301:
due to growth of pigment producing bacteria and staining from food. Hence the term black hairy tongue, although hairy tongue may also be discolored yellow or brown. Transient, surface discoloration that is not associated with hairy tongue can be brushed off. Drug-induced black hairy tongue specifically refers to BHT that develops because of medication. Black hairy tongue can also be caused by antibiotics e.g., (penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, clarithromycin and linezolid).
168:
65:
179:, although sometimes the entire dorsal surface may be involved. Discoloration usually accompanies hairy tongue, and may be yellow, brown or black. Apart from the appearance, the condition is typically asymptomatic, but sometimes people may experience a gagging sensation or a bad taste. There may also be associated oral malodor (intra-oral
300:
on the filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue, giving a hair-like appearance. Black tongue (lingua nigra) refers to a black discoloration of the tongue, which may or may not be associated with hairy tongue. However, the elongated papillae of hairy tongue usually develop discoloration
309:
Treatment is by reassurance, as the condition is benign, and then by correction of any predisposing factors. This may be cessation of smoking or cessation/substitution of implicated medications or mouthwashes. Generally direct measures to return the tongue to its normal appearance involve improving
958:
943:
147:
elongate with black or brown discoloration, giving a black and hairy appearance. The appearance may be alarming, but it is a harmless condition. Predisposing factors include smoking,
2206:
186:
The term "melanoglossia' is also used to refer to there being black discolorations on the tongue without "hairs", which are also harmless and unrelated to black hairy tongue.
2388:
1435:
720:
Cohen, Philip R. (December 2009). "Black tongue secondary to bismuth subsalicylate: case report and review of exogenous causes of macular lingual pigmentation".
2393:
206:(shedding of surface epithelial cells). Many people with BHT are heavy smokers. Other possible associated factors are poor oral hygiene, general debilitation,
3050:
330:
BHT is a benign condition, but people who are affected may be distressed at the appearance and possible halitosis, and therefore treatment is indicated.
233:
Transient surface discoloration of the tongue and other soft tissues in the mouth can occur in the absence of hairy tongue. Causes include smoking (or
1047:
3020:
2218:
2169:
214:, overgrowth of fungal or bacterial organisms, and a soft diet. Occasionally, BHT may be caused by the use of antimicrobial medications (e.g.,
704:
679:
587:
368:
2703:
2546:
1820:
1304:
2947:
1580:
850:
2922:
2859:
2854:
2736:
2164:
2144:
1056:
2768:
2405:
1859:
795:
Ren, Jing; Zheng, Yao; Du, Hui; Wang, Shan; Liu, Linna; Duan, Wanshi; Zhang, Zeping; Heng, Lijun; Yang, Qi (12 October 2020).
222:. A soft diet may be involved as normally food has an abrasive action on the tongue, which keeps the filiform papillae short.
2753:
2588:
195:
2593:
159:
and certain medications. Management is facilitated by improving oral hygiene, especially scraping or brushing the tongue.
2117:
1726:
1430:
1415:
1353:
1299:
1222:
1040:
285:
2645:
2608:
2338:
1619:
1531:
338:
Hairy tongue occurs in about 0.5% of adults. However, the prevalence is variable depending on the population studied.
230:(vitamin B3) deficiency, may cause a thick greyish fur to develop on the dorsal tongue, along with other oral signs.
2655:
2603:
2410:
2343:
2112:
1612:
1607:
1558:
609:
3045:
2660:
2378:
2282:
1753:
1217:
752:
500:
2967:
2746:
2731:
2427:
2383:
2328:
2201:
2159:
1927:
1773:
973:
2800:
2132:
2864:
2665:
2630:
2456:
2323:
2127:
1907:
1748:
1694:
1624:
1546:
1526:
1513:
1490:
1033:
277:
281:
3010:
2977:
2650:
2640:
2635:
2577:
2504:
2460:
2356:
2351:
2137:
1967:
1962:
1937:
1783:
1714:
1541:
1450:
1368:
1095:
119:
1634:
1358:
897:
Yuca, Köksal; Calka, O.; Kiroglu, A. F.; Akdeniz, N.; Cankaya, H. (2004). "Hairy tongue: a case report".
