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and cymbal are deployed. However, materials such as coconut shells and rosewood are employed in the crafting of instruments. Historically, almost all villages in Hainan each had their own Bayin troupe and performances were ubiquitous at weddings and funerals. About 500 musical scores from over the last 1000 years, dating to the time of the Song dynasty, have been preserved until today. The art is currently being transmitted amongst the overseas diaspora in
Malaysia and Singapore.
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746:
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1120:
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1092:
413:
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436:
859:
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916:
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remote and barbaric backwater, a place of exile for criminals and political malcontents. In reply, the
Hainanese like to emphasize their cultural achievements at the highest, most elite level of the notoriously brutal Imperial examinations. There have been 105 successful Jinshi degree holders from Hainan during its 1,300 years of imperial history, a rate that is five times higher than the national average.
799:
764:
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or clan names producing the greatest number of jinshi holders from Hainan island are Wang (Wong, 王), Chen (Tan, 陈), and Lin (Lim, 林). These same records also pay special attention to a single family, surnamed Zhou (Chew, 周 ) from
Wenshan village, that managed to produce 3 jinshi holders during the Ming dynasty, likely the largest number from a single family in Chinese history.
841:
2649:
446:
literati, the most notable of whom was Su Dong Po, who made funeral preparations prior to his relocation to Hainan. When he arrived, Su Dong Po expressed dismay at the hardscrabble living conditions and dietary practices of fellow Han
Chinese he found stationed on the island and is credited for introducing improvements to the lifestyle of the inhabitants.
282:. Relations between the Han and Hlai were tense and often erupted into bloody war, with the consequence that the imperial government deported thousands of Miao tribespeople (themselves captured and spared rebels from Guangxi and Guizhou), who were then tasked with protecting the Han colonists and acting as mediators between the Han and the Li peoples.
450:
875:
1233:
Hainanese Han represent the southernmost branch of the different Han
Chinese subgroups. Although there was a Han presence as early as during the Han dynasty, Han settlers began to immigrate to the island in significant numbers only after the fall of the Northern Song dynasty. At this time, the island
509:
Han
Chinese colonists and Han Chinese Hakka immigrants on Hainan Island faced regular attacks from Li aboriginal peoples, who resisted Sinicization. In order to protect the Han Chinese population on the island, Chinese kings regularly deported "successive detachments of mountaineers" from Guangxi and
500:
The aboriginal Li women were known to practice a form of sorcery that involved keeping specters in subjection. This art was transmitted by their ancestors. It is reported that the art was so secretive that the Li witches would rather be beaten to death by magistrates than to betray one another. These
477:
In characterizing the
Hainanese, Benjamin Couch observes: "the early settlers were exiles, banished from their homelands, to which they ever hoped to return. They were not voluntary colonists, nor were they all criminals and outlaws, but the vassals of a despotic government, who obeying the orders of
306:
and in
Cambodia, where they controlled the hotel and restaurant trade. They also formed a substantial proportion of Chinese communities in Vietnam, Indonesia, Laos, Singapore and Malaysia. The outbreak of war with Japan prompted the departures of 33,000 persons in 1936 and 44,000 in 1937 from Hainan.
