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403:. On May 1, concurrent with the shift of activity on Kīlauea's east rift zone, the summit lava lake within Halemaʻumaʻu's Overlook Crater began to drop; the US Geological Survey's status update on the evening of May 6 reported that Halemaʻumaʻu's Overlook Crater lava lake had dropped by 722 feet (220 m) since April 30. By May 10, the lava lake was no longer visible. Geologists believed that the draining of the lava lake was driven by a steady withdrawal of magma from Kīlauea's summit to feed the eruption on the volcano's lower east rift zone. Several small explosive events occurred between May 16 and May 26, ejecting ash and small blocks within a few hundred meters of the vent. An explosion on May 17 created an ash plume that reached 30,000 feet (9,100 m) above sea level.
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earthquakes of a magnitude 4.0 or higher occurred each day during the collapse period. The collapse events enlarged and deepened Halemaʻumaʻu. The crater's volume increased from about 54-60 million cubic meters (1,907–2,119 cubic feet) to 885 million cubic meters (31,253 cubic feet) and the depth of the crater increased by more than 500 metres (1,600 ft), to a depth roughly 600 metres (2,000 ft) below the floor of the summit caldera. During the collapse, the former Halemaʻumaʻu overlook and its parking lot were lost when segments of the crater rim slumped into the crater. The summit collapse events ceased abruptly on August 2, 2018, two days before the eruptive activity on Kīlauea's east rift zone decreased significantly.
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P. A.; Okubo, P.; Parcheta, C.; Patrick, M. R.; Shiro, B.; Swanson, D. A.; Tollett, W.; Trusdell, F.; Younger, E. F.; Zoeller, M. H.; Montgomery-Brown, E. K.; Anderson, K. R.; Poland, M. P.; Ball, J. L.; Bard, J.; Coombs, M.; Dietterich, H. R.; Kern, C.; Thelen, W. A.; Cervelli, P. F.; Orr, T.; Houghton, B. F.; Gansecki, C.; Hazlett, R.; Lundgren, P.; Diefenbach, A. K.; Lerner, A. H.; Waite, G.; Kelly, P.; Clor, L.; Werner, C.; Mulliken, K.; Fisher, G.; Damby, D. (2019).
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493:(32 feet) depth of new lava had been added to the crater floor. The eruption ended 61 days later on March 7, 2023. Three months after the end of the previous eruption, another eruption began on June 7, 2023. On September 10, 2023, a new eruption began at approximately 3:15 HST. This eruption was contained within Halemaʻumaʻu crater and on the down dropped block to the east in Kīlauea’s summit caldera. The eruption lasted one week, ending September 16.
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kilometres (9.9 mi) from Halemaʻumaʻu, gutters on the roof of a store collapsed due to the weight of muddy ash. The explosive blasts also ejected rocks out of Halemaʻumaʻu, some as large as 14 tons. One person was killed during an explosion on May 18 after being crushed by falling debris. The explosions continued for two and a half weeks, finally ceasing on May 27.
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recover elevation after the collapse. Because the bottom of Halemaʻumaʻu was believed to be roughly 520 metres (1,710 ft) lower than level of the area water table after the collapse, water was able to inundate the crater floor as it rose. The lake marked the first time in recorded history that liquid water appeared in Halemaʻumaʻu crater in the form of a
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spangles, some white, some red and some golden--a ceaseless bombardment, and one that fascinated the eye with its unapproachable splendor. The more distant jets, sparkling up through an intervening gossamer veil of vapor, seemed miles away; and the further the curving ranks of fiery fountains receded, the more fairy-like and beautiful they appeared.
