362:
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600:, Hamad-Orab and Aliyaab tribes and complained of the forced inclusion of 20 villages that had been administered under indigenous civil society structures into two Egyptian electoral districts. The letter further complained of the siege of Halaib, the fact that its inhabitants live within barbed wire and that anything from Sudan is refused entry on the premise that Halaib is Egyptian and that the tribes' camels are not allowed to travel and graze for pasture in the ancestral lands of the Bisharin from Halaib to the neighbouring state of
731:
61:
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authorities. In
December 2009, the Sudanese presidential assistant Musa Mohamed Ahmed was barred from entering the border area. Ahmed's visit was intended to "assert sovereignty over the Halaib Triangle and inspect the situation of the people and provide moral and financial support to the members of the Sudanese army unit trapped inside since the occupation began." His remarks were the first official recognition that Sudanese Army personnel remained inside the area of
386:
1484:
1458:
1419:
1471:
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158:
137:
125:
413:. When Sudan became independent in 1956, Egypt regarded the latitude 22° territorial boundary of 1899 as the border between the two countries, while Sudan held to the claimed 1902 administrative boundary. As a result, both Egypt and Sudan claim sovereignty over the territory. Conversely, the area south of the line which had been administered by Egypt,
454:
complaining about what it claimed was more than 39 military and administrative incursions by Egypt into
Sudanese territory since Sudan had last filed memoranda in May 1993. In January 1995, Egypt rejected a Sudanese request for the OAU Foreign Ministers' Council to review the dispute at their meeting
554:
In 2009, the
Egyptian electricity authority was building a line to supply the city of Alshalateen with electric power from the main Egyptian grid to replace the generators being used there. This line will extend in the future to Abu Ramad and Halaib. Since May 2010 a new paved road has connected the
487:
control of the
Triangle, the area still rightfully belonged to Sudan, which had "never relinquished" it. "We did not make any concessions.... The proof is that we have recently renewed the complaint to the Security Council," he said, according to the Press. Al-Bashir reiterated the Sudanese claim of
463:
In 1998, relations between Egypt and Sudan somewhat improved, and the countries announced their intention to work together to resolve the Halaib
Triangle dispute, with increased cooperation between their security forces. Later that year, though, Sudan accused Egypt of harassing Sudanese citizens in
611:
In 2016, an
Egyptian Foreign Ministry spokesman said in a brief statement that these are Egyptian territories subject to Egyptian sovereignty, and that Egypt had no additional comment to make. International arbitration requires the consent of the concerned parties, whereas Egypt has been refusing
574:
after having been detained by
Egyptian security forces without trial for two years. A delegation of the Bisharin tribe stated to the Sudan Media Centre that seven of their members were also in detention: Muhammad Eissa Saeed, who had been in custody for six years, Ali Eissa Abu Eissa and Muhammad
526:
electoral districts and that its people should exercise their constitutional rights and register in order to participate in the general elections. Voter registration did not take place in the Halaib
Triangle area because the team from the Sudanese election commission was refused entry by Egyptian
441:
Although both countries continued to lay claim to the land, joint control of the area remained in effect until 1992, when Egypt objected to Sudan's granting of exploration rights for the waters off the
Triangle to a Canadian oil company. Negotiations began, but the company pulled out of the deal
538:
and move it to the border control pass point on the 22nd parallel, which has had its facilities enlarged and its administrative manpower increased to handle the
Egyptian-Sudanese land trade. By doing this, trucks bringing goods to Egypt from Sudan will not be allowed to unload their goods in
607:
The Egyptian government converted the village of Halayeb to a city, and various civilian projects are under construction. Mamdouh Ali Omara was elected by the local inhabitants as representative for the Halayeb area in the Egyptian parliamentary election of November 2015.
652:
is an Egyptian town just on the northern administrative boundary. The closest Sudanese town south of the disputed area is Osief (Marsa Osief), located 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of latitude 22, the political border line claimed by Egypt based on the 1899 agreement.
592:– supported the Egyptian claims for the area, stating that they are Egyptian and not Sudanese citizens, and that they have all the rights of Egyptian citizens, including national identity cards, the right to vote in elections and to serve in the Egyptian military.