2819:
2721:
2333:
2211:
2191:
2073:
2032:
1895:
1883:
1832:
1495:
246:
176:
1568:
391:
Waggoner, W. C.; Volpe, A. R. (January 1967). "Lingua
Villosa Nigra--A Review of Black Hairy Tongue".
175:
Hairy tongue largely occurs in the central part of the dorsal tongue, just anterior (in front) of the
2917:
2556:
2541:
2107:
2040:
1646:
1378:
198:
and proliferation of chromogenic (i.e., color-producing) microorganisms. There may be an increase in
2972:
2708:
2688:
2678:
2551:
2484:
2366:
2361:
2287:
2186:
1839:
1763:
1602:
1551:
1500:
1480:
1393:
1383:
1309:
1284:
1142:
962:
1249:
3015:
2869:
2673:
2489:
2437:
2398:
2095:
2011:
1942:
1651:
1475:
1455:
1408:
1294:
1239:
1202:
1192:
1107:
777:
319:
2962:
2937:
2598:
2713:
2302:
2267:
2100:
1996:
1854:
1778:
1485:
1425:
1388:
1363:
1212:
1090:
1085:
984:
906:
879:
826:
769:
729:
700:
675:
628:
583:
579:
509:
480:
400:
364:
273:
227:
124:
109:
77:
31:
356:
314:
of the hyperparakeratotic papillae. Keratolytic agents (chemicals to remove keratin) such as
2683:
2318:
2308:
2272:
2181:
1932:
1871:
1805:
1795:
1743:
1641:
1536:
1373:
869:
859:
816:
808:
761:
618:
571:
470:
460:
429:
144:
2839:
2625:
2420:
2313:
2149:
2068:
2048:
1972:
1957:
1827:
1731:
1699:
1670:
1592:
1518:
1314:
1197:
1187:
1132:
1117:
667:
750:
Thompson, Dennis F.; Kessler, Tiffany L. (June 2010). "Drug-induced black hairy tongue".
276:, however the latter usually occurs on the sides of the tongue and is associated with an
797:"Antibiotic-induced black hairy tongue: two case reports and a review of the literature"
3005:
2957:
2927:
2795:
2726:
2693:
2415:
2154:
1888:
1768:
1563:
1348:
1161:
874:
845:
821:
796:
623:
604:
475:
448:
207:
967:
498:
Sarti, G. M.; Haddy, R. I.; Schaffer, D.; Kihm, J. (June 1990). "Black Hairy Tongue".
433:
318:
are successful, but carry safety concerns. Other reported successful measures include
3039:
2907:
2785:
2613:
2432:
2196:
2176:
2085:
1952:
1912:
1709:
1470:
1445:
1420:
1398:
1182:
1172:
1137:
572:
310:
oral hygiene, especially scraping or brushing the tongue before sleep. This promotes
266:
242:
234:
781:
2758:
2534:
2529:
2514:
2494:
2464:
2297:
2006:
1947:
1878:
1800:
1790:
1758:
1721:
1682:
1674:
1289:
1244:
1229:
1127:
1122:
1025:
1013:
311:
257:
Diagnosis is usually made on the clinical appearance without the need for a tissue
215:
211:
203:
156:
98:
269:
of the filiform papillae and numerous bacteria growing on the epithelial surface.
167:
978:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2849:
2844:
2775:
1849:
1810:
1629:
1505:
1465:
1333:
1254:
1234:
315:
89:
82:
989:
2912:
2698:
2524:
2292:
2122:
2063:
2001:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1917:
1900:
1844:
1815:
1736:
1597:
1575:
1460:
1440:
952:
864:
570:
Neville, Brad W.; Damm, Douglas D.; Allen, Carl M.; Bouquot, Jerry E. (2002).