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113:. The roughly circular crater was 770 meters (2,530 ft) x 900 m (2,950 ft) before collapses that roughly doubled the size of the crater after May 3, 2018. Following the collapses of 2018, the bottom of Halemaʻumaʻu was roughly 600 m (2,000 ft) below the caldera floor. Halemaʻumaʻu is home to
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and replacing it with a lava lake. The observatory reported that the eruption created a plume that reached 30,000 feet in elevation. The eruption had been preceded by earthquake swarms centered under Kīlauea
Caldera on November 30, 2020, and December 2, 2020, the second of which was interpreted as a small
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Neal, C. A.; Brantley, S. R.; Antolik, L.; Babb, J.L; Burgess, M.; Calles, K.; Cappos, M.; Chang, J. C.; Conway, S.; Desmither, L.; Dotray, P.; Elias, T.; Fukunaga, P.; Fuke, S.; Johanson, I. A.; Kamibayashi, K.; Kauahikaua, J.; Lee, R. L.; Pekalib, S.; Miklius, A.; Million, W.; Moniz, C. J.; Nadeau,
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across 0.30 square kilometers (74 acres) and damaged the Crater
Overlook. Pieces as large as 20 millimeters (1 in) were found on Crater Rim Drive while 0.3 m (1 ft) blocks hit the crater overlook area. This was the first explosive eruption of Halemaʻumaʻu since 1924, and the first lava
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In late July 2019, helicopter pilots reported seeing a green pond of water at the bottom of the much-deepened Halema'uma'u crater. Geologists from the
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory confirmed the presence of water during a helicopter fly-over on August 1, 2019. Further observation in August showed the
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around Halemaʻumaʻu began to subside in a series of 62 separate collapse events. At each collapse event the floor of the caldera dropped several meters and there was a magnitude 5.2 to 5.4 earthquake. Between each collapse event, an escalating swarm of earthquakes would occur. Notably, more than 700
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A Hawaii
Volcano Observatory news release and images dated September 5, 2008, confirmed the first recorded images of a lava lake 130 feet below the lip of the Overlook Crater. The HVO had alluded to the presence of lava within the vent, including the sporadic ejecting of lava materials from the vent
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A small water pond appeared in Halemaʻumaʻu in the summer of 2019. The pond deepened and enlarged into a small lake after it was first observed, measuring 167 feet (51 m) deep on
December 20, 2020. A new eruption began at 9:30 pm local time on December 20, 2020, completely boiling away the
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County emergency officials reported that the eruption had stabilized by the following morning and that two of the three vents remained active and continued to fill the floor of Halemaʻumaʻu with lava. As of 7:30 a.m. on
December 25, 2020, the lava lake had filled in 176 metres (577 ft) of
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On
December 20, 2020, at 9:30 pm local time, an eruption broke out within Halemaʻumaʻu. The US Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reported that three vents were feeding lava into the bottom of Halemaʻumaʻu Crater, boiling off the water lake that had been growing since summer 2019
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As of July 2020, the dimensions of the water lake were approximately 885 feet (270 m) by 430 feet (130 m), covering an area of about six acres and containing over 125,000,000 US gallons (470,000 m) of water. The lake was over 130 feet (40 m) deep, and had risen an average of 2.5
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The lava lake within Halemaʻumaʻu's
Overlook Crater vent was visible nearly continuously from March 2008 until May 2018. During the period, the Overlook Crater slowly enlarged. The height of the lava lake fluctuated. In May 2015, the lake rose high enough to spill onto the Halemaʻumaʻu crater floor
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After the 1924 events, seven eruptions occurred within Halemaʻumaʻu between 1924 and 1934, partly refilling the crater. Following the 1934 eruption, Halemaʻumaʻu was relatively quiet until 1952, when a six-month long eruption took place. Subsequent eruptions in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s partially
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On
January 5, 2023, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reported that Kīlauea began erupting within Halema‘uma‘u at approximately 4:34 p.m. HST. Fountain of up to 50 meters (164 feet) high were reported. New lava flows have inundated much of the crater floor and by 7:30 p.m. about 10 meters
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Astonishment and awe for some moments rendered us mute, and like statues, we stood fixed to the spot, with our eyes riveted on the abyss below. Immediately before us yawned an immense gulf, in the form of a crescent, about two miles (3 km) in length, from north-east to south-west, nearly a mile in
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On May 26, 2021, the
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory announced in a daily update that Kīlauea was no longer erupting. Lava supply to the lava lake appeared to have ceased between May 11 and May 13, and the lava lake had completely crusted over by May 20. The last surface activity in Halemaʻumaʻu was
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Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists believe that the lake formed because the 2018 collapse events caused the floor of Halemaʻumaʻu to collapse below the level of the local water table. The scientists suspect that the water table likely collapsed along with the rest of the crater but began to