615:
A new asphalt-paved road has been built which begins south-west of Alshalateen and goes through the western portion of the triangle to the border pass of Suhin (Sohin), which is located at the 22nd parallel. In the future, this road will connect to the city of
393:
On 19 January 1899, an agreement between the UK and Egypt relating to the administration of the Sudan defined "Soudan" as the "territories south of the 22nd parallel of latitude". It contained a provision that would give Egypt control of the Red Sea port of
289:
The description of the area as a "triangle" is a rough approximation. The southern boundary follows latitude 22°, the northeastern consists of the Red Sea coast, and the northwestern is jagged. A smaller area south of latitude 22°, referred to as
262:, and the "administrative boundary" set by the British in 1902, which gave administrative responsibility for an area of land north of the line to Sudan, which was an Anglo-Egyptian client at the time. With the independence of Sudan in 1956, both
595:
On November 29, 2010, an open letter was sent to the President of Sudan by Muhammad Al-Hassan Okair (Toyota) who had been the parliamentary member of Halaib in 1995, from Halaib itself. The letter was written on behalf of the
378:
370:
459:
when he arrived in Addis Ababa to attend the meeting, Egypt accused Sudan of complicity, and, among other responses, strengthened its control of the Halaib Triangle, expelling Sudanese police and other officials.
1390:
398:, but an amendment on 10 July 1899 gave Suakin to Sudan instead. On 4 November 1902, the UK drew a separate "administrative boundary", intended to reflect the actual use of the land by the tribes in the region.
464:
the area, a charge which Egypt denied. Nevertheless, by March 1999, the countries were in diplomatic discussions aimed at improving relations between them. During a visit to Egypt by Sudanese President
1113:
636:
which lies 30 kilometres (19 mi) north west of Halaib on the coast. Abu Ramad is the last destination of the buses that connect the area to Cairo and the other cities of Egypt such as
511:, has stated that it considers Halaib to be part of Sudan due to its population being ethnically, linguistically and tribally connected to that country. The head of the Eastern Front and
1383:
438:, but withdrew them the same month. Halaib was considered part of Sudan's Red Sea State and participated in all Sudanese elections until the last Sudanese election in the late 1980s.
389:
Simplified map showing Egypt's claim (yellow and green), Sudan's claim (blue and green), the Halaib Triangle (light green), Wadi Halfa Salient (dark green) and Bir Tawil (white)
1317:
515:, Musa Muhammad Ahmad, has declared that the issue of Halaib's sovereignty should be decided by international arbitration in a similar manner to the issue of sovereignty over
471:
In January 2000, Sudan withdrew its forces from the area, effectively ceding control of the border zone to Egypt, whose forces have occupied and administered the area since.
1177:
1376:
575:
Saleem, detained for five years, and Hashim Othman, Muhammad Hussein AbdalHakam, Karrar Muhammad Tahir and Muhammad Tahir Muhammad Saleh each in holding for two years.
522:
In October 2009, the Electoral Commission that prepared a comprehensive plan for Sudan's general elections in April 2010 declared that Halaib was one of the
1110:
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tribe north of the line to administer. The Sudan-administered territory comprised about 18,000 km (7000 sq. mi.), including the towns of Halaib and
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294:, joins the Halaib Triangle at its westernmost point along the latitude line – neither Sudan nor Egypt claims Bir Tawil.
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Although this map of Sudan depicts the Halaib Triangle as part of the country, Sudan does not exercise its jurisdiction over the area
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60:
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Egyptian control. Ahmed also asserted that the Halaib Triangle is Sudanese and would not be forsaken "under any circumstances."
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in December 1999, a joint communique was issued pledging to solve the Halaib dispute "in an integrational brotherly context..."
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1157:
443:
1242:
361:
373:
The Halaib Triangle has been under Egyptian administration since mid-1990. This map is colored from the Sudanese perspective
824:
International Boundary Study #18, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, United States Department of State. (July 27, 1962).