465:
420:
148:
812:
2780:
2763:
2499:
2277:
2080:
1704:
1587:
1207:
1102:
1080:
1008:
262:
238:
180:
152:
102:
17:
910:
883:
830:
773:
733:
632:
484:
765:
513:
404:
194:
The cause is uncertain, but it is thought to be caused by accumulation of
64:
2790:
2741:
2509:
2262:
2243:
2223:
2044:
1922:
1866:
1112:
322:
mouthrinses, eating pineapple, sucking on a peach stone and chewing gum.
288:
infection but rarely other conditions which suppress the immune system).
223:
935:
2876:
2834:
2519:
2479:
2373:
2247:
2036:
1403:
297:
219:
199:
94:
2618:
2090:
1678:
1273:
947:
672:
Oral and
Maxillofacial Medicine: The Basis of Diagnosis and Treatment
258:
72:
A patient displaying characteristic dark bumps of black hairy tongue
699:(Seventh ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 351.
674:(Second ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 349.
166:
296:
Hairy tongue (lingua villosa) refers to a marked accumulation of
2994:
2893:
2817:
2575:
2454:
2240:
2030:
1668:
1331:
1271:
1159:
1067:
1029:
1069:
357:"Developmental Disturbances of Oral and Paraoral Structures"
578:(Second ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp.
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
143:
syndrome (BHT) is a condition of the tongue in which the
662:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
697:
Cawson's
Essentials of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
925:
355:
Rajendran, R.; Sivapathasundharam, B., eds. (2009).
999:
929:
130:
118:
108:
88:
76:
47:
42:
2469:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
237:), some foods and beverages (e.g., coffee, tea or
844:Gurvits, Grigoriy E.; Tan, Amy (21 August 2014).
745:
743:
284:on a background immunocompromise (almost always
2824:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
1436:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
695:Cawson, Roderick A.; Odell, Edward W. (2002).
261:. However, when biopsies have been taken, the
2394:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
1041:
801:The Journal of International Medical Research
8:
363:(6th ed.). Elsevier India. p. 31.
265:appearance is one of marked elongation and
2991:
2890:
2814:
2572:
2451:
2237:
2027:
1665:
1328:
1268:
1156:
1064:
1048:
1034:
1026:
926:
39:
873:
863:
820:
622:
474:
464:
3021:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
2170:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
347:
2207:As a manifestation of systemic disease
210:(i.e., decreased salivary flow rate),
7:
2053:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
899:Acta Oto-rhino-laryngologica Belgica
2704:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
2547:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
361:Shafer's Textbook Of Oral Pathology
202:production or a decrease in normal
3051:Conditions of the mucous membranes
1821:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
1305:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
574:Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology
272:Hairy tongue may be confused with
241:), and certain medications (e.g.,
171:A patient with black hairy tongue.
25:
851:World Journal of Gastroenterology
453:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2923:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
2860:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2855:Central hypoventilation syndrome
2737:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
2165:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
2145:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
1057:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
63:
2769:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
2406:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
1860:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
722:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
603:Maynard, F. P. (October 1897).
218:), or oxidizing mouthwashes or
2754:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
2589:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
1:
2948:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
2897:Soft tissues around the mouth
2594:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
846:"Black hairy tongue syndrome"
449:"Black hairy tongue syndrome"
434:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)55600-1
2118:Gingival cyst of the newborn
1727:Failure of eruption of teeth
1431:Hand, foot and mouth disease
1416:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
1354:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
1300:Palatal cysts of the newborn
1223:Transient lingual papillitis
447:Gurvits, Grigoriy E (2014).
428:(5096): 922. 30 April 1921.