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The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory began to record increased earthquake activity and changes in ground deformation patterns at Kīlauea's summit at about noon local time on September 29, 2021. An eruption began at 3:20 p.m. local time when several fissures opened within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in
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It was like gazing at the sun at noon-day, except that the glare was not quite so white. At unequal distances all around the shores of the lake were nearly white-hot chimneys or hollow drums of lava, four or five feet high, and up through them were bursting gorgeous sprays of lava-gouts and gem
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Following an earthquake swarm in December 1894, the lava lake fully drained away from Kīlauea's summit, ending the decades-long period of nearly continuous activity. After the disappearance of lava, Halemaʻumaʻu was left behind as a circular pit crater 360 metres (1,180 ft) wide. Sporadic
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Beginning during the night of May 9–10, 1924, a period of explosive eruptions took place at Halemaʻumaʻu. The explosions emitted large explosive columns of ash and other debris up to 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) high that precipitated on surrounding communities. In the community of Glenwood, 16
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Halemaʻumaʻu contained an active lava lake for much of the time before 1924, and was the site of several eruptions during the 20th century. The crater again contained an active lava lake between 2008 and 2018, with the level of the lava usually fluctuating between 20 and 150 meters below
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From the time Ellis made his observations in 1823 (and likely some time before that as well) through 1840, a lava lake was present within a broad region of Kīlauea Caldera. Between 1840 and 1894, the size of the lava lake gradually got smaller, becoming localized near the present site of
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Another explosive event occurred during the night of April 9, 2008, which widened the Overlook Crater by an additional 5–10 meters (15–30 feet), ejected debris over some 60 m (200 ft) and further damaged the overlook as well as scientific monitoring instruments.
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The eruption continued until December 9, 2022, when lava supply to the active lava lake ceased and the lake surface crusted over. On December 13, 2022, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory determined that the eruption had ended. Over the course of the eruption, 111 million m
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In February 1924, Halemaʻumaʻu's lava lake drained away, again leaving behind a pit crater 150 metres (490 ft) deep. Beginning on April 29, of that year, the crater floor began to collapse, eventually deepening to more than 210 metres (690 ft) deep by May 7, 1924.
282:. However, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists observed a gradual increase in activity beginning in late 2007, including an increase in sulfur dioxide emissions and an increase in seismic tremor. By March 2008, these parameters were several times higher than normal.
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the crater and the level of the lake was continuing to rise. As of 1 February 2021, the western-most vent remained active and the lava lake had increased to a depth of about 212 metres (696 ft), though the eastern portion of the lava lake had stagnated.
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water lake and partially refilling the crater with lava. The eruption created a lava lake which lasted until May 23, 2021. The eruption was declared over 3 days later, on May 26, 2021. Another eruption began on September 29, 2021, and lasted until December 9, 2022.
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In response to the second episode, scientists and local government officials on April 9, 2008, ordered hundreds of people to evacuate from the Park and nearby villages because the sulfur dioxide concentration levels had reached a critical level and a hazardous
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width, and apparently 800 feet (240 m) deep. The bottom was covered with lava, and the south-west and northern parts of it were one vast flood of burning matter, in a state of terrific ebullition, rolling to and fro its "fiery surge" and flaming billows.
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Kīlauea's summit caldera. During the initial stages of the eruption, lava erupted in fountains more than 200 feet (61 m) tall, though the height of the fountains declined as the level of lava in the crater rose, partially drowned the erupting vents.
133:. The subsidence of the lava lake was accompanied by a period of explosions, earthquakes, large clouds of ash and toxic gas, and finally a gradual collapse of the summit caldera around Halemaʻumaʻu. The collapse events ceased abruptly on August 2, 2018.
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For three years from 2015 to 2018 the lava lake level remained close to the rim, with a further minor overflow event in October 2016 and a significant one in April 2018 that covered a majority of the crater floor in new lava.
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On April 16, 2008, a third significant explosive event occurred at Halemaʻumaʻu, spreading ash and debris throughout the area. Subsequently, a second evacuation of the park and surrounding areas was ordered on April 23, 2008.
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feet (0.76 m) each week since the lake was first seen in July 2019. The lake continued to deepen through December 2020 and measured 167 feet (51 m) deep, before the onset of an eruption that began on December 20.
