351:
1499:
589:, Hamad-Orab and Aliyaab tribes and complained of the forced inclusion of 20 villages that had been administered under indigenous civil society structures into two Egyptian electoral districts. The letter further complained of the siege of Halaib, the fact that its inhabitants live within barbed wire and that anything from Sudan is refused entry on the premise that Halaib is Egyptian and that the tribes' camels are not allowed to travel and graze for pasture in the ancestral lands of the Bisharin from Halaib to the neighbouring state of
720:
50:
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authorities. In
December 2009, the Sudanese presidential assistant Musa Mohamed Ahmed was barred from entering the border area. Ahmed's visit was intended to "assert sovereignty over the Halaib Triangle and inspect the situation of the people and provide moral and financial support to the members of the Sudanese army unit trapped inside since the occupation began." His remarks were the first official recognition that Sudanese Army personnel remained inside the area of
375:
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402:. When Sudan became independent in 1956, Egypt regarded the latitude 22° territorial boundary of 1899 as the border between the two countries, while Sudan held to the claimed 1902 administrative boundary. As a result, both Egypt and Sudan claim sovereignty over the territory. Conversely, the area south of the line which had been administered by Egypt,
443:
complaining about what it claimed was more than 39 military and administrative incursions by Egypt into
Sudanese territory since Sudan had last filed memoranda in May 1993. In January 1995, Egypt rejected a Sudanese request for the OAU Foreign Ministers' Council to review the dispute at their meeting
543:
In 2009, the
Egyptian electricity authority was building a line to supply the city of Alshalateen with electric power from the main Egyptian grid to replace the generators being used there. This line will extend in the future to Abu Ramad and Halaib. Since May 2010 a new paved road has connected the
476:
control of the
Triangle, the area still rightfully belonged to Sudan, which had "never relinquished" it. "We did not make any concessions.... The proof is that we have recently renewed the complaint to the Security Council," he said, according to the Press. Al-Bashir reiterated the Sudanese claim of
452:
In 1998, relations between Egypt and Sudan somewhat improved, and the countries announced their intention to work together to resolve the Halaib
Triangle dispute, with increased cooperation between their security forces. Later that year, though, Sudan accused Egypt of harassing Sudanese citizens in
600:
In 2016, an
Egyptian Foreign Ministry spokesman said in a brief statement that these are Egyptian territories subject to Egyptian sovereignty, and that Egypt had no additional comment to make. International arbitration requires the consent of the concerned parties, whereas Egypt has been refusing
563:
after having been detained by
Egyptian security forces without trial for two years. A delegation of the Bisharin tribe stated to the Sudan Media Centre that seven of their members were also in detention: Muhammad Eissa Saeed, who had been in custody for six years, Ali Eissa Abu Eissa and Muhammad
515:
electoral districts and that its people should exercise their constitutional rights and register in order to participate in the general elections. Voter registration did not take place in the Halaib
Triangle area because the team from the Sudanese election commission was refused entry by Egyptian
430:
Although both countries continued to lay claim to the land, joint control of the area remained in effect until 1992, when Egypt objected to Sudan's granting of exploration rights for the waters off the
Triangle to a Canadian oil company. Negotiations began, but the company pulled out of the deal
527:
and move it to the border control pass point on the 22nd parallel, which has had its facilities enlarged and its administrative manpower increased to handle the
Egyptian-Sudanese land trade. By doing this, trucks bringing goods to Egypt from Sudan will not be allowed to unload their goods in
596:
The Egyptian government converted the village of Halayeb to a city, and various civilian projects are under construction. Mamdouh Ali Omara was elected by the local inhabitants as representative for the Halayeb area in the Egyptian parliamentary election of November 2015.
641:
is an Egyptian town just on the northern administrative boundary. The closest Sudanese town south of the disputed area is Osief (Marsa Osief), located 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of latitude 22, the political border line claimed by Egypt based on the 1899 agreement.
581:– supported the Egyptian claims for the area, stating that they are Egyptian and not Sudanese citizens, and that they have all the rights of Egyptian citizens, including national identity cards, the right to vote in elections and to serve in the Egyptian military.
