974:
246:, many Haitians left to find work as laborers in neighboring countries like Cuba. These immigrants lived a fine line trying to maintain their Haitian culture and assimilating enough to be able to work and live in a foreign society. In 1937, over 25,000 Haitians were forcibly removed from Cuba and sent back to Haiti. This different treatment of migrant laborers is due to several factors. Cuban racists beliefs combined with economic concerns were a direct catalyst for this drastic Haitian exodus.
926:
878:
990:
846:
313:(hand workers, from the Spanish word brazo, meaning "arm") in the fields cutting cane. Their living and working conditions were not much better than slavery. Although they planned to return to Haiti, most stayed on in Cuba. For years, many Haitians and their descendants in Cuba did not identify themselves as such or speak Creole. In the eastern part of the island, many Haitians continued to suffer discrimination.
958:
828:
894:
575:
779:
910:
942:
862:
291:
Economic restraints amongst
Haitians kept education informal and contained in their small communities, as such, very few of these Haitians had anything above a basic level of Creole literacy. This enabled Haitians to keep control over the cultural values their children received.
300:
Majority of
Haitians are Catholic but vodou is also present behind the scenes. Vodou is decentralized and flexible. The rituals involved in vodou strengthen community ties and help the oppressed Haitians deal with their suffering.
258:
forces against the
Americans. Similarly, black Haitians were stereotyped as being violent and rife with crime. Being the subject of stereotypes wasn't uncommon in Cuba, as black Cubans were often stereotyped the same way.
385:
Marc C. McLeod, "Undesirable Aliens: Race, Ethnicity, and
Nationalism in the Comparison of Haitian and British West Indian Workers in Cuba, 1912-1939." Journal of Social History (1998): 599-614., 599
1029:
816:
1034:
563:
413:
322:
215:
with the arrival of
Haitian immigrants at the start of the 19th century. Haiti was a French colony, and the final years of the 1791-1804
275:
The vast majority of
Haitians spoke Haitian Creole, which created a language barrier forcing Haitians to remain in agricultural labor.
932:
1019:
535:
243:
794:
1024:
809:
526:
508:
331:(1925–2003), singer and one of the most popular Latin artists of the 20th century, her mother was of Haitian-Cuban descent
219:
brought a wave of French settlers fleeing with their
Haitian slaves to Cuba. They came mainly to the east, and especially
254:
Cubans feared a repeat of the
Haitian Revolution, which was not quelled by the current guerrilla warfare in Haiti by the
556:
541:
223:, where the French later introduced sugar cultivation, constructed sugar refineries and developed coffee plantations.
731:
698:
631:
703:
683:
283:
Haitians lived in small communities near the sugar cane plantations, very rural and removed from populous cities.
802:
341:
693:
549:
180:
255:
763:
964:
948:
636:
595:
216:
504:"Creole Language and Culture: Part of Cuba's Cultural Patrimony", by Susan Hurlich, 21 May 1998
996:
884:
868:
621:
531:
148:
144:
140:
120:
76:
852:
832:
164:
900:
667:
662:
657:
310:
204:
172:
152:
688:
652:
208:
108:
104:
1013:
980:
605:
124:
100:
758:
503:
783:
726:
476:"Contesting Circuits of Empire: Afro-Caribbean Migrant Labor in Cuba, 1899-1958"
72:
587:
475:
328:
220:
80:
17:
361:
708:
736:
600:
231:
192:
136:
88:
753:
748:
741:
227:
579:
188:
84:
827:
267:
Haitian practice of vodou, was often mistaken for "witchcraft."
574:
212:
798:
545:
325:(died 2006), claimed to be the world's oldest living person
234:, the furthest eastern municipalities of the province.