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due to explosive episodes, but this gave officials the first opportunity to visually confirm that active lava was present. The report also noted that the lava could not be seen from observation points around the crater.
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on March 19, 2008, HVO personnel recorded seismic events, and sunrise revealed a 20–30 meter (65–100 foot) diameter hole blown in the side where the vent once was; the explosion scattered debris and
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Halemaʻumaʻu more than doubled in size during the eruption. The crater's diameter grew to approximately 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), while the crater's depth increased to about 285 metres (935 ft).
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observed on May 23. At the time eruptive activity ceased, the lava lake was 229 metres (751 ft) deep and had a volume of approximately 41.2 million cubic metres (10.9 billion US gallons).
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Activity continued through the next few months, with Halemaʻumaʻu continuing to emit a plume of ash and gases. A fourth explosive event occurred on August 1, 2008, and a fifth on August 27, 2008.
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gas emissions increased rapidly at the beginning of the episode. On March 13, HVO recorded a rate of 2,000 tons/day, the highest rate since measurements began in 1979. A concentration of over 40
161:, a British missionary and amateur ethnographer and geologist, published the first English description of Kīlauea Caldera as it appeared in 1823. Ellis observed a large lake of molten lava:
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484:(29 billion U.S. gal) of lava had been effused, and the floor of Halemaʻumaʻu had risen 143 meters (469 ft), since the beginning of the eruption on September 29, 2021.
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eruptions took place within Halemaʻumaʻu over the following decade, while continued collapse events deepened Halemaʻumaʻu to 300 metres (980 ft) by March 1899.
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178:, an American humorist, satirist, lecturer, and writer hiked to the Caldera floor. He wrote the following account of the lake of molten lava which he found there:
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eruption from the crater since 1982. The new crater formed in the explosion was informally named "Overlook Crater" by Hawaiian Volcano Observatory staff.
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on Crater Rim Drive was measured, prompting alerts and other public safety measures. Halemaʻumaʻu continued to intermittently emit high levels of
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Halemaʻumaʻu's crater floor, though at times the lava lake rose high enough to spill onto crater floor. The lava lake drained away in May 2018
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Two Hundred Years of Magma Transport and Storage at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, 1790-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1806
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crater on Kīlauea's east rift zone collapsed. Several days later, lava began to emerge from fissures on the lower east rift zone in
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In April 2018, a significant series of overflows had reportedly covered most of the Halemaʻumaʻu crater floor with new lava.
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1911:"Kīlauea Volcano Activity Notice — status upgrade to RED/WARNING, eruption at the summit | U.S. Geological Survey"
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Halemaʻumaʻu was quiet for 25 years after the 1982 eruption, with eruptive activity at Kīlauea being focused on the
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Crater activity began to increase when between March 10 and March 14, 2008, gas began to vent from the east wall
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Halemaʻumaʻu Crater Lake in October 2019, the yellow water is the result of dissolved minerals and sulfur
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Halema'uma'u after the 2018 collapse events. The floor of the larger Kīlauea Caldera can be seen at left.
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1451:"Water has appeared at the bottom of a crater in Hawaii's Kīlauea volcano and scientists don't know why"
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for the first time, adding a layer of lava approximately 30 feet (9 m) thick to the crater floor.
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By the end of 1906, the lava lake was again present nearly all of the time. At the time geologist
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1068:"Volcano park evacuated; Blanket of toxic vog drifts over Big Isle but most residents stay put"
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refilled the crater. A 1982 eruption covered a small portion of the northeastern crater floor.
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Before and after comparison of the new gas vent. The crater overlook is circled for reference.
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2015:
656:"Summit's unprecedented change, volcanic activity to engross scientists for years to come"
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In March 2013, the glow from the lava lake at the bottom was clearly visible after dark.
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714:"Overview of Kīlauea Volcano's 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption and summit collapse"
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At night, an incandescent glow illuminates the venting gas plume on September 21, 2008
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1699:"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Daily Update - Monday, February 1, 2021, 9:04 AM HST"
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1020:"Explosive eruption in Halema'uma'u Crater, Kilauea Volcano, is first since 1924"
802:. Crocker and Brewster, New York, republished 2004, Mutual Publishing, Honolulu.