604:
A new asphalt-paved road has been built which begins south-west of Alshalateen and goes through the western portion of the triangle to the border pass of Suhin (Sohin), which is located at the 22nd parallel. In the future, this road will connect to the city of
382:
On 19 January 1899, an agreement between the UK and Egypt relating to the administration of the Sudan defined "Soudan" as the "territories south of the 22nd parallel of latitude". It contained a provision that would give Egypt control of the Red Sea port of
278:
The description of the area as a "triangle" is a rough approximation. The southern boundary follows latitude 22°, the northeastern consists of the Red Sea coast, and the northwestern is jagged. A smaller area south of latitude 22°, referred to as
251:, and the "administrative boundary" set by the British in 1902, which gave administrative responsibility for an area of land north of the line to Sudan, which was an Anglo-Egyptian client at the time. With the independence of Sudan in 1956, both
584:
On November 29, 2010, an open letter was sent to the President of Sudan by Muhammad Al-Hassan Okair (Toyota) who had been the parliamentary member of Halaib in 1995, from Halaib itself. The letter was written on behalf of the
367:
359:
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when he arrived in Addis Ababa to attend the meeting, Egypt accused Sudan of complicity, and, among other responses, strengthened its control of the Halaib Triangle, expelling Sudanese police and other officials.
1379:
387:, but an amendment on 10 July 1899 gave Suakin to Sudan instead. On 4 November 1902, the UK drew a separate "administrative boundary", intended to reflect the actual use of the land by the tribes in the region.
453:
the area, a charge which Egypt denied. Nevertheless, by March 1999, the countries were in diplomatic discussions aimed at improving relations between them. During a visit to Egypt by Sudanese President
1102:
625:
which lies 30 kilometres (19 mi) north west of Halaib on the coast. Abu Ramad is the last destination of the buses that connect the area to Cairo and the other cities of Egypt such as
500:, has stated that it considers Halaib to be part of Sudan due to its population being ethnically, linguistically and tribally connected to that country. The head of the Eastern Front and
1372:
427:, but withdrew them the same month. Halaib was considered part of Sudan's Red Sea State and participated in all Sudanese elections until the last Sudanese election in the late 1980s.
378:
Simplified map showing Egypt's claim (yellow and green), Sudan's claim (blue and green), the Halaib Triangle (light green), Wadi Halfa Salient (dark green) and Bir Tawil (white)
1306:
504:, Musa Muhammad Ahmad, has declared that the issue of Halaib's sovereignty should be decided by international arbitration in a similar manner to the issue of sovereignty over
460:
In January 2000, Sudan withdrew its forces from the area, effectively ceding control of the border zone to Egypt, whose forces have occupied and administered the area since.
1166:
1365:
564:
Saleem, detained for five years, and Hashim Othman, Muhammad Hussein AbdalHakam, Karrar Muhammad Tahir and Muhammad Tahir Muhammad Saleh each in holding for two years.
511:
In October 2009, the Electoral Commission that prepared a comprehensive plan for Sudan's general elections in April 2010 declared that Halaib was one of the
1099:
1352:
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tribe north of the line to administer. The Sudan-administered territory comprised about 18,000 km (7000 sq. mi.), including the towns of Halaib and
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888:
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283:, joins the Halaib Triangle at its westernmost point along the latitude line – neither Sudan nor Egypt claims Bir Tawil.
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960:
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Although this map of Sudan depicts the Halaib Triangle as part of the country, Sudan does not exercise its jurisdiction over the area
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49:
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Egyptian control. Ahmed also asserted that the Halaib Triangle is Sudanese and would not be forsaken "under any circumstances."
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in December 1999, a joint communique was issued pledging to solve the Halaib dispute "in an integrational brotherly context..."
1197:
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432:
1231:
350:
362:
The Halaib Triangle has been under Egyptian administration since mid-1990. This map is colored from the Sudanese perspective
813:
International Boundary Study #18, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, United States Department of State. (July 27, 1962).