447:
426:
In February 1958, two years after Sudanese independence, with Sudan planning to hold elections in the Triangle, President
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117:
51:
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1306:. Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs: Nature Conservation Sector. Archived from the original on 2011-02-01.
779:
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255:
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of Egypt sent troops into the disputed region for the referendum of the proposed unification between Egypt and
349:
106:
1134:
1000:"Sudan Rejects Egypt's Ultimatum, Offer To Discuss Border, Legal Rights To Be Defended "Whatever The Cost",
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282:, and Egypt has been actively investing in it since then. Egypt has been recently categorical in rejecting
251:
945:
648:. The only other populated place is the small village of Hadarba, south east of Halaib town on the coast.
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on 22 April 2010 that Al-Taher Muhammad Hasaay, the former head of the Halaib Council and a member of the
691:
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who was campaigning against the Egyptian military presence in the Halaib Triangle, died in a hospital in
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170:
910:
730:
711:
435:
812:
1228:"Worry Over the Fate of 8 Halaib Detainees in Egyptian Prisons after the Death of a Fifth Detainee"
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1257:
789:
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is an area of land measuring 20,580 square kilometres (7,950 sq mi) located on the
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187:
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south of the 22-degree latitude line to Egypt, and gave to Sudan the grazing land of the
950:. Vol. 3. University of Durham. International Boundaries Research Unit. p. 4.
455:
in Addis Ababa. Then, after an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Egyptian President
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1612:
1574:
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1543:
715:
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The government of Egypt is taking steps to close the Egyptian-Sudanese trade center of
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500:
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419:
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17:
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1154:
985:"Egypt Sends Troops To Sudan, Claim To Part Of Territory, Khartoum Rejects Demand",
1693:
1400:
881:
674:
662:
909:. Bureau of Intelligence and Research. 27 July 1962. pp. 2, 3. Archived from
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1658:
719:
649:
589:
535:
451:
406:
271:
747:
699:
666:
641:
556:
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489:
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1333:
From the verge of the Western Palearctic: birds of the Gebel Elba area, Egypt
1227:
900:"International Boundary Study: Sudan – Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary"
89:
76:
1644:
1524:
1155:"Sudan’s Bashir reiterates sovereignty over disputed border area of Halayeb"
1047:
1032:
1030:"Sudan Sends Appeal To Security Council, 'Huge Infiltration' By Egyptians",
1017:
1002:
987:
752:
633:
617:
414:
410:
291:
1206:"Egypt bars Sudanese official from entering disputed border region: report"
1599:
682:
508:
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until sovereignty was settled. In July 1994, Sudan sent memoranda to the
340:
148:
714:(1,526 m (5,007 ft)). The mountainous area of Gebel Elba is a
274:
over the area. The area has been considered to be a part of the Sudan's
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1607:
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1533:
1489:
1463:
1424:
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in Sudan. Parts of the road can be seen on Google Earth and Bing maps.
243:
112:
1061:"Egypt, Algeria and Tunisia Accuse Sudan, as Halaib Dispute Flares Up"
1258:"Letter from Occupied Halayeb to the Presidential Palace in Khartoum"
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317:
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247:
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declared by Egypt in a decree signed by the former prime minister
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claimed that despite his nation's withdrawal in 2000, and Egypt's
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384:
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1178:"مؤتمر البجا يجدد ثقتة في موسى ويطالب بتحكيم دولي في نزاع حلايب"
645:
401:
The 1902 border assigned administration of the territory of the
1372:
973:
Territorial disputes and resource management: a global handbook
947:
Parting the Red Sea: boundaries, offshore resources and transit
1243:"Halayeb tribes' chiefs assert belonging to Egypt, not Sudan"
492:, saying "Halayeb is Sudanese and will always be Sudanese."
632:
lies on the Red Sea coast. The major town in the area is
584:
that the chiefs of three tribes in the Halaib Triangle –
1045:"Egyptians Slip Away, Tension Eases On Sudan Frontier",
578:
In July 2010, it was reported in the Egyptian newspaper
499:, a Sudanese politico-military coalition comprising the
669:, making it a unique region among Egypt's dominating
862:"Land dispute continues to threaten Egypt-Sudan ties"
254:
between the "political boundary" set in 1899 by the
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1653:
1621:
1598:
1550:
1532:
1523:
1498:
1407:
689:, in addition to endemic species of plants such as
286:or even political negotiations regarding the area.
