute, the early phase of the controversy and his inability to stop the promulgation of the "February Outline" demonstrate that he faced open and effective political resistance within the party.
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should "remain within academic limits." At his direction, the Group of Five drafted a formal disciplinary code (the "Outline Report on the
Current Academic Discussion," also known as a "February Outline") intended to restrict the terms of the argument and thereby stop further articles comparing the
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The play is a tragedy in which an honest official carries the complaints of the people to the emperor at the expense of his career. It portrays Hai as an efficient magistrate who requests an audience with the emperor. Hai then criticizes the
Emperor directly for tolerating the corruption and abuses
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At the time of the controversy, the official narrative of Peng Zhen's downfall was that the "February Outline" was an abuse of power to protect Wu and that Peng Zhen had acted inappropriately by forcing the procedures through the approval process and imposing censorship on the political criticism.
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Once it became clear from the meetings that Peng Zhen did not have sufficient political support for his position, he announced that the February Outline would be suspended. Simultaneously, Peng Zhen tasked his office with preparing dossiers critical of his leftwing opponents. In late April, the
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perpetuated by other officials in the imperial government. The emperor is so offended by Hai's criticism that he dismisses Hai from office. Hai is restored to office after the emperor dies. Peasants are portrayed as passive and innocent victims awaiting a savior, and they celebrate Hai Rui.
196:. Although close to Mao personally, Jiang and Zhang were outside the cultural apparatus of the party. While Mao supported their efforts, his involvement initially was limited to discussing and revising Yao's article. Mao suggested that that Jiang show the draft article to senior leaders
102:, who wrote the play, was a historian and politician who focused on the Ming Dynasty. He also served simultaneously as a Deputy Mayor in Beijing. In 1959, Wu became interested in the life of Hai Rui, a Ming minister who was imprisoned for criticizing the
262:
Peng Zhen became increasingly concerned about the criticism directed at Wu and continued efforts to end the dispute. Early in January 1966, he conveyed a meeting of the Shanghai Party Committee, maintained that Wu was left-wing, and that the debate over
83:, who was portrayed as a savior to passive peasants for whom he reversed unjust land confiscations. The play became a center of scholarly and political controversy because of its implications for debates within the communist party, including at the
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Wu Han became one of the first victims of the Cultural Revolution and died in prison in 1969. After Wu was purged, radical Maoists quickly purged other "rightists" from China's cultural institutions, and the theatre became an instrument for the
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They attempted to downplay any connection between the play and the party's discord over peasant politics. In contrast, those critical of the play argued that by embellishing Hai Rui as a hero of the people, Wu had violated "the principle of
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216:, an important Shanghai newspaper which was both widely read for its cultural content and political review, because it was not officially an organ of the party and was not subject to prior restraints.
147:, Mao called on party leaders in April 1959 to learn from Hai Rui to tell the truth, and stated that party members were nowhere near as brave as Hai Rui. In this April 1959 meeting preparing for the
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published an article criticizing the play. Yao's article argued that Wu Han had distorted the historical record and that the aspect of reversing unjust land verdicts provided a focal point for "
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Six weeks after the publication of Yao Wenyuan's critical article, Mao Zedong made his first significant statement on the controversy December 21, 1965. At a work conference of the
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Central Committee decided to revoke the February Outline, disband the Group of Five, disband the Beijing Party Committee which Peng Zhen led, and disavow his handling of the
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400:), and the play was performed by the Shanghai Peking Opera Troupe in 1959. Zhou Xinfang was also arrested and persecuted during the Cultural Revolution and died in 1975.
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Official party organs immediately reacted with hostility to Yao's article. Peng Zhen, who headed a top-level political bureau in charge of cultural policies called the
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article, stating that he had been "divorced from both politics and reality" and "writing the play for the sake of writing a play." Wu wrote, "In a word, I forgot
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for months. Teiwes writes that because Peng Zhen was a longtime supporter of Liu, Mao could weaken Liu by attacking Peng Zhen via his subordinate Wu.
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The historical record is not clear regarding why Mao ultimately gave his full support to the controversy created by Yao's article criticizing
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Rudolf G. Wagner (July 1991). "In Guise of a Congratulation': Political Symbolism in Zhou Xinfang's Play Hai Rui Submits his Memorial".