436:
415:
In February 1958, two years after Sudanese independence, with Sudan planning to hold elections in the Triangle, President
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106:
40:
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1295:. Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs: Nature Conservation Sector. Archived from the original on 2011-02-01.
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244:
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272:
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of Egypt sent troops into the disputed region for the referendum of the proposed unification between Egypt and
338:
95:
1123:
989:"Sudan Rejects Egypt's Ultimatum, Offer To Discuss Border, Legal Rights To Be Defended "Whatever The Cost",
753:
271:, and Egypt has been actively investing in it since then. Egypt has been recently categorical in rejecting
240:
934:
637:. The only other populated place is the small village of Hadarba, south east of Halaib town on the coast.
555:
on 22 April 2010 that Al-Taher Muhammad Hasaay, the former head of the Halaib Council and a member of the
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who was campaigning against the Egyptian military presence in the Halaib Triangle, died in a hospital in
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159:
899:
719:
700:
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1217:"Worry Over the Fate of 8 Halaib Detainees in Egyptian Prisons after the Death of a Fifth Detainee"
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1573:
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is an area of land measuring 20,580 square kilometres (7,950 sq mi) located on the
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south of the 22-degree latitude line to Egypt, and gave to Sudan the grazing land of the
939:. Vol. 3. University of Durham. International Boundaries Research Unit. p. 4.
444:
in Addis Ababa. Then, after an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Egyptian President
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704:
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The government of Egypt is taking steps to close the Egyptian-Sudanese trade center of
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974:"Egypt Sends Troops To Sudan, Claim To Part Of Territory, Khartoum Rejects Demand",
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1389:
870:
663:
651:
898:. Bureau of Intelligence and Research. 27 July 1962. pp. 2, 3. Archived from
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1660:
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708:
638:
578:
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440:
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260:
736:
688:
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630:
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1322:
From the verge of the Western Palearctic: birds of the Gebel Elba area, Egypt
1216:
889:"International Boundary Study: Sudan – Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary"
78:
65:
1633:
1513:
1144:"Sudan’s Bashir reiterates sovereignty over disputed border area of Halayeb"
1036:
1021:
1019:"Sudan Sends Appeal To Security Council, 'Huge Infiltration' By Egyptians",
1006:
991:
976:
741:
622:
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403:
399:
280:
1195:"Egypt bars Sudanese official from entering disputed border region: report"
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until sovereignty was settled. In July 1994, Sudan sent memoranda to the
329:
137:
703:(1,526 m (5,007 ft)). The mountainous area of Gebel Elba is a
263:
over the area. The area has been considered to be a part of the Sudan's
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1522:
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1413:
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in Sudan. Parts of the road can be seen on Google Earth and Bing maps.
232:
101:
1050:"Egypt, Algeria and Tunisia Accuse Sudan, as Halaib Dispute Flares Up"
1247:"Letter from Occupied Halayeb to the Presidential Palace in Khartoum"
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236:
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declared by Egypt in a decree signed by the former prime minister
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claimed that despite his nation's withdrawal in 2000, and Egypt's
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1167:"مؤتمر البجا يجدد ثقتة في موسى ويطالب بتحكيم دولي في نزاع حلايب"
634:
390:
The 1902 border assigned administration of the territory of the
1361:
962:
Territorial disputes and resource management: a global handbook
936:
Parting the Red Sea: boundaries, offshore resources and transit
1232:"Halayeb tribes' chiefs assert belonging to Egypt, not Sudan"
481:, saying "Halayeb is Sudanese and will always be Sudanese."
621:
lies on the Red Sea coast. The major town in the area is
573:
that the chiefs of three tribes in the Halaib Triangle –
1034:"Egyptians Slip Away, Tension Eases On Sudan Frontier",
567:
In July 2010, it was reported in the Egyptian newspaper
488:, a Sudanese politico-military coalition comprising the
658:, making it a unique region among Egypt's dominating
851:"Land dispute continues to threaten Egypt-Sudan ties"
243:
between the "political boundary" set in 1899 by the
1669:
1642:
1610:
1587:
1539:
1521:
1512:
1487:
1396:
678:, in addition to endemic species of plants such as
275:or even political negotiations regarding the area.