224:
216:
208:
203:
186:
169:
105:
35:
1248:(3 July 2010) (translated from the Arabic edition)
365:Map of the Halaib Triangle and Bir Tawil from 1912
246:. The area, which takes its name from the town of
1316:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
539:Alshalateen, as in the past, but instead at the
1270:(29 November 2010) (translated from the Arabic)
1111:"A View of Sudan from Africa: Monthly Briefing"
1384:
1080:Ofcansky, Thomas. "Sudan: Recent History" in
814:Sudan - Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary
8:
488:sovereignty over Halaib in a 2010 speech in
40:
1744:Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan.
1331:Meininger, Peter; Goodman, Stephen (1996),
855:
853:
851:
734:Area map pasted from four individual sheets
1529:
1391:
1377:
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32:
27:Disputed territory between Egypt and Sudan
1722:Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the
936:
934:
932:
930:
807:
805:
677:ecosystems. There is also dense cover of
547:is another border pass point west of the
30:Disputed territory in Red Sea Governorate
1747:Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya.
1732:Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain.
1076:
1074:
1072:
335:, lit. "Halaib Triangle"; pronounced in
1135:"مستقبل حلايب بين الخرائط والدبلوماسية"
801:
665:elements have their northern limits at
223:
202:
104:
69:
57:
1309:
562:It was reported in the Sudanese daily
348:
339:
250:, is created by the difference in the
220:20,580 km (7,950 sq mi)
212:20,580 km (7,950 sq mi)
1735:Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan.
1281:"1st Joint Survey Egypt/Sudan border"
519:between Northern and Southern Sudan.
215:
207:
185:
168:
7:
1741:located between Egypt and the Sudan.
1729:Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco.
894:
892:
890:
761:, claimed by neither Egypt nor Sudan
1364:1912 Map of Egypt under the British
976:Nova Publishers, 2007. pp. 132-133.
710:(1,911 m (6,270 ft)) and
507:that signed a peace agreement with
327:
41:
1750:Disputed between Morocco and Spain
698:The highest peaks in the area are
25:
1515:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1508:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1443:
1430:
1417:
1184:. 18 August 2008. Archived from
1082:Murison, Katharine, ed. (2002).
706:(1,409 m (4,623 ft)),
702:(1,435 m (4,708 ft)),
156:
135:
123:
59:
444:United Nations Security Council
65:Location of the Halaib Triangle
1801:Disputed territories in Africa
423:, claimed by neither country.
1:
1811:Territorial disputes of Sudan
1806:Territorial disputes of Egypt
1399:Countries and territories of
835:"CIA World Fact Book - Egypt"
448:Organisation of African Unity
860:Khalid Hassan (2017-04-10).
479:In 2004, Sudanese president
350:[moˈsællæsħæˈlæːjeb]
341:[muˈsallasħaˈlaːjib]
1137:. Aljazeera.net. 2010-07-05
1051:, February 26, 1958, page 7
1036:, February 21, 1958, page 8
1021:, February 19, 1958, page 9
1006:, February 19, 1958, page 8
991:, February 18, 1958, page 8
331:
1842:
1500:Partially recognized state
1084:Africa South of the Sahara
780:Foreign relations of Sudan
775:Foreign relations of Egypt
315:
256:Anglo-Egyptian Condominium
217: • Disputed area
1719:
1702:
284:international arbitration
70:
58:
49:
1066:, February 1993, page 33
39:
258:, which runs along the
1015:"Nasser Moves South",
735:
661:In the Halaib region,
390:
382:
374:
366:
1821:Egypt–Sudan relations
1777:22.46917°N 35.52306°E
1122:The Machakos Protocol
811:Office of Geography.
770:Egypt–Sudan relations
733:
657:Ecology and geography
612:arbitration to date.
551:at 22 degrees north.