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and to restore the criminal rule of the landlords and rich peasants." Yao's article was suggested to him and sponsored by
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659:. Vol. 2. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant (1st ed.). Montreal, Quebec. p. 222.
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within the party. Peng Zhen and his supporters in the Beijing Party Committee and Beijing government were replaced by
328:, Peng Zhen was the first high-profile target of the Cultural Revolution. The removal of Peng Zhen and others such as
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126:. The play enjoyed great success. With a changing political climate, the play later came under severe criticism.
106:. Wu Han wrote several articles on his life and his fearless criticism of the emperor. Wu then wrote a play for
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favorite historical figures. In the context of the problems of false production statistics arising during the
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criticized Peng Zhen, including political positions he had taken in his role as Beijing's mayor prior to the
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to attack their political enemies. Wu was posthumously rehabilitated in 1979, shortly after Mao's death.
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Using the Past to Serve the Present: Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China
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Following advice from Peng Zhen, Wu Han responded to the growing controversy with a
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from their positions strengthened Mao's coalition and emboldened Mao's attacks on
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Mao allies Kang Sheng (who like Peng Zhen, was a member of the Group of Five) and
2058:. Roderick MacFarquhar. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1997. p. 172.
422:. Roderick MacFarquhar. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1997. p. 165.
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to be a Hai Rui!" in a 1962 letter to Mao requesting his return to politics.
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Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history
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The play was published under Wu's pen name, Liu Mianzhi, the name of a
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unfolded, Mao had been plotting against his rival Chinese President
3106:
Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
212:, who might censor it. Ultimately, Yao's article was published in
1958:. Maurice J. Meisner (3rd ed.). New York. pp. 313–314.
324:
Having been at the time the fifth-highest ranking member of the
2618:
Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
2453:
2007:
Mao's China and after : a history of the People's Republic
1955:
Mao's China and after : a history of the People's Republic
838:
Mao's China and after : a history of the People's Republic
789:
Mao's China and after : a history of the People's Republic
2010:. Maurice J. Meisner (3rd ed.). New York. p. 314.
841:. Maurice J. Meisner (3rd ed.). New York. p. 313.
792:. Maurice J. Meisner (3rd ed.). New York. p. 312.
471:. Vol. 1. Columbia University Press. pp. 474–479.
656:
An ideological history of the Communist Party of China
2055:
The Politics of China : the eras of Mao and Deng
465:
Goodrich, L. Carrington; Chaoying Fang, eds. (1976).
419:
The Politics of China : the eras of Mao and Deng
2400:. Translated by Huang, C. C. Asian Studies Program,
382:
The theme was also the subject of a play written by
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2428:"On the New Historical Play "Dismissal of Hai Jui""
164:, critics began to interpret it as an allegory for
2375:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1974.
2322:Rudolf G. Wagner (1997). by Jonathan Unger (ed.).
300:"The Circular of May 16" (also translated as the "
3101:Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group
3184:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
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2243:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture
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708:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture
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557:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture
511:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture
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2430:. Translated by American Consulate General.
67:(1909-1969), notable for its involvement in
2904:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits
312:Consequences and historical interpretations
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2281:The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs
362:argues that as the controversy regarding
276:Party Meetings and the Circular of May 16
3209:3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee
2358:, London: C. Hurst & Company. 1985.
184:opposition" who wanted "to demolish the
468:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644
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251:The February Outline and Mao Zedong
122:scholar and a supporter of general
2603:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
14:
2426:Yao, Wenyuan (10 November 1965).
160:After the initial performance of
135:Hai Rui and the Lushan Conference
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3013:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture
2543:Down to the Countryside Movement
2515:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
2328:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 46–103.
270:Central Department of Propaganda
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63:) is a theatre play, written by
2897:Six Articles of Public Security
235:Wu Han's self-criticism article
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3096:Central Case Examination Group
2578:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
173:Yao Wenyuan's critical article
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3146:Xiang River Storm and Thunder
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2883:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
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364:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
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287:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
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162:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
21:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
2963:Continuous Revolution Theory
2953:Cow demons and snake spirits
2876:Quotations from Chairman Mao
2520:Socialist Education Movement
2004:Meisner, Maurice J. (1999).