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April to July 2018: Drainage of lava lake and the collapse of the summit caldera
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pond was rising, with a water temperature of about 160 °F (71 °C).
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977:"New gas vent in Halemaʻumaʻu crater doubles sulfur dioxide emission rates"
1645:"Civil Defense: Kilauea eruption confined to summit, no reports of damage"
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plume extended downwind from the crater. The evacuation lasted two days.
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Ash cloud emitted from Halemaʻumaʻu during the 1924 explosive eruptions
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A journal of a tour around Hawaii, the largest of the Sandwich Islands
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1577:"Kilauea: Summit crater lake growth, July 25, 2019 to July 25, 2020"
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1526:"A Kīlauea Volcano First – Water Pond Found in the Summit Crater"
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Pit crater located within the summit caldera of Kīlauea in Hawaii
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View of the water pond within Halema'uma'u on September 27, 2019
117:, goddess of fire and volcanoes, according to the traditions of
1950:
1334:"The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano"
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1924 to 1982: Short-lived eruptions partially fill Halemaʻumaʻu
1550:"Water was in Kīlauea caldera before the 2018 summit collapse"
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1721:"HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY DAILY UPDATE (KILAUEA VOLCANO)"
918:. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. 18 April 2005. Archived from
744:. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. 13 March 2007. Archived from
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1906 to 1924: Reemergence of lava lake and explosive eruption
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1823 to 1894: Caldera lava lake and formation of Halemaʻumaʻu
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An April 3, 2008 aerial view of the March 19 explosion site.
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Changes in the Kīlauea caldera from May 14 to July 19, 2018
1162:. Hawaii Volcano Observatory (HVO), USGS. September 5, 2008
1891:"Eruption at Hawaii's Kilauea volcano stops after 61 days"
1685:"Photo and Video Chronology – Kīlauea – December 25, 2020"
1605:"Photo and Video Chronology – Kīlauea – December 24, 2020"
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Before and after view of second explosion on April 9, 2008
1476:"In Hawaii, A Brand New Hot Water Lake Is Getting Deeper"
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Aerial view of lava lake in vent crater September 5, 2008
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2008 Map of Kīlauea Caldera with Halemaʻumaʻu lower left.
1116:. Hawaii Volcano Observatory (HVO), USGS. April 10, 2008
1095:. Hawaii Volcano Observatory (HVO), USGS. March 24, 2008
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893:. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. May 1924. Archived from
836:. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. p. 240.
683:"VIDEO: The New Kilauea Crater Lake And The Water Table"
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in 1912, Halemaʻumaʻu was nearly full with active lava.
1848:"Kīlauea - Volcano Update (Tuesday, December 13, 2022)"
1039:"1st explosive eruption since 1924 reported at Kilauea"
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Time lapse video of the lava lake in Halemaʻumaʻu, 2016
1430:. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey
948:"Chronology of Kīlauea's summit eruption, 2008 - 2018"
42:
Aerial photo of Halemaʻumaʻu in 2009, showing a white
1830:"Kīlauea Volcano crater filling as of September 2022"
1182:"Incredible Photos Of Hawaii's Overflowing Lava Lake"
1160:"Sloshing lava lake viewed within Halema'uma'u vent"
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1989:
1399:"Kilauea eruption shakes Volcano village residents"
1663:"VIDEO: Update On New Eruption At Kīlauea Volcano"
1424:"Water or no water: that is (or was) the question"
916:"Summary of Historical Eruptions, 1750 - Present"
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361:September 2008 to April 2018: Sustained lava lake
1265:"Summit lava lake still overflowing into crater"
513:flying directly over the Halemaʻumaʻu vent, 2008
289:directly below the Crater Overlook. At 02:58 am
1506:. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. August 15, 2019
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1234:"Lava lake overflows into Halema'uma'u Crater"
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1765:"HVO/USGS Volcanic Activity Notice - Kilauea"
1753:. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. May 27, 2021.
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873:"The May 1924 Explosive Eruption of Kīlauea"
406:Beginning near the end of May, the floor of
1291:"USGS: Volcano Hazards Program HVO Kilauea"
1969:
1955:
1947:
1942:U.S. Geological Survey Kilauea update page
1701:. U.S. Geological Survey. February 1, 2021
1687:. US Geological Survey. December 25, 2020.