286:human immunodeficiency virus
114:Based on clinical appearance
2646:Salivary gland diverticulum
2609:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
1620:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
1532:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
3067:
2656:Salivary gland hyperplasia
2604:HIV salivary gland disease
2113:Gingival cyst of the adult
1559:Oral florid papillomatosis
610:The Indian Medical Gazette
29:
3001:
2990:
2903:
2895:Orofacial soft tissues –
2889:
2830:
2813:
2661:Salivary gland hypoplasia
2584:
2571:
2475:
2450:
2389:Bisphosphonate-associated
2283:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
2258:
2236:
2059:
2026:
1754:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
1690:
1664:
1344:
1327:
1280:
1267:
1218:Median rhomboid glossitis
1168:
1155:
1076:
1063:
865:10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10845
605:"A Note on Melanoglossia"
501:American Family Physician
466:10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10845
145:small bumps on the tongue
71:
62:
2968:Orofacial granulomatosis
2747:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
2732:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
2666:Salivary gland neoplasms
2457:Temporomandibular joints
2428:Periapical periodontitis
2160:Linear gingival erythema
1928:Regional odontodysplasia
1774:Enamel hypocalcification
813:10.1177/0300060520961279
393:Journal of Oral Medicine
226:, a condition caused by
30:Not to be confused with
2865:Obstructive sleep apnea
2631:Salivary duct stricture
2411:Paget's disease of bone
1908:Pulp canal obliteration
1749:Dentin hypersensitivity
1695:Amelogenesis imperfecta
1547:Squamous cell carcinoma
1527:Adenosquamous carcinoma
1514:Squamous cell papilloma
1491:Melanocytic oral lesion
278:opportunistic infection
3011:Hemifacial hypertrophy
2978:Pyostomatitis vegetans
2651:Salivary gland fistula
2641:Salivary gland atresia
2636:Salivary gland aplasia
2490:Mandibular dislocation
2461:muscles of mastication
2339:Calcifying odontogenic
1968:Vertical root fracture
1963:Cracked tooth syndrome
1938:Shovel-shaped incisors
1833:Wisdom tooth impaction
1715:Early childhood caries
1581:Benign mucous membrane
1542:Spindle cell carcinoma
1451:Intraoral dental sinus
1369:Burning mouth syndrome
177:circumvallate papillae
172:
120:Differential diagnosis
2820:Stomatognathic system
2722:Acinic cell carcinoma
2344:Glandular odontogenic
1496:Molluscum contagiosum
766:10.1592/phco.30.6.585
247:bismuth subsalicylate
170:
2963:Oral Crohn's disease
2918:Basal cell carcinoma
2557:Condylar hyperplasia
2542:Maxillary hypoplasia
2108:Gingival enlargement
2041:periodontal ligament
1647:Verruciform xanthoma
1379:Condyloma acuminatum
52:Lingua villosa nigra
2973:Perioral dermatitis
2709:Pleomorphic adenoma
2689:Monomorphic adenoma
2679:Canalicular adenoma
2552:Condylar hypoplasia
2485:Condylar resorption
2329:Lateral periodontal
2288:Mandibular fracture
2187:Periodontal abscess
1784:Turner's hypoplasia
1552:Verrucous carcinoma
1501:Morsicatio buccarum
1481:Lupus erythematosus
1394:Erythema multiforme
1310:Stomatitis nicotina
459:(31): 10845–10850.
3016:Facial hemiatrophy
2870:Periodic breathing
2801:Sjögren's syndrome
2674:Basal cell adenoma
2438:Torus mandibularis
2416:Periapical abscess
2399:Osteoradionecrosis
2324:Buccal bifurcation
2303:Intraosseous cysts
2192:Periodontal trauma
2096:Pyogenic granuloma
1943:Supernumerary root
1896:Pulp calcification
1884:Premature eruption
1855:Odontogenic tumors
1652:White sponge nevus
1625:Submucous fibrosis
1569:Smoker's melanosis
1456:Irritation fibroma
1295:High-arched palate
1203:Foliate papillitis
1193:Cunnilingus tongue
1178:Black hairy tongue
1108:Congenital lip pit
1000:External resources
320:sodium bicarbonate
282:Epstein–Barr virus
267:hyperparakeratosis
196:epithelial squames
173:
163:Signs and symptoms
141:Black hairy tongue
43:Black hairy tongue
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
2986:
2985:
2885:
2884:
2809:
2808:
2714:Sebaceous adenoma
2567:
2566:
2446:
2445:
2357:Median mandibular
2352:Nasopalatine duct
2268:Alveolar osteitis
2232:
2231:
2219:Perio-endo lesion
2101:Congenital epulis
2022:
2021:
1779:Enamel hypoplasia
1660:
1659:
1635:Riga–Fede disease
1486:Melanocytic nevus
1426:Hairy leukoplakia
1389:Epulis fissuratum
1323:
1322:
1263:
1262:
1213:Geographic tongue
1151:
1150:
1023:
1022:
706:978-0-443-07105-8
681:978-0-443-06818-8
589:978-0-7216-9003-2
418:"Melanoglossia".