1952:Meisner, Maurice J. (1999).
835:Meisner, Maurice J. (1999).
786:Meisner, Maurice J. (1999).
394:Hai Rui Submits His Memorial
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2240:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
2189:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
2150:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
2104:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1913:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1874:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1835:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1796:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1748:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1709:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1667:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1628:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1589:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
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1469:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
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1386:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
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1266:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1227:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1183:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1144:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1105:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1066:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
1027:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
981:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
937:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
893:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
747:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
705:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
554:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
508:Russo, Alessandro (2020).
3278:Cold War history of China
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3091:Cultural Revolution Group
2548:Cleansing the Class Ranks
2443:Marxists Internet Archive
614:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010).
388:
3141:May Seventh Cadre School
2933:Newborn socialist things
2869:Bombard the Headquarters
2679:Shaoyang County Massacre
2613:1975 Banqiao Dam failure
3288:Ming dynasty in fiction
3111:Revolutionary committee
2661:Inner Mongolia incident
2628:1976 Tiananmen Incident
2598:Black Painting incident
2563:February Countercurrent
3081:May Sixteenth elements
2495:Anti-Rightist Campaign
2086:: CS1 maint: others (
653:Huang, Yibing (2020).
450:: CS1 maint: others (
229:historical materialism
158:
3116:8341 Special Regiment
3023:Five Black Categories
2689:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
2623:1976 Nanjing incident
2248:Duke University Press
2197:Duke University Press
2158:Duke University Press
2112:Duke University Press
1921:Duke University Press
1882:Duke University Press
1843:Duke University Press
1804:Duke University Press
1756:Duke University Press
1717:Duke University Press
1636:Duke University Press
1597:Duke University Press
1558:Duke University Press
1519:Duke University Press
1477:Duke University Press
1438:Duke University Press
1394:Duke University Press
1355:Duke University Press
1316:Duke University Press
1274:Duke University Press
1235:Duke University Press
1191:Duke University Press
1152:Duke University Press
1113:Duke University Press
1074:Duke University Press
1035:Duke University Press
989:Duke University Press
945:Duke University Press
901:Duke University Press
755:Duke University Press
713:Duke University Press
622:Duke University Press
562:Duke University Press
516:Duke University Press
3049:Conservative Faction
2978:One Divides into Two
2948:Big-character poster
2500:Great Chinese Famine
2402:University of Hawaii
2250:. pp. 110–111.
2199:. pp. 104–105.
1560:. pp. 111–112.
1479:. pp. 109–110.
3258:Cultural Revolution
3028:Five Red Categories
2890:May 16 Notification
2593:10th Party Congress
2481:Cultural Revolution
386:and with Xu Siyan (
344:and other Maoists.
302:May 16 Notification
139:Hai Rui was one of
73:Cultural Revolution
3204:Morning Sun (film)
3179:Great Leap Forward
3069:Ultra-Left Faction
3018:Stinking Old Ninth
2666:Guangdong Massacre
2573:9th Party Congress
2525:Taoyuan Experience
2505:Great Leap Forward
2114:. pp. 81–82.
1154:. pp. 63–64.
156:left-wing Hai Rui.
145:Great Leap Forward
89:Great Leap Forward
3245:
3244:
3194:Sino-Soviet split
3054:Little Red Guards
2998:Capitalist roader
2988:Eight model plays
2685:Yunnan Massacres
2608:Hangzhou incident
2588:Lin Biao incident
2510:Lushan Conference
2411:978-0-8248-0215-8
2257:978-1-4780-1218-4
2206:978-1-4780-1218-4
2167:978-1-4780-1218-4
2121:978-1-4780-1218-4
1930:978-1-4780-1218-4
1891:978-1-4780-1218-4
1852:978-1-4780-1218-4
1813:978-1-4780-1218-4
1765:978-1-4780-1218-4
1726:978-1-4780-1218-4
1684:978-1-4780-1218-4
1645:978-1-4780-1218-4
1606:978-1-4780-1218-4
1567:978-1-4780-1218-4
1528:978-1-4780-1218-4
1486:978-1-4780-1218-4
1447:978-1-4780-1218-4
1403:978-1-4780-1218-4
1364:978-1-4780-1218-4
1325:978-1-4780-1218-4
1283:978-1-4780-1218-4
1244:978-1-4780-1218-4
1200:978-1-4780-1218-4
1161:978-1-4780-1218-4
1122:978-1-4780-1218-4
1083:978-1-4780-1218-4
1044:978-1-4780-1218-4
998:978-1-4780-1218-4
954:978-1-4780-1218-4
910:978-1-4780-1218-4
764:978-1-4780-1218-4
722:978-1-4780-1218-4
666:978-1-4878-0425-1
631:978-0-8223-4780-4
571:978-1-4780-1218-4
525:978-1-4780-1218-4
257:Central Committee
186:people's communes
149:Lushan Conference
130:Political debates
85:Lushan Conference
3295:
3235:
3234:
2973:Violent Struggle
2968:Seizure of power
2958:Bloodline theory
2938:Struggle session
2911:On Class Origins
2694:Shadian incident
2674:Daoxian massacre
2670:Hunan Massacres
2656:Guangxi Massacre
2474:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2394:Wu, Han (1972).