509:"Haitian Heritage In Cuba ... As Heard Through Song",
527:
Espectros y espejismos: Haití en el imaginario cubano
719:
676:
645:
614:
586:
309:Haitians have continued to come to Cuba to work as
130:
114:
94:
66:
56:
810:
557:
451:
449:
8:
33:
226:By 1804, some 30,000 French were living in
817:
803:
795:
564:
550:
542:
32:
27:Cubans whose ancestry originated in Haiti
474:Finesurrey, Samuel (10 December 2020).
353:
238:Haitian immigrant workers (1912-1939)
7:
67:Regions with significant populations
530:. Iberoamericana Editorial (2009).
25:
1030:Haitian diaspora in North America
244:United States occupation of Haiti
988:
972:
956:
940:
924:
908:
892:
876:
860:
844:
826:
777:
573:
1035:Cuban people of Haitian descent
1:
414:"A Lesson From Cuba on Race"
191:citizens of full or partial
1051:
839:
772:
211:languages, first entered
135:
119:
99:
71:
61:
524:Sklodowska, Elzbieta.
317:Notable Haitian Cubans
184:
176:
168:
1025:Ethnic groups in Cuba
511:National Public Radio
131:Related ethnic groups
1020:Cuba–Haiti relations
342:Cuba–Haiti relations
203:Haitian culture and
513:, February 20, 2012
480:CUNY Academic Works
366:www.afrocubaweb.com
53:
933:Dominican Republic
764:Indigenous peoples
416:. 17 November 2013
217:Haitian Revolution
1007:
1006:
792:
791:
279:Housing practices
158:
157:
149:Haitian Canadians
145:Haitian Brazilian
141:Haitian Americans
121:Roman Catholicism
52:
46:
40:
16:(Redirected from
1042:
1000:
999:
993:
992:
991:
984:
983:
977:
976:
975:
968:
967:
961:
960:
959:
952:
951:
945:
944:
943:
936:
935:
929:
928:
927:
920:
919:
913:
912:
911:
904:
903:
897:
896:
895:
888:
887:
881:
880:
879:
872:
871:
865:
864:
863:
856:
855:
849:
848:
847:
833:Haitian diaspora
831:
830:
819:
812:
805:
796:
782:
781:
780:
578:
577:
566:
559:
552:
543:
491:
490:
488:
486:
471:
465:
462:
456:
453:
444:
441:
435:
432:
426:
425:
423:
421:
410:
404:
401:
395:
392:
386:
383:
377:
376:
374:
372:
358:
296:Haitian religion
57:Total population
54:
48:
42:
36:
21:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
995:
994:
989:
987:
979:
978:
973:
971:
963:
962:
957:
955:
947:
946:
941:
939:
931:
930:
925:
923:
915:
914:
909:
907:
899:
898:
893:
891:
883:
882:
877:
875:
867:
866:
861:
859:
851:
850:
845:
843:
835:
825:
823:
793:
788:
784:Cuba portal
778:
776:
768:
715:
672:
641:
610:
582:
572:
570:
521:
519:Further reading
500:
495:
494:
484:
482:
473:
472:
468:
463:
459:
454:
447:
442:
438:
433:
429:
419:
417:
412:
411:
407:
402:
398:
393:
389:
384:
380:
370:
368:
362:"Haiti in Cuba"
360:
359:
355:
350:
338:
323:Benito Martínez
319:
307:
298:
289:
281:
273:
265:
252:
240:
201:
169:Haitiano-Cubano
153:Haitian Chilean
47:
41:
38:Haitiano-Cubano
35:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
985:
969:
953:
937:
921:
905:
889:
873:
857:
840:
837:
836:
824:
822:
821:
814:
807:
799:
790:
789:
787:
786:
773:
770:
769:
767:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
745:
744:
734:
729:
723:
721:
717:
716:
714:
713:
712:
711:
706:
696:
691:
686:
680:
678:
674:
673:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
649:
647:
643:
642:
640:
639:
634:
629:
624:
618:
616:
612:
611:
609:
608:
603:
598:
592:
590:
584:
583:
571:
569:
568:
561:
554:
546:
540:
539:
520:
517:
516:
515:
506:
499:
498:External links
496:
493:
492:
466:
457:
445:
436:
427:
405:
396:
387:
378:
352:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
337:
334:
333:
332:
326:
318:
315:
306:
303:
297:
294:
288:
285:
280:
277:
272:
269:
264:
261:
251:
248:
239:
236:
209:Haitian Creole
200:
197:
181:Haitian Creole
177:Haïtien Cubain
161:Haitian Cubans
156:
155:
133:
132:
128:
127:
117:
116:
112:
111:
109:Haitian Creole
97:
96:
92:
91:
77:Ciego de Ávila
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
44:Haïtien Cubain
29:
26:
24:
18:Haitian Cubans
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1047:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
998:
997:United States
986:
982:
970:
966:
954:
950:
938:
934:
922:
918:
906:
902:
890:
886:
874:
870:
858:
854:
842:
841:
838:
834:
829:
820:
815:
813:
808:
806:
801:
800:
797:
785:
775:
774:
771:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
722:
718:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
679:
675:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
648:
644:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
617:
613:
607:
606:Ganga-Longoba
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
547:
544:
537:
536:9788484894438
533:
529:
528:
523:
522:
518:
514:
512:
507:
505:
502:
501:
497:
481:
477:
470:
467:
461:
458:
452:
450:
446:
440:
437:
431:
428:
415:
409:
406:
400:
397:
391:
388:
382:
379:
367:
363:
357:
354:
347:
343:
340:
339:
335:
330:
327:
324:
321:
320:
316:
314:
312:
304:
302:
295:
293:
286:
284:
278:
276:
270:
268:
262:
260:
257:
249:
247:
245:
237:
235:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
185:Ayisyen Kiben
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
126:
125:Haitian Vodou
122:
118:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
60:
55:
51:
50:Ayisyen Kiben
45:
39:
34:Haitian Cuban
19:
916:
759:Guanahatabey
626:
596:Cape Verdean
525:
510:
483:. Retrieved
479:
469:
460:
439:
430:
418:. Retrieved
408:
399:
390:
381:
369:. Retrieved
365:
356:
308:
305:Recent years
299:
290:
282:
274:
266:
253:
241:
225:
202:
160:
159:
49:
43:
37:
30:Ethnic group
981:Switzerland
464:McLeod, 610
455:McLeod, 609
443:McLeod, 607
434:McLeod, 602
403:McLeod, 601
394:McLeod, 603
242:Due to the
1014:Categories
485:9 December
371:9 December
348:References
329:Celia Cruz
250:Revolution
221:Guantanamo
195:ancestry.
81:Guantanamo
704:Galicians
637:Uruguayan
287:Education
95:Languages
663:Japanese
658:Filipino
622:American
615:Americas
336:See also
311:braceros
271:Language
263:Religion
137:Haitians
115:Religion
89:Matanzas
73:Camagüey
853:Bahamas
754:Mulatto
749:Mestizo
742:Ciboney
699:Spanish
694:Russian
689:Italian
653:Chinese
632:Mexican
627:Haitian
420:1 April
228:Baracoa
199:Origins
193:Haitian
165:Spanish
101:Spanish
62:300,000
965:Mexico
949:France
885:Canada
869:Brazil
732:Jewish
720:Others
709:Isleño
684:French
677:Europe
668:Korean
588:Africa
580:Cubans
534:
205:French
187:) are
173:French
105:French
85:Havana
901:Chile
737:Taíno
601:Arará
232:Maisí
189:Cuban
917:Cuba
727:Arab
646:Asia
532:ISBN
487:2023
422:2014
373:2023
256:caco
230:and
213:Cuba
207:and
1016::
478:.
448:^
364:.
183::
179:;
175::
171:;
167::
151:,
147:,
143:,
139:,
123:,
107:,
103:,
87:,
83:,
79:,
75:,
818:e
811:t
804:v
565:e
558:t
551:v
538:.
489:.
424:.
375:.
163:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.