388:
380:
372:
364:
225:Lowest elevation
90:22.46917°N 35.52306°E
18:Hala'ib Triangle
1182:www.sudannewsnet.net
436:United Arab Republic
228:0 m (0 ft)
1826:Red Sea Governorate
1773: /
1739:Unclaimed territory
1088:Europa Publications
785:Territorial dispute
692:Biscutella elbensis
543:border pass point.
280:Red Sea Governorate
260:22nd parallel north
176:Red Sea Governorate
86: /
1816:Egypt–Sudan border
1782:22.46917; 35.52306
1640:Wadi Halfa Salient
1590:Vélez de la Gomera
1354:1808 Map of Africa
1339:, pp. 285–292
1263:2011-07-16 at the
1218:(10 December 2009)
1211:2020-01-27 at the
1160:2019-05-14 at the
1116:2012-03-24 at the
916:on 13 January 2014
820:2012-02-04 at the
790:Wadi Halfa Salient
765:Egypt–Sudan border
736:
588:, el-Basharya and
428:Gamal Abdel Nasser
391:
383:
375:
367:
332:Muthallath Ḥalāyib
308:are spoken there.
252:Egypt–Sudan border
209: • Total
95:22.46917; 35.52306
52:Disputed territory
1756:
1755:
1715:
1714:
1359:1892 Map of Egypt
1064:Washington Report
942:Dzurek, Daniel J.
328:مُثَلَّث حَلَايِب
240:Northeast African
232:
231:
42:مُثَلَّث حَلَايِب
16:(Redirected from
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1188:on 20 March 2009
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1304:"Gebel Elba"
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1287:. Retrieved
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1659:South Sudan
1525:Territories
907:law.fsu.edu
720:Ahmed Nazif
650:Alshalateen
624:Settlements
536:Alshalateen
452:Arab League
322:Spelled in
272:sovereignty
171:Governorate
93: /
1795:Categories
1768:35°31′23″E
1585:Chafarinas
1289:2017-03-05
1192:2019-05-28
1141:2017-03-05
920:2019-05-28
868:2018-01-06
841:2017-03-05
796:References
748:Annexation
700:Mount Elba
685:and other
667:Gebel Elba
642:Marsa Alam
604:in Sudan.
602:River Nile
557:Port Sudan
549:Nile River
545:Wadi Halfa
505:Free Lions
490:Port Sudan
316:See also:
81:35°31′23″E
78:22°28′09″N
1765:22°28′9″N
1645:Bir Tawil
1580:Alhucemas
1048:The Times
1033:The Times
1018:The Times
1003:The Times
988:The Times
837:. Cia.gov
753:Bir Tawil
683:mangroves
634:Abu Ramad
618:Abu Hamad
415:Bir Tawil
411:Abu Ramad
344:, and in
292:Bir Tawil
1600:Portugal
1312:cite web
1261:Archived
1209:Archived
1158:Archived
1114:Archived
944:(2001).
884:1912 map
818:Archived
742:See also
598:Bisharin
529:de facto
509:Khartoum
485:de facto
270:claimed
149:De facto
120:between:
1707:Perejil
1682:Morocco
1608:Madeira
1575:Alboran
1570:Melilla
1534:Morocco
1490:Tunisia
1464:Morocco
1425:Algeria
679:acacias
541:Hadarba
434:in the
417:, is a
357:History
306:English
244:Red Sea
113:De jure
107:Country
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687:shrubs
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586:Ababda
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324:Arabic
318:Halaib
302:Arabic
248:Halaib
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128:
1686:Spain
1667:Abyei
1655:Sudan
1627:Egypt
1623:Sudan
1565:Ceuta
1552:Spain
1477:Sudan
1451:Libya
1438:Egypt
1284:(PDF)
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903:(PDF)
638:Aswan
572:Cairo
517:Abyei
432:Syria
268:Sudan
264:Egypt
197:Sudan
188:State
180:Egypt
164:Egypt
143:Sudan
131:Egypt
1724:SADR
1538:SADR
1318:link
1092:ISBN
952:ISBN
673:and
646:Qena
644:and
590:Beja
503:and
495:The
407:Beja
312:Name
304:and
298:Beja
266:and
234:The
204:Area
726:Map
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