1665:. Big Island Video News. December 21, 2020
1326:
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1114:"Halema'uma'u Vent Explodes a Second Time"
1093:"Halemaʻumaʻu gas plume becomes ash-laden"
832:Wright, Thomas L.; Klein, Fred W. (2014).
742:"Introduction to Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i"
280:volcano's east rift zone beginning in 1983
131:as new volcanic vents opened in lower Puna
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685:. Big Island Video News. October 11, 2019
344:September 2008: Lava lake becomes visible
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1747:"Pau or Paused? What's the difference?"
1556:. US Geological Survey. August 13, 2020
1500:"What does water in Halema'uma'u mean?"
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529:plume after an explosive 2008 eruption.
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141:Geological history – 1823 to 2008
1137:. Kitv.com. 2008-04-23. Archived from
614:Time lapse video of Halemaʻumaʻu, 2017
562:Time lapse video of Halemaʻumaʻu, 2014
1643:Jensen, Chelsea (December 20, 2020).
7:
1771:. September 29, 2021. Archived from
768:"Field Stop 12: Halema'uma'u Crater"
1925:"HVO/USGS Volcanic Activity Notice"
1873:"HVO/USGS Volcanic Activity Notice"
1794:"HVO/USGS Volcanic Activity Notice"
772:Geography Capstone October 23, 2005
635:The lava lake in Halemaʻumaʻu, 2023
121:. Halemaʻumaʻu means "house of the
1180:Nace, Trevor (19 September 2016).
1037:Dondoneau, Dave (March 19, 2008).
25:
2566:Former lakes of the United States
2342:1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption
1232:Hansel, Jeff (18 October 2016).
1024:Hawaii Volcano Observatory (HVO)
981:Hawaii Volcano Observatory (HVO)
891:"The 1924 explosions of Kilauea"
619:
598:
586:
567:
546:
534:
518:
503:
2556:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
2438:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
2433:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
2423:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
1422:Swanson, Don (August 1, 2019).
1397:Wilson, Christie (2018-07-02).
1066:Dayton, Kevin (April 9, 2008).
1474:Mack, Eric (August 20, 2019).
1449:Osborne, Hannah (2019-08-02).
995:"USGS Photo Glossary: Spatter"
237:2008 to 2018 eruptive activity
1:
1812:"Kilauea alert level lowered"
2448:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
1026:. HVO, USGS. March 19, 2008.
983:. HVO, USGS. March 14, 2008.
952:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
877:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
766:Knabel, Sarah (2005-11-23).
210:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
154:Halemaʻumaʻu lava lake, 1893
1208:"Lava lake spills over rim"
1135:"KITV News, April 23, 2008"
46:being emitted by an active
2582:
2362:2022 eruption of Mauna Loa
2352:1984 eruption of Mauna Loa
2347:1975 eruption of Mauna Loa
654:CALLIS, TOM (2018-06-29).
426:
388:
321:until the second episode.
2164:
2153:North Arch volcanic field
2001:South Arch volcanic field
879:. U.S. Geological Survey.
369:Halemaʻumaʻu aerial, 2010
242:Beginning of the eruption
2357:2018 lower Puna eruption
1403:Honolulu Star-Advertiser
391:2018 lower Puna eruption
2493:Puna Geothermal Venture
2428:Haleakalā National Park
1361:10.1126/science.aav7046
1072:The Honolulu Advertiser
1043:The Honolulu Advertiser
511:White-tailed tropicbird
101:within the much larger
2527:19.40528°N 155.28194°W
2234:Pearl and Hermes Atoll
2171:
1609:U.S. Geological Survey
954:. US Geological Survey
796:William Ellis (1823).
424:
370:
353:
275:
267:
259:
251:
201:
185:
168:
155:
75:
67:
59:
51:
35:
2189:French Frigate Shoals
2170:
1800:. September 29, 2021.
1239:Hawaii Tribune-Herald
1212:Hawaii Tribune-Herald
1074:. Gannett Corporation
1045:. Gannett Corporation
660:Hawaii Tribune-Herald
422:
368:
351:
273:
265:
257:
249:
199:
153:
109:volcano on island of
73:
65:
57:
41:
33:
2532:19.40528; -155.28194
2121:East Molokai Volcano
2116:West Molokai Volcano
1877:US Geological Survey
1852:US Geological Survey
1834:US Geological Survey
1798:US Geological Survey
1769:US Geological Survey
1725:US Geological Survey
1611:. December 24, 2020.