370:978-81-312-1570-8
274:hairy leukoplakia
249:(Pepto-Bismol)).
245:, iron salts, or
138:
137:
125:Hairy leukoplakia
110:Diagnostic method
37:Medical condition
32:Hairy leukoplakia
16:(Redirected from
3058:
3046:Tongue disorders
2992:
2891:
2815:
2684:Ductal papilloma
2573:
2452:
2349:Non-odontogenic:
2334:Globulomaxillary
2273:Buccal exostosis
2238:
2182:Peri-implantitis
2028:
1744:Dentin dysplasia
1666:
1642:Verruca vulgaris
1537:Mucosal melanoma
1384:Darier's disease
1359:Behçet's disease
1329:
1285:Bednar's aphthae
1269:
1157:
1143:Trumpeter's wart
1065:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1027:
927:
915:
914:
894:
888:
887:
877:
867:
858:(31): 10845–50.
841:
835:
834:
824:
792:
786:
785:
747:
738:
737:
717:
711:
710:
692:
686:
685:
668:Scully, Crispian
664:
637:
636:
626:
600:
594:
593:
577:
567:
518:
517:
495:
489:
488:
478:
468:
444:
438:
437:
415:
409:
408:
388:
382:
381:
379:
377:
352:
67:
40:
21:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3025:
2997:
2982:
2938:Ludwig's angina
2899:
2881:
2840:Mouth breathing
2826:
2805:
2626:Pneumoparotitis
2599:Frey's syndrome
2580:
2578:Salivary glands
2563:
2471:
2442:
2421:Phoenix abscess
2254:
2250:hard tissues –
2228:
2150:Hypercementosis
2069:Cementoblastoma
2055:
2018:
1732:Dens evaginatus
1686:
1656:
1608:Denture-related
1593:Plasmoacanthoma
1519:Keratoacanthoma
1340:
1338:Lining of mouth
1319:
1315:Torus palatinus
1276:
1259:
1240:Lingual thyroid
1198:Fissured tongue
1188:Crenated tongue
1164:
1147:
1133:Nasolabial cyst
1118:Herpes labialis
1072:
1059:
1054:
1024:
1019:
1018:
995:
994:
938:
924:
919:
918:
896:
895:
891:
843:
842:
838:
794:
793:
789:
753:Pharmacotherapy
749:
748:
741:
719:
718:
714:
707:
694:
693:
689:
682:
666:
665:
640:
617:(10): 364–365.
602:
601:
597:
590:
569:
568:
521:
497:
496:
492:
446:
445:
441:
417:
416:
412:
390:
389:
385:
375:
373:
371:
354:
353:
349:
344:
336:
328:
307:
294:
255:
192:
165:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3064:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3038:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Eagle syndrome
3002:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2928:Cystic hygroma
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2818:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:Sialolithiasis
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Adenocarcinoma
2724:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:Myoepithelioma
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2367:Traumatic bone
2364:
2362:Median palatal
2359:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2157:
2155:Hypocementosis
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2031:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1889:Neonatal teeth
1881:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1771:
1769:Ectopic enamel
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1564:Oral melanosis
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1364:Bohn's nodules
1361:
1356:
1351:
1349:Amalgam tattoo
1345:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1004:
1003:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
992:
981:
970:
955:
939:
934:
933:
931:
930:Classification
923:
922:External links
920:
917:
916:
889:
836:
787:
739:
728:(12): 1132–5.