526:
Hainamese can often stress their cultural achievements - during the imperial era, the island produced five times the number of elite degree holders in the
Imperial examinations than the national average. Imperial records such as the Records of the Qiongzhou government ("琼州府志") show that the surnames
1070:
Hainanese architecture follows the same design plan as Han
Chinese architecture with buildings aligned around a central courtyard or series of courtyards. The style for public buildings follows essentially that from the southern regions such as Fujian, with upturned eaves and ready use of colour. A
940:
It has also developed unique phonological characteristics such as the use of implosives. Linguists hypothesize this characteristic resulted from the contact between Han Chinese settlers in garrison towns and their Tai-Kradai tribal neighbours. More recently, the island's location close to SE Asia,
906:
The administration of the island was handled by Guangdong for most of its history, and investment in infrastructure was negligible during the imperial era. Hainanese are conscious of their distance from the mainland and mainstream China, and sensitive to the historical perception of the island as a
246:
Hainan Han people, who today form the majority population of the island, trace their origins to Han immigrants and exiles from Fujian and Guangdong province. By and large, they were not voluntary colonists, but were acting on government orders to populate the sparsely populated island. By contrast,
1147:
In addition, Hainan has one of China's oldest musical traditions - known as the "Ba Yin" or "Eight Tone" school of music. It derives from the mainland Chinese musical tradition and was brought over by Han settlers. Traditional Chinese instruments such as string, qin, flute, pipe, flute, gong, drum
469:
Other important figures included Li Gang, the Chancellor of the Song dynasty, who belonged to a pro-war faction of the Song court. During the political purges that followed the fall of Jingkang in 1127 AD, the factional infighting between ministerial factions came to a head, and it was during this
305:
nations, where they worked as cooks, restaurateurs, coffee shop owners, clothes makers, sailors and hoteliers, filling niches left unoccupied by previous groups of immigrants from China. The Hainanese were particularly successful in Thailand, where a large number of tycoons trace Hainanese origin,
309:
Overseas Hainanese have been a significant and particularly active source of remittances to China. This was done through specialized banks called "letter offices" (55 such banks were counted in 1937). The donations of overseas Hainanese helped to build schools, libraries and hospitals not just in
491:
Han Chinese presence on Hainan Island led to friction with Li aborigines (a Tai-Kradai group related to the Lao of Siam and Laos) from the beginning. After its incorporation into China during the Han dynasty in 110 BC, Han colonisation was fairly constant throughout the following two millennia,
445:
Hainan was traditionally regarded as a malaria-infested backwater and unfit for human habitation and was therefore used as a place of exile, and not the tropical paradise it is considered to be today. It acquired a reputation as a place of exile for political prisoners and fallen ministers and
1245:
on 2 March 2020, the Hainanese Han cluster first with the Singapore Chinese and the Minnan Han population, followed by the Cantonese population. The same article states that Han at Haikou city showed a very close genetic relationship with the wider Han population with a pairwise FST of 0.002.
496:
and from of Guangdong. The Li fiercely resisted Sinicization more fiercely than the Taiwanese aborigines and they were ultimately defeated and driven into the mountainous areas of central and southwest Hainan. They subsisted by engaging in barter trade with the Han Chinese, who had settled on
630:
In Malaysia, notable Hainanese Han businesspersons and philanthropists include famous Malaccan Pang Chin Hin, the founder of popular snack brand Mamee. Former PM Abdullah Badawi is of Hainanese descent, although he comes from the minority Cham-Utsul community, a non-Han ethnic group.
1215:
1197:
619:. In the area of entertainment, Singapore model-turned-photographer and influencer Tan Chuando, known for his good looks and extremely youthful appearance, is of Hainanese Han descent as was the bartender who invented the world-famous
310:
their ancestral towns and villages, but also in Haikou, the provincial capital. Overseas Hainanese introduced rubber, pepper, pineapple, cocoa, palm oil and lemon grass to Hainan Island and ensured its commercial production there.
501:
specters would be used to kill enemies and had a great effect among the Li people themselves. According to Han Chinese records, these spells seemed to work only on Li but had no effect on the Han Chinese of the island whatsoever.
1237:
According to an analysis of autosomal loci using the Huaxia platinum system, the Hainanese Han grouped together with geographically close Taiwan Han, even while showing subtle differentiation from other Han populations.
1198:
285:
In the main, Haikou samples showed that Hainanese Han cluster most closely with Singapore Chinese and Taiwan Han. However, other studies show that Hainanese genetically cluster closely with Guangxi and Guangdong Han
1200:
510:
Guizhou known as the Miao to protect Han Chinese colonists. The Miao tribesmen were tasked with warding off attacks by Li aborigines on the Han Chinese, and to act as mediators between the Han and Li peoples.
1077:
473:
It was during this tumultuous period that Han immigration from southern mainland China to Hainan Island intensified and during which the island became known as a place for banished ministers and statesmen.
2056:
He, Guanglin; Wang, Zheng; Guo, Jianxin; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Tang, Renkuan; Liu, Jing; Zhang, Han; Li, Yingxiang; Hu, Rong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Chen, Gang; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Hou, Yiping (August 2020).
2160:
1201:
1105:
781:
1144:
Hainanese opera (Qiong opera) is a passion for many Hainanese, particularly for the older generation. Enriched with local flavours, Hainanese opera is part and parcel of Hainanese culture.
644:
349:
824:
1071:
well-preserved example of Hainanese architecture can actually be seen in Hoi An, Vietnam in the Hoi An Hainanese Assembly Hall as well as in the Memorial of the Five Lords, Haikou.
699:
266:
and Hainan island, displacing Nanyue aborigines such as Hlai, who moved to mountain areas. Important areas of settlement by immigrants from Fujian include the areas in and around
518:
Genealogical studies of zupu (clan genealogies) indicate that numerous Hainanese descended from Jinshi (metropolitan scholars) and merchants and colonists from Putian city.
535:
Like other Chinese dialect groups outside of mainland China, individuals of Hainanese Han descent have also become prominent politicians, businesspersons and entertainers.
717:
1891:
681:
1759:
2687:
1038:
1199:
858:
1182:
1824:
745:
2389:
2523:
664:
2123:
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the emperor, left their homes in the more congenial region about Fukien , to occupy and develop the sparsely peopled territory south of the sea."
384:
2577:
2334:
2329:
2518:
2058:"Inferring the population history of Tai-Kadai-speaking people and southernmost Han Chinese on Hainan Island by genome-wide array genotyping"
1091:
1716:
1119:
335:
301:
and Guangdong provinces, Hainan has been a source for emigration. Towards the turn of the 20th century, many Hainanese migrated to various
1052:
2680:
2354:
2344:
321:
412:
798:
398:
984:
and Seah Street are referred to as "Hainan First Street" and "Hainan Third Street" respectively. It is often labelled as Singapore's
941:
and the close ties between local Hainanese and the Hainanese diaspora, have led to the adoption of numerous English and Malay words.
1443:
1400:
973:. Hainanese chicken rice is a recognised dish throughout Southeast Asia due to the Hainanese diaspora in these areas who famed it.
2417:
1024:
1154:
2513:
1168:
289:
2673:
2241:
1901:
1234:
was considered a remote garrison and a place of exile. More Han colonists migrated throughout the 16th and 17th centuries.
1763:
1593:
Ling-Nam; or Views on the Interior of southern China, including explorations in the hithereto untraversed island of Hainan
932:. Hainanese is a southern Min language, in the same family of Chinese languages or dialects such as Hokkien and Teochew.
1784:
Denlinger, Paul B. (1992). Ta-an), Ho Dah-an (Ho; Hashimoto, Anne Yue; Yue-Hashimoto, Anne O.; Pang-hsin, Ting (eds.).
2732:
2397:
2277:
2257:
2116:
1008:
2956:
2927:
2845:
227:
speakers often refer to their dialect as Qiongwen to distinguish themselves from other groups of Hainan such as the
2856:
1990:"Genetic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of three Chinese ethnic groups using the Huaxia Platinum System"
1421:
Ling-Nam; or, Interior Views of Southern China, including explorations in the hitherto untraversed island of Hainan
3033:
2617:
2587:
2485:
2402:
2349:
2186:
980:, within the Hainanese enclave; as a result, Purvis Street is often referred to as "Hainan Second Street", while
2607:
2407:
763:
2503:
2308:
2272:
1534:
1926:
994:
2597:
2546:
2109:
1356:
1266:
1014:
981:
977:
962:
1869:
1222:
Vintage skirt with human figures woven by the Run Li people of Hainan, courtesy the Wovensouls collection
363:
2699:
2508:
2951:
2840:
464:
Effigies of the Five Lords (famous officials who were banished to Hainan island) commemorated in Haikou
2798:
2592:
2480:
2001:
1927:"Across China: In China's Hainan, 86-yr-old artist gives modern makeover to traditional music-Xinhua"
1460:
2861:
2468:
2369:
1344:
652:
582:
547:
539:
1786:"ADVANCES IN MINNAN DIALECT STUDIES: The Role of 文/白 Distinctions in Chinese Historical Phonology"
1735:
2653:
2567:
2165:
1988:
Wang, Mengge; Wang, Zheng; He, Guanglin; Jia, Zhenjun; Liu, Jing; Hou, Yiping (5 February 2018).
1805:
593:
567:
559:
538:
In Thailand, prominent individuals of Hainamese Han ancestry include the Thailand Prime Minister
470:
period that Hainan acquired a reputation as a place for exiled literati and political opponents.
1697:
1510:
1393:
Authentic Chinese Christianity: Preludes to Its Development (nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries)
1260:
459:
578:
2939:
2900:
2823:
2774:
2715:
2412:
2303:
2298:
2221:
2170:
2155:
2087:
2027:
1797:
1459:"A comprehensive map of genetic variation in the world's largest ethnic group - Han Chinese".
1439:
1396:
1339:
1263:- resulted in a major wave of Han Chinese immigration to the south, including to Hainan Island
586:
263:
259:
migrated to the island much earlier and are regarded as part of the Nanyue or Baiyue peoples.
2044:
262:
Starting from the Song dynasty, Han settlers from Fujian and Guangdong began settling in the
2873:
2757:
2710:
2551:
2422:
2267:
2236:
2226:
2077:
2069:
2017:
2009:
1836:
1317:
970:
966:
944:
571:
228:
201:
179:
125:
112:
2888:
3028:
2934:
2922:
2818:
2769:
2749:
2641:
2364:
2339:
2147:
620:
133:
2893:
2005:
1673:
3005:
2992:
2944:
2905:
2866:
2835:
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2612:
2602:
2538:
2528:
2473:
2379:
2262:
2231:
2196:
2082:
2057:
2022:
1989:
1649:
1312:
1084:
Chinese building in Hainan constructed with traditional Han Chinese building techniques
956:
612:
604:
563:
302:
117:
55:
3022:
2917:
2830:
2803:
2786:
2572:
2453:
2216:
2191:
1950:
1825:"Social status, contact history and the implosives in the Chinese dialects of Hainan"
1322:
985:
624:
600:
175:
129:
87:
2975:
2970:
2813:
2762:
2737:
2725:
2463:
2313:
1896:
1334:
1307:
1285:
599:
In Singapore, notable politicians and statesmen include the current Prime Minister
543:
435:
256:
232:
183:
162:
150:
1975:"Hainan - Chinese Province, Tropical Island, Maritime Silk Road | Britannica"
1974:
915:
2963:
2878:
2720:
2696:
2448:
2443:
2282:
2211:
2201:
2139:
1302:
616:
248:
240:
236:
187:
121:
2013:
2982:
2883:
2781:
2622:
2582:
2374:
2073:
608:
1801:
969:, Hainanese pork chop, Hainanese mutton soup, Hainanese salted fish soup and
487:
Relationship between the Han Chinese immigrants and the aboriginal Li peoples
2206:
1290:
976:
All these signature dishes are served at the various eateries located along
929:
252:
224:
108:
83:
75:
51:
2091:
2031:
1840:
947:
is also the lingua franca in the island province as in the rest of China.
3000:
2791:
551:
275:
271:
220:
158:
95:
79:
67:
59:
2665:
1809:
1785:
928:
In Hainan, the lingua franca and language of prestige is referred to as
2912:
279:
223:. The term can be used to refer to all residents and of Hainan island.