213:
205:
197:
192:
175:
158:
94:
24:
1237:(3 July 2010) (translated from the Arabic edition)
354:Map of the Halaib Triangle and Bir Tawil from 1912
235:. The area, which takes its name from the town of
1305:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
528:Alshalateen, as in the past, but instead at the
1259:(29 November 2010) (translated from the Arabic)
1100:"A View of Sudan from Africa: Monthly Briefing"
1373:
1069:Ofcansky, Thomas. "Sudan: Recent History" in
803:Sudan - Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary
8:
477:sovereignty over Halaib in a 2010 speech in
29:
1733:Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan.
1320:Meininger, Peter; Goodman, Stephen (1996),
844:
842:
840:
723:Area map pasted from four individual sheets
1518:
1380:
1366:
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21:
16:Disputed territory between Egypt and Sudan
1711:Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the
925:
923:
921:
919:
796:
794:
666:ecosystems. There is also dense cover of
536:is another border pass point west of the
19:Disputed territory in Red Sea Governorate
1736:Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya.
1721:Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain.
1065:
1063:
1061:
324:, lit. "Halaib Triangle"; pronounced in
1124:"مستقبل حلايب بين الخرائط والدبلوماسية"
790:
654:elements have their northern limits at
212:
191:
93:
58:
46:
1298:
551:It was reported in the Sudanese daily
337:
328:
239:, is created by the difference in the
209:20,580 km (7,950 sq mi)
201:20,580 km (7,950 sq mi)
1724:Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan.
1270:"1st Joint Survey Egypt/Sudan border"
508:between Northern and Southern Sudan.
204:
196:
174:
157:
7:
1730:located between Egypt and the Sudan.
1718:Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco.
883:
881:
879:
750:, claimed by neither Egypt nor Sudan
1353:1912 Map of Egypt under the British
965:Nova Publishers, 2007. pp. 132-133.
699:(1,911 m (6,270 ft)) and
496:that signed a peace agreement with
316:
30:
1739:Disputed between Morocco and Spain
687:The highest peaks in the area are
14:
1504:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1497:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1173:. 18 August 2008. Archived from
1071:Murison, Katharine, ed. (2002).
695:(1,409 m (4,623 ft)),
691:(1,435 m (4,708 ft)),
145:
124:
112:
48:
433:United Nations Security Council
54:Location of the Halaib Triangle
1790:Disputed territories in Africa
412:, claimed by neither country.
1:
1800:Territorial disputes of Sudan
1795:Territorial disputes of Egypt
1388:Countries and territories of
824:"CIA World Fact Book - Egypt"
437:Organisation of African Unity
849:Khalid Hassan (2017-04-10).
468:In 2004, Sudanese president
339:[moˈsællæsħæˈlæːjeb]
330:[muˈsallasħaˈlaːjib]
1126:. Aljazeera.net. 2010-07-05
1040:, February 26, 1958, page 7
1025:, February 21, 1958, page 8
1010:, February 19, 1958, page 9
995:, February 19, 1958, page 8
980:, February 18, 1958, page 8
320:
1831:
1489:Partially recognized state
1073:Africa South of the Sahara
769:Foreign relations of Sudan
764:Foreign relations of Egypt
304:
245:Anglo-Egyptian Condominium
206: • Disputed area
1708:
1691:
273:international arbitration
59:
47:
38:
1055:, February 1993, page 33
28:
247:, which runs along the
1004:"Nasser Moves South",
724:
650:In the Halaib region,
379:
371:
363:
355:
1810:Egypt–Sudan relations
1766:22.46917°N 35.52306°E
1111:The Machakos Protocol
800:Office of Geography.
759:Egypt–Sudan relations
722:
646:Ecology and geography
601:arbitration to date.
540:at 22 degrees north.
377:
369:
361:
353:
214:Lowest elevation
79:22.46917°N 35.52306°E
1171:www.sudannewsnet.net
425:United Arab Republic
217:0 m (0 ft)
1815:Red Sea Governorate
1762: /
1728:Unclaimed territory
1077:Europa Publications
774:Territorial dispute
681:Biscutella elbensis
532:border pass point.
269:Red Sea Governorate
249:22nd parallel north
165:Red Sea Governorate
75: /
1805:Egypt–Sudan border
1771:22.46917; 35.52306
1629:Wadi Halfa Salient
1579:Vélez de la Gomera
1343:1808 Map of Africa
1328:, pp. 285–292
1252:2011-07-16 at the
1207:(10 December 2009)
1200:2020-01-27 at the
1149:2019-05-14 at the
1105:2012-03-24 at the
905:on 13 January 2014
809:2012-02-04 at the
779:Wadi Halfa Salient
754:Egypt–Sudan border
725:
577:, el-Basharya and
417:Gamal Abdel Nasser
380:
372:
364:
356:
321:Muthallath Ḥalāyib
297:are spoken there.
241:Egypt–Sudan border
198: • Total
84:22.46917; 35.52306
41:Disputed territory
1745:
1744:
1704:
1703:
1348:1892 Map of Egypt
1053:Washington Report
931:Dzurek, Daniel J.
317:مُثَلَّث حَلَايِب
229:Northeast African
221:
220:
31:مُثَلَّث حَلَايِب
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1177:on 20 March 2009
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570:Al-Masry Al-Youm
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1293:"Gebel Elba"
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1648:South Sudan
1514:Territories
896:law.fsu.edu
709:Ahmed Nazif
639:Alshalateen
613:Settlements
525:Alshalateen
441:Arab League
311:Spelled in
261:sovereignty
160:Governorate
82: /
1784:Categories
1757:35°31′23″E
1574:Chafarinas
1278:2017-03-05
1181:2019-05-28
1130:2017-03-05
909:2019-05-28
857:2018-01-06
830:2017-03-05
785:References
737:Annexation
689:Mount Elba
674:and other
656:Gebel Elba
631:Marsa Alam
593:in Sudan.
591:River Nile
546:Port Sudan
538:Nile River
534:Wadi Halfa
494:Free Lions
479:Port Sudan
305:See also:
70:35°31′23″E
67:22°28′09″N
1754:22°28′9″N
1634:Bir Tawil
1569:Alhucemas
1037:The Times
1022:The Times
1007:The Times
992:The Times
977:The Times
826:. Cia.gov
742:Bir Tawil
672:mangroves
623:Abu Ramad
607:Abu Hamad
404:Bir Tawil
400:Abu Ramad
333:, and in
281:Bir Tawil
1589:Portugal
1301:cite web
1250:Archived
1198:Archived
1147:Archived
1103:Archived
933:(2001).
873:1912 map
807:Archived
731:See also
587:Bisharin
518:de facto
498:Khartoum
474:de facto
259:claimed
138:De facto
109:between:
1696:Perejil
1671:Morocco
1597:Madeira
1564:Alboran
1559:Melilla
1523:Morocco
1479:Tunisia
1453:Morocco
1414:Algeria
668:acacias
530:Hadarba
423:in the
406:, is a
346:History
295:English
233:Red Sea
102:De jure
96:Country
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676:shrubs
619:Halaib
575:Ababda
435:, the
385:Suakin
313:Arabic
307:Halaib
291:Arabic
237:Halaib
150:
129:
117:
1675:Spain
1656:Abyei
1644:Sudan
1616:Egypt
1612:Sudan
1554:Ceuta
1541:Spain
1466:Sudan
1440:Libya
1427:Egypt
1273:(PDF)
903:(PDF)
892:(PDF)
627:Aswan
561:Cairo
506:Abyei
421:Syria
257:Sudan
253:Egypt
186:Sudan
177:State
169:Egypt
153:Egypt
132:Sudan
120:Egypt
1713:SADR
1527:SADR
1307:link
1081:ISBN
941:ISBN
662:and
635:Qena
633:and
579:Beja
492:and
484:The
396:Beja
301:Name
293:and
287:Beja
255:and
223:The
193:Area
715:Map
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167:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