712:
705:
687:
680:
638:
595:
588:
519:
490:
439:
410:
383:
369:
346:
345:
343:
340:
335:
332:
327:
324:
306:
303:
293:
292:Classification
290:
254:
251:
208:hyposalivation
191:
188:
164:
161:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
112:
106:
105:
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
69:
68:
60:
59:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3063:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Actinomycosis
2906:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Sialodochitis
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:malocclusions
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Stafne defect
2431:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:Osteonecrosis
2382:
2380:
2379:Osteomyelitis
2377:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2252:Bones of jaws
2249:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2197:Periodontitis
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Pericoronitis
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Granulomatous
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Eruption cyst
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Pulp necrosis
1911:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:Dens in dente
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Discoloration
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:Lichen planus
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Herpes zoster
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:Fordyce spots
1419:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:Erythroplakia
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:Caviar tongue
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Ankyloglossia
1171:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:Sun poisoning
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
998:
991:
987:
986:
982:
980:
976:
975:
971:
969:
965:
964:
960:
956:
954:
950:
949:
945:
941:
940:
937:
932:
928:
921:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
890:
885:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
852:
847:
840:
837:
832:
828:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:(6): 585–93.
759:
755:
754:
746:
744:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
713:
708:
702:
698:
691:
688:
683:
677:
673:
669:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
639:
634:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
611:
606:
599:
596:
591:
585:
581:
576:
575:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
520:
515:
511:
508:(6): 1751–5.
507:
503:
502:
494:
491:
486:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
443:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
414:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
387:
384:
372:
366:
362:
358:
351:
348:
341:
339:
333:
331:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
304:
302:
299:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
252:
250:
248:
244:
243:chlorhexidine
240:
236:
235:betel chewing
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:tetracyclines
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
187:
184:
182:
178:
169:
162:
160:
158:
154:
151:(dry mouth),
150:
146:
142:
133:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
113:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
70:
66:
61:
57:
56:Melanoglossia
53:
50:
46:
41:
33:
27:Human disease
19:
2896:
2823:
2759:Sialadenitis
2718:
2670:
2535:Scissor bite
2530:Retrognathia
2515:Overeruption
2495:Malocclusion
2468:
2348:
2307:
2298:Micrognathia
2251:
2242:Periapical,
2128:Desquamative
2052:
2033:Periodontium
2007:Acid erosion
1948:Taurodontism
1879:Open contact
1791:Enamel pearl
1759:Dilaceration
1722:Concrescence
1523:
1510:
1337:
1290:Cleft palate
1250:Microglossia
1245:Macroglossia
1230:Glossoptosis
1177:
1128:Microcheilia
1123:Macrocheilia
1007:
983:
972:
957:
942:
905:(4): 161–3.
902:
898:
892:
855:
849:
839:
804:
800:
790:
757:
751:
725:
721:
715:
696:
690:
671:
614:
608:
598:
573:
505:
499:
493:
456:
452:
442:
425:
419:
413:
399:(1): 18–21.