146:
91:
63:
1855:
China's provinces in reform: class, community, and political structure
1635:
China's provinces in reform: class, community, and political structure
2987:
1272:
493:
298:
267:
216:
154:
71:
47:
1465:
1436:
China's Provinces in Reform: Class, Community and Political Culture
1378:
The Annals of Philippine Chinese Historical Association, Issues 3-7
449:
2458:
2359:
1606:
914:
458:
448:
434:
288:
1269:- Chinese chancellor exiled to Hainan, with a retinue of advisors
2101:
2669:
2105:
868:, Thai businessperson and politician, of Hainanese Han ancestry
577:
In Hong Kong, prominent individuals of Hainan ancestry include
729:, former Thai Minister of Education, of Hainanese Han ancestry
555:
431:
Garrison and Prison Island for Exiles and Political Criminals
136:
and various other languages of the counties that they inhabit
2045:
https://foa-media.arch.hku.hk/media/upload/ZHANG-Huali.pdf
566:, as well as two of the wealthiest business families, the
791:, famous singer and Kpop star, is of Hainanese Han origin
890:
Thai banker and businessperson, of Hainanese Han origin
497:
Hainan's coastal regions, trading in mountain produce.
440:
Su Dong Po, famous essayist, statesman and calligrapher
1736:"Opening Ceromony of SJK (C) Malim's Basketball Court"
1576:
De Groot (1907). "Chapter V, Other Forms of Sorcery".
2418:
Qiongzhou University/Hainan Tropical Ocean University
657:
Prime Minister of Thailand, of Hainamese Han ancestry
2560:
2537:
2496:
2431:
2388:
2322:
2291:
2250:
2179:
2146:
581:, one of the "villain" movie stars that dotted the
169:
140:
101:
41:
31:
1921:
1919:
1892:"Singapore's national dish: Hainan chicken rice"
1563:Locating China: Space, Place and Popular Culture
1535:"Temple of Five Lords Haikou, Haikou Attraction"
1098:Garden in the Memorial of the Five Lords, Haikou
2578:Leiqiong/Haikou Volcanic Cluster Global Geopark
851:, Thai businessperson of Hainanese Han ancestry
834:, Thai businessperson of Hainanese Han ancestry
808:, a famous Kpop star, is of Hainan Han origin.
2681:
2117:
1189:Musical accompaniment to an opera performance
8:
1380:. Philippine Chinese Historical Association.
1275:- Famous Chinese statesman, exiled to Hainan
1045:Hainanese chicken rice with a condiment tray
22:
1484:. Harvard University Press. pp. 42–43.
2688:
2674:
2666:
2124:
2110:
2102:
1126:Hainanese assembly hall in Hoi An, Vietnam
419:Hainanese assembly hall in Hoi An, Vietnam
21:
2524:Hainan Exhibition & Convention Center
2081:
2021:
1464:
1241:According to an article published in the
377:Hainanese assembly halls outside of China
219:, the southernmost and smallest Chinese
215:is a term referring to the residents of
1499:. Harvard University Press. p. 43.
1368:
1150:
1073:
990:
820:
741:
640:
603:, as well as former education minister
492:especially from Putian city of central
380:
317:
1829:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
961:Numerous signature dishes such as the
592:In Laos, former deputy prime minister
391:Hainanese assembly hall in Johor Bahru
2519:Hainan Centre for the Performing Arts
1628:
1626:
1556:
1554:
1391:Koen De Ridder (2001). "Weiying Gu".
7:
2648:
1717:"Chuando, the fashion revolutionary"
1497:The Encyclopedia of Overseas Chinese
1482:The encyclopedia of overseas Chinese
1414:
1412:
756:Chung Sun, of Hainanese Han ancestry
674:Singapore PM, Hainanese Han ancestry
589:(born Fu Li, 17 March 1963, Macau).
342:Wenchang city, photo of old Wenchang
42:Regions with significant populations
2355:Sanya Phoenix International Airport
2345:Haikou Meilan International Airport
1578:Religious System of China, Volume 5
706:Former Prime Minister of Malaysia,
514:Han Chinese genealogical traditions
2062:European Journal of Human Genetics
1870:"Youth camps keep Hainanese alive"
405:Hainanese assembly hall in Malacca
14:
2647:
2636:
2635:
1734:wackymonsteradmin (2022-10-09).
1650:"海南进士最多的姓，前三名不出意外，唐氏令人震撼，符氏也不示弱"
1214:
1195:
1181:
1167:
1153:
1118:
1112:Temple of the Five Lords, Haikou
1104:
1090:
1076:
1051:
1037:
1023:
1007:
993:
874:
857:
840:
823:
797:
780:
762:
744:
716:
698:
680:
663:
643:
454:Li Gang, Song-dynasty chancellor
411:
397:
383:
362:
348:
334:
328:Haikou city, photo of old Haikou
320:
2514:Haikou Great Hall of the People
1890:Kugiya, Hugo (March 18, 2010).
1868:Abigail Ng WY (23 March 2017).
1208:Ceremonial procession in Hainan
596:is also of Hainanese descent.
562:, the politically influential
1:
2161:Historical and cultural sites
1872:. The Straits Times Singapore
2242:Yongxing Island/Woody Island
1243:European Journal of Genetics
546:, Bank of Bangkok President
314:Main cities of Hainan island
2398:Haikou College of Economics
2278:Hainan black crested gibbon
2258:Hainan yellow lantern chili
1823:Liu, Chuntao (2023-05-05).
1674:"海南周刊 | 南宋"翰林学士"迁琼 "秀梅公"佳话"
1395:. Leuven University Press.
293:Hainanese students playing.
3050:
2014:10.1038/s41598-018-20871-7
1297:Ethnic group and subgroups
954:
623:at the renowned Singapore
2706:
2631:
2618:Yangpu Ancient Salt Field
2588:Mission Hills Star Trophy
2403:Hainan Medical University
2137:
2074:10.1038/s41431-020-0599-7
1951:"The Forefathers Project"
692:of Hainanese Han ancestry
205:
174:
145:
106:
46:
36:
2608:Temple of the Five Lords
2497:Buildings and structures
2408:Hainan Normal University
1857:. Routledge. p. 56.
1637:. Routledge. p. 57.
1607:"莆田先民移民广东海南缘由初探 - 莆田文化网"
1591:Couch, Benjamin (1886).
1419:Couch, Benjamin (1886).
1161:Hainan opera performance
583:Hong Kong movie industry
16:Natives of Hainan, China
2504:Crown of Beauty Theatre
2335:Hainan Western Ring HSR
2330:Hainan Eastern Ring HSR
2309:Nanguo Metropolis Daily
2273:Hainan peacock-pheasant
710:of Hainan-Cham ancestry
627:, Mr. Ngiam Tong Boon.
2350:Qionghai Bo'ao Airport
1841:10.1075/jpcl.00107.liu
1633:Feng, Chongyi (1997).
1561:Feng, Chongyi (2005).
1434:David Goodman (2002).
1357:Hainanese chicken rice
1059:Hainanese coconut soup
1031:Hainanese rice noodles
1016:Hainanese chicken rice
963:Hainanese chicken rice
936:Unique characteristics
920:
482:Han-minority relations
466:
456:
442:
294:
2509:Haikou Century Bridge
1539:www.visitourchina.com
918:
653:Prime Minister Thanom
522:Jinshi degree holders
462:
452:
438:
292:
170:Related ethnic groups
2593:Nanwan Monkey Island
1515:The World of Chinese
1511:"The Land of Exiles"
505:Imported Miao tribes
37:6 million+ worldwide
2561:Visitor attractions
2547:Hainan chicken rice
2370:Haikou Xiuying Port
2006:2018NatSR...8.2429W
1698:"Alex Fong, Douban"
1376:Tim Doling (1972).
883:Boonchu Rojanastien
548:Boonchu Rojanastien
542:and Prime Minister
540:Thanom Kittikachorn
28:
1994:Scientific Reports
1495:Lynn, Pan (1999).
1480:Pan, Lynn (1999).
1345:Indonesian Chinese
1303:Han Chinese people
921:
832:Sondhi Limthongkul
725:Jurin Laksanawisit
594:Somsavat Lengsavad
560:Sondhi Limthongkul
467:
457:
443:
295:
3016:
3015:
2952:Teochew Taiwanese
2841:Teochew Taiwanese
2663:
2662:
2568:Statue of Guanyin
2413:Hainan University
2222:Songtao Reservoir
2187:Islands of Hainan
1977:. 11 August 2024.
1721:The Straits Times
1648:网易 (2022-02-28).
1340:Malaysian Chinese
1329:Overseas diaspora
1291:Hainanese dialect
1223:
1209:
1202:
1190:
1176:
1162:
1140:
1127:
1113:
1099:
1085:
1060:
1046:
1032:
1017:
1002:
891:
888:
884:
869:
852:
835:
817:
809:
775:
757:
738:
730:
726:
711:
693:
675:
658:
637:
465:
455:
441:
420:
406:
392:
371:
357:
343:
329:
264:Leizhou Peninsula
194:
193:
27:
3041:
3034:Hainanese people
2960:
2948:
2931:
2849:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2651:
2650:
2639:
2638:
2552:Wenchang chicken
2489:
2477:
2423:Sanya University
2268:Hainan partridge
2237:Yangpu Peninsula
2227:Wuzhizhou Island
2140:Haikou (capital)
2126:
2119:
2112:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2068:(8): 1111–1123.
2053:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2025:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1955:The TENG Company
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1900:. Archived from
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1790:Monumenta Serica
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1762:. Archived from
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1318:Cantonese people
1221:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1188:
1185:
1174:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1138:
1125:
1122:
1111:
1108:
1097:
1094:
1083:
1080:
1058:
1055:
1044:
1041:
1030:
1027:
1015:
1011:
1001:Wenchang chicken
1000:
997:
971:beef noodle soup
967:Wenchang chicken
945:Standard Chinese
889:
886:
882:
878:
864:
861:
847:
844:
830:
827:
815:
804:
801:
784:
769:
766:
751:
748:
736:
728:
724:
720:
708:Abdullah Badawi,
705:
702:
687:
684:
670:
667:
650:
647:
635:
463:
453:
439:
418:
415:
404:
401:
390:
387:
369:
366:
355:
352:
341:
338:
327:
324:
207:
180:Cantonese people
113:Standard Chinese
32:Total population
29:
25:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
2954:
2942:
2925:
2923:Hakka Taiwanese
2843:
2819:Hoklo Taiwanese
2702:
2694:
2664:
2659:
2627:
2556:
2533:
2492:
2483:
2481:Mainland People
2471:
2427:
2384:
2365:Haikou New Port
2340:Hainan Airlines
2318:
2287:
2251:Flora and fauna
2246:
2175:
2142:
2133:
2130:
2100:
2099:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2039:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1931:english.news.cn
1925:
1924:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1760:"Wenchang City"
1758:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1286:Minnan topolect
1252:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1177:
1175:Hainanese opera
1172:
1163:
1158:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1114:
1109:
1100:
1095:
1086:
1081:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1012:
1003:
998:
959:
953:
926:
919:Min dialect map
913:
904:
899:
892:
879:
870:
862:
853:
849:Tos Chirathivat
845:
836:
828:
816:Businesspersons
810:
802:
793:
792:
785:
776:
767:
758:
752:HK-based actor
749:
731:
721:
712:
703:
694:
688:Prime Minister
685:
676:
668:
659:
648:
621:Singapore Sling
533:
524:
516:
507:
489:
484:
433:
428:
421:
416:
407:
402:
393:
388:
372:
367:
358:
353:
344:
339:
330:
325:
303:Southeast Asian
134:Danzhou dialect
115:
24:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2932:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2824:Hui'an maidens
2821:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2645:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:Tianya Haijiao
2610:
2605:
2603:Phoenix Island
2600:
2598:Nanshan Temple
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2529:Hainan Library
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2380:Port of Yangpu
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2323:Transportation
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:Hainan gymnure
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Wuzhi Mountain
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2197:Haidian Island
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2048:
2037:
1980:
1966:
1942:
1915:
1882:
1860:
1846:
1835:(1): 135–150.
1815:
1776:
1751:
1726:
1707:
1689:
1665:
1640:
1622:
1598:
1595:. p. 343.
1583:
1580:. p. 927.
1568:
1565:. p. 140.
1550:
1526:
1502:
1487:
1472:
1466:10.1101/162982
1451:
1444:
1426:
1423:. p. 334.
1408:
1401:
1383:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:Teochew people
1310:
1308:Hokkien people
1305:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1251:
1248:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1141:
1139:Music and Arts
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1006:
1004:
999:
992:
957:Hainan cuisine
955:Main article:
952:
949:
925:
924:Classification
922:
912:
909:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
880:
873:
871:
863:
856:
854:
846:
839:
837:
829:
822:
812:
811:
803:
796:
794:
787:
786:
779:
777:
768:
761:
759:
750:
743:
733:
732:
722:
715:
713:
704:
697:
695:
686:
679:
677:
672:Lawrence Wong,
669:
662:
660:
649:
642:
613:Chin Harn Tong
605:Lee Chiaw Meng
564:Sarasin family
558:, media mogul
532:
531:Famous Persons
529:
523:
520:
515:
512:
506:
503:
488:
485:
483:
480:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
417:
410:
408:
403:
396:
394:
389:
382:
374:
373:
368:
361:
359:
354:
347:
345:
340:
333:
331:
326:
319:
192:
191:
172:
171:
167:
166:
143:
142:
138:
137:
122:Lingao dialect
118:Hlai languages
104:
103:
99:
98:
56:Southeast Asia
44:
43:
39:
38:
34:
33:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3046:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2656:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Hainan Museum
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2469:Lingao people
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
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2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
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2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Wanquan River
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Dazhou Island
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:Hainan topics
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1904:on 2011-08-31
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1766:on 2011-06-05
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1715:Boey, Dylan.
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1612:
1611:www.ptwhw.com
1608:
1602:
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1579:
1572:
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1564:
1557:
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1527:
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1506:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1445:11-347-1270-7
1441:
1438:. Routledge.
1437:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:90-586-7102-X
1398:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1323:Putian people
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:Song-Jin wars
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1217:
1212:
1193:
1184:
1179:
1170:
1165:
1156:
1151:
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1137:
1132:
1121:
1116:
1107:
1102:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1065:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1035:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1010:
1005:
996:
991:
989:
987:
986:national dish
983:
979:
978:Purvis Street
974:
972:
968:
964:
958:
950:
948:
946:
942:
938:
937:
933:
931:
923:
917:
910:
908:
901:
896:
885:
877:
872:
867:
860:
855:
850:
843:
838:
833:
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1678:m.yunnan.cn
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188:Hlai people
3023:Categories
2997:Yunnanese
2889:Minh Hương
2804:Fuzhounese
2775:Sichuanese
2716:Taishanese
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2360:Basuo Port
1960:2024-06-19
1936:2024-06-19
1908:August 20,
1876:2017-05-23
1770:2011-04-15
1745:2024-06-19
1683:2024-07-16
1659:2024-07-16
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2299:Hainan TV
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2642:Category
2166:Politics
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1280:Language
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1229:Genetics
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