2369:Rice, Edward E.
2340:
2339:
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2276:
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398:Hai Rui Shangshu
391:
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360:Frederick Teiwes
306:Nikita Khruschev
69:Chinese politics
61:
51:
42:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3223:
3219:Scar literature
3214:Boluan Fanzheng
3150:
3131:Barefoot doctor
3121:Sent-down youth
3074:Xiaoyao Faction
3032:
2916:
2856:
2705:
2701:Ruijin Massacre
2649:Daxing Massacre
2632:
2531:
2483:
2478:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2393:
2390:
2352:Domes, Jurgen.
2349:
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2321:
2320:
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2293:10.2307/2949870
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2160:. p. 104.
2149:
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2078:
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2052:
2051:
2047:
2030:
2018:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1978:
1966:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1931:
1923:. p. 127.
1912:
1911:
1907:
1892:
1884:. p. 121.
1873:
1872:
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1845:. p. 120.
1834:
1833:
1829:
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1806:. p. 117.
1795:
1794:
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1758:. p. 116.
1747:
1746:
1742:
1727:
1719:. p. 115.
1708:
1707:
1700:
1685:
1677:. p. 114.
1675:Duke University
1666:
1665:
1661:
1646:
1638:. p. 113.
1627:
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1622:
1607:
1599:. p. 113.
1588:
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1521:. p. 111.
1510:
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1448:
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1396:. p. 108.
1385:
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947:. p. 107.
936:
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632:
624:. p. 119.
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97:
79:minister named
60:Hai Jui Pa-kuan
50:Hǎi Ruì bà guān
17:
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3155:Related topics
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3064:Scarlet Guards
3061:
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2943:Feudal fascism
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2751:Zhang Chunqiao
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2568:Wuhan incident
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2388:External links
2386:
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2287:(26): 99–142.
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1440:. p. 81.
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991:. p. 50.
968:
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876:
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2761:Wang Hongwen
2742:Gang of Four
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2756:Yao Wenyuan
2710:Key figures
2583:Project 571
620:. Durham :
338:revisionism
178:Yao Wenyuan
71:during the
3268:1961 plays
3252:Categories
3172:Mango cult
3044:Red Guards
2837:Kang Sheng
2822:Qiu Huizuo
2802:Ji Dengkui
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2727:Zhou Enlai
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2717:Mao Zedong
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404:References
368:Liu Shaoqi
342:Li Xuefeng
214:Wenhui Bao
210:Liu Shaoqi
202:Zhou Enlai
190:Jiang Qing
95:Background
55:Wade–Giles
2928:Four Olds
2861:Documents
2817:Wu Faxian
2797:Xie Fuzhi
2787:Chen Boda
2777:Peng Zhen
2637:Massacres
2372:Mao's Way
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640:503828045
446:cite book
358:Academic
334:Zhou Yang
330:Lu Dingyi
326:Politburo
283:Chen Boda
198:Kang Shen
182:bourgeois
3237:Category
2921:Concepts
2812:Qi Benyu
2732:Lin Biao
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1974:13270932
857:13270932
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604:Rice 188
438:35262436
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2782:Tao Zhu
2488:Prelude
2301:2949870
396:(海瑞上疏,
124:Yue Fei
81:Hai Rui
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3162:Maoism
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