1584:US Geological Survey
778:on December 11, 2012
721:US Geological Survey
429:Volcanic crater lake
2523: /
2468:Mauna Loa eruptions
2367:Keanakakoi eruption
1836:. October 13, 2022.
1353:2019Sci...363..367N
1246:on 28 November 2016
2172:
1978:Hawaiian volcanism
1879:. January 5, 2023.
1818:. October 4, 2021.
1316:(Planet Labs Inc.)
1295:volcanoes.usgs.gov
593:Halemaʻumaʻu, 2017
541:Halemaʻumaʻu, 2012
425:
415:2019–20 water lake
371:
354:
276:
268:
260:
252:
202:
156:
76:
68:
60:
52:
36:
2506:
2505:
2453:Kīlauea eruptions
2443:Hawaiian eruption
2372:ʻAilāʻau eruption
2333:Notable eruptions
2194:Gardner Pinnacles
1816:West Hawaii Today
1649:West Hawaii Today
1347:(6425): 367–374.
630:
609:
576:
557:
395:On April 30, the
119:Hawaiian religion
105:at the summit of
94:
90:
86:
16:(Redirected from
2573:
2561:Volcanic craters
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2209:Lisianski Island
2169:
2006:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
1971:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1899:. March 7, 2023.
1896:Associated Press
1887:
1881:
1880:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1623:"USGS Volcanoes"
1619:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1338:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1271:. April 26, 2018
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1242:. Archived from
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:on March 8, 2012
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
997:. Archived from
991:
985:
984:
973:
964:
963:
961:
959:
944:
931:
930:
928:
927:
912:
906:
905:
903:
902:
887:
881:
880:
869:
858:
857:
850:(1872). "LXXV".
844:
838:
837:
829:
814:
813:
793:
787:
786:
784:
783:
774:. Archived from
763:
757:
756:
754:
753:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
718:
710:
695:
694:
692:
690:
679:
670:
669:
667:
666:
651:
632:
631:
611:
610:
590:
578:
577:
559:
558:
538:
522:
507:
475:2021–22 eruption
454:2020–21 eruption
313:, ash, spatter,
92:
88:
84:
21:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2541:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2473:Pāhoehoe (lava)
2406:
2382:Kīlauea Caldera
2334:
2328:
2245:
2238:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2162:
1992:
1985:
1975:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1269:Star Advertiser
1263:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1002:
993:
992:
988:
975:
974:
967:
957:
955:
946:
945:
934:
925:
923:
914:
913:
909:
900:
898:
889:
888:
884:
871:
870:
861:
856:. David Widger.
846:
845:
841:
831:
830:
817:
810:
795:
794:
790:
781:
779:
765:
764:
760:
751:
749:
740:
739:
735:
725:
723:
716:
712:
711:
698:
688:
686:
681:
680:
673:
664:
662:
653:
652:
648:
643:
636:
633:
620:
615:
612:
599:
594:
591:
582:
579:
568:
563:
560:
547:
542:
539:
530:
523:
514:
508:
499:
490:
477:
456:
431:
417:
408:Kīlauea Caldera
401:Leilani Estates
393:
387:
363:
346:
244:
239:
230:
194:
148:
143:
103:Kīlauea Caldera
83:six syllables:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2542:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2397:Powers Caldera
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1936:External links
1934:
1931:
1930:
1916:
1902:
1882:
1864:
1839:
1821:
1803:
1785:
1756:
1738:
1727:. May 26, 2021
1712:
1690:
1676:
1654:
1635:
1614:
1596:
1567:
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1517:
1491:
1466:
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1199:
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1055:
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543:
540:
533:
531:
527:sulfur dioxide
524:
517:
515:
509:
502:
498:
495:
489:
488:2023 eruptions
486:
476:
473:
455:
452:
416:
413:
386:
383:
362:
359:
345:
342:
311:volcanic gases
303:Sulfur dioxide
243:
240:
238:
235:
229:
226:
193:
190:
171:Halemaʻumaʻu.