396:
392:
386:
374:. Retrieved
360:
350:
337:
334:Epidemiology
329:
312:desquamation
308:
295:
271:
256:
232:
212:radiotherapy
204:desquamation
193:
185:
174:
157:oral hygiene
140:
139:
99:oral hygiene
90:Risk factors
55:
51:
18:Hairy tongue
2953:Microstomia
2943:Macrostomia
2933:Gnathophyma
2850:Catathrenia
2845:Sleep apnea
2776:Sialectasis
2319:Dentigerous
2309:Odontogenic
2138:Plasma cell
2074:Gigantiform
1850:Microdontia
1840:Macrodontia
1811:Hyperdontia
1506:Oral cancer
1466:Leukoplakia
1374:Candidiasis
1334:Oral mucosa
1255:Rhabdomyoma
1235:Hypoglossia
1096:Plasma cell
376:16 November
316:podophyllin
134:Reassurance
83:Dermatology
48:Other names
3040:Categories
2913:Angioedema
2719:Malignant:
2699:Oncocytoma
2525:Prognathia
2314:periapical
2293:Microgenia
2244:mandibular
2202:Aggressive
2123:Gingivitis
2064:Cementicle
2002:Abfraction
1992:Tooth wear
1985:Edentulism
1980:Tooth loss
1933:Resorption
1918:Pulp polyp
1901:Pulp stone
1845:Meth mouth
1816:Hypodontia
1806:Gemination
1737:Talon cusp
1630:Ulceration
1598:Stomatitis
1576:Pemphigoid
1524:Malignant:
1476:Linea alba
1461:Leukoedema
1441:Herpangina
1409:Giant-cell
985:DiseasesDB
421:The Lancet
342:References
263:histologic
149:xerostomia
2781:Sialocele
2764:Parotitis
2505:Open bite
2500:Crossbite
2278:Cherubism
2248:maxillary
2081:Cementoma
2012:Attrition
1828:Impaction
1796:Fluorosis
1705:Anodontia
1700:Ankylosis
1588:Pemphigus
1208:Glossitis
1103:Cleft lip
1081:Cheilitis
1009:eMedicine
326:Prognosis
305:Treatment
253:Diagnosis
239:liquorice
181:halitosis
153:soft diet
131:Treatment
103:soft diet
78:Specialty
2791:Sialosis
2742:Lymphoma
2614:Mucocele
2510:Overbite
2263:Agnathia
2224:Teething
2049:alveolus
2045:cementum
1997:Abrasion
1973:Occlusal
1958:Avulsion
1923:Pulpitis
1867:Odontoma
1613:Herpetic
1603:Aphthous
1113:Eclabium
1014:derm/639
911:15679200
884:25152586
831:33044871
782:24501452
774:20500047
734:20027942
670:(2008).
633:29002878
485:25152586
224:Pellagra
220:antacids
2877:Snoring
2835:Bruxism
2671:Benign:
2520:Overjet
2480:Bruxism
2374:Osteoma
2212:Chronic
2037:gingiva
1511:Benign:
1404:Fibroma
1091:Angular
1086:Actinic
979:D014064
875:4138463
822:7556181
624:5148483
514:2190456
476:4138463
405:5340144
298:keratin
200:keratin
155:, poor
97:, poor
95:Smoking
2619:Ranula
2091:Epulis
1953:Trauma
1801:Fusion
1710:Caries
1683:enamel
1679:dentin
1274:Palate
1162:Tongue
909:
882:
872:
829:
819:
807:(10).
780:
772:
732:
703:
678:
631:
621:
586:
512:
483:
473:
403:
367:
259:biopsy
228:niacin
190:Causes
2996:Other
1671:Teeth
990:31923
968:529.3
953:K14.3
778:S2CID
582:–14.
280:with
2958:Noma
2463:and
2246:and
2051:) –
1675:pulp
1070:Lips
974:MeSH
963:9-CM
907:PMID
880:PMID
827:PMID
770:PMID
730:PMID
701:ISBN
676:ISBN
629:PMID
584:ISBN
510:PMID
481:PMID
401:PMID
378:2010
365:ISBN
959:ICD
944:ICD
870:PMC
860:doi
817:PMC
809:doi
762:doi
619:PMC
471:PMC
461:doi
430:doi
426:197
183:).
54:or
3042::
2822:–
2467:–
2459:,
2047:,
2043:,
2039:,
1681:,
1677:,
1336:–
1012::
988::
977::
966::
951::
948:10
903:58
901:.
878:.
868:.
856:20
854:.
848:.
825:.
815:.
805:48
803:.
799:.
776:.
768:.
758:30
756:.
742:^
724:.
641:^
627:.
615:32
613:.
607:.
580:13
522:^
506:41
504:.
479:.
469:.
457:20
455:.
451:.
424:.
397:22
395:.
359:.
101:,
2311::
2035:(
1685:)
1673:(
1049:e
1042:t
1035:v
961:-
946:-
936:D
913:.
886:.
862::
833:.
811::
784:.
764::
736:.
726:8
709:.
684:.
635:.
592:.
516:.
487:.
463::
436:.
432::
407:.
380:.
58:.
34:.
20:)
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