147:
144:
142:
139:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2536:
2499:
2498:Volcano House
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Lava fountain
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
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2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Necker Island
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:Pauahi Crater
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1775:on 2023-04-06
1774:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1751:Volcano Watch
1748:
1742:
1739:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1664:
1658:
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1646:
1639:
1636:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1585:
1578:
1575:Mulliken, K.
1571:
1568:
1555:
1554:Volcano Watch
1551:
1545:
1542:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1505:
1504:Volcano Watch
1501:
1495:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1429:
1428:Volcano Watch
1425:
1418:
1415:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
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1346:
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1335:
1327:
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1323:
1319:
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1310:
1307:
1296:
1292:
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1283:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1001:on 2008-03-28
1000:
996:
990:
987:
982:
978:
972:
970:
966:
953:
949:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
922:on 2017-01-06
921:
917:
911:
908:
897:on 2017-04-26
896:
892:
886:
883:
878:
874:
868:
866:
864:
860:
855:
854:
849:
843:
840:
835:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
816:
811:
809:1-56647-605-4
805:
801:
800:
792:
789:
777:
773:
769:
762:
759:
748:on 2013-03-01
747:
743:
737:
734:
722:
715:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
697:
684:
678:
676:
672:
661:
657:
650:
647:
640:
617:
596:
589:
584:
565:
544:
537:
532:
528:
521:
516:
512:
506:
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494:
487:
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481:
474:
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468:
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384:
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367:
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2488:Pele's tears
2478:Pele (deity)
2377:Halemaʻumaʻu
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2219:Midway Atoll
2125:
2111:Penguin Bank
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2530: /
2518:155°16′55″W
2483:Pele's hair
2463:Limu o Pele
2418:ʻAʻā (lava)
2387:Kīlauea Iki
2025:Kīlauea Iki
1857:13 December
1628:21 December
853:Roughing It
440:crater lake
319:Pele's Hair
208:opened the
123:ʻāmaʻu fern
2545:Categories
2515:19°24′19″N
2199:Kure Atoll
2064:Kahoʻolawe
1779:2021-09-30
1705:January 9,
1560:August 18,
1535:2019-10-18
1510:2 November
1485:2019-10-18
1460:2019-10-18
1434:2 November
1408:2019-10-18
1300:2019-10-18
1250:2016-11-28
1218:2019-10-18
1193:2016-11-28
1166:2008-09-06
1145:2013-12-27
1120:2008-04-22
1099:2008-04-22
1078:2008-04-18
1049:2008-04-18
1005:2008-04-23
926:2008-04-23
901:2008-04-25
848:Mark Twain
782:2009-07-09
752:2008-04-23
689:August 12,
665:2019-10-18
641:References
463:of magma.
427:See also:
389:See also:
176:Mark Twain
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2402:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
2392:Mauna Ulu
2335:and vents
2264:Daikakuji
2246:Seamounts
2214:Maro Reef
2101:West Maui
2096:Haleakalā
2053:Mauna Kea
2043:Mauna Loa
2037:Mauna Ulu
2033:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
1382:14 August
958:14 August
726:14 August
461:intrusion
397:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
174:In 1866,
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2158:Waiʻanae
2138:Honolulu
2106:Molokaʻi
2048:Hualālai
2011:Māhukona
1991:Windward
1980:topics (
1589:July 24,
1455:Newsweek
1377:54479549
1369:30538164
1275:27 April
287:fumarole
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2324:Yuryaku
2304:Nintoku
2274:Hancock
2269:Detroit
2259:Colahan
2244:Emperor
2179:Leeward
2148:Koʻolau
2127:Niʻihau
2021:Kīlauea
2016:Hawaiʻi
1731:May 27,
1349:Bibcode
1341:Science
497:Gallery
296:spatter
111:Hawaiʻi
107:Kīlauea
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2204:Laysan
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2071:Kauaʻi
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2314:Suiko
2299:Meiji
2284:Kammu
2279:Jingū
2229:Nihoa
2181:Isles
2133:Oʻahu
1993:Isles
1580:(PDF)
1373:S2CID
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717:(PDF)
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2091:Maui
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1562:2020
1512:2019
1436:2019
1384:2019
1365:PMID
1277:2018
960:2019
804:ISBN
728:2019
691